Speech Science, or Phonetics

8/17/2019 Speech Science, or Phonetics

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Speech Science VIII

The articulation behind the acoustics

Version WS 2007-8


2/23

Topics

• How do we create the resonating cavities?

• nato!" ph"siolog" o# articulation

• S"ste!atic categori$ation o# %&er!an' sounds(

• )eading* +H), hap( . or / %artic( arts'

1ent, hap( ., especiall" pp( 7-34(-5( (4, pp( 46-.3


3/23

Vowels vs( consonants

• Vowels have to #or! the vocal tract into a tube withone %'or two %!ost other vowels'maincavities(

or this the tongue dorsum %which co!prises the

!ass o# the tongue' is !oved up and down, bacwards 9 #orwards,

• Consonants have to #or! an obstruction to theair#low(

or this any constrictable part o# the vocal tract isused* the lips, tongue tip 9 blade, tongue dorsum,tongue root , vocal folds


4/23

Tongue shapes #or

vowels %a re!inder'

:(+(, the tongue tip

never protrudes ; and

"ou can #eel that it is

behind the botto!incisors

Traditional

description

Acoustically

important


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How does the

tongue change

shape?1inn-ngs!usel

uer!usel

The tongue consists

o# !uscle #ibres(

Tensed !usclesget shorter and

thicker (

These !uscles

change the Form

o# the tongue( PARTS o# the

!uscles can be

tensed too(

Senrecht!usel


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How the tongue

changes position

Sch>delbasis-


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B!portant !uscles #or corner vowels

The back part of the genioglossus

contracts to pulls the !ass o# the

tongue #orward(

robabl", the inferior longitu dinal !uscle and possibl" the

front part of the genioglossus

pulls the tip bac, allowing the

#ront part o# the dorsu! to bulge

upwards %to #or! the conveC

shape t"pical #or vowels'(


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B!portant !uscles #or corner vowels 2

The hyoglossus pulls the !ass

o# the tongue down to the #loor

o# the !outh((

+oth longitudinal !uscles and

the back part of the genioglossus

need to be relaCed to allow the

!ass o# the tongue bod" to

bulge bacwards into the phar"nC(

ossibl" the verticalis !usclehelps to eep the dorsu! #lat in

the !outh(


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B!portant !uscles #or corner

vowels 6 The styloglossus pulls the !asso# the tongue

upwards and

bacwards

The #ront part o# the genioglossus !uscle

and possibl" also the

longitudinalishelp to

pull the tongue tip bac

ossibl" the palatoglossus

!uscle helps to raise the

bac part o# the dorsu!

towards the velu!(


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+ut the lips also

deter!ine

the acoustics

=i#ting !uscles

=owering !uscles

Dround the !outhE !uscle

The EA(A(F !uscle is

responsible #or

lip-rounding


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So!e !ore detail?


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&er!an vowel Gualities and s"!bols

%'

pure vowels

diphthongs


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:ow #or the consonants

• Where and what are the EobstructionsF to the

air#low?

• The" can occur throughout the vocal tract(

• The" can be o# ver" di##erent inds

• The tongue and lips are i!portant %see vowels'

but the velu! also pla"s an i!prtant role


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rticulators9

places o#articulation

The places o# articulation

are at the top andthe articulator s %!ovable'

are at the bottom

The !ost #reGuent ter!s

#or places o# articulationare !ared(

The articulators are not

o#ten speci#ied %eCcept

#or Elabio

F'


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!id-sagittal cross-section

laces o# articulation

rticulators blade tip

f r ont back


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rticulators 9 consonants

• To #or! the constrictions #or consonants, articulatorshave to be raised to a place o# articulation*

The aw is %surprisingl"' :AT the !ain #actor which

deter!ines the proCi!it" o# the articulators %observe aw during the closure #or and

onsider what !uscles !ove ((((

the lips together

the tongue tip to the alveolar ridgethe tongue dorsu! to the palate


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ontrolling the velu!

%alate li#ter'

%uvula !uscle'%alate tensor'%palate-tongue !uscle'%palate-phar"nC !uscle'


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19/23

raised velum lowered velum

airstream

Oral and nasal sounds

[d](oral) [n](nasal)


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Constriction

affricate = sequence of plosive+fricative trill : vibrating articulator

co!plete closure,no acoustic energ"

plosive

co!plete

appro!imant

slight

turbulentair#low

narrow

fricative

no turbulence


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k x velarvelumback tongue dorsum

uvular uvula

h glottalvocal folds

j palatalhard palatefront tongue dorsum

post-

alveolar

posterior part of

alv. ridge

tongue blade

(laminal)

t d s z n l ƒ alveolaralveolar ridgetongue tip (apical)

f v labiodentalupper incisorslower lip

p b m ƒ bilabialupper and lower lip passiveactive

IPA symbolplace-namerticulator

Place of articulation (German)


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plosive

ƒƒ affricate

f v s z h fricative

j approximant orvowel glide

r oder R trill

closure m n nasal

oral

central

orallateral

nasal

approximant l lateral

Manner of articulation (German)

del. rel.

narrow constr.

approximant

closure

trill

IPA-Symbols Sound category Laterality Nasality Constriction

Manner of articulation


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Su!!ar"

• We have seen how our articulators shape the

articulator" con#igurations reGuired #or di##erent

sounds• We have categori$ed the sounds %o# &er!an'

according to place o# articulation and according to

!anner o# articulation

• We have seen the B s"!bols that are used to

represent the sounds(

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