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Domenic Cavallaro
The Effect of Bio-HOLD on Almond and Avocado
Kernel and Fruit Numbers, Comparing Varying
Rates and Timing
Country: Australia
Email: [email protected]
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Swan Hill, Victoria
Walker Flat
South Australia
Trial Locations
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Almond and Avocado
Bio-HOLD Analysis
W/V
Total Nitrogen 6.0%
Potassium 3.0%
Cobalt 2.0%
Molybdenum 0.5%
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Objectives: To determine the correct timing and rate
of Bio-HOLD applications in almonds.
Challenge: Almonds flowering occurs at the end of
winter to early spring during cool temperatures so
pollination and nut setting can be difficult. The industry
has also asked is there a way to increase yield?
Almonds
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Harvest Sampling Method 1m2
Taken from
the non
machine
shaker side
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Product Rate Timing
Control Normal orchard practices
Bio-HOLD
Treatment
Bio-HOLD
SETT/CaB
300 ml/ha
2.5
Litres/ha
First Spray: 10-50% flowering:
Bio-HOLD 300ml/ha Second Spray 50-100% flowering
Swan Hill Region
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49% 51% 75%55% 56% 71%45% 40% 56%0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
NP Carmel Price
Perc
en
tag
e
% Fruit Retention
Control Average Bio-HOLD Average Commercial Orchard Average
Bio-HOLD on Almonds: Retention
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Bio-HOLD on Almonds – 9 Years
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277.59 272.85200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
Control Bio-HOLD
Me
an
we
igh
t/2
00
ke
ren
ls(g
)(+
Std
Err
, n
=2
63
-29
3)
Treatments
Mean Weight of 200 Kernels
a a
Bio-HOLD on Almonds:
Harvest Results
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Yield ROI
Control Average 4,000kg/ha
Bio-HOLD 4,240kg/ha 28:1
Bio-HOLD on Almonds:
Harvest Results
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Product Rate Timing
Control:
Flower Power
Calcium
Chelate
3 L/ha
5 L/ha
1st application at 5%
Flowering
Zinc Chelate
SETT CaB
3 L/ha
5 L/ha
2nd application at 100%
flowering
Walker Flat – Control
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Product Rate Timing
Control
Bio-HOLD Early
2x 300ml/ha
1st application at 5% Flowering2nd application at 100% flowering
Bio-HOLD Late 2x 300ml/ha
1st application at 100% flowering2nd application at shuckfall
Bio-HOLD Early
2x 600ml/ha
1st application at 5% Flowering2nd application at 100% flowering
Bio-HOLD Late 2x 600ml/ha
1st application at 100% flowering2nd application at shuckfall
Walker Flat – Treatments
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29% 28% 29%31%
34%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Control Bio-HOLD (300mLat 5% and 100%
flowering)
Bio-HOLD (600mLat 5% and 100%
flowering)
Bio-HOLD (300mLat 100% flowering
and shuckfall)
Bio-HOLD (600mLat 100% flowering
and shuckfall)
% Nuts Retained
Not Significant
Walker Flat – Nut Retention
October 2018
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302.8 251.8 417.90
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Control Bio-HOLD Early Bio-HOLD Late
Kern
el (g
)
Treatments
Estimated Kernel Yield per m2 (300ml/ha of Bio-HOLD)
abb
17% Decrease
38% Increase
Walker Flat – Yield
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Walker Flat – Kernel Weight
305.7 319.0 309.2285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
Control Bio-HOLD Early Bio-HOLD Late
Weig
ht p
er
200 k
ern
els
(g
)
Treatments
Mean 200 Kernel Weight (300ml/ha of Bio-HOLD)
b
4.4% Increase
1.2% Increase
a b
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302.8 321.0 420.60
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Control Bio-HOLD Early Bio-HOLD Late
Ke
rnel (g
)(+
Std
Err
, n
=1
0)
Treatments
Estimated Kernel Yield per m2 (600ml/ha of Bio-HOLD)
abb
6% Increase
39% Increase
Walker Flat – Yield
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305.7 263.1 307.00
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Control Bio-HOLD Early Bio-HOLD Late
Weig
ht p
er
200 k
ern
els
(g
)(+
Std
Err
, n
=10)
Treatments
Mean 200 Kernel Weight (600ml/ha of Bio-HOLD)
13.9% Decrease
Walker Flat – Kernel Weight
a bb
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Flowering Period –
Maximum Temperature
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
1st 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th 15th 17th 19th 21st 23rd 25th 27th 29th 31st 2nd 4th 6th
August September
Max
imum
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Daily Maximum Temperature
Robinvale Walker Flat Swan Hill
5%
Flowering
100%
Flowering Shuckfall
} 3oC} 3oC
} 2oC
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Flowering Period – Rainfall
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1st 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th 15th 17th 19th 21st 23rd 25th 27th 29th 31st 2nd 4th 6th
August September
Rai
nfa
ll (
mm
)
Daily Rainfall
Robinvale Walker Flat Swan Hill
Shuckfall5%
Flowering
100%
Flowering
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Summary: Bio-HOLD on Almonds
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Summary: Future Trials
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Avocado
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Objectives: To determine the correct timing and rate
of Bio-HOLD applications in avocadoes.
Challenge: Currently the industry use PGR such as
uniconazole-p on avocadoes to enhance fruit shape,
increase fruit size and reduction in vegetative growth.
The industry has reported that prolong use of PGR has
resulted in poor tree growth. The industry is looking
for alternative strategies such as Bio-HOLD.
Avocado
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Avocado: Trial Location
Robinvale, Victoria
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Avocado: Trial Treatment and
Timing
Treatment Product Rate Timing
1. Grower
Control
No PGR
2. SETT
Enhanced
alone
SETT
Enhanced
5L/ha 1st application at beginning of
flowering.
2nd application 10 days later.
3rd application 10 days after 2nd
application.
3. SETT
Enhanced +
Bio-HOLD
SETT
Enhanced
Bio-HOLD
5L/ha
250ml/h
a
SETT Enhanced and
Bio-HOLD to be applied together.
1st application at beginning of
flowering.
2nd application 10 days later.
3rd application 10 days after 2nd
application
Looking at alternatives to PGR as they have young trees and noticed poor root
growth from previous use of Sunny
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Avocado: Timing of 1st
Assessment
September, 2018 December, 2018
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157.4 226.6 245.60
50
100
150
200
250
300
Control SETT Enhanced SETT Enhanced + Bio-HOLD
Me
an
# f
ruit
pe
r tr
ee
Gro
un
d to
2m
hig
hAverage Number of Fruit per Tree December 2018
44% Increase56% Increase
Results were not found to be statistically different from each other.
Avocado: Results of 1st
Assessment
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June, 2019December, 2018
Avocado: Timing of 2nd
Assessment
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144.3 212.7 244.30
50
100
150
200
250
300
Control SETT Enhanced SETT Enhanced + Bio-HOLD
Me
an #
fru
it p
er
tre
eG
rou
nd
to
2m
hig
hAverage Number of Fruit per Tree June 2019
47% Increase
69% Increase
b ab a
P<0.05. SETT Enhanced + Bio-HOLD was statistically higher than the control.
Avocado: Results of 2nd
Assessment
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Avocado Harvest August 2019
Mean Fruit Weight
182.1 166.3 165.80
50
100
150
200
250
Control SETT Enhanced SETT Enhanced + Bio-HOLD
We
igh
t p
er
fru
it (g
/fru
it)
Mean Fruit Weight (Harvest August 2019)
9% Less 9% Less
Results were not found to be statistically significant
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Avocado Harvest August 2019
Mean Yield per Tree
26.3 35.3 40.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Control SETT Enhanced SETT Enhanced + Bio-HOLD
Yiel
d p
er T
ree
(kg)
Mean Yield per Tree (Harvest August 2019)
35% Increase
54% Increase
abc
Different letters indicate results statistically significant from each other.
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Summary: Bio-HOLD on Avocado
• SETT Enhanced at 5L/ha + Bio-HOLD at 300ml/ha with three
applications resulted in 69% more fruit setting over the control
and 22% over SETT Enhanced alone.
• Tree health maintained – trees visually looking greener and
better growth.
• Grower harvest results: Control with SETT Enhanced was 6,750
t/ha the addition of Bio-HOLD 7,350 t/ha. Difference of 600kg
/ha or 8.1%
• Grower return at $4.50/kg is A$2,700
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