SPAWAR Book

FALL2009

NAVAL IT, C4ISR, SPACE SYSTEMS, and ENTERPRISE SUPPORT:

TODAY and TOMORROW

“ Team SPAWAR is acquiring and delivering state-of-the-art C4ISR capability and network-centric interoperability to our joint forces. Our integrated systems also support the Maritime Strategy by providing the warfighter in-theater with the information technology superiority critical to battlefield success.”

– Rear Admiral Michael C. Bachmann, USN Commander, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command

Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) professionals distributed throughout selected commands: Naval Network Warfare Command (NETWARCOM), Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM), the newly forming Fleet Cyber Command (FLTCYBERCOM), and the Headquarters Staffs of the Navy and Marine Corps. Together, we provide a warfighting capability considered absolutely indispensable in today’s networked world.

For ease of reading, the phrase “C4ISR professionals” will be used throughout this book to refer to the collective body of professionals drawn from Team SPAWAR, MARCORSYSCOM, NETWARCOM, FLTCYBERCOM, Navy and Marine Corps Headquarters Staffs, and other various organizational elements in both the Navy and Marine Corps. These C4I, Information Operations (IO), and IT professionals are in the field, at the command centers and operational facilities, and are distributed throughout the shore infrastructure supporting both deployed and Continental United States (CONUS)-based operations today.

Our C4ISR professionals are both sustaining and creating capabilities, while continuing to evolve and improve the naval C4ISR suite. These capabilities are an essential, vital element of our national security strategy. Networks, sensors, computers, and mobile devices are continuing to converge; the tools of computing are becoming ubiquitous, affecting every part of our daily lives. Naval C4ISR capabilities are the backbone for both Navy and Marine Corps warfighting readiness overall, while simultaneously enabling needed business processes.

This book describes that capability. You will read about how our people, systems, and fielded capabilities are making a difference on today’s battlefield. You will see investment areas within the current Program Objective Memorandum (POM) cycle building future abilities and potential that will position our naval forces to address the diverse strategic challenges we will face through 2012 and beyond. You will see a discussion of emerging technologies that point to science and technology investment areas that hold great promise for the future Navy and Marine Corps. We share this information to inform and guide the actions of those whose support is critical to our continued success.

RADM Michael C. Bachmann, USNCommander,

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command

In 1984, the term “cyberspace” was introduced in a science fiction novel by William Gibson, where it described “a graphic representation of data extracted from the banks of every computer in the human system.” Twenty-three years later, in April 2007, the first public nation-on-nation “cyber attack” took place

on Estonia after that country removed a statue of a Soviet soldier from the town square in its capital, Tallinn, to the dismay of Soviet descendants who lived in Estonia and Russia. Today, rapid changes continue to take place in technology and networks across the globe, profoundly changing how people interact. The security of our nation demands a vision that supports our defense and naval strategy, coupled with an organizational structure that can unflinchingly execute that strategy in an increasingly interconnected environment.

The Navy has long had both interest and significant investments in what is often called “Information Technology,” or IT. The challenge of dispersed operations–use of forward-deployed, expeditionary units carrying out missions in our national interest–has existed since before Teddy Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet around the world. Long-range communications, use of computers, “Command and Control,” use of space-based assets—all of these technologies are indispensable to naval operations today. Because of this environment, the Navy and our fellow service members in the Marine Corps have, over time, developed both a cadre of personnel and organizational infrastructure required to remain on the forefront of IT innovation and use in warfighting and business operations.

Changes happen fast in IT. Accordingly, our organizations and their roles and responsibilities are shifting at both Navy Headquarters and Department of Defense (DoD) levels, particularly in the cyber arena. The programs and technology you see in this book today provide a wonderful snapshot of our warfighter support efforts. While much of what is contained herein will remain current for years, certain elements will change—some even while this book is in the distribution cycle. But most of the content will remain timely and accurate, certainly for the next few years. We are the naval C4ISR/cyber and business support professionals who stand behind today’s Navy, the planning and delivery of our “Next Navy,” and the “Navy after Next” that is taking shape in our labs with our academic and industry partners.

My organization–Team SPAWAR–is deeply involved in this work. “Team SPAWAR” consists of the Space and Naval Warfare Systems

Command (including our world-class labs and field activities) and our affiliated Program Executive Office for Command,

Control, Computers, and Intelligence (PEO C4I); PEO Space Systems (SS); PEO Enterprise Information

Systems (EIS); and joint PEO for the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS). Team SPAWAR relies

heavily on our fellow C4ISR (Intelligence,

Letter from the CommanderSPACE AND NAVAL WARFARE SYSTEMS COMMAND

THE ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1To Shape a Global Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Collaborative Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Spearheading Network Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4C4ISR Professionals Execute the Maritime Strategy . . . . . . . . 5C4ISR Professionals Enable Decision Superiority . . . . . . . . . . 8

CONVERGE NETWORKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53IT Network Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

On Course to a Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Networks are a Combat System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

CANES Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57MCEITS Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Naval Networking Environment (NNE) of 2016 . . . . . . . . . . 59Network Transformation, Other Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Advancing Airborne Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Investments Improving Joint Communications . . . . . . . . 62Vision: Enhanced Warfighter Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Success Story: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Submarine Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63End-to-End Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

DECOUPLE SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Afloat Networks: Building on the Backbone . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66SOA: An Affordable Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

SOA as an IT Transformation Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Consolidation and Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Optimum Business and Warfighter Architecture . . . . . . . 69

ROLES AND CURRENT THREATS: TODAY’S CHALLENGES .................................................................................. 1

OVERSEAS OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Marines Networking on the Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11New C4I Front-Line Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12MRAP C4I Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13ISR: Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Mobile C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Mobile Ashore Support Terminal (MAST) . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Mobile Operations Control Center (MOCC) . . . . . . . . . . 18

Information Operations (IO) Provider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Tactical Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Blue in Support of Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Enhanced Manpack UHF Terminal (EMUT) . . . . . . . . . . . 21Commercial Broadband Satellite Program (CBSP) . . . . . . 22Communications at Speed and Depth (CSD) . . . . . . . . . . 23Common Submarine Radio Room (CSRR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24SubNet Relay (SNR) and High-Frequency Internet Protocol (HFIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Coalition Partners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25MDA and Defense in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27CENTRIXS-M Builds Partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Fleet Operations – Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Ultimate High Ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Space-Enabled Net-Centric Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

SUPPORTING FLEET OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

NCTAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31NCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31SOCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32NOCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ONE-NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32NCDOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32MCNOSC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

NETWARCOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Team SPAWAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33MARCORSYSCOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Headquarters Staffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34US Cyber Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Fleet Cyber Command/10TH Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Functions and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Computer Network Defense (CND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36NAVCIRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36NETOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Tactical Switching (TSw) Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36NMCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Wireless and Mobile Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Shipboard Grooming: Predeployment Inspection and Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40IT Readiness Review (ITRR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Fleet Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Navy “Business” – Corporate Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Navy Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Continuous Process Improvement (CPI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43“Back Office” Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Lifecycle Management and Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Navy Standard Integrated Personnel System (NSIPS) . . . 45Medical Readiness Reporting System (MRRS) . . . . . . . . . 45Sailor Choice: Sea Warrior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Official Navy Data Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Largest Quality of Life Help Desk in the Navy . . . . . . . . . . 45

RANGE OF WARFARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Navy Air and Missile Defense Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Theater Battle Management Core Systems (TBMCS) . . . . . 48ROW Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49C2 Battle Management Communications (C2BMC) . . . . . . 49

CURRENT CAPABILITY: TODAY’S NAVY AND MARINE CORPS ........................................................................... 9

FUTURE CAPABILITY: NEXT NAVY AND MARINE CORPS ................................................................................. 51

Benefits of SOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Other Investment Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71HM&E/Combat Systems Network Development . . . . . . . . . 73Success Story: Empowering the Fleet: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) CSG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

ENHANCE CURRENT CAPABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Naval “Firsts” in Modernizing Communications . . . . . . . . . . 75Operational Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Information Transport C4I Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76National Security Space Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77JTRS Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Linking Warriors to the GIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80CENTRIXS-M Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Success Story: Multiplying Bandwidth on Ships: . . . . . . . . . 81 ADNS Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Streamlining via DMR Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

CBSP and NMT Program Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Investments in IPv6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

OPERATIONALIZE C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Investments in Naval Expeditionary C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

The Sea as Maneuver Space: Seabasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Strategic Collaborative Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Maritime Operations Center (MOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87“Plug-and-Fight” C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Trident Warrior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89MOC Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Deployable Joint C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92ISR and C2 Program Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Transitioning C2 and ISR to SOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Persistent Surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Success Story: NCW Exemplified: Task Force 50 . . . . . . . . . . 99

FUTURE CAPABILITY: NEXT NAVY AND MARINE CORPS (continued)

Protecting Cyberspace is Vital to National Security . . . . . .103Cyber Force Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

USCYBERCOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104FLTCYBERCOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 NETWARCOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104OPNAV N2/6 Directorate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104Defining the Battlespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105Technological Challenges and Opportunities . . . . . . . . .106

The Cyber Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107OPNAV and Acquisition Community Alignment . . . . . .109NGEN System Program Office (SPO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Network Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

C4ISR Role in Cyber Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Information Operations (IO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Information Assurance (IA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Defense in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112IA Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Electronic Key Management System (EKMS) . . . . . . . . .113Cryptographic Products and Crypto Modernization . . .113 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114Computer Network Defense (CND) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116Certification & Accreditation (C&A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Moving Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

CYBER WARFARE: RESHAPING A DYNAMIC BATTLESPACE ..........................................................................101

Stand Up of Information Dominance Corps . . . . . . . . . . . .119Resource Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121Active Reserve Integration (ARI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

TOTAL WORKFORCE: OUR PEOPLE .................................................................................................................117

Appendix A: Major Contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145Appendix C: Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Appendix D: Image Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157Appendix E: Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................................143

SUMMARY: THE VISION ..................................................................................................................................141

Future Science and Technology Investments . . . . . . . . . . . .125AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE VISION Orange vs. Purple: Aboard The USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75), Year 2029 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Inside the Combined Operations Center (COC) . . . . . . . . .128

Benefits of New Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128Cyber Watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Evolution of Navy C4ISR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130Automated Workflow Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Implications for Cyber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130Bird’s Eye View: USDC “Teleporting” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Integration of Unmanned Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

Enhanced Situation Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Force Protection Watch Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Smaller, Smarter Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Objective in Sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

OPC: Commander’s Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Modeling and Simulation (M&S) Tools . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Seamless Information Exchange Realized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135Humanitarian Mission Accomplished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Data Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137Semantic Web: Effective Info Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137UCore: Enhancing Naval Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Future Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY: NAVY AND MARINE CORPS AFTER NEXT ............................................................123

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE ENVIRONMENT

TODAY’S CHALLENGES

To Shape a Global Network

Networking capability is essential to executing an effective US Navy and Marine Corps strategy for the 21st century. Networks expand the effectiveness of US forces through more effective information sharing, multiplying the power of limited numbers of units and small forces. As the nation’s top-

level strategies evolve, the Navy and Marine Corps are networking more with joint, allied, coalition forces, nongovernmental organizations, and Other Government Agencies (OGA) to defend the maritime global commons and cooperate in multinational sea-air power projection. Shaping a collaborative, shared workspace and increasing US capability with these partners is a core 21st-century strategic challenge.

Naval networks will operate both within the overall US exclusive military/government domain and into the public realm, leveraging commercial networks and information assets. This emerging operating concept has placed additional burdens on naval networks regarding procedures, protocols, security, language, and equipment. Global maritime security depends on global information sharing. The future Navy must do more with a smaller number of ships that must see beyond their own horizons to remain effective throughout a vast maritime domain; networking makes that possible.

ROLES AND CURRENT THREATS

“ The basic premise of our maritime strategy is that the United States is a force for good in the world–that while we are capable of launching a clenched fist when we must–offering the hand of friendship is also an essential, prominent tool in our kit.”

– General James T. Conway Commandant of the Marine Corps

3 ROLES AND CURRENT THREATS 4

Collaborative Decision Making Operations in the maritime domain demand Command, Control, Communications, and Computers (C4) capabilities both globally and regionally coupled with Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) assets. For enhanced maritime capability, services must exploit new military technologies and capabilities among regional allies. At a minimum, US forces and allies must share common C2, with regular participation of coalition officers trained to work on combined staffs. When these prerequisites are met, the integration of compatible C4ISR systems for warfighter decision-makers becomes a coalition force multiplier, enabling effective integration of US capabilities with allies—a true collaborative environment for military operations.

Future Trends The Sea Services are growing more dependent upon “Network-Centric Warfare” (NCW), a doctrine of war pioneered by the Department of Defense (DoD) that seeks to translate an information advantage, enabled in part by IT, into a competitive warfighting advantage through the robust networking of well-informed geographically dispersed forces. NCW is appealing for several reasons: (1) fewer US and allied naval forces in theater cause increased reliance on dispersed, interactive operations; (2) advanced communication and data transmission systems enhance tactical advantages of those dispersed forces (e.g., Cooperative Engagement Capability [CEC]); and (3) wider, accelerated use of offboard/remote sensors that use networking for information dissemination and control (e.g., satellites and unmanned aerial, surface, and undersea vehicles—including armed unmanned platforms). These NCW trends continue to accelerate with demands on naval networks for more effective use of bandwidth to accommodate new requirements. Communication and network capabilities and techniques, including time-sharing, burst communications, data routing, and assignment of priorities are vital to warfare success in such an environment.

Spearheading Transformation C4ISR professionals are playing a major role in transitioning the Navy and Marine Corps into the evolving world of 21st-century IT, and are positioned at the nexus of two ongoing revolutions in warfare. The first is the increasing centralization of information networks for sharing precise, accurate, and timely tactical information among all levels of forces—leading to decentralized, or what the Marine Corps calls enhanced company operations. The second revolution is the exponential increase in commercial availability of information-handling and computing power that underlies today’s proliferation of networks and their interconnection.

Increased use of data transmission and communications by naval forces will also provide potential adversaries with greater access to the means and techniques for interfering with advanced networks. This became evident when Iraqi forces attempted to obstruct Global Positioning System (GPS) weapon guidance during the 2003 conflict and recent foreign cyber attacks on Congressional, DoD, and other government agency networks. Adversaries possess an agility advantage in developing cyber-attack capabilities, because of the nature of a large, complex, hierarchal institution such as the US armed forces, readily available cyber-attack techniques (often disseminated on the Internet), and the near-ubiquity of commercial hardware and software. These security considerations have profound implications for the naval IT community.

As these advanced information networks evolve, the role of common protocols and communication technologies in melding forces grows in strategic significance. Surface, submarine, air platforms, shore facilities, and land combatants all have their own core competencies and capabilities which, when exercised to their full potential, are essential to the success of any naval strategy. Fundamentally, however, these platforms are nodes in a network that need to be deployed and interconnected. A flexible, open architecture–one that separates data, applications, and hardware–will make possible the seamless interoperability of all cooperating forces and facilitate the “plug-and-fight” integration of new arrivals, regardless of the internal details of their hardware or software applications. Simultaneously, the cyber defense of networks, connectivity, and decision-making systems must become an essential element of our IT infrastructure, even as our own ability to attack adversarial networks creates new opportunities.

US national security, homeland security, and military strategies envision a 21st-century maritime and littoral battlespace dominated by strongly networked sea-air-land forces comprising US, allied, coalition, and nongovernmental assets. As the key provider of the pervasive C4ISR network needed to make this vision a reality, the Department of the Navy (DoN) C4ISR team—which includes headquarters staffs, systems and type command personnel, and other specialists, remains an important enabler for creating and maintaining these critical maritime force networks of the future.


C4ISR Professionals Execute the Maritime Strategy Comprising the world’s oceans, seas, bays, estuaries, littorals, and the airspace above them, the maritime domain connects nations and supports more than 90% of the world’s trade. Recognizing the vital strategic and economic importance of maintaining stability within the vast global maritime commons, the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard created a unified maritime strategy, A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower. The Maritime Strategy integrates joint seapower with other elements of national power, as well as those of our friends and allies, to protect the maritime domain anywhere in the world today, and well into the future.

These integrated, joint “netted forces” will increasingly depend on their ability to securely share reliable information in a net-centric environment, since the foundation of maritime security rests upon Battlespace Awareness (BA): knowing what is moving above, on, and beneath the oceans. Commanders must be able to understand the dispositions and intentions of others operating in their area, as well as the characteristics and conditions of the operational environment itself. By delivering FORCEnet, the architecture that aligns and integrates naval warfare systems, functions, and missions, Team SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, FLTCYBERCOM, OPNAV staff, and USMC C4 Information Operations (IO) and Information Technology (IT) communities provide the joint capabilities of Net-Centric Operations (NCO), BA, and Command and Control (C2). Together, these joint capabilities provide the networked sensors, systems, and trained operators that acquire and distribute information. Those sensors, systems, and operators enable a commander’s awareness and empower decision making to accomplish the six key strategic imperatives of the Maritime Strategy:

Imperative: Limit regional conflict with forward-deployed, decisive maritime power.• Exploitation of cyberspace will enable the Navy and Marine Corps to optimize their forward presence, maintain maritime domain awareness, and connectivity over a broader geographic area, offering economy of force, while supporting critical missions. Networked naval forces will be able to aggregate for potential major conflict or disaggregate for maritime security operations globally. Where and when applicable, forward-deployed maritime forces will use C4ISR systems to isolate, capture, or destroy terrorists, their infrastructure, resources, and sanctuaries, often in conjunction with coalition partners.

Imperative: Deter major power war.• Preventing wars is as important as winning them. The expeditionary character of maritime forces–our lethality, global reach, speed, endurance, and ability to overcome barriers to access–provide the joint commander with a range of deterrent options. Our advantage in space-based assets–upon which much of our ability to operate in a networked, dispersed fashion depends–must be protected and extended. Cyberspace offensive and defensive capabilities also provide joint commanders with new nonkinetic deterrence options. Current C4ISR investments in Range of Warfare (ROW) also support this imperative. The commander armed with the power of effectively networked information maintains a distinct tactical edge over his adversary to assess situations, rapidly determine threats, and act decisively to carry the day.


Imperative: Win our nation’s wars.• The ability to operate freely at sea is one of the most important enablers of joint and interagency operations. Sea control must expand to include “sea-based cyber control,” to protect national interests and to project power across the cyber lines of communication, including undersea cables, the maritime electromagnetic spectrum, and low-earth orbiting satellites. Sea-based cyber control must also support distributed maritime operations, monitored in globally netted, cyber-empowered Maritime Operations Centers (MOC), tracking every ship with the same persistence and fidelity as aircraft are tracked today. Imperative: Contribute to homeland defense in depth. • The layered, in-depth defense provided by our maritime forces are defending the homeland by identifying and eliminating threats as far from American shores as possible. Our efforts to enhance Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) and improve C4I interoperability contribute to the safety, security, and economy of our nation and its partners. In regional wireless environments, or against physically closed, stand-alone networks, the Navy brings a unique capability to gain access to otherwise closed and inaccessible networks within the last tactical mile. The Navy must leverage its forward presence to project cyber power and put information on target with the same skill and precision that it has long projected kinetic power.Imperative: Foster and sustain cooperative relationships with more international partners.•Cooperative relationships contribute to the security and stability of the maritime domain for the benefit of all. The pervasive presence of global networks provides an opportunity for maritime forces to share information among allied maritime nations across geographic boundaries and build relationships through humanitarian assistance to mitigate threats short of war, including piracy, terrorism, weapons proliferation, drug trafficking, and other illicit activities. Imperative: Prevent or contain local disruptions before they impact the global system. • The expeditionary character of maritime forces uniquely positions them to provide assistance. Our ability to conduct rapid, sustained noncombatant evacuation and humanitarian assistance operations is critical. The power of networks and information sharing enhances understanding of where needs are greatest following a disaster, speeds the delivery of services to the affected areas, and provides improved methods to monitor recovery actions.

C4ISR Professionals Enable Decision SuperiorityTailored to ensure decision superiority in a world of increasing complexity, naval C4ISR professionals are strongly poised to evolve naval cyber forces into a 21st-century world that requires new capabilities, capacities, and competencies to protect US and allied interests in a cyber-centric world. The Navy and Marine Corps–increasingly working closely with the Coast Guard–will be required to accomplish an ever-increasing range of missions dependent upon secure, collaborative networking across military, civilian, domestic, and international boundaries. C4ISR professionals will play major roles in these missions by providing commanders with the enhanced C2, NCO, and BA capabilities to make better, timelier decisions to ensure effective execution. Operating at the nexus of seapower and cyberpower, today’s C4ISR professionals–whether deployed or providing support from ashore–are taking naval forces into the 21st century as informed ambassadors and effective warriors, serving our nation’s interests, and facilitating free global interaction from the sea.

CURRENT CAPABILITY

The current capability of the US naval forces is unmatched in the global naval hierarchy. The Navy and Marine Corps exercise this capability daily—fulfilling heavy operational demands and completing long deployments. Warfighters, acquisition professionals, engineers, analysts, managers,

and logisticians from Team SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, FLTCYBERCOM, OPNAV staff, and USMC C4 Information Operations (IO) and Information Technology (IT) communities provide the strategy, technical leadership, and skills that enable these operations. Engaged in the battle today, these C4ISR/IO/IT professionals are actively provisioning sensor inputs to commanders in the field; operating unique equipment with deployed forces; and creating, operating, and defending our global electronic presence. In the paragraphs that follow, you will see examples of how these professionals are participating in every aspect of Navy and Marine Corps missions today. Funding not only supports acquiring new capabilities and bringing technology to new programs, but also represents a substantial investment in actually operating the force. Answering Secretary of Defense Robert Gates call, these professionals play a huge role in our current warfighting efforts.

TODAY’S NAVY AND MARINE CORPS

“ Until recently, there has not been an institutional home in the Defense Department for today’s warfighter. Our contemporary wartime needs must receive steady long-term funding. I intend to use the fiscal 2010 budget to directly support, protect, and care for the man or woman at the front.”

– Mr. Robert M. Gates Secretary of Defense

11 CURRENT CAPABILITY 12

C4ISR professionals are participating in all aspects of current operations. They are supplying tools to mobile forces, providing connectivity and reach-back, delivering sensors, and inserting special teams to meet specific operational needs.

Marines Networking on the Move Forward-deployed mobile warriors are using C4I tools to conduct effective, targeted major combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. These tools continue to play major roles in achieving success on the battlefield. A case in point is once-uncontrollable Ramadi, formerly one of the most dangerous Al Qaeda strongholds in the Iraq provincial capital of Al Anbar Province and southwest point of the “Sunni Triangle.” Battle-tested C4I has evolved as a force multiplier in maintaining stability in Ramadi and continues to evolve today in Afghanistan. Successful counterinsurgency efforts by Marines and Soldiers have involved pacifying areas in enemy territory through small forward-deployed garrisons with interlocking communications fortified by sensor-driven intelligence. Short-range patrols from garrisons gather information and engage the enemy; such patrols mean less time on roads, which avoid road- and vehicle-borne Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDS) that inflict casualties and damage, with the potential for greatly restricting movement. Joint and local national forces have built networks of indigenous people familiar with the terrain and regional culture, allowing more direct contact between the military force leader and the local leadership.

These relationships would not be possible without the extension of C4I network connectivity down to company level and below. Today’s Marine platoons utilize streaming full-motion video of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) feeds and voice over IP telephony (VoIP) often down to platoon level, a capability available today that was only accessible at the division level in the early days of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) in 2003. Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM) is using new applications such as biometrics–automated methods of recognizing a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics–that have moved directly to the warfighter, resulting in denying insurgents anonymity and ability to communicate as “signalers,” leaders who command armed fighters with hand and arm gestures.

Improved connectivity has placed greater demand for more bandwidth, particularly for Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) links. Marine Corps C4 efforts are currently expanding bandwidth capacity for Marines on the edge of the battlefield via increased civilian C4I personnel support, training, and deployment of commercial satellite communications terminals for orbital links. According to USMC Major General (sel) George J. Allen, Director of Marine Corps C4, “Marine C4I requires a robust, rapidly fielded highly mobile IP networking capability adapted to the swift force movement characteristic of modern combat.”

New C4I Front-Line Technologies As the tempo of front-line operations increases, MARCORSYSCOM is rapidly fielding advanced technology to meet warfighter demands, improve capability, and achieve results. The 155-millimeter infrared (IR) illuminating projectile, when launched, casts IR illumination over the battlefield that exposes enemy forces to US forces using night-vision equipment, improving battlespace awareness for more effective engagement. Another valuable tool for Marines is the Improved Thermal Sight System for light armored vehicle (LAVs). “This second-generation thermal site provides clearer images, increased detection range and sensitivity, and boosts target effectiveness,” states Brigadier General Michael Brogan, Commander of MARCORSYSCOM. Further, these technologies are enabling reconnaissance battalions to improve tactical understanding of operational zones through geolocation photography. Photos taken on the battlefield are automatically tagged and loaded with GPS-embedded coordinates and then logged into digital tactical maps. This powerful capability gives commanders the ability to “point and click” operational data such as photos, text, video, and audio reports that link back to a specific area on the map for analysis and planning. Newly added fine-tuning capabilities, such as a laser range finder, digital compass, and azimuth feature indicate relative range of objects further away from the camera for improved strike capability. C4I investments are improving operational capabilities for today’s conflicts.

OVERSEAS OPERATIONS


MRAP C4I Integration SPAWAR Systems Center Atlantic (SSC LANT) is leading the charge protecting warfighters through state-of-the-art C4ISR technology integration into multiplatform Mine-Resistant Ambush-Protected (MRAP) vehicles. Improved battlefield intelligence generated and shared directly by the troops in the field are helping MRAP crews increase understanding of the “who, what, and when” of threats.

Responding to the Chief of Naval Operations’ (CNO) call to bring “game-changing ideas” to the Fleet, the MRAP C4I Integration Team, in partnership with project lead MARCORSYSCOM, speedily ramped up C4ISR suite integration into more than 60 MRAP vehicles per day. The electronics suites provide enhanced intelligence and communications capabilities in a heavy electronics countermeasures environment.

MRAPs support counterinsurgency operations, multimission operations (convoy lead, troop transport, and ambulance), mine and IED clearance operations, and explosive ordnance disposal. The Marine Corps Warfighting Lab and the Joint IED Defeat Organization continue to develop and field technologies that either prevent IEDs from detonating (jammers) or cause them to detonate well in front of the vehicle (mine roller). In addition to the modified vehicles’ V-shaped hulls that deflect blasts and shrapnel to provide protection that is more effective for service members inside, C4I suites that include radios, electronic warfare devices such as advanced IED jamming capability, sensors, intravehicle C2 systems, and other classified equipment are saving the lives of Marines, Soldiers, and Sailors everyday in Iraq and Afghanistan.

The goal is to continue protecting warfighters from deadly IED threats, which are still the number-one hazard and projected danger to ground forces for years to come. This critical, DoD-designated number-one Program of Record (POR) became the largest and fastest military acquisition buildup since WW II. Less than 18 months after the project launched in February 2007, more than 10,000 fully outfitted vehicles have been delivered in theater thanks to a coordinated Continuous Process Improvement (CPI)/Lean Six Sigma (LSS) effort—a disciplined process improvement methodology that utilizes resources efficiently, saves costs, and increases readiness. According to BGen Brogan, “The many successes of the joint MRAP vehicle program are the result of an overwhelming team effort by many players.” Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated, “This is a significant achievement. The program has gone from zero to 10,000 in just about a year and a half. These vehicles have proven themselves on the battlefield and are saving lives.”


ISR: Sensors While C2 applications, communications devices, and computers used by front-line warfighters garner much attention, those systems would be useless without sensor input. Everyone from Marines in the field to Combatant Commanders (COCOMs) with global responsibilities count on delivery of timely sensor information. The largest expansion in this field has been in the equipping and utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), important ISR assets for naval and joint forces. Cameras on the aircraft help commanders on the ground see and map out a wide area of operations with their “persistent surveillance” capability. Capable of flying in poor weather coupled with continued insertion of new technologies, and proven in real-world operations, the UAVs are rapidly evolving into powerfully networked game-changing ISR platforms. The C4ISR professionals outfitting and operating these systems are making a difference on today’s battlefields.

ScanEagle•ScanEagle is a small tactical UAV sensor equipped with sensors for day and night detection of stationary or moving targets. Widely deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan, the UAV is capable of launching from ships and is equipped with a repeater for the Automatic Identification System (AIS) that transmits information on identity, course, speed, and other data on large ships back to the launching ship. ScanEagle played a key ISR role in the April 12, 2009 rescue of Captain Richard Phillips of the Maersk Alabama who was captured by four Somali pirates and held in a 28-foot lifeboat. ScanEagle, catapulted off the USS Bainbridge (DDG 96), detected the lifeboat in the Indian Ocean and tracked its activities,

sending electro-optical (EO) and IR still and video feeds to the Bainbridge. ScanEagle provided the Navy with

critical data and improved its situational awareness during the tense standoff, which culminated in

Navy Sea Air and Land (SEAL) sharpshooters ending the incident April 12, killing

three pirates, taking a fourth into Navy custody, and whisking Captain Phillips safely aboard

the Bainbridge.

Raven B•The Raven is a 4.2-pound, backpack-able, quiet, hand-launched sensor platform that provides day and night, real-time video imagery for “over the hill” and “around the corner” ISR and target acquisition. Raven Bs are giving Marines a longer, more detailed look for route planning in obstructed terrain like a city block in Iraq or Afghanistan’s hills and mountains. Human factors engineering made it is so simple to operate that one of the best pilots in the Iraqi theater was a cook.

Shadow•The Shadow is an unarmed tactical reconnaissance UAV currently in active service with the Army and Marine Corps in Iraq and Afghanistan.

GBOSS•MARCORSYSCOM is fielding the Ground Based Operational Surveillance System (GBOSS) multiple camera continuous surveillance system. The GBOSS allows the user to identify a civilian, terrorist, insurgent, or criminal and the type of weapon carried. Enemy snipers have fewer opportunities to sneak up on Marines or plant roadside bombs. Patrols are more effective in surveillance, gathering intelligence, and can patrol less, thus saving lives. Footage of insurgents’ actions can be used immediately or later, allowing Marines to not only identify threats, but also plan tactics for offensives. ‘‘It is really easy to use,” said Sgt. Joshua Carter, instructor at the Field Artillery Meteorological Crewmembers Course at Fort Sill, OK. Carter learned how to use GBOSS in just a few hours. ‘‘It is definitely a way to identify someone wicked fast and kill the bad guy before he kills us. They will never know when or where we are watching.”

Undersea Sensors• Mapping the sea floor and its associated environs requires sensors that move in another medium. Many undersea sensor systems exist, and the bulk of the discussion about coverage or capability quickly moves beyond classification levels appropriate for this publication. C4ISR professionals continue to support sensor operations today. SSC PAC is exploring and supporting a number of undersea applications for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV) and undersea glider technology. The Ocean Bottom Characterization Initiative (OBCI) is characterizing the seafloor (acoustic bottom loss, scattering strength, and bottom layers) using passive acoustic sensors deployed on Autonomous Underwater Gliding Vehicles (AUGVs). This effort will transfer into the Littoral Battle Space Sensor Fusion and Integration (LBSF&I) Program as part of Program Objective Memorandum (POM) 12.


Mobile C2 Mobile Ashore Support Terminal (MAST)MAST is a key C4I enabler currently employed by Riverine forces in Iraq, the Maritime Expeditionary Security Force (MESF) in Kuwait, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) forces in Afghanistan. MAST is a self-sufficient scalable C4I system of systems that includes global and tactical communications, classified and unclassified networks, C2, and other computer assets. Riverine detachments patrol inland waterways and protect dams vital to Iraq’s economy. MESF MAST supports harbor security in the US Central Command (CENTCOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) and oil terminal security—critical for worldwide petroleum shipments. In Afghanistan, EOD employs their MAST to coordinate operations

throughout the country, with Navy EOD forces supporting all services in the defeat of IEDs and other explosives.

Mobile Operations Control Center (MOCC) C4ISR onboard imaging and electronic system technologies

aboard Navy P-3 Orion surveillance aircraft play major roles locating and hunting down enemy fighters in remote Afghan

mountain locations. Flying missions over more than 650,000 square miles of Afghan terrain, the P-3s are supported by critical sea-to-air-

to-ground communications in far-flung operations by a small group of ground-based allies: the MOCCs. These currently deployed expeditionary

communications providers support Overseas Contingency Operations throughout the Middle East, Republic of the Philippines, and the Horn of

Africa. Comprising small, specialized, and self-sufficient detachments (six to twelve Sailors) available on short notice, MOCCs quickly transmit ISR data from

the P-3s (e.g., bomb damage assessments and locations of enemy troops to military commanders for timely action from nearby ground troops. MOCCs deployed in

Afghanistan are making vital contributions to tactical mission planning; intelligence collection; and mission brief preparation supporting naval and joint commanders.

MOCCs are one of three fielded programs supported by the Tactical/Mobile (TacMobile) POR. Two other systems are Tactical Support Centers (TSC), which also provide operational ground support for Maritime Patrol and Reconnaissance Aircraft, and the JMAST that provide C4I support to naval Component Commanders ashore.


Information Operations (IO) Provider Sensors coupled with operators in an operational theater create a shared network to exploit for operational success. The increased use of networked computers and supporting IT infrastructure systems by military and civilian organizations creates new vulnerabilities and opportunities for US forces—a field of military operations focused on attacking/defending information systems, their outputs, and their users: IO. Team SPAWAR and fellow C4ISR professionals are strengthening IO capabilities in three different areas: 1) Cyberspace to enable warfighters to achieve decision superiority; 2) Computer Network Operations (CNO) and Computer Network Defense (CND) to protect Navy networks and operating establishments; 3) Development of strong ties to Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD), antisubmarine warfare (ASW), and irregular warfare programs to meet adversaries with asymmetric capabilities, including electronic warfare and CNO.

IO is not conducted solely from air-conditioned computer operations centers. Currently, NETWARCOM maintains a boots-on-ground forward IO presence today through deployment of hundreds of Individual Augmentee (IA) personnel to Iraq, Afghanistan, and other locations performing CNO, signals intelligence (SIGINT), and cryptology. Information Warfare Officers (IWO), IT Technicians, and Cryptologic Technicians (CT) are in the field working closely with joint and multinational forces in a wide variety of special missions:

Tactical Cryptologic Support (TCS) Teams •TCS personnel fully integrate with Naval Special Warfare (NSW) teams, providing SIGINT support for force protection, indications, warning of enemy activity, and direct action/special reconnaissance missions. These Sailors are on the ground, taking the fight to the enemy. The unique skills and capabilities they bring to the fight are critically important to operational success—their impact is significant and often immediate. Collected intelligence is quickly routed by analysts to target databases for immediate team access. Everyone knows it when an insurgent is taken off the streets, and further exploitation yields even more data to all involved in the hunt.

Joint Expeditionary SIGINT Terminal Response Unit (JESTR)•NETWARCOM Sailors embedded with Army units are working the streets side-by-side with Soldiers identifying, locating, and engaging insurgents. Like their counterparts in the TCS teams, they play an integral role in operations.

Combined Explosives Exploitation Cell (CEXC)•CEXCs comprise military, scientific, and law enforcement teams that perform IED forensics and gather intelligence, often under severe time-constraints, to stay ahead of technological advances employed by insurgent bomb makers. The Navy is fielding teams focused on improving long-term capabilities to understand, evaluate, and defeat asymmetric kinetic attacks—physical surprise attacks by a weak adversary upon a stronger enemy’s perceived weakness. Investments in effectively employing specialized personnel with the knowledge, skills, experience, and materiel to neutralize and defeat such attacks are necessary to defend US and allied interests.

Highly trained CEXCs such as Canadian Navy diver Lt. Cdr. Roland Leyte, work in the battle-scared terrain of southern Afghanistan gathering bomb-scene data for incorporation into the massive database at Bagram Air Base north of Kabul for further study. According to Leyte, “In Afghanistan, because it’s a war zone, we only get 30 to 90 minutes to get all our forensics and get on the helicopter again.” Leyte’s evidence is helping locate and root out Al Qaeda or Taliban insurgent networks, saving lives and preventing future attacks. Perhaps a CEXC collecting fingerprint or DNA information today will prevent a NATO coalition base from future infiltration by a terrorist posing as a local worker.

These joint, allied, and coalition forces, play critical roles in today’s operational successes.


Tactical CommunicationsTo support forces in the field and afloat, the Navy has fielded numerous systems and capabilities to enhance communications, data reach-back, and mobile C2 capabilities. Existing on amphibious ships, aviation platforms and aircraft, and submarines and ashore, the support provided by C4ISR professionals at work today facilitates and enhances the operational capabilities of our entire force.

Blue in Support of GreenThe Navy supports the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) commander “Blue In Support of Green” (BISOG) by providing two channels of High Frequency Shipboard Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) Radio (HFSAR) capability on amphibious ships that provide continuous Line of Sight (LOS) and BLOS communication links for both voice and data to Marines ashore in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Enhanced Manpack UHF Terminal (EMUT)The EMUT antenna, also known as the Conical Logarithmic Spiral Mobile (CLSM), is an omnidirectional antenna designed to provide over-the-horizon tactical satellite voice and data communications in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) frequency band. It is currently being used in today’s operations, Humanitarian Civil Assistance (HCA), and the war on piracy. EMUT provides a capability independent of shipboard radio, antenna, and crypto availability, and is used by Marine Reconnaissance and Humanitarian Missions to relay target imagery and other valuable data back to the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) commander. By permanently installing EMUT antennas vice temporary installations on/off amphibious platforms, the Navy/Marine Corps team will save approximately $1M a year. Permanent installations have begun with the first install on USS Nassau (LHA 4) and 10 more in fiscal year 2009.

Commercial Broadband Satellite Program (CBSP)Since last fall, warfighters onboard the mine countermeasure ship USS Champion (MCM 4), and patrol craft USS Hurricane (PC 3), have begun to operate with improved communications capability and performance, thanks to new technology executed by Program Executive Office for Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (PEO C4I) under CBSP, the next-generation Navy Commercial Satellite Communications (COMSATCOM) Program. As the Navy adopts more computer-based applications, communications, and networking, CBSP brings the once bandwidth-deprived Patrol Coastal community into the information age. According to LT Kathryn Devine, CO, USS Chinook (PC 9), CBSP capability allows smooth communications in near real-time between ship and the maintenance team on shore. “Enhanced connectivity on classified network and CENTRIXS [i.e., Combined Enterprise Regional Information Exchange System Maritime (CENTRIXS-M)] has provided some additional key communication paths to our operational commander via chat servers.”

CBSP allows Sailors and Marines to take required online courses, check email, connect with their families, surf the web, and access personnel files at about the same speed as a home broadband connection. Operational information on SIPRnet is now available to even our smallest platforms. For LCDR John Callaway, CO of the minesweeper Champion, “It’s the first time I have been able to surf the SIPRnet while at sea.”


Communications at Speed and Depth (CSD) Team SPAWAR’s multifaceted contribution to winning our nation’s wars is impressive and wide-ranging, extending into the realm of undersea communications. Current spending on the CSD Program, directed by PEO C4I Submarine Integration, is essential to the Navy’s undersea communications network. Operational tests performed with the USS Harry S. Truman Carrier Strike Group (CSG) successfully confirmed two-way connectivity that allows full submarine integration into strike group operations and permits Navy networks to share situational awareness, conduct collaborative planning, and execute joint force missions. The CSD Program provides communications for all nuclear-attack (SSN) and nuclear-powered guided-missile (SSGN) Ohio-class submarines, as well as limited capability to Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines (SSBN).

USS Georgia (SSGN 429), deployed in spring 2009, is the fourth and newest boat of the newly configured SSGN class to join the fight. A critical component of Navy core capabilities of power projection and deterrence, the SSGNs can carry up to 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles for precision strikes. Rotating crews provide extended presence in theater. Additionally, as many as 66 Special Operations Forces (SOF) such as Navy SEALs can be delivered, as the boat quietly and covertly operates in undisclosed areas of the world, providing theater commanders with a highly capable strike asset and a stealthy launching platform for irregular warfare operations.

Common Submarine Radio Room (CSRR)As one of the first stealth platforms, submarines are very aware of the impact of intercepted electronic emissions. OPNAV investments in Team SPAWAR’s C4ISR technology have made it possible for a vessel to transfer to radio silence with the click of a mouse, thanks to the Common Submarine Radio Room (CSRR), a network-based communications architecture that supplies high-bandwidth, interoperable communications common across all submarine classes and between onboard subsystems, external platforms, and land-based communications facilities. The CSRR modification onboard SSGNs consists of a second Extremely High Frequency (EHF) Follow-On Terminal (FOT) and submarine High Data Rate (HDR) antenna that provides additional high-bandwidth communications that support SOF mission planning as well as their associated control systems. Additionally, an incorporated second Digital Modular Radio (DMR) supports strike and SOF missions. The CSRR structure provided by these C4ISR professionals allows efficient integration of capabilities on an ongoing basis.

SubNet Relay (SNR) and High-Frequency Internet Protocol (HFIP)Sharing computer-based information has often required special equipment. C4ISR professionals have designed systems where that is no longer the case thereby allowing units without the most recent equipment to join the information age. SNR and HFIP transport IP data traffic using existing communications architecture and legacy shipboard radio and cryptographic equipment. The system has been employed by the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) CSG, embarked weather airborne early warning aircraft squadron (VAW) 124, Harry S. Truman CSG employing ship-to-ship connections, and USS Montpelier (SSN 765) using submarine- to-ship connections.


Coalition PartnersToday, our forces do not operate alone. Fostering and sustaining cooperative relationships with international partners is a key component of our Maritime Strategy. Operational interaction in any theater now involves many nations—the ability to interact with coalition forces from both traditional (NATO, Allies) and nontraditional (USSR and Indian forces engaged in antipiracy) national partners is critical to operational success. Additionally, naval forces are engaged in building partnerships around the world.

Africa Partnership Station (APS) collaboratively provides regional maritime •services in order to achieve common international goals, primarily stability and security, to combat terrorism and piracy.

US Naval Forces Southern Command’s (NAVSO) Southern Partnership Station •(SPS) provides a variety of training to strengthen leadership, security, search and rescue planning, combat patrol, and urban raid tactics in the Southern Hemisphere.

Pacific Partnership (PP), born out of the US response to the December 2004 •tsunami in Southeast Asia, provides a dedicated humanitarian and civic assistance mission each year since 2006 comprising medical, dental, and engineering civic action programs.

Continuing Promise (CP), similar to PP, is a dedicated civic and humanitarian •relief effort with partner nations and foreign military personnel deployed aboard US Navy hospital ships and other platforms.

C4ISR professionals are providing equipment and capability through Foreign Military Sales (FMS), section 1206 COCOM funding, and other current investment and sharing venues designed to enhance operations with our coalition partners.


MDA and Defense in DepthWorking with allies, the layered, in-depth defense provided by our maritime forces helps recognize and eliminate threats to the US as far from the American shoreline as possible. Team SPAWAR has been integral to the rapid, successful deployment of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA), which crosses several user communities and affects the work of not only the Navy, but also the Coast Guard, COCOMs, and interagency task forces in their ongoing effort to keep maritime trade safe and prosperous. Information exchange was demonstrated using some early pilots with Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) in an initiative called the MDA Data Sharing Community of Interest, which contributed significantly to the focus on enhanced vessel tracking, anomaly and threat detection, and getting information to the Sailors, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who are at the tip of the spear boarding vessels. These successful initial tests established an MDA project office in PEO C4I that works directly with the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) in expanding the effort across CENTCOM and US Pacific Command (PACOM) AOR, as well as several interagency partners. Those capabilities are in place today and growing in the future—there are both operational and acquisition activities that require continued support.

CENTRIXS-M Builds Partnerships Currently fielded and operating in multiple theaters today, the CENTRIXS-M allows combined forces to communicate through secure channels and share information in a tactical, real-time setting. US and Malaysian forces successfully employed the system during a Cooperative Afloat Readiness and Training (CARAT) exercise, where the two nations conducted ship-to-ship operational dialog in both text and web-based formats. RADM William Burke, executive agent of CARAT remarked, “With CENTRIXS-M installed in the exercise HQ onboard Royal Malaysian Navy ships, and throughout the US CARAT Task Group, we have an opportunity to reach new heights in combined C2.” LCDR Chandra Sehgaran, Royal Malaysian Navy, opined that “By using CENTRIXS-M, the communication process with the various forces and CARAT HQ runs smoothly and confusion is eliminated.” Global interoperability, reliability, and interconnectivity in an easy-to-use format are what make CENTRIXS-M so valuable in strengthening maritime partnerships, improving collective capabilities, and information sharing.


Fleet Operations – SpaceMost of the aforementioned material in this section has been local in nature: technology and expertise provided to platforms or deployed to a specific area. To operate globally, the local systems fielded must tie into our global Space Systems infrastructure. Space-Based Systems are so widely needed and used that they have become utility-like in their acceptance. We have come to view our space-based capabilities as we do electricity—throw the switch and it’s there. As with any utility, there is a large and complex infrastructure needed to provide such ubiquitous service.

Ultimate High GroundThe warfighter depends upon narrowband communications that provide assured, flexible, on-the-move C2, allowing for shared situational awareness, real-time intelligence, sensor-to-shooter capabilities, and collaborative, offensive-oriented planning worldwide. These communications are realized through the right mix of military and commercial satellite communications (SATCOM), providing interoperability with all military, government, nongovernment, coalition, and allied forces. Navy Space Systems are an important operational component that enhances the delivery of network-centric operations to the Fleet and joint warfighter. Today’s Navy Space Systems comprise a critical C4ISR system network providing essential support to all forces deployed in both Iraq and Afghanistan, the MDA effort, and HR operations worldwide.

The Navy has responsibility for developing and deploying flexible, seamless narrowband communication space systems that optimize naval, joint, allied, and coalition operations. Currently, the UHF Follow-On (UFO) constellation (eight satellites) and commercially leased satellites supply narrowband communications that provide on-orbit worldwide coverage to the warfighter. Seven satellites are currently flying with 38-channel capability. The last satellite launched, UFO-11, is equipped with the most sophisticated digital signal processor in the constellation. Recently reconfigured from 44 to 54 channels at no additional cost, UFO-11 has begun Digital Receiver Unit (DRU) operations that provide

today’s warfighters with 30% more communications capability, as naval forces continue their transition to a more network-connected force.

PEO Space Systems implements DoD and Navy narrowband guidance, interacts with various stakeholders, and provides worldwide coverage to the warfighter: at home,

in theater, and enroute to all AOR. Intersystem connectivity allows the network to serve ships at sea and a variety of other fixed and mobile terminals.

Space-Enabled Net-Centric OperationsA combination of national, joint, and commercial space systems serves as critical links in the Navy kill chain, providing commanders with access to a wealth of information that contributes to total BA and improved C2 application within the operational environment. Current space systems are providing naval forces–such as Joint Task Force Commanders–with the following capabilities:

Global Positioning:• Aids in navigation, targeting, and operational timing.Reconnaissance:• Provides early warning capabilities, BA, targeting, and battle damage information.Communications:• Enables UHF, Extremely High Frequency (EHF), Low Data Rate/Medium Data Rate (LDR/MDR), Global Broadcast System (GBS), commercial wideband, TV Direct-to-Sailor (TV DTS), Personal Communications/Mobile Satellite Services (PC-MSS), and International Marine/Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) communications.Environmental:• Provides key information that enables theater battlespace characterization, weather prediction, and navigational safety.

US Strategic Command, PEO Space Systems, SPAWAR Space Field Activity (SSFA), and the Naval Satellite Operations Center (NAVSOC) continue to explore expansion of current capabilities available to support the warfighter and evolve future narrowband capabilities via the “ultimate high ground.”


SUPPORTING FLEET OPERATIONS

FacilitiesThe Navy has a long history of operating and maintaining communications stations dating back to 1915, when the first a high-powered long-distance radio station was built at Pearl Harbor. As with space systems, a large and complex shore infrastructure, enhanced with Radio Frequency (RF) connectivity, provides ubiquitous service that enables today’s global operations. Today’s IO environment ranges from operating enhanced access controls to ensuring high-precedence communications remain uninterrupted and secure.

NCTAMSThere are two Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Stations (NCTAMS), which serve as the communications hubs for the Navy’s shore interface to the shipboard environment. One is NCTAMS Pacific (PAC) in Wahiawa, HI; and the other is NCTAMS Atlantic (LANT), in Norfolk, VA. Both NCTAMS manage, operate, and maintain defense communication system and naval telecommunication system assets to all naval Telecommunication System users, providing naval forces with critical C2 and global situational awareness.

NCTS The Naval Computer and Telecommunications Stations (NCTS) provide secure, reliable, and timely voice, video, and data services to the Navy’s afloat platforms and shore commands. The NCTS platform has similar capabilities to the NCTAMS, but on a smaller scale. Today, there are 10 NCTSs located across the world that support regionally deployed forces with network and communications services. NCTS sites with larger subset of the capabilities include NCTS San Diego, NCTS Jacksonville, and NCTS Yokosuka. NCTS Bahrain and NCTS Naples offer more consolidated capability. NCTSs increase SA and improve network management throughout the Navy’s shore infrastructure.

SOCsNAVSOC operates satellite and remote ground facilities in Point Magu, CA; Prospect Harbor, ME; Schriever AFB, CO; and Finegayan, GU to provide satellite capability when and where needed in direct support of the warfighter. The Navy is responsible for operation of DoD UHF narrowband satellite systems, the military’s “communication warhorse” upon which all US military forces and many of their allies rely. UHF narrowband is the only radio frequency that can penetrate jungle foliage, inclement weather, and urban terrain. The majority of military SATCOM users are warfighters supported via the UHF band on small, portable configurations designed to be carried deep into theaters of operation.

NOCsThe Navy’s ships connect to Fleet Network Operating Centers (FNOC or NOC), an interface that provides computer network and Internet services to the Navy/Marine Corps Intranet (NMCI) and the Outside Contiguous United States (OCONUS) Naval Enterprise Network (ONE-NET) through a point of presence connection to the DoD’s Defense Information Services Network (DISN), the worldwide enterprise-level telecommunications infrastructure that provides end-to-end information transfer for supporting military operations.

ONE-NETThe overseas network that provides a secure, common networking environment at shore-based naval locations OCONUS in three theaters: Europe, the Middle East, and the Far East. ONE-NET is based on NMCI architecture that provides a secure and common networking environment in the continental United States, Hawaii, Cuba, Guam, Japan, and Puerto Rico (CONUS).

NCDOCAs the Navy’s CND Service Provider, the Navy Cyber Defense Operations Command (NCDOC) based in Norfolk, VA has responsibility for the defense-in-depth CND mission across all Navy networks—afloat, ONE-Net, and NMCI as currently assigned by NETWARCOM. Last year NCDOC became the first CND Service Provider (CNDSP) in the DoD to be recognized with a top-level accreditation awarded by STRATCOM.

MCNOSCThe Marine Corps Network Operations and Security Center (MCNOSC) based in Quantico, VA provides global network operations and CND of the Marine Corps Enterprise Network (MCEN) in order to facilitate seamless information exchange in support of Marine and joint Forces operating worldwide.


OrganizationsNETWARCOMNETWARCOM, a global command headquartered in Norfolk, VA is currently the Navy’s Type Commander (TYCOM) for cyber and IT requirements and readiness, intelligence, networks, IO, and space that enables effects-based operations and innovation. As FLTCYBERCOM becomes operational, NETWARCOM’s “man, train and equip” TYCOM duties will be redistributed to the Commander, Fleet Forces Command (FFC) staff as appropriate. NETWARCOM will be realigned under FLTCYBERCOM and continue to be responsible for operational space and network assets.

Team SPAWARThe worldwide team of more than 12,000 people at SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific and SPAWAR Systems Center Atlantic (includes the program executive offices) spans the globe and provides R&D and engineering expertise to invent, acquire, develop, deliver, and support IT, C4ISR, networks, and business IT in the interest of national defense. SPAWAR is headquartered in San Diego, CA.

MARCORSYSCOM MARCORSYSCOM, headquartered in Quantico, VA is the Commandant of the Marine Corps’ principal agent for acquisition and sustainment of systems and equipment used by the operating forces to accomplish their warfighting mission. From “socks to gun sights,” the MARCORSYSCOM team, comprising more than 1,600 people, outfits Marines with literally everything they drive, shoot, and wear.

Headquarters StaffsHeadquartered in Washington, DC, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (DCNO) N2 (Naval Intelligence) and DCNO N6 (Communication Networks) staffs have recently reorganized their capabilities into a single OPNAV Directorate, OPNAV N2/N6 to protect cyberspace and expand counterintelligence capabilities.

Headquartered in Washington, DC, USMC C4 ensures the Marine Corps continues to be the world’s most capable expeditionary fighting force through dramatic enhancement of MAGTF expeditionary and joint C4 capabilities via application of C4 and IT.

US Cyber CommandWith headquarters most likely in Fort Meade, MD, the newly established unified US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) will protect military networks and conduct a range of offensive cyber warfare capabilities. While mission and roles are still to be fully determined, USCYBERCOM is expected to reach initial operating capabilities by October and full operating capability by October 2010. Concurrently, the Navy will establish a Fleet Cyber Command in October 2009 to serve as the Navy Component to USCYBERCOM.

Fleet Cyber Command/10TH Fleet As the Navy’s Cyber Component Commander, FLTCYBERCOM will assume many of mission areas currently being performed by NETWARCOM and serve as central operational authority for networks, intel, cryptology/SIGINT, IO, cyber, EW and space ISO of forces afloat and ashore; operate a secure, interoperable naval network; coordinate Navy’s operational requirements for intel, IO, networks, cryptology/SIGINT, and space capabilities. Additionally, all NIOCs and NCDOC will realign under FLTCYBERCOM as it assumes all cryptologic function and authority, becoming the Navy’s Service Cryptologic Commander.


Functions and InfrastructureComputer Network Defense (CND)Networks and enterprise services have become mission-essential systems on ships, and these systems must have the same degree of survivability and resilience as other weapons systems. CND involves actions taken through computer networks to protect, monitor, analyze, detect, and respond to unauthorized activity within and outside of DoD information systems and computer networks. CND provides the necessary level of Information Assurance (IA) for services and information flow to protect and preserve information for mission functions. These capabilities involve scanning computers for vulnerabilities, remediation, and central management of host agents that detect and prevent malicious code. Current capability to set threat levels on DoD information systems, called Information Operations Condition (INFOCON) on shipboard and shore systems, fully or partially automated, allows the warfighter to fight network intruders.

NAVCIRTNavy Computer Incident Response Team (NAVCIRT) analysts utilize a web-based solution called MOBIUS (named after the mathematician August Ferdinand Mobius). This technology monitors, reports, and thwarts malicious network activity to help maintain secure computer network services that control weapon systems, financial transactions, and a wide range of other vital communications traffic. MOBIUS provides commanders with situational network status metrics and stores cyber security data for historical analysis, trending, data visualization, reporting, and event-correlation capabilities that deliver real intelligence on potential threats before they start.

NETOPSNetwork Operations (NetOps) encompasses all activities associated with operating and defending networks, their applications, and their services. NetOps is defined as the DoD-wide operational, organizational, and technical capabilities for operating and defending the Global Information Grid (GIG), the DoD globally interconnected, end-to-end set of information capabilities for joint forces and support personnel. The goal of NetOps is to provide commanders with netcentric capabilities to make informed C2 decisions. NetOps is the operational construct that the Navy will use to operate, maintain, and defend the Navy’s Enterprise Networks (NEN), which encompass NMCI, ONE-NET, legacy networks, and IT for the 21st Century (IT-21) afloat. The Navy’s responsibility in the global NetOps construct is to establish and maintain Network Operations and Security Centers (NOSCs) and a Navy Global NOSC (NAVGNOSC) to operate and defend the Navy portion of the GIG, to direct and coordinate Navy NetOps activities, and to support global operation of the GIG by providing SA and coordination with COCOMS, and naval CCs.

Tactical Switching (TSw) ProgramAn often-overlooked element of our IT infrastructure is the capability to connect, monitor, and control the various equipment fielded by the Navy—the TSw Program is designed to do just that. Creating a robust, survivable, and integrated information transport and service delivery capability, the TSw Program provides an Enterprise Network Management System (ENMS) as a “manager of managers” capability to the Global and Regional Network Operations and Security Centers (G/RNOSC). The current TSw ENMS Increment II Spiral B delivery is in its initial deployment phase, expanding on the current increment II capability, allowing full monitoring and management of the Navy tactical IT-21 shore network, with an ultimate goal of providing full situational awareness and a common operational end-to-end picture for watch teams at the G/RNOSCs for their AOR.


NMCIToday, NMCI is the largest corporate intranet in the world. The foundation of the naval connectivity backbone, NMCI is a robust, flexible, and secure communications platform. There are more than 700,000 NMCI user accounts on 360,000+ seats (desktops) providing secure, universal access to integrated voice, video, and data communications at over 3,000 locations across the continental United States, Hawaii, Cuba, Guam, Japan, and Puerto Rico. NMCI was the first network to implement the DoD Common Access Card (CAC) with Cryptographic Log On (CLO), providing additional defense-in-depth to protect the integrity of Navy and Marine Corps information assets throughout the enterprise.

NMCI has consolidated and standardized network operations services, security, and user assistance across every level of command. In the past two years, the Navy has succeeded in shutting down or migrating service from about 750 Navy networks. This leaves 470 nonenterprise Navy networks, and the CNO’s goal is to eliminate or migrate 200 more by the end of this year, with elimination of the legacy environment next year. NMCI:

Detects intrusion attempts: more than 1,200 unclassified and ~20 classified attempts monthly.•Detects an average of 60 viruses and effectively quarantines and disinfects 3000+ new viruses •monthly. Blocks approximately 9 million spam messages and detected more than 5.2 million unauthorized •intrusion attempts on external boundaries monthly (2006).Stopped 20 million unauthorized access attempts and quarantined 70,000 viruses (2000-2005).•

Under NMCI, increased efficiencies and cost savings are moving military personnel from the computer management field onto the battlefield. The Pacific Fleet (PACFLT) is currently field-testing a NMCI service called Common Operational Picture (COP), a single identical display of relevant operational information shared by more than one command. COP evaluates how network outages affect mission readiness. NMCI has a proven foundation in place to support new technological and strategic objectives as naval forces transition to the Next Generation Enterprise Network (NGEN) in October 2010 and netcentric environment of 2016.


Wireless and Mobile Computing Wireless networks are bringing new, innovative capabilities to Navy personnel at sea, providing Sailors aboard surface vessels with greater flexibility, more productivity, and greater mobility. The unclassified wireless infrastructure will provide an extension of the unclassified Integrated Shipboard Network System (ISNS). Multiple Navy personnel will be able to share capacity provided by a single wired network connection by utilizing the unclassified wireless interface into which the wired ISNS connection terminates, helping to enable future wireless capabilities.

Fielded and operational today, the Wireless Reach Back System (WRBS) provides a secure wireless link for the transmission of data supporting multiple mission sets. The system is currently employed by Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure (VBSS) teams to send biometric and intelligent data between Vessels of Interest (VOI) and the On-Scene Commander (OSC) during Expanded Maritime Intercept Operations (EMIO) and to provide NGOs with Internet connectivity during disaster and humanitarian relief efforts. Thirty-three WRBSs have currently been deployed, with 151 deliveries expected to be made to six different ship classes from FY09-FY13.

Shipboard Grooming: Predeployment Inspection and CertificationPreparing ships for deployment is yet another activity C4ISR professionals conduct to support the Fleet. Every deploying CSG/ Expeditionary Strike Group (ESG) receives the attention of PMW160 networks technicians who board ships and evaluate networks systems during stressed operational validation. The technicians evaluate systems, equipment, procedures, and assist shipboard technicians in testing system integration/functionality. Networks distance support is provided for every ESG/CSG and independent deployer.

IT Readiness Review (ITRR)In treating the network as a weapons system as a key to sustaining readiness, RADM Michael C. Bachmann, Commander, SPAWAR, established the Information Technology Readiness Review (ITRR) Program in July 2007 to assess and test Navy’s afloat C4I readiness. ITRR is a process that examines and validates five key readiness C4I areas that, according to RADM Bachmann, “will enable us to remain decisive in combat and ever ready to respond to any crisis or humanitarian need around the world.” Results proactively identify and correct C4I areas that need improvement. ITRR focuses on:

Procurement and systems operation validation testing •In-service sustainment •Training and manning •TYCOM-directed assessments •Strike group readiness •

Fleet Technical Support Fleet support continues for deployed units. Highly capable civilian technicians comprise Fleet Systems Engineering Teams (FSETs) that immediately assist with C4ISR matters. Subject matter experts are on call when needed. In recent examples, technicians from PEO C4I’s PMW 170, Communications Program Office, and PMW 160, Tactical Networks, supported radios, terminals, and antennas providing both onsite and distance support to ensure networks operated at optimum capability when USS Peleliu (LHA 5) and USNS Mercy (T-AH 19) deployed in support of the Pacific Partnership mission, and when USS Boxer (LHD) and USNS Comfort (T-AH 20) supported Continuing Promise.


Navy “Business” – Corporate OperationsWhile the warfighting elements of any service provide the focus of most capability discussions, the “business” side of the DoN requires substantial and ongoing support from C4ISR professionals. Databases, information infrastructure, and software applications that allow for hiring, promotions, pay, provisions, healthcare, financial management, records keeping, office work, and myriad other functions of any successful operation all require investment and ongoing operational care.

In the business world, an enterprise is an organization based on linked processes with a set of focused deliverables aimed at achieving goals benefitting defined stakeholders. Mindful of management consultant Tom Peters’ maxim that “Leaders win through superior logistics,” the Navy has adopted the enterprise organizational construct to improve efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability. As a member of the greater Fleet Readiness Enterprise (FRE), Team SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, and Navy and Marine Corps HQ Staffs are embracing the goal of delivering greater operational readiness at the lowest possible cost—taking a business approach to the business of the Navy and Marine Corps. This method is already accelerating and streamlining improvements across the Fleet and Marine force, while institutionalizing Continuous Process Improvements (CPI).

Navy Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)The Navy is adopting best business practices through implementation of ERP, an integrated business management system that modernizes and standardizes Navy processes used to manage money, acquisition programs, people, supplies, and maintenance. Navy ERP will provide enhanced accessibility of trusted data, supply both standardized and customized reporting, and automate compliance with federal financial and security standards into one completely integrated system. Navy ERP will:

Provide near real-time access to data •Improve information flow for decision making •Integrate business processes and eliminate redundancies •Be a common source of data (timekeeping, finance, business procedures, reports, etc.)•Enhance business processes without major systems modifications and programming •Reduce the total cost of doing business •Provide highly transferable skills to employees•Improve logistics ashore and afloat•

The results will be increased Fleet combat readiness under the highest standards for secure, reliable, accessible, and current information. Since the major acquisition commands are the largest business concerns in the Navy, when fully implemented across the system commands, Navy ERP will be the sole financial system managing more than half of the Navy’s total obligations. Implementation of Navy ERP at Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) in January 2008 has already achieved many successes. NAVAIR has ~15,000 active ERP users managing ~$157 billion in active accounts. According to Operational Test and Evaluation Force (COMOPTEVFOR) Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E), at the end of 2008, 12 of 14 metric-based definitions of stability routinely met the acceptable performance threshold. The number of work years (WYs) required to perform manual intervention for timely transaction processing decreased at NAVAIR from ~200 to ~90. Further, ERP job processing issues related to production scheduling were identified and resolved, resulting in an integrated job schedule, automated job execution processing, and automated error notifications.

ERP facilitated improvements in Labor Processing, Source Data Automation (SDA) run times, Defense Daily Expenditure File (DDEF) clearing, and month-end processing. NAVAIR Business Office Leadership provided charts and metrics to support the Navy ERP Senior Acquisition Governance Review Brief in August 2008. This review helped facilitate the decision to transition Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP) to Navy ERP.

SPAWAR will “go live” (i.e., transition from legacy systems to Navy ERP software implementation) on 1 October 2009, and hopes to achieve the same great results currently being realized at NAVAIR. “Navy ERP will positively influence the daily work routines of over 10,000 SPAWAR employees. There will be great benefits for the Navy, and great transparency in fund execution and project management,” says RADM Bachmann.


Continuous Process Improvement (CPI)Successful businesses have a culture of CPI. The DoN continues to champion the use of Lean Six Sigma (LSS), a disciplined process improvement methodology. By focusing on becoming a “lean” organization, the DoD is eliminating waste and resourcing capital to best use in pursuit of goals. Over 4,420 leaders have completed LSS training, and there are over 2,000 projects underway. The Marine Corps expects to be the first military service to achieve audit readiness.

Recently, the Navy LSS Team from the PEO C4I acquisition community achieved significant cost savings by implementing an efficient, repeatable process for integration of Common Submarine Radio Room (CSRR) block upgrades. The object was to reduce costs through improving efficiencies by using the LSS “Define-Measure-Analyze-Implement-Control” process. Following its implementation across all CSRR planning efforts, “the results were significant in terms of Type 2 (cost avoidance) cost savings ($455K per baseline) and Type 3 (improved readiness) benefits (over $80M in lifecycle cost estimates for the submarine resource sponsor). Further, the project allowed acceleration of CSRR on Los Angeles class submarines across the Fleet,” according to Robert Kamensky, SPAWAR CPI/LSS Deployment Lead.

“Back Office” OperationsA substantial part of Navy and Marine Corps operations combines software applications, hardware suites, and data to provide for the operations of the DoN. These “back office” elements allow inventory control and management, records management, manpower and personnel functions from recruiting to writing orders, budgeting, training and person-to-person interaction. These back office features are created, provided for, and in many cases operated by our C4ISR professionals. While not exhaustive, the following paragraphs provide a sampling of the capabilities in use today.

Lifecycle Management and LogisticsThe New Orleans Office of SSC Atlantic is a leader in business IT development, focusing on software engineering and development, maintenance, and support of large-scale engineering projects for the Navy and Marine Corps, including manpower and personnel systems under the oversight of the Program Executive Officer for Enterprise Information Systems (PEO-EIS). The New Orleans office assists the Navy in accomplishing the critical business functions of Sailor mobilization, manpower management, assignment management, readiness, personnel and pay, recruiting, order writing, separation and retirement, and financial management.


Navy Standard Integrated Personnel System (NSIPS)Every Sailor’s personnel records, orders, pay, career management, health data, etc. are all supported by systems maintained by SSC Atlantic at New Orleans, including the NSIPS, the largest pay and personnel system in Navy history. The system serves as the single repository for personnel and pay data for all Active Duty and Reserve Sailors in the Navy and offers Sailors round-the-clock access to their Electronic Service Record (ESR), training data, and career counseling records.

Medical Readiness Reporting System (MRRS)The MRRS gives the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard the ability to meet mobilization and readiness requirements more effectively and efficiently, as well as full visibility on the medical status of deploying forces. Enhancements to the Post Deployment Health Reporting Assessment functionality in the MRSS will ensure the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard have accurate reporting on the health of their personnel returning from supporting Overseas Contingency Operations.

Sailor Choice: Sea Warrior New capability added to the Career Management System Interactive Detailing (CMS/ID) will enable Sailors to apply for their next assignment by submitting their own job applications online. Various Reserve/active component shore activities and ships have tested this capability, and if approved, it will be expanded to allow all enlisted Sailors in the Navy–ashore and afloat–to submit their own applications. CMS/ID is the centerpiece of a total force web-based Navy career tools suite designed to empower active duty, full-time support, and Selected Reserve (SELRES) Sailors in career management. Providing this self-service option is the latest in a series of enhancements made by New Orleans office engineers that puts even more career capabilities in the hands of the Sailor.

Official Navy Data CentersNew Orleans and SSC PAC are supporting efforts to move the Navy toward standardized, more cost-efficient IT operations as Cyber Asset Reduction and Security (CARS) mission partners to NETWARCOM, assuming a key role in the Command’s Navy Data Center consolidation efforts. New Orleans and SSC PAC operate a state-of-the-art Data Center/application hosting facility using virtual server technology and a shared services business model to reduce costs and increase the level of security across hosted applications. New Orleans’ and SSC PAC’s shared services have become a recognized Navy model for delivering more capabilities using fewer resources, and both organizations support each other to ensure full continuity of operations.

Largest Quality of Life Help Desk in the NavyNew Orleans continues to operate an award-winning Customer Support Center (CSC)/Help Desk that services more than 538,000 members in the Navy, Marine Corps, Air National Guard, and Air Force in resolving pay, personnel, and other issues. The CSC consistently out-performs industry metrics and maintains a steady customer satisfaction rating of 98 percent, improving retention and allowing Sailors to focus on their core mission.


Despite the current focus on contingency operations, during the next 25 years military analysts predict the US will be challenged by a regional competitor or rogue state that will use anti-access and area-denial strategies. Today’s Navy and Marine Corps are preparing for a future military near-peer competitor in all dimensions : sea , land, air, undersea, and space. Both s y s t e m s i n place today and current development efforts remain f o c u s e d o n R a n g e o f Warfare (ROW). As conscientious s t e w a r d s o f t h e nation’s defense, our Navy and Marine Corps must plan against capabilities of potential competitors, not an estimate of their intentions. Near-peer and in some areas peer capabilities exist in global forces today—examples of prudent investments in ROW preparation that follow are some of the focus areas in which our C4ISR professionals are currently working.

Navy Air and Missile Defense CommandThe Navy is establishing a new Navy Air and Missile Defense Command in Dahlgren, VA that will concentrate on growing success in developing and deploying antiballistic missile systems. So far, the Navy has completed equipping 18 ships with Aegis antiballistic missile systems, and has had several ship-launched intercepts of test ballistic missiles. As of November 2008, the Navy shot down 16 of 19 high-speed targets in tests, and is one-for-one in live events. Team SPAWAR provides C2 capabilities for these exercises.

Theater Battle Management Core Systems (TBMCS)TBMCS serves as the single interface for joint air warfare Command and Control (C2), linking Air Force and Navy C2 systems with ground systems for Army and Marine Corps systems, enabling coordinated, synchronized air battle management. From initial battle analysis and planning to a precision air strike on a time-critical target, one system supports every stage of the military’s air combat planning, coordination, and execution. Through merging of Team SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, naval C4ISR and Space Systems technologies into TBMCS systems that incorporate sensor input, mapping and imagery data, and current friendly status information, these products comprise the cornerstones of air battle C2.

ROW Engineering SPAWAR, in support of the POM 12 analytical agenda, is currently conducting the following engineering studies to improve warfighting readiness:

Identify warfighting impact upon a survivable, balanced Navy afloat and ashore C2 architecture capable •of performing ASW, Anti-Surface Warfare (ASUW), and BMD missions in the ROW environment.Support C4ISR efforts for the next-generation land attack weapon. •Determine Navy bandwidth assessment for afloat platforms, shore sites, ongoing maritime operations, •fleet exercises, and tie data to operational requirements through detailed statistical models.Assess net-centric continuity of operations in the ROW environment.•Determine the communications paths, capacities, methods, and Processing, Exploitation, and •Dissemination (PED) necessary to provide national, theater, and tactical ISR to JFMCC and subordinate forces for MCO-2 operations in 2024 timeframe.Assess defensive cyberspace impact on warfighting capability.•Conduct C2HEW study to expand examination of joint, coalition, and tactical data links. •

RANGE OF WARFARE


Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) DefenseTeam SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, and naval C4ISR and Space Systems professionals are actively engaged with military and Congressional leaders to assess and combat the potential threat of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) attack from terrorists and rogue nations such as North Korea. EMP threat consists of a single nuclear weapon detonated at high altitude to produce an EMP that, depending on its location and size, would knock out power grids and other electrical and communication systems across much of the country, for months, if not years. Naval professionals are working with military and Congressional leaders to develop a highly publicized policy to deter such an attack, and that the US would respond with devastating effect against any aggressor that launches an EMP strike.

The Navy is investing in the development, integration, and production of a state-of-the-art EMP weapon and its associated control system, to be completed in August 2010. Ongoing technology research and development (R&D) and patent efforts underway continue with military and private sector partners in advanced radiography, radiation effects, advanced accelerators, high-power microwaves, EMP, and lightning simulation technologies. Field-active defenses (e.g., missile shield) and passive defenses (e.g., fiber optics) are benefitting from incorporation of these valued laboratory investments that are hardening military networks and military weapons on electronic systems and mechanical structures, such as satellites, missiles, missile silos, and ground-based C4I systems.

C2 Battle Management Communications (C2BMC)The C2 Battle Management and Communications integrates elements and components of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) and is a major component of the PEO C4I C2 portfolio. The current C2 portfolio for PEO C4I consists of three efforts: 1) Existing GCCS Family of Systems (FoS), including GCCS-J and GCCS-M variants for the FY08-FY13 timeframe (near term); 2) GCCS FoS’s successor, Net-Enabled Command Capability (NECC), or Navy joint C2; and 3) A proposed Command and Control Integration and Implementation (C2I&I) for FY12 and out (long term).

Global Command and Control System-Maritime (GCCS-M) is the current POR for Navy C2. The primary role of GCCS-M is to provide real-time (or near real-time) planning, execution, and situational awareness of the battlefield environment for COCOMs, tactical decision-makers, and warfighters. PMW 150 currently fields GCCS-M hardware and software throughout the Fleet. Additionally, PMW 150 fields hardware and software for GCCS-J variants of the GCCS FoS to appropriate Navy sites. GCCS-J is predominantly provided to joint sites, including JFCOM and PACOM, and multiple others. GCCS-J is also being considered for MHQ/MOC sites.

C2BMC maps into the Fixed Submarine Broadcast System (FSBS). Messages and information transmitted over the FSBS primarily support the submarine missions of Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR); Land Attack/Strike (STK); Special Warfare–Special Operations Force (SOF) Support; and Strategic Deterrence (SD). Strategic Deterrence is the primary mission of the FSBS–the delivery of EAMs to Fleet SSBNs operating in a stealth posture.

C4ISR professionals and the applications, equipment, and services they are providing are essential to the Navy and Marine Corps today. These are not science projects or ideas from the current IT press—these are real people providing real equipment with a definitive, positive impact on ongoing operations.

NEXT NAVY AND MARINE CORPS

In today’s rapidly changing world, the Department of Navy (DoN) must react to a greater variety of missions and threats in accelerated fashion through robustly networked forces that are able to outpace adversaries across the range of military operations. Investments made in the next two-to-six years will

shape our “next Navy and Marine Corps”—the capabilities our future Sailors and Marines will bring to the fight. These investments shall leverage the power of IT to develop new capabilities that will revolutionize the prosecution of war, meet advanced warfighting requirements, provide Sailors and Marines with networked access to the advanced IT they need for career advancement, and bring advances in data/information management to Navy and Marine Corps business management systems. This change represents a shift to “Network-Centric Operations” (NCO), sometimes referred to as NCW.

NCO is a concept for organizing efforts to transform the Sea Services for 21st-century military and business operations. NCO focuses on using IT to link together Navy ships, MAGTFs, and their subordinate elements, aircraft, and shore installations into highly integrated organizations. Naval C4ISR professionals are leading this effort to transform the future capability of Navy and Marine Corps forces to achieve information dominance and decision superiority.

integration, with the goal of linking all weapons, platforms,

sensor systems, and C2 centers across multiple domains.

The information contained in the following chapter will familiarize you with the investment direction the Navy is taking

in four particular areas within this current POM cycle: converging our networks; decoupling services; enhancing current capabilities;

and further operationalizing C2. In some cases, these investments pertain to new equipment and how dollars are spent; in others, they pertain to training and

process improvement. In all cases, these investments will improve and strengthen our capability as a networked fighting force.

FUTURE CAPABILITY

Naval forces are strongly engaged in the development and defense of the DoD-mandated Global Information Grid (GIG) architecture, a globally interconnected network of networks—a complex system that links hundreds of information system elements to enable rapid information exchange among the US services, the Intelligence Community (IC multinational allies), and support users in peace time and during conflicts. The GIG is the organizing construct for achieving NCO across the DoD. GIG architecture development provides the technical foundation for FORCEnet, which is the naval portion of the GIG underway to implement network

“The Navy is first and foremost a fighting, sea-going service—always has been. The weapons and technology change. The ships, aircraft, and submarines certainly improve over time, but the job remains the same: take the fight to the enemy so that he cannot take it to us.”

– Admiral Mike Mullen, Chariman, Joint Chiefs of Staff

53 FUTURE CAPABILITY 54

CONVERGE NETWORKS IT Network Revolution“Networking” has become essential to warfare. The romantic image of a ship of the line or Marine fire team

operating “alone and unafraid” has been overtaken by Extremely High Frequency (EHF) data downloads to Tomahawk fire control systems and automatic exchange of Blue Force Tracker (BFT) locating

information. Google Earth™ mapping services are being used for humanitarian relief operational planning. These developments are creating demand for new, sustained investments

supporting a new network environment (architecture, design, strategy, and governance) across the entire naval service. The DoN is planning and reacting in accelerated fashion

to a greater diversity of asymmetric missions in order to outpace adversaries across the multitheater Overseas Contingency Operations.

The objective is to deliver a powerful set of warfighting concepts and associated military capabilities via the tools, networks, protocols, and

procedures that allow warfighters to take full advantage of all applicable information in a rapid, flexible manner. Networks are powerful assets

to confound and cripple our adversaries, while allowing our forces to achieve more, in less time, with fewer resources. While many

program, logistical, and budgetary challenges are present, our C4SIR and IT communities continue to consolidate global

shore-based, expeditionary, and shipboard computing and communication environments in order to optimize information for tactical advantage throughout the Naval Enterprise. As part of this transformation, we are fully embracing the concept of netcentricity: converging networks to create an environment in which data is seamlessly shared among users, applications, and computing platforms during all phases of warfighting and warfighting-support efforts.

On Course to a SolutionIn years past, Navy and Marine Corps legacy

networks were developed and supported by different infrastructures, systems, and operational controls.

Networks relied on separate circuits, configuration settings, and Internet Protocol (IP) routing architectures that resulted in

interoperability issues and tremendous support costs. To illustrate, an aircraft carrier can have as many as 70 individual networks aboard. In

response to these problems, the Navy and Marine Corps continue to invest in network convergence initiatives. Two such programs–the Navy’s Cyber Asset Reduction and Security

(CARS) task force and the Marine Corps’ Legacy Network Consolidation (LNC) effort–are improving IT investments through elimination of legacy self-contained (e.g., “stovepiped”) networks and systems.


Networks are a Combat System Navy and Marine Corps networks serve as a force-multiplier equal to traditional combat platforms (ships, aircraft, submarines, amphibious craft, and weapons) in what they bring to the fight in preserving the peace. Network information sharing, collaboration, and computing power enable US forces to overwhelm adversaries by maximizing use of surprise and by closing observe/decide/act “loops” faster than their opponents, which leads to dramatically increased mission effectiveness.

NCO is the force driver moving the DoN from present technology dependence on individual applications towards full access to and exploitation of data through standards. This means providing users with the ability to access applications and services that they need and can use through a web-enabled space, while

simultaneously creating a web-enabled user community in which each member can both provide and access data. NCO makes it possible to move beyond traditional Communities of Interest

(COI), such as C2 or intelligence, to full cross-functional information exchange across the operational environment to support the

execution of various operational naval, joint, or coalition missions, as required.


CANES ProgramConsolidation of many existing POR and nonPOR afloat networks has been desired for many years. Continued investments in the Consolidated Afloat Networks and Enterprise Services (CANES) Program will bring to the Navy a network infrastructure that will be able to accommodate more growth on a single network with multiple layers of security. The CANES Program represents the next-generation of afloat networks and computing infrastructure, a vision based on an overarching concept to reduce the number of networks, while providing efficiency through a single engineering focus on technical solutions. CANES has five objectives for first incremental capability delivery:

Consolidate portions of existing afloat physical networks into a reduced network infrastructure.•Provide Afloat Core Services (ACS) to enable a flexible, agile environment for rapid, “plug-and-play” •C2 and ISR capability enhancements in a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) environment.Provide a Common Computing Environment (CCE) that allocates computing resources to host •nonCANES applications.Provide IP-based voice and video services.•Provide increased availability and survivability, greater reliability, and require less maintenance.•

These objectives will provide a single and highly scalable network infrastructure across all COI. CANES’ emphasis on a consolidated network infrastructure promotes efficiencies by streamlining acquisition, contracting, testing, logistics support, training, and interoperability. The program will achieve Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in early FY12. The CANES Program is focusing on adapting the network to the warfighter, so that every edge of the network will ultimately be capable of providing voice, video, and data with guaranteed data assurance and integrity.


Network Transformation, Other Domains Transformation is not only occurring in the C4I domain, but also aligning with the Combat Systems, Hull, Mechanical, and Electrical (HM&E) and Control Domains. As promulgated by the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Research, Development & Acquisition (ASN RDA) Chief Systems Engineer, Team SPAWAR utilizes the Navy Technical Reference Model (NTRM) as a tool to align all Navy networks to the maximum

extent possible. The NTRM is derived from commercial standard network models and provides a common, hierarchical computing

MCEITS InitiativeThe Marine Corps Enterprise Information Technology Services (MCEITS) Initiative is a strategic, broad vision that supports DoD network consolidation, alignment, and IT provision for USMC. MCEITS is moving USMC IT services away from a stovepiped, duplicative approach towards fielding IT resources that enable access to enterprise information collaboration and sharing across business and warfighter domains.

The USMC component of FORCEnet and the GIG is the Marine Corps Enterprise Network (MCEN), the USMC global network that supports all data communication requirements for Marines and supporting establishments to effect information exchange over the GIG. MCEN utilizes NMCI, IT-21 capabilities, and the Marine Corps Expeditionary Network (eXNET), which will be the deployed tactical portion of MCEN. The Marine Corps’ network efforts fully synchronize with joint and other services, resulting in a fully networked expeditionary fighting force.

NNE of 2016 The DoN CIO is chairing the effort to define the vision, scope, governance, and programmatic IT alignment towards the future Naval Networking Environment (NNE), the net-centric, secure enterprise-computing environment that will be realized in the 2016 timeframe. The Navy and Marine Corps are investing in four enterprise Internet-style networks projected for full capability in the NNE of 2016:

Next-Generation Network (NGEN)• Beginning in 2010, will ultimately bring the US (CONUS) and overseas networks onto a common, secure structure that will include leading-edge technology, such as wireless Internet access ONE-NET• Navy Enterprise Network for shore installations overseas (OCONUS), currently delivering integrated networking services CANES• Replaces most tactical networks currently used on Navy warships and aircraft with single architecture providing ACSMCEN • Consolidates most Marine Corps networking functions (including MCEITS), while assuring connectivity to the Fleet and joint force

NNE will allow Navy, Marine Corps, joint, and coalition warfighters as well as their IT workforce counterparts to share information and data quickly and securely in a collaborative environment based on common architecture and standards.

framework representing all layered architectures/services for naval C4I systems that support afloat, airborne, and ashore platforms. This model is a valued Navy investment that provides the standardized framework guiding far-sighted and prudent acquisition, development, and recapitalization of resources and coordination of platform lifecycle planning activities among all PEOs and Systems Commands (SYSCOMS) conducting acquisition programs.


Advancing Airborne Networks Naval, joint, and coalition aviators face unique challenges: limited capability to share, access, and exploit relevant information and data within the operational

environment. Known as Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational (JIIM) tactical edge users, these warriors lack mobile and dynamic connectivity throughout the full range of operations, and are often unable to connect with one another, due to disparate communication systems, Line-of-Sight (LOS) limitations, and reliance on over-subscribed satellite communications. These issues hinder joint and combined net-centric warfare capabilities. In response, the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and Navy are investing in technical explorations such as the Communications Airborne Layer Expansion Joint Capability Test

Investments Improving Joint Communications The CABLE JCTD Initiative will enable the warfighter to bridge disparate legacy communication systems and develop more robust information sharing among joint, coalition, and interagency forces, advancing airborne networking in the following areas:

Integrate a backbone network for IP-based, high-capacity data transfer. •Establish secure gateways to interconnect data links, voice systems, and netcentric IP-based •networks.Organize and share joint voice communications (applications, translation, signaling, and control).•Host enterprise-wide services, such as a common tactical picture service or chat.•Perform Tactical Data Link (TDL) gateway management.•Facilitate joint tactical networking.•

CABLE JCTD transition is targeting multiple service programs and product improvement/risk reduction activities to support Combatant Commanders (COCOM) activities. Over POM 12, the Navy will invest in further integration of existing communication infrastructure within the Combat Access Layer into the theater operational backbone segments of the GIG. The forthcoming E-2D Advanced Hawkeye features comprehensive connectivity that enables the aircraft to share air and missile defense information with the entire Fleet, making the Hawkeye a critical node in network-centric air operations. Investments in such technical explorations of maturing technologies are vital to our capability improvements.

Vision: Enhanced Warfighter CapabilityImproved, collaborative C2 (Blue Force Situational Awareness [SA] and combat identification [ID], •tactical chat, Common Operational Picture [COP] dissemination, browsing, and email).Common avionics.•Faster prosecution of time-sensitive targets: decreased timeline, detect-to-engage. •Reduced kill chain find phase for surface targets via Automatic Identification System (AIS). •Provision of critical combat ID data for commercial vessels: ship name, course, and speed via AIS.•Availability of Intelligence Broadcast Receiver (IBR), a tactical receiver for near-real-time threats.•

Demonstration (CABLE JCTD) Initiative to evaluate a potential airborne networking solution for a fully integrated, IP-enabled airborne network.


Submarine Networking In the late 1990s, the Submarine Force was an active participant in the Naval Integrated Information Networks Integrated Product Team (NIIN IPT). This cross-Systems Command (SYSCOM), cross-Warfare Sponsor venue was working to identify and resolve network issues at a time when information networks were first emerging

in the afloat environment. Acting as an enterprise before such organizations were formally created, the Submarine Force

adopted the network consolidation principles under discussion to create a single, cross-security enclave

network domain to help warfighters share information both locally and globally.

Composed of a Sensitive But Unclassified (SBU) Local Area Network (LAN), a Secret LAN, and a Top Secret (TS) LAN, this common backbone provides the conduit for information exchange within the submarine and to external networks, utilizing the IP Wide Area Network (WAN) gateway services of the Automated Digital Network System (ADNS) routers as part of the overall strategic effort to facilitate joint, allied, and coalition communications. Built in compliance with Open System Architecture (OSA) and DoD Information Standards Registry (DISR) guidance, the design provides flexibility and has resulted in a high-level interoperability with tactical and C4I systems, as demonstrated by operational interfaces with key submarine subsystems. This prescient modular/open systems approach supports the introduction of emerging industry standards.

End-to-End ConnectivityThe submarine network in place today has delivered a mission-critical design for the SECRET LAN to support propulsion plant and combat systems interfaces, along with incorporating TS data processing capabilities. This early success is a superb example of how a network can satisfy both multiple mission area requirements and deliver end-to-end real-time communications with surface and shore. Ongoing initiatives to allow communications at speed and depth will improve mission effectiveness and force agility for the strike group commanders of fast-attack and cruise missile submarines when operating submerged, minimizing counter-detection and maximizing tactical positioning and surveillance. With plans

for participation in CANES and other material enhancements, the Undersea Warfare Enterprise (USE) is presently working with Team SPAWAR to enhance the future undersea communications

network, linking submerged submarines, unmanned undersea vehicles, and undersea sensors to the GIG, extending end-to-end connectivity among

surface, air, shore, submarines, and other undersea platforms or sensors to achieve undersea dominance.

Success Story


DECOUPLE SERVICES

Afloat Networks: Building on the BackboneExperience to date highlights the need for investments in Navy programs to substantially improve SA, agility, and responsiveness to address unprecedented emerging threats and pressing force sustainment issues. In response, CNO directed Navy leadership to invest in restructuring tactical afloat networks and Maritime Operations Centers (MOC). The Navy’s CANES initiative, a programmatic realignment of afloat network infrastructure and services, was formulated by senior Navy leadership working with Team SPAWAR to fundamentally enhance C4ISR delivery by providing a common, expandable IT infrastructure afloat. Other areas of concern for Navy leadership are to decrease costs, improve security by “hardening” (i.e., strengthening) networks, and speed cutting-edge functionality to the Fleet through rapid technology insertion. Our CANES concept and investment strategy answers those concerns. The Navy is on course to eliminate legacy application programs that are at end of life and cannot keep up with technology, replacing their functionality with modules residing on the common CANES infrastructure with the ultimate effect of consolidating and migrating afloat networks to a more secure, responsive environment. To do this, we have embarked on a multiyear, multiprogram effort to decouple applications services from underlying hardware.

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): An Affordable FutureNot long ago, the Navy was annually spending millions maintaining dozens of disparate networks. Many of these systems have “tightly coupled” components, which means self-contained system hardware and software programs are closely engineered together with multiple connections. These “stovepiped” systems require time and great expense to maintain, and are resistant to technology change. In order to improve capabilities and reduce IT costs, the Navy and Marine Corps have adopted commercial IT business enterprise trends embracing SOA, software architecture where functionality is grouped around business processes and packaged as interoperable, adaptable services. SOA revolves around the concept of breaking larger software programs (decoupling) into smaller, reusable functional components with common, well-defined interface standards that increase data availability for sharing, scalability, and reuse (enterprise environments). Investments in SOA technology and improved systems engineering will deliver increased capabilities to naval forces in a shorter time at reduced cost.


SOA as an IT Transformation ToolThe Navy is leading migration away from a producer-centric environment to one that is consumer-centric (e.g., based on services) in order to facilitate SOA implementation. SOA is a model for organizing and utilizing distributed capabilities that may be under the control of different resource sponsors. It provides a method to reduce system development cost and cycle time, shrink the infrastructure footprint, and increase the quality and availability of services. SOA facilitates the integration of business processes, rules, and IT into a framework that leverages existing systems to enable change. Coupled with a new architectural paradigm and a focus on business processes, SOA is placing more emphasis on cost-effective reuse of system components and data. Integration efforts decrease, because available functionality on other systems in the DoD enterprise IT portfolio can be easily located and reused or modified.

Consolidation and SynchronizationTeam SPAWAR’s SOA “way forward” is an enterprise-wide investment strategy guiding the consolidation and synchronization of the efforts across the C4I community in developing SOA. As naval forces move towards NCO, the DoN must increasingly leverage shared services and applications. These services must be supported by the use of an accepted set of common standards, rules, and shared infrastructure populated with mission and business services based on authoritative data provided and used by each resource sponsor. Over the current POM cycle, investments are needed in standards development and enhancement, governance activities, and application program redesign or replacement. These investments will show a return not in the Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) or procurement accounts, but in the Fleet maintenance accounts, as future engineering changes shift from hardware to software-centric events.

Additional engineering changes include improved C4I fielding plans synchronization to not only reduce proliferation of multiple C4I solution sets, but also to coincide with Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) and Combat System Advanced Capability Builds (ACBs) to enhance warfighting capability via improved readiness and interoperability, while reducing risks and costs. Enhanced end-to-end testing, C4I certification, and improved configuration management will specifically reduce integration and interoperability risks.

In the Tactical Switching (TSw) realm, Transport Test and Integration Complex (TTIC) facilitates design and development of new Navy communications technologies. TTIC provides laboratory facilities that conduct “end-to-end testing” to mitigate and evaluate current and future Navy communications capabilities in distributed (or nondistributed) environments.

ChallengesThe DoN faces a variety of cultural, procedural, and technical challenges in adopting SOA into systems. Moving from current technology to SOA will require significant emphasis on improved systems engineering. There are also acquisition and Information Assurance (IA) impacts associated with this effort. Throughout the DoN, practices, policies, and processes as well as technologies have been developed to address IT systems in traditional, vertical “information silo” structures incapable of reciprocal operation with other systems. SOA represents a shift from these IT architectures to horizontal and dynamic architectures.

On the financial side, traditional investment decisions are based on the relatively narrow window of current year issues, and cross-account savings are seldom effectively argued. The lifecycle cost impacts of a SOA-based fleet are substantial, yet the unpredictable nature of IT modernization beyond the Future Year Defense Plan (FYDP) precludes analysis comparable to predictions based on metal fatigue. The sheer size and complexity of the DoN and organizational reporting structures also affect response to this new technology trend. Meeting these challenges is an integral part of the SOA strategy.


By implementing SOA, the DoN will be able to rapidly create new services and composite applications across the enterprise in support of business and warfighter requirements. The DoN will use SOA as a means to reduce duplicative efforts and extract more value from our existing investments by enabling plug-and-play capability; maximum reuse; ubiquitous information access; data sharing and discovery; systems consolidation; managed risk; and security standards.

Optimum Business and Warfighter Architecture A DoN enterprise that embraces SOA with rich services does more than effect a technology change; it also changes the ways in which an enterprise does business and how it executes its mission-critical objectives. The ability for the DoN to successfully leverage SOA is tightly bound to clear governance and change management that must coincide with agile business processes. SOA is recognized today as the optimal architecture for enterprise IT capability development, since it enables an organization to design for interoperability and reuse.

Benefits of SOAMaximum interoperability: platform independent and interface based, SOA eliminates the constraints •that typically burden integration efforts.Less expensive to maintain: standards (e.g., web services) make it possible for developers to interact •with SOA components without having to learn new, proprietary technology.Reusability: standard interfaces enable new processes to easily reuse existing services-based applications •and even service-enabled legacy systems.Agility: by enabling services reuse, SOA reduces the time to create new applications. Applications •designed for smoother integration through standard interfaces will enable easier future capability adaptation to unexpected changes. Information and knowledge transfer: by increasing ability to share data, functionality, processing •capability, presentation, and control across technology and POR boundaries, knowledge is more readily managed and captured.


Other Investment AreasStudy and design work continue with the Navy Space and Electronic Warfare (SEW) engineering investment. Capacity analysis is underway, comparing combat systems networks and C4ISR networks with an eye to capacity, quality of service (QoS), and responsiveness to ascertain if the submarine networking model can be used on other platforms. Submarine networks provide a single backbone for all network traffic—both information and tactical services, delivering end-to-end NCW capability.

Other investments are growing at a faster pace than the POM cycle itself. Use of broad investment categories, incremental development acquisition strategies, and active exploration of commercial

technologies is required. Involvement in Humanitarian Assistance /Disaster Response (HA/DR) missions requires access to commercial services such as Google Earth™ mapping service and

similar sites. Opponents use social networking websites, making such sites valuable intelligence sources. Consideration of a nonclassified, fully open network is

underway, thereby reserving the unclassified network (NIPRNet), classified network (SIPRNet), and the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications

System network (JWICS) as more protected venues. This design follows sound military practice allowing defense in depth, survivability, and

an ability to maintain continuity of operations even while under stress. It also maintains full access to all parts of the information

sphere, allowing our future Sailors and Marines access to the collaborative tools they need.


Success StoryHM&E/Combat Systems Network DevelopmentRecently, a study initiated by the ASN RDA conducted by the Network Consolidation Study Integrated Product Team (NCSIPT) examined network consolidation. Modeling and Simulation (M&S) excursions obtained valuable data for Hull, Mechanical & Electrical (HM&E) network operations. The encouraging study suggests that a single network is able to perform consolidated network hosting of most shipboard software applications—both the traditional C4ISR information exchanges and the HM&E data transfer requirements.

Similarly, Combat Systems needs are being analyzed. Consolidated Shipboard networks that will link shipboard systems across multiple disciplines and embarked Marine Corps platforms are one of many “Smart Ship” initiatives that optimize manning, while enhancing operational capabilities. Applications now developed for a specific area—engine monitoring and trending, combat systems track ambiguity resolution, or parts ordering from an interactive electronic technical manual can be decoupled from a specific hardware base and made available when needed, where needed. QoS, timeliness of response, and continuity of operations can all be addressed in this growing area of decoupling services from hardware.

Naval shore-based, in-transit, forward-deployed, and expeditionary operational commanders view enterprise networks as extensions of their ability to command and control forces. Coalition and multinational C4I interoperability remains a top priority. Investing in the transformation of naval networks to achieve architectural realignment with Navy and Marine Corps Enterprise infrastructure strategies and standards will improve performance efficiencies and resource allocation for better decision-making.

Empowering the Fleet: USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) CSG The Lincoln CSG is participating in the Early Adopter (EA) Program, an accelerated initiative within the CANES Program. Already underway, the major goal of EAs is to deploy new elements of the CANES CCE network and ACS into existing shipboard networks. A common environment into which upgraded applications “plug and play” will make it cheaper, easier, and faster for software, information, and processes to work together. It will reduce network complexity, allowing for easier multiple upgrades and future improvements. EA technology is improving the lives of Lincoln CSG warfighters in the following ways:

Improves automated mission planning support for aircraft, weapons, and sensors •between the Navy and Air Force.

Enhances air and ocean weather data for mission planning.•

Integrates near real-time antisubmarine warfare and mine warfare C2 capability.•

Enables rapid, reliable, and secure exchange of critical C2 communication.•

Improves automated logistics information support for all naval air commands.•

Supplies automated disaster recovery to restore services in under one minute. •

Accelerates business processes using proven commercial practices and technologies.•

Provides more efficient use of physical servers through use of virtualized machines (e.g., a •self-contained operating environment that behaves as if it were a separate computer).

FORCEnet is the operational construct and architectural framework for naval warfare in the Information Age, and the EA Program represents a landmark first: installations of CCE hosting and SOA-enabled technology to naval warfighters. The technology was deployed on the USS Cape St. George (CG 71) in March 2009. Full implementation of CANES’ provision of ACS is estimated for initial production in FY11. This alignment will ensure network integration into a jointly interoperable and compliant architecture, leading to enhanced network reliability, adaptability, and security in a decoupled service structure that will greatly improve the warfighting enterprise.


Information Transport C4I Portfolio The naval IT, C4ISR, and Space Systems network-centric architecture vision requires a robust and high-capacity information transport capability made up of reliable satellite communications (SATCOM), tactical LOS communications, extended- and beyond-LOS systems, and Global Positioning System-based (GPS) position, navigation, and timing services. SPAWAR, PEOs, and MARCORSYSCOM are investing in products that support this architecture, providing the warfighter with the C2 tools to execute the mission.

These are targeted investments. Utilizing corporate management and M&S tools, Team SPAWAR and NETWARCOM, working with OPNAV staff, run scenarios tied to Major Combat Operation (MCO) pictures to determine best areas for IT modernization. These tools show bottlenecks, gaps, and overlaps identifying high-impact investment opportunities to improve warfighting capability in the communications realm. Additional investments in improving reliability and human system interfaces simplify program logistics and reduce manning requirements, thus improving efficiencies while lowering costs.

The Navy staff, via Team SPAWAR, is investing in several programs with the goal of increased capability and reliability to support the Information Transport mission:

Navy Multiband Terminal (NMT) Program: A fourth-generation Navy SATCOM terminal replacing •three legacy terminals with one terminal that satisfies wideband, protected, and broadcast SATCOM requirements. NMT will communicate with Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF) and Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) satellites. The WGS constellation has begun fielding and investments in the planned eight-satellite constellation will greatly increase available bandwidth in the X and Ka bands, improving communications and data exchange. Commercial Broadband Satellite Program (CBSP): A Rapid Deployment Capability (RDC) replaces the •legacy Commercial Wideband Satellite Communication Program (CWSP) and International Marine/Maritime Satellites (INMARSAT) with new terminals to dynamically manage bandwidth resources. CBSP will provide greater Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) augmentation, backup, and Quality of Life (QoL) services to the Fleet at reduced cost. Mobile Networking Highband (MNH) Initiative: A pillar of the Navy Tactical Networking (NTN) •architecture that will provide a general purpose, wideband, nonSATCOM-based, LOS- and extended-LOS communications link designed to operate in an open ocean environment to manned and unmanned air, surface, submarine, and shore platforms. GPS-Based Position, Navigation, and Timing Service (GPNTS) Program: The next-generation GPNTS •shipboard system designed to be a robust, secure, open standards system in a SOA environment. GPNTS will integrate all applicable Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)-related sensor data to provide the best available PNT solution to weapons, combat, combat support and C4ISR systems, and other PNT users.

Naval “Firsts” in Modernizing CommunicationsNot all information technology investments involve computers or applications. By the very nature of its dispersed operations, the Navy has required the long-range transmission of information. During the Revolutionary War, USN Captain Thomas Truxtun pioneered the earliest known book of signal flags for naval communication: Instructions, Signals, and Explanations Ordered for the United States Fleet (1797). In the early 20th century, the wireless telephone was first used aboard the ships of the Great White Fleet to communicate between ships and shore stations on their cruise around the world. In 1945, the Navy made first application of radio relay over-horizon communications possible. In 1961, a message sent by a ship at Norfolk, Virginia was relayed around the world to Washington, DC by continuous wave ship relay technology in just three hours, three minutes. Today, nearly 215 years after Captain Truxtun’s prescient publication, the Navy continues its long history of continually modernizing and protecting communications. This investment area is crucial to the modernization of a core capability essential to our Navy.

Operational FlexibilityThe forward-deployed, expeditionary character (e.g., widely dispersed and highly mobile) of the Navy and Marine Corps provides the US with versatile, asymmetric advantage to enlarge or contract military footprints in areas where access is denied or limited. This traditional Navy/Marine Corps role in national defense not only maximizes American advantages in high-end technologies and information warfare, but also creates new demands on networked forces. Unlike hard-wired shore facilities, ships at sea do not spool off cable connections to Internet access points. The capabilities of future naval forces must be enhanced today by investments in communication technologies that wirelessly link force assets together in order to carry out missions in new ways. Investments in state-of-the-art information sharing and networking technology are highly valued C4ISR and IT assets. These technologies comprise the basic operational backbone for all forms of communications and computing at the heart of FORCEnet—the networked naval operation. Efforts to optimize naval communications in building the foundations of the high-bandwidth, fully networked future NNE of 2016 have become a warfighting imperative today.

ENHANCE CURRENT CAPABILITY


National Security Space EnterpriseThe Navy relies heavily on space systems to carry out its mission. In accordance with the Naval Space Policy, the Navy Space Team will work collaboratively with joint, interagency, and international space communities to ensure future space capabilities support maritime operations. Naval participation in the National Security Space (NSS) Enterprise will build upon the 50-year partnership between the DoN and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). The Navy Space Team will build and maintain an excellent space cadre; integrate space into naval combat systems; support requirements development for future space capabilities; improve technologies for warfighting support and global MDA.

Tactical Switching (TSw) Program: PMW 790 is implementing the TSw program to modernize the tactical •shore infrastructure into a robust, survivable, and integrated information transport and service delivery capability, providing the Fleet with critical net-centric information transport, NetOps, and IP services. Through TSw, the Navy Tactical Wide Area Network (NTWAN) is transitioning the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) capability to an all-IP information transport interconnecting SATCOM gateways with the IT-21 NOCs for global shore tactical IP services. TSw also provides integrated, tailorable end-to-end NetOps capabilities through the ENMS supporting the Global/Regional Network Operations and Security Centers (G/RNOSCs) with internal and external situational awareness interfaces, customizable views, real-time services, and data publishing services. Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) Program: PEO Space Systems is investing in upgrading the •Ultra High Frequency (UHF) SATCOM portfolio to satisfy increasing demand for tactical satellite communications. MUOS will become the common denominator for C2, providing capability to communicate from tactical to theater levels, to allies and coalition partners, and between defense and nondefense agencies. Once in service, MUOS SATCOM will support a worldwide, multiservice population of mobile and fixed-site terminal users with simultaneous voice, video, and data communications. The MUOS constellation will achieve on-orbit capability between FY11 and FY14, with the MUOS legacy payload continuing to provide interoperability with legacy terminals.

As the Navy plans future space architectures, it will advocate for systems that protect space assets and offer more wide-area surveillance in the maritime domain. Future naval space priorities will also include strategies for mitigating the vulnerabilities of space systems, and preparing the Fleet to operate in a contested information environment, where space assets as well as the network infrastructure are at risk.


JTRS ProgramOne of the most valued military investments that will address key shortfalls in ground domain communication capabilities is the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) family of tactical Software-Defined Radios (SDR). This DoD-wide program is working towards replacing older existing legacy radios with multiple, wireless software-based radio types (e.g., handheld, ground-mobile, airborne, and maritime) with open system architecture that enables technology insertion/reuse for easier customization/reuse, improved interoperability, and greater security. Investments in JTRS will enable widespread radio access among warfighters in forward-deployed ground combat units within the “last tactical mile” to networked, multiple-weapon-system platforms. Navy investment in JTRS is focused on delivering MUOS-capable Manpack and Maritime-Fixed terminals to the Fleet and providing the Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS) JTRS terminals to support a future airborne Advanced Tactical Data Link.

Linking Warriors to the GIG As secure wireless Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET) technology matures over the next five years, the goal is to provide all branches of the military with secure, IP-based datalinks that allow ground-, air-, and sea-based users to rapidly transmit voice, video, and high-speed digital data supplied by linking radio operators to the networked firepower of the GIG.

JTRS, High-Frequency Internet Protocol (HFIP), Mobile Networking High Band (HNW), and Airborne Networking are critical components of the DoD network-

centric transformation effort to realize the FORCEnet principles of shared situation awareness, resource exploitation, speed of command, synchronized

execution, and agility for naval, joint, coalition, and disaster response personnel. In order to transform information into decisive effects, investments should continue

to support warfighters need for direct access to networked resources that support their missions, particularly in applying critical fire effects to achieve overall battlefield

superiority.


Success Story

CENTRIXS-M Program CENTRIXS-M is a C2 communications network developed by the Navy that gives US and allied ships the ability to communicate with each other. Answering one of the highest-priority Combatant Commander (COCOM) requirements, investments in CENTRIXS-M provide text chat, email, and voice data over a secure channel with allied nations and their forces. Using a mix of commercial radios, satellite phones, and computers, the system is an innovative example of cost-effective COTS technology designed to be affordable and easily customized by allies. CENTRIXS-M forms the network backbone and global infrastructure for coalition and multinational C4I interoperability, and is a key enabler of MDA. Information collaboration across coalition, nontraditional partners, and other major players is a key component of future naval capability.

Optimize and expand bandwidth for new programs, more terminals, and multiple communication links. •

Coordinate ADNS integration with joint networks and incoming programs for interoperability.•

Strengthen cipher text and IP core network architecture and plan next-generation future ADNS capability •for shipboard LANS, smaller aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Multiplying Bandwidth on Ships: ADNS ProgramADNS is the mobile WAN program for the Navy that provides a worldwide ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communications network. ADNS is the key interface for efficient routing and transferring information on and off ships. Over the next POM, the Navy will be investing in implementing ADNS Increment III technology to accomplish the following goals:

More than double existing ADNS bandwidth capacity in current network resources, while conserving limited •satellite bandwidth for high-priority uses.

Launch ADNS NetOps management software, which will allow users to manually configure bandwidth quickly •to accommodate mission priority. For example, a C2 ship with bandwidth priority can quickly transfer that bandwidth to a ship with more immediate need—for instance, one engaged in a maritime interdiction mission that requires high-volume intelligence data, fast.


Streamlining via DMR Program The Navy continuously seeks to deploy new communications technology in order to increase commonality and sharing among surface ships and submarines. Unique to the Navy is solving the problem of streamlining multiple antennas and radar clutter on masts and legacy network consoles below decks, all of which are competing for limited bandwidth in a limited real estate environment. Recognizing that shipboard electronic systems must support multiple mission scenarios, the Navy has turned to the Digital Modular Radio (DMR), a precursor of JTRS and the standard radio set for UHF SATCOM and LOS communications throughout the Navy. These transceivers are being installed on nearly every new construction vessel requiring UHF SATCOM and LOS communications capabilities and provide a needed narrow-band solution. Capable of using many antennas depending upon the frequency of interest, DMR starts to solve the below-decks space concern.

CBSP and NMT Program EnhancementsAbove decks, the capacity of the existing antennas to transfer data must be increased. The Navy will further enhance shipboard broadband communications in FY11-FY13 through CBSP and NMT. CBSP will significantly increase throughput capability (amount of data [bps] transferred in a specific amount of time) to ships at sea with commercial on-orbit capacity. These enhancements will increase the Quality of Life (QoL) for Sailors by greatly expanding their ability to communicate using wideband SATCOM. A valued Navy requirement, CBSP is a Rapid Deployment Capability (RDC) acquisition projected for installation on 232 surface ships, with 81 installations funded within the current FYDP. Larger ships, such as cruisers and destroyers, are currently undergoing installation, with carriers and amphibious assault ships slated for first installations in late 2009.

The NMT Program is providing the bandwidth efficiency that allows naval information networks to extend seamlessly from individual ships and submarines to other networks around the globe. NMT replaces three separate systems currently deployed, extending the submarine and shipboard capability from EHF waveforms to AEHF, and providing global broadcast system services. These communication investments are maximizing use of limited bandwidth—contributing to mission effectiveness while enhancing QoL.

Investments in IPv6A hidden issue for most of the naval population is the technical transition from IP version 4, which the majority of the world now uses, to the new IP version 6 (IPv6). With the Internet population continuing to increase, the physical “address space” of the Internet itself will run out perhaps as early as 2011. As with any scarce resource, this will result in rationing, sales of scarce assets, and individual addresses fragmenting from what today is a somewhat orderly structure. Given that the bulk of our communications is evolving to depend upon IPs, this fragmentation will potentially result in large-scale routing and communications failures. The Navy has made strides in making this transition, evidenced by testing IPv6 networks in our lab environments. While this is often seen as a “geek-speak” technical issue, Navy investments in IPv6 are critical.


Investments in Naval Expeditionary C2 “Command and Control” (C2) is the means and methods by which a commander recognizes what needs to be done in any situation and see that appropriate actions are taken faster than the enemy can react. MDA–the effective understanding of anything associated with the maritime domain that could affect the security, safety, economy, or environment of a nation–is a supporting element in the ability to conduct effective C2.

More than two decades ago, in response to lessons learned from previous wars, senior government leaders recognized that investing in a joint force working in tandem would build the most effective future military force. Since the landmark Goldwater-Nichols DoD Reorganization Act of 1986 changed the way DoD operates by centralizing operational authority through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, effective joint operations have now become commonplace. Naval forces are now called upon to conduct a wide variety of missions, ranging from war prevention, crisis response, civil-military operations, counterinsurgency, and irregular warfare. Navy and Marine Corps strategy therefore shifted away from blue water open-ocean warfighting and toward joint operations from the sea, implicitly recognizing that sea control was a means to an end—namely, the projection of power ashore. Building on this vision, throughout the 1990s, naval experimental simulations and wargames (e.g., Global Title X) yielded valuable data from continuing investments in transforming naval operational planning as a joint force commander. Unique naval challenges in accommodating the very vastness of the world’s oceans are now being considered in multiservice forums.

Preserving naval C2 superiority is essential. Gaps in C2 capabilities studied in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks and in operations ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF), IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF), as well as Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief (HA/DR) missions during Hurricane Katrina indicated rapid, consistent, and shared situational understanding was needed at all command levels, particularly at the operational level.

The Sea as Maneuver Space: Seabasing Naval investment in improving C2 capability advanced with the Globally Networked Joint Force Maritime Command Centers, which enhanced Navy capability in operational planning and performance as a joint force maritime commander to enable joint naval power projection from the sea. Today, there is a growing recognition among the US and its international partners that many current problems require solutions that involve coordinated application of all elements of national and multinational power, often applied in concert with other organizations. Continuous investments in the concept of Seabasing, the ability to conduct at-sea transfer of Sailors, Marines, and supplies to ships and shores without reliance on land bases, will be a key critical enabler for future naval capability in deploying and sustaining joint forces from the sea.

Strategic Collaborative AlignmentThe National Strategy for Maritime Security (2005) and A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower (2007) recognize the great extent of economic links within the global system, and how disruptions due to regional crises can adversely affect this system, and in turn, the US economy and quality of life. These new strategies emphasize military collaboration with international partners to prevent crises from occurring, or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to today’s complex security environment. For example, these strategies can be applied against Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa who are disrupting commercial and noncommercial maritime activity in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean. Over the past 12 years, US forces have increasingly been committed around the globe to conduct fast-paced operations on short notice, and the Navy and Marine Corps are often first with forces on station. Therefore, naval forces desire flexible approaches to task organization and command arrangements with reachback (backward access from forward positions) if needed to higher headquarters with larger reservoirs of knowledge, experience, and information available in real time or near-real time.

OPERATIONALIZE C2


Maritime Operations Center (MOC) Operational level C2 requires an effective operational HQ trained, equipped, and experienced with established processes to execute an approved doctrine for joint operations. The MOC concept has emerged as a global naval initiative that equips, accredits, and certifies Navy Component Command (CC) and numbered Fleets with standardized organization, processes, and a globally networked architecture. These elements support Navy CCs assigned operational-level C2 responsibilities, as a Joint Force Maritime Component Commander (JFMCC) or a Commander, Joint Task Force (CJTF). The goal is to enable staffs to make a seamless transition from a normal peacetime posture to major combat or disaster relief operations on a regional or global level, while ensuring normal Fleet management functions. Operational staffs do not execute missions themselves, but task tactical forces, and then monitor the operation. Recently, significant progress was made in concept validation, metrics establishment, and process implementation operationally tested by the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Fleets, with accreditations earned. The FY2009 budget provides investment dollars to support MOCs, and future investments are necessary to sustain and grow these achievements.

“Plug-and-Fight” C2 Modeled on a C2 philosophy of centralized guidance, collaborative planning, and decentralized execution, MOCs have the flexibility to rapidly transition from fixed, shore-based HQs to a variety of platforms afloat, or combinations thereof. For example, C4I systems information requirements for MOCs will vary; what is needed during a regional conflict or a small special operation can be dramatically different from what is required for HA/DR missions. This restructuring initiative comes in a time when the maritime commander may need to command forces (Marine Corps, and possibly Army) not just on/underneath the sea and the air above it, but over areas such as islands, peninsulas, and farther inland.

Development of MOCs is one of Commander, US Fleet Forces (USFF) highest-priority projects. MOC development is a global effort, requiring all numbered Fleets and NCCs to co-evolve this concept to ensure creation of a globally netted capability that meets the demands and challenges of the President’s National Strategy for Maritime Security.


Trident Warrior MOC accreditation and certification requires individual and team training and exercises to create and maintain operational proficiency. Trident Warrior is NETWARCOM’s annual experimental exercise performed under real-world operating conditions at sea, a dynamic environment to evaluate technologies, lessons learned, and enhance warfighting capability. The FY09 exercise, held in the Atlantic Second and Sixth Fleet operating areas in conjunction with other agencies and participants, evaluated routine MOC-to-MOC collaboration, responses to transregional threats, and MDA delivery through a multicollaborative environment. Exercise results are available from NETWARCOM staff.

SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific (SSC PAC) conducted physiological workload measurement and decision-quality testing to measure information flow by collecting data on how interaction between people and computers affects real-time human performance. SSC PAC will compare testing results with benchmarks from current laboratory research results to validate test sensitivity, accuracy, and reliability. Their Trident Warrior effort has potential for future applications in workload management, training, and decision support.

MOC EnhancementsThrough continued investments across the POM cycle, MOCs will standardize with flexibility for regional requirements. Initial Navy investments in design and architecture will converge MOCs to common C4I systems and software tools. In the future, the Navy may consider further enhancements to power projection and mobility by installing MOC capability aboard ships such as carriers and large-deck amphibious ships, in addition to C2 ships. The Navy is investing in building common mission sets that are scalable for operational tasks, networking MOCs into existing global network connectivity, with the goal to globally network all MOCs into a collaborative maritime assessment, planning, and execution community. As the MOC concept matures, the pace of warfighting readiness will accelerate and naval capability will be greatly enhanced.


Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA)DoD defines the maritime domain as the “oceans, seas, bays, estuaries, islands, coastal areas, and the airspace above these, including the littorals.” Numerous strategies require the coupling of global maritime intelligence integration efforts with situational awareness of the maritime domain. This includes battlespace awareness and the observation/orientation phases of the C2 process that depends on ISR capabilities. It also includes MDA, which results in the ability to obtain full situational awareness of all ships and aircraft (military, commercial, and others), and their operational patterns within the maritime domain.

A key element of MDA is the ability to effectively track merchant shipping at home and abroad. The Sea Services are investing in improving integration of current systems and sensors that will integrate information from disparate sources into a common picture and database, which will make data available to all individuals or agencies having an interest in ship tracking and related information. Information can be accessed in Google Earth™ mapping service displays, complete with tracks and destinations, 3-D models of ship types, vessel photos, and other detailed information. The key benefit will be automated, easier, and improved merchant shipping tracking and identification with early warning of suspicious activity for further analysis or onboard inspections. Headquarters commands must be able to share aspects of MDA with other commands, and can improve global awareness through technology, professional training, and information sharing. In accordance with SECNAV directives from 2008, various Navy, interagency, and allied partner locations now have MDA capability, including MOCs.

Deployable Joint C2The Deployable Joint (DJ) C2 system is a major DoD IT investment in robust modular, scalable, and reconfigurable system of systems which enables a Joint Force Commander (JFC) to set up a self-contained, secure, computer network-enabled temporary maritime C2 headquarters facility anywhere in the world within 6-24 hours. Utilizing a fielded DJC2 system with the Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE), a commander and staff can securely communicate with partners globally across five different networks, including access to the GIG. This powerful C2 capability enables VTC in remote locations, where a fully integrated C2/collaboration software tool suite can be used to plan and execute missions.

DJC2 also includes additional specialized configurations designed to support a commander’s need for C2 in specialized circumstances, which include a “suitcase” communications suite that can be hand-carried on short notice by a first responder or control team, and a small, air-certified headquarters suite, which can operate aboard a military aircraft while in flight. Investments in DJC2 are vital in providing a commander with significant operational flexibility in platform choice that best meets the mission need, reducing force self defense or manpower requirements, and number of forces in harm’s way.


ISR and C2 Program Portfolio Investments in ISR programs provide naval forces with the critical C2 capabilities to collect, process, exploit, and disseminate information regarding an adversary’s capability and intent, affecting a commander’s possible courses of action. ISR uses surveillance to systematically observe the area of operations by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Investments in the naval ISR portfolio will provide timely imminent threat warning, support effective tactical over-watch of combat forces, and enable rapid response. Due to the vastness of terrain and ocean, joint interoperability is also a central theme across many different technology boundaries. While much of this work is conducted within the classified domain and inappropriate for inclusion in this document, some of the unclassified work key to naval investments in this area are detailed below.

Automatic Identification System (AIS) Program:• A commercial shipboard broadcast system that identifies vessels in an information-sharing environment. Since fishing vessels are not currently required to carry AIS transponders, current AIS data will not aid in detecting or sorting the legitimate fishing/merchant traffic from the drug runner or terrorist. The USCG is working on developing tools to integrate intelligence information with sorting criteria and anomaly detection software for each unique operating location to establish an operationally effective MDA picture. Joint Tactical Terminal (JTT) Program:• Provides a seamless, near-real-time tactical intelligence, targeting, and situational awareness information. The JTT provides the critical data link to battle managers, intelligence centers, air defense, fire support elements, and aviation nodes across all services.

Distributed Common Ground System-Navy (DCGS-N) Program: • Provides ISR and Targeting (ISR&T) system support for naval Sea Strike and Sea Basing. DCGS-N will receive and process multiple data streams from various ISR sources to provide time-critical aim points and intelligence products in support of the MOC Program. It will enhance the warfighter’s COP and MDA. DCGS-N merges ISR support into a web-enabled, Net-Centric, Joint-interoperable enterprise, making ISR data visible, accessible, and understandable. The Navy plans to invest in procuring 34 systems from fiscal 2007-2010. As a part of the transformation to open architecture (OA) system, DCGS-N will migrate to SOA and CCE provided by CANES’ ACS.

DCGS-N Block One will be installed on all aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, and fleet command ships during FY2009-2011 to replace the legacy systems

Block Two will be fielded primarily as ISR&T software applications via CANES starting FY2012

Global Command and Control System Maritime (GCCS-M) Program: • The current POR for Navy C2. The primary role of GCCS-M is to provide real-time (or near real-time) planning, execution and situational awareness of the battlefield environment for combatant commanders, tactical decision-makers and warfighters. The objective of the GCCS-M program is to satisfy Fleet C4I requirements through the rapid and efficient development and fielding of centrally managed C4I capability. The GCCS-M system comprises four main variants: Ashore, Afloat, Tactical/Mobile, and Multilevel Security (MLS) that together provide C2 information to warfighters in all naval environments.Naval Tactical Command Support System (NTCSS): • A combination of integrated tactical, logistical, and command support information systems that routinely support logistics and financial management, aviation support, and a host of services that enhance the quality of life of naval personnel aboard ships, submarines, and aviation squadrons, as well as improving intermediate maintenance activities (afloat and ashore). A planned upgrade in FY11-13, SEAHAWK, is a flexible web service interface capable of providing logistics data in near real-time to third-party applications or systems. The system will deliver an integrated maintenance and distance support solution for depot-level maintenance tasks aboard Navy vessels, submarine tenders, and pier-side maintenance. Net-Enabled Command Capability (NECC) Program:• A new-start Joint C2 program led by the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) focused on providing commanders and warfighters with interoperable, web-enabled, timely information to make effective decisions. NECC also will provide new C2 enhancements into a fully integrated, collaborative Joint solution. NECC is DoD’s principal future C2 capability that will be accessible in a net-centric environment. This approach is consistent with proposed design paths for FORCEnet, NCO, and the Global Information Grid–Enterprise Services (GIG-ES).


Transitioning C2 and ISR to SOAWith converging networks and decoupling services through employment of a SOA construct, automated information systems such as C2 and ISR can be quickly developed to facilitate plug-and-play information access and sharing to allow dynamic, agile collaboration and accelerated decision making for warfighters amid unprecedented quantities of operational data. The ability to collect, analyze, and act rapidly on ISR information is essential to their ability to make decisions and take actions inside the enemy’s C2 timeline. These automated information systems can be built to use SOA-enabling services. The resultant systems, once deployed in the afloat environment will render to naval forces a set of common and recomposable (e.g., “My Watch Station”) services to improve information sharing among Navy and Marine Corps forces, essential to mission readiness and combat effectiveness.

Continued investments in SOA by the Navy and Marine Corps are bringing warfighters the C2 tools they need to improve battlespace awareness, increase agility, and enhance mission responsiveness. Moving forward, the Navy continues investing in transitioning C2 capability to the SOA-enabled Navy GCCS-M system.

Marine Corps SOA segments into two elements: Enterprise and Warfighter/Tactical. USMC is moving forward with MCEITS, the enterprise services component of the MAGTF C2 construct. Currently, MCEITS is closing the communications gap between Marine Corps legacy IT architecture and the emerging SOA-based DoD network-centric infrastructure to better enable information access and collaboration.


Persistent SurveillanceInvestments in operationalizing C2 are as crucial as discovering and fielding new products and services. Communications, sensing, and the ability to effectively route information to those who need it continues to be a core requirement of the DoN. Naval forces will significantly increase ISR ability to detect, classify, and track targets in support of integrated undersea, surface, and air warfare by investing in upgrading the capability and connectivity among sensors, surveillance systems, and other nodes in the battlespace, expanding, and enhancing the surveillance aperture through the power of the network. This includes improving connectivity to undersea, surface, airborne, and spaceborne nodes. These technologies will enable information dominance leading to decision superiority by putting critical information into the hands of the warfighter, at the right time, in the right place.

An example of this expanded aperture is the Broad Area Maritime Surveillance Unmanned Aircraft System (BAMS UAS), an endurance vehicle with worldwide access to supply continuous information in near-real time at extended ranges to the joint force. BAMS will conduct open-ocean and littoral surveillance of targets as small as exposed submarine periscopes, significantly enhancing ground as well as sea-surface pictures. This maritime ISR will provide a commander with a persistent, reliable picture of surface threats, while minimizing the need to put manned assets in harms way to execute surveillance and reconnaissance tasks. In its Sea Shield FORCEnet role, BAMS UAS on-station persistence enables unmatched MDA of the battlespace by sustaining the maritime COP for surface warfare, Overseas Contingency Operations, and homeland defense. Scheduled IOC is FY2014.

In summary, as investments

by Team SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, OPNAV,

a n d M a r i n e C o r p s i n operationalizing C2 continue, by

2014 naval and joint forces will share globally networked HQ commands with

MOCs in an agile, secure, and enterprise C2 network. It will be capable of supporting instantaneous

cyber network requirements from normal and routine Fleet management through Navy component, joint, and

coalition maritime components to joint task force responsibilities. Capable of transitioning from shore-through-the-air-and-the-sea to

expeditionary locations forward ashore, this responsive cyber-secure managed network will be capable of leveraging the entire Naval Enterprise to deliver real-

time transformational capability to commanders across the range of military and humanitarian operations.


Success StoryNCW Exemplified: Task Force 50On September 11, 2001 the USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) Battle Group (BG), commanded by Rear Admiral (RADM) Thomas E. Zelibor, on a scheduled deployment in the North Arabian Sea, was suddenly propelled to the front lines of Overseas Contingency Operations. Launching the first strikes supporting OEF, the BG undertook a major unplanned combat role in a daunting joint and combined fighting environment consisting, at one point, of more than 59 ships. Over the next several months, TF 50 clocked ~25,000 flight hours, flew 8,688 sorties, dropped over 2 million pounds of ordnance, conducted maritime intercept operations, air warfare, air-to-ground strikes, undersea warfare, Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) strikes, and protected shipping.

Seeking the most efficient and effective way to conduct C2, RADM Zelibor streamlined information sharing (up and down the chain of command), simplified processes, standardized procedures and collaboration among all personnel. These measures accelerated the speed of operations.

TF 50 implemented a Knowledge Wall (KWall) and Web (KWeb)–multiple screens and software–as their operational C2 system. Continuously updated information from multiple sources displayed instantly in a user-friendly format over a secure web portal. The BG shared specific information pertaining to defense, surface warfare, intelligence, or weather accessible in easy-to-use, multitier displays.

KWeb was faster and more accurate than voice and message communications—the operational summaries and intention messages used in the past, allowing officers to spend more time planning tactics and strategy, speeding decision time. Shortened daily briefings allowed RADM Zelibor to delegate more responsibility within the chain of command. Internet chat rooms used extensively by TF 50 provided near-instantaneous communication between METOC, Tomahawk targeting, time-sensitive intelligence, and logistics COI on land with those who were embarked, freeing up valuable voice communications for time-sensitive air defense information.

CommandNet was a popular, simple-to-use, low-bandwidth SA tool used more than 14,000 times by commanders and warfighters to distribute critical messages throughout the force, supporting dramatic increases in shared BG SA. The ubiquity of shared information saved time for faster mission execution. This efficiency was evident during a search and rescue operation conducted over the Indian Ocean, where one ship shared bailout coordinates with a ship closer to the incident that did not have the same communication ability.

Several recently deployed BG commanders have expanded and enhanced RADM Zelibor’s seminal work. The beauty of the C4ISR and business systems now in use is their ability to tailor decisive information delivery to watchstander needs—everything from platoon maneuver support to full-scale strike group high-intensity operations.

TF 50’s success during OEF exemplifies what technological and process changes, coupled with innovative leadership, can accomplish today—and tomorrow.

CYBER WARFARE

Since its founding in 1882, Naval Intelligence has had a rich and successful history of integrating cryptology and signals intelligence into operational

successes. One of the best examples is Fleet Admiral (FADM) Chester Nimitz’ successful planning for the

Battle of Midway. Having fully integrated operational intelligence derived from code breaking–with emphasis

on determining enemy intent–into his planning, FADM Nimitz’ team designed a successful operation that was the

turning point of the war in the Pacific. Today, the definition of “cyber” revolves heavily around the use of highly interconnected

computer networks on which so many functions depend—not just communications, but command and control: the ability to

decide inside the enemy’s “decision cycle,” with the capability to defend, exploit, and attack on those networks.

RESHAPING A DYNAMIC BATTLESPACE “ The opening rounds of the next war will likely be in cyberspace.

The Navy must organize, train, and resource a credible Navy Cyber Force, and develop ‘leap-ahead,’ interoperable, and resilient capabilities in cyberspace to successfully counter and defeat a determined, asymmetric threat.”

– Admiral Gary Roughead, Chief of Naval Operations

103 CYBER WARFARE 104

Protecting Cyberspace is Vital to National Security Cyberspace threats and attacks occur daily against many of our vulnerable, vital computer network infrastructure. Current security measures are inadequate and have resulted in loss of critical data, cyber assets, and essential services, threatening US national and economic security.

Cyber operations include more than network warfare operations. Terrorists are using IEDs in Iraq and Afghanistan and GPS and SATCOM technology. Adversaries conduct Internet financial transactions and engage in radar and navigational jamming, as well as attacking networks. Adversarial denial of the cyberspace to US military operations could significantly reduce our capabilities. Naval forces must be properly equipped, fully prepared, and ever vigilant to protect against an electronic Pearl Harbor. Investments in organizational changes are every bit as critical as investments in technology advances to outpace the threat. Significant organizational changes have, and continue to be made at the DoD, OPNAV staff, in the Fleet, and the acquisition community to increase the speed, agility, and governance of the cyber domain.

Cyber Force Alignment

USCYBERCOM In order to dynamically align operational cyber capabilities under a single commander to present a powerful and unified, holistic approach that will effectively address cyber risk and ensure freedom of action in cyberspace, in June 2009 the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) directed establishment of a unified US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM). This new COCOM, a subordinate unified command of USSTRATCOM, will protect military networks and conduct a range of offensive cyber warfare capabilities, as well as provide support to civil authorities and international partners. While mission and roles are still to be fully determined, USCYBERCOM is expected to reach Initial Operating Capabilities in the fall of 2009 and Full Operating Capability by fall 2010.

FLTCYBERCOMConcurrently, CNO directed establishment of a Fleet Cyber Command (FLTCYBERCOM) early this fall to serve as the Navy Component to USCYBERCOM. FLTCYBERCOM’s mission will be to serve as central operational authority for networks, intelligence, cryptology/SIGINT, IO, cyber, Electronic Warfare (EW), and space in support of naval forces afloat and ashore.

NETWARCOMNETWARCOM, whose operational duties in space and network assets complement the DoD and Navy cyber effort at large, will realign under FLTCYBERCOM and its “man, train, and equip” TYCOM duties will be redistributed to the Commander FFC staff as appropriate.

OPNAV N2/6 DirectorateThe recent OPNAV reorganization that consolidates DCNO N2 with DCNO N6 into a single Directorate, DCNO N2/6 represents significant long-term Navy investments in the planning, integration, and resourcing of valued intelligence and counterintelligence assets into a single, expanded organization to achieve the necessary integration and innovation for warfighting dominance.


Defining the Battlespace Unprecedented opportunities are ahead for the Navy to operate effectively in cyberspace, currently defined as “A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of IT infrastructures, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers.” A major Navy cyber domain is at the bottom of the ocean, protecting undersea fiber optic cables that carry much of the world’s Internet traffic. Unmanned vehicles, the Submarine Force, and offensive littoral MDA applications could play major roles in preventing disruptions to electronic transmissions. Other cyber domains include wireless networks and satellite communications. Recent activities, such as the 2008 cyber attacks on Georgia and Estonia, highlight the complex and dynamic nature of cyber threats.

CNO ADM Gary Roughead is shaping his cyber focus through the Navy’s Cyberspace Strategy (currently in draft form). The CNO is devoting more “thinking and resources” to cyber security, “which will dominate our…investments in a significant way” over the next few years. Since cyberspace presents challenges and creative alternatives in shaping and controlling the battlespace, properly trained cyber personnel are necessary to execute cyberspace effects.

Technological Challenges and Opportunities

In addition to Navy leadership bringing more game-changing ideas to the Fleet, driving the IO and cyberspace challenge is the exponential pace at which technology is developing today and its impact on society and the military. In the not-so-distant future, if Moore’s law continues with projected computing capability doubling every 18 months, then tomorrow’s generation will be able to access speeds and capacities approaching 100,000 times greater than today. Data at rest, data in motion, and computational power will all change, and virtual reality will continue to blend in with reality and in some cases will be indistinguishable, with important ramifications for the naval cyber forces.

One of the key enablers for the future environment is how humans will interact with cyberspace—which will be omnipresent. Like the air we breathe, we will be surrounded by sensors, communications, information, linkages, computing, collaborative entities, and converged social, physical, and biological networks that interact with each other. This rapidly evolving environment will present new challenges and opportunities to the DoD, Navy, and the Marine Corps.


The Cyber Workforce Thousands of active and reserve Sailors, Marines, and civilians work together to align and coordinate the links in the cyber warfare chain. Their ultimate task is to ensure warfighters and their commanders have the information they need, when they need it, in order to make and execute decisions in an increasingly fast-paced, network-centric battlespace.

Within Team SPAWAR, PEO C4I personnel provide vital and wide-ranging support for Navy IO and IA capabilities. Specifically, PMW 120 (BA and IO) provides net-ready intelligence, meteorological, oceanographic, and IO products and services to the Fleet. PMW 120’s Littoral Battlespace Sensing, Fusion, and Integration (LBSF&I) Program allows forces to sense and exploit change in the environment, exploit and control enemy use of the radio frequency spectrum, process and analyze data, and provide timely, accurate, and relevant information to the warfighter and intelligence community.

PMW 160 (Tactical Networks) also serves the fleet in many ways. Currently, PMW 160 is the Navy’s Computer Network Defense (CND) service provider that also manages cryptographic systems maintenance and modernization services. PMW160 personnel provide the Fleet with network fabric and services used by multiple shipboard tactical and business applications and systems such as ISNS and CANES, and routinely install, maintain, and train crewmembers in IA, operational, and maintenance procedures. This work is expanding so rapidly that a second program office may be created for the IA/CND procurement mission, which would separate these responsibilities from network infrastructure provisioning.

Per recent realignment efforts, OPNAV N2/N6 will assume NETWARCOM’s previous community management responsibilities for the restricted line officer communities known as Information Professionals (IP) and Information Warfare (IW) Officers. IPs and IWOs are directly involved in every aspect of Navy operations, and deploy worldwide to support Navy and joint warfighting requirements. They provide critical information to tactical-, theater-, and national-level decision makers, serving from sea, air, and shore commands around the world. OPNAV N2/N6 will manage the training, qualifications, and career progression of these communities in addition to enlisted Intelligence Specialists (IS). Ongoing “community” discussions continue to reshape these efforts.

HQ USMC C4 is leading an effort, with the support of the Training and Education Command (TECOM) and the MCNOSC, to create a C4 Training and Education Center of Excellence that will provide Staff Noncommissioned Officers (SNCOs) and field-grade officers with the requisite skill to perform as joint, combined, and MAGTF network planners.

USMC cyber force actions include creation of an Alternate Military Occupational Specialty (AMOS) 9934 for USMC IO, and IO Capabilities Integration Officer at the Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), and IO staff officer positions filled by Special Education Program graduates of the Naval Postgraduate School. In response to COCOM calls to prioritize IO integration into joint warfighting missions, USMC will stand up the Marine Corps Information Operations Center (MCIOC) in Quantico, VA in 2009. MCIOC will provide full-spectrum and readily accessible USMC IO resources to the MAGTF.


OPNAV and Acquisition Community Alignment As selected commands realign into the larger DoD cyber construct, the CNO staff and acquisition community are also undergoing change to counteract network and cyber threats. SECNAV recently created a new Assistant Chief of Naval Operations (ACNO) System Program Office position to ensure NGEN will be more reliable, secure, and responsive to the DoN network requirements, and to synchronize authority for resources, requirements, operations, acquisition, and technical authorization. NGEN is the follow-on program to NMCI when the current contract transitions September 30, 2010 and is an essential component of the DoN’s continuing investments in building the integrated naval networks that comprise the future NNE.

NGEN System Program Office (SPO) The new directorate, the NGEN SPO, will coordinate continued service for existing shore and garrison networks, support consolidation of legacy networks, and direct the transition to NGEN while providing implementation oversight. NGEN SPO reorganization emphasizes Navy and Marine Corps commitment to an integrated network environment vital to effective cyberspace operations.

Network GovernanceOn October 30, 2008 CNO formally chartered the Navy Information Technology Management Council (ITMC) as the senior IT and Information Management (IM) Flag and SES-level decision forum for the Navy. The ITMC will ensure Navy coherence and synchronization of all computer requirements, programming, and acquisition in support of cyberspace dominance across all mission areas of the GIG. This includes warfighting, business, enterprise information, environment, and intelligence across all Joint Capability Areas (JCAs). Investments in analytical tools complement this governance body, allowing data based investment decisions to influence the entire force. CNO Executive Boards (CEB) continue to address governance issues, particularly as organizational responsibilities shift via billet realignments.

C4ISR Role in Cyber OperationsCyberspace Operations are defined as the employment of cyber capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve military objectives or effects in or through cyberspace. Such operations include Computer Network Operations (CNO) and activities to operate and defend the GIG.

The associated mission areas of CNO, Network Operations (NetOPS), and Information Assurance (IA) will be enabled by common technologies that must be highly synchronized to maximize limited resources. NetOps is a critical enabler across all battlefields in support of cyberspace.

Information Operations (IO)IO integrates employment of core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception, and operations security in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own. Naval cyber forces will require new ways of thinking to ensure freedom of movement in cyberspace. While not the sole integrating function, IO will enable the Navy to take full advantage of its unique ability to gain access to and influence cyberspace from seabed to space.


Information Assurance (IA)IA is the technical and managerial measures to protect information and information systems. Adherence to IA principles comprises the critical component of the Navy’s ability to effectively command and control its forces and operate in cyberspace. IA programs enable the Fleet to defend its information and information systems against malicious threats, unauthorized access, unauthorized disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.

Today, executing specific responsibilities within the Navy IA Program is a team effort:

Currently, NETWARCOM, in conjunction with its subordinate Navy Information Operations Center •(NIOC), Naval COMSEC Material System (NCMS), and Navy NCDOC serves as the Operational Designated Approving Authority (ODAA) for all operational Navy General Service (GENSER) classified and unclassified IT systems, networks, and telecommunications systems. In short, NETWARCOM sets policy and protects most of the Navy’s computer and telecommunications systems and networks. While these roles will shift under the new organizational construct, the functions will continue to be performed by operations-focused commands. SPAWAR serves as the Navy’s IA Technical Authority, providing high-level oversight and •standardization for information system Certification and Accreditation (C&A) processes for all IT systems, sites, and networks.PEO C4I, as part of Team SPAWAR, serves as the Navy’s IA acquisition program manager and overall •systems security engineering lead. This includes working closely with the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to conduct associated research and development and full life-cycle systems support. PEO C4I is also the Navy lead on joint and coalition interoperability of IA capabilities.

Defense in Depth IA protects the warfighter by mitigating the potential hostile compromise of our maritime, airborne, and shore weapons systems by employing a defense-in-depth strategy that provides overlapping layers of security services to battle cyber threats.

Defense in depth organizes around four principles: Defend the Network and Infrastructure; Defend the Enclave Boundary; Defend the Computing Environment; and Defend Supporting Infrastructures. Specifically, the Navy’s IA programs provide the measures that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their confidentiality, integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, and availability.

Confidentiality• is the assurance that information is not disclosed to unauthorized entities or processes.Integrity • is the assurance of quality information reflecting logical correctness. Data cannot be created, changed, or deleted without proper authorization.Authentication• is a security measure designed to establish the validity of a transmission, message, or originator.Nonrepudiation• is the assurance that one party of a transaction cannot deny having received a transaction nor can the other party deny having sent a transaction.Availability • is the timely, reliable access to data and information services for authorized users.


IA Programs The Navy’s primary IA programs include Electronic Key Management System (EKMS), Crypto, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), and Computer Network Defense (CND). Built into each of these programs are a robust certification and accreditation program to ensure security risks and vulnerabilities are mitigated before systems are fielded.

Electronic Key Management System (EKMS)Computer security relies on secret cryptographic keys to protect mission-critical and national security data, such as classified data and voice transmitted over radios, satellites, phones, and Internet pathways. EKMS securely distributes electronic keys, reducing the likelihood of compromise by our adversaries. Over the next decade, the EKMS will transform into an overarching Key Management Infrastructure (KMI) that will provide improved management of cryptographic keys and material, increased security, and will automate most current manual cryptographic work, providing efficiencies and cost avoidances.

Cryptographic Products and Crypto ModernizationType-1 encryption services provide confidentiality to classified networks. These services protect up to Top Secret Special Compartmented Information (TS-SCI) data and sensitive voice communications in transit and at rest from unauthorized disclosure.

The Navy’s Cryptographic Modernization Program Office executes CNO’s charter to develop and/or centrally procure, distribute, repair, and provide life-cycle maintenance for cryptographic products. The program office also oversees the research and development, testing, and certification of future crypto devices.

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)PKI executes strong certificate-based authentication to protect access to private military networks, web servers, and applications. The infrastructure consists of the hardware, software, policies, and procedures required to create, manage, store, distribute, and revoke keys and certificates for use on sensitive but unclassified networks such as secure official email, certificate-based two-way authentication to websites and applications, secure electronic transactions, and smart card-based cryptographic network logon to the nonclassified network “NIPRNet.” Classified network “SIPRNet” PKI capability will be integrated into both ashore and afloat networks in the future. The Navy PKI effort is a component the DoD PKI joint program led by the Defense System Information Agency (DISA) and has the responsibility for PKI integration across all Navy networks.


Computer Network Defense (CND)CND encompasses all actions to protect, monitor, detect, analyze, and respond to unauthorized activity within Navy networks and systems. NCDOC is assigned the responsibility to coordinate, monitor, and oversee the defense of Navy networks and systems, including telecommunications. NCDOC is the Navy’s operational link to Joint Task Force–Global Network Operations (JTF-GNO), which operates and defends the GIG.

The Navy employs an enterprise approach to the implementation of CND capabilities. The Navy Research Laboratory (NRL) assists in the development of CND technologies and partners with the Navy’s CND acquisition program office. Tools such as Host Based Security System (HBSS), the Secure Configuration Compliance Validation Initiative (SCCVI), and Secure Configuration Remediation Initiative (SCRI) deliver the capability to monitor and control execution of authorized applications and processes at the host level, manage security patches throughout the enterprise, and verify security configurations of Navy systems. The CND architecture includes Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), firewalls, Virtual Private Networks (VPN), and other boundary devices that guard against network-based attacks and improve NCDOC visibility of unauthorized activity on Navy networks.

Certification & Accreditation (C&A) C&A is critical to managing IT risk. The Navy leads DoD’s transition to the new Defense Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Program (DIACAP), which establishes C&A responsibilities and collaboration mechanisms at every organizational level. This governance structure establishes a relationship between aggregated information security risks, enterprise mission, and business risks. The Navy leads the services in implementing policy and procedures fully integrating C&A into information and weapons system development. The Navy is actively preparing for the new DoD/DNI transformation, which will unify the defense, intelligence, and civilian C&A programs. Navy’s C&A process is in concert with the broader national security community as we move to all-Government in cyberspace, with service-centric, globally interconnected information enterprises.

Moving ForwardAs naval cyber forces move forward, we recognize that cyber security is the same as physical force protection. Naval forces must be diligent, proactive, and adaptable, knowing when to attack and when to defend. We must understand our operating environment, our enemies, and our own capabilities, and apply that understanding in the most effective ways possible as we wage both offensive and defensive warfare in cyberspace.

While the bulk of reorganization work represents future investments of time and existing manpower, many of the operational budget lines require increases to meet demand. For example, the transition of NMCI networks (provided by a contractor) to naval operational control of what has become an essential part of our operational fabric under the NGEN concept will require substantial increases in funding to support long-term NGEN strategies and implementation plans. Naval Space-based capability and cyber-warfare enhancements are continually undergoing refinement via today’s real-world experience on the front lines. The need for close coupling of activities with intelligence assets and capability in real time are just a few examples that represent substantial investment requirements over the course of the next several years.

TOTAL WORKFORCE

OUR PEOPLE

The primary focus of Navy Total Force Strategy is to provide combat-ready forces to joint commanders and deliver future capabilities to the Fleet. To that end, CNO will establish a “Corps of Information Communities” in the fall of 2009 to more effectively and collaboratively lead and manage officers,

enlisted, and civilian professionals in information-intensive fields. This corps of professionals will comprise the Information Dominance Corps, which will receive extensive specialized training, education, and work experience in information, intelligence, networks, space, and oceanographic disciplines in order to deliver dominant information capabilities supporting Navy and joint warfighter requirements.

“ As I look to the future in my role as CNO, I see three very simple things: to build tomorrow’s Navy; to maintain the readiness of today’s Navy; and to ensure the policies that we have in place for our people continue to attract, recruit, and retain the young men and women of America who can come to the Navy and fulfill themselves both personally and professionally.”

– Admiral Gary Roughead Chief of Naval Operations

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Stand Up of Information Dominance Corps In response to the establishment of a DoD-level CYBERCOM, OPNAV staff have reorganized to establish Navy Component Commander to CYBERCOM. Integral to this reorganization is the stand up of the Information Dominance Corps, initially planned for the following personnel and their COI: Information Professional, Information Warfare, Naval Intelligence, and Oceanography officers; the Space Cadre; Aviation Aerographers Mate, Cryptologic Technician, Intelligence Specialist, and Information Technician enlisted personnel, as well as civilians assigned to the Navy Defense Civilian Intelligence Program. These C4ISR professionals will deliver a vast array of products and services to an expanding customer base that includes naval forces, joint commands, the acquisition community, customers, and other diverse stakeholders.

Resource AlignmentThe DCNO for Information Dominance (N2/N6) is the lead of the Corps of Information Communities, and in coordination with the Chief of Naval Personnel, will oversee an office within N2/N6 to act as the Corps’ total force (active, reserve, officer enlisted, civilian) management office to assist in the development, progression, and monitoring of Corps of Information career paths. The head of this office will work in concert with Navy Total Force (CNP/N1) and subordinate commands to inform the entire Manpower, Personnel, Training, and Education life cycle to enhance the Information Dominance Corps. This alignment is key to attract, retain, and foster the best military and civilian C4ISR and IT workforce to exploit scientific and technological advancements.

DiversityTeam SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, MARCORSYSCOM, and other associated C4ISR professionals are committed to recognizing and rewarding the contributions of its diverse Sailors, Marines, and civilians. Diversity includes bringing different talents and life experiences, various academic disciplines, and different personality types together to better solve the challenges of today’s complex environment. An example of diversity at work is the sociologist or anthropologist at the front lines assisting troops in understanding and relating to the local populace. Or, it can be the psychologist or human factors specialist contributing to an engineering development effort. The complexity of today’s urban enhanced company operations exacerbated by the presence of civilian noncombatants and spanning the gamut of conflict, coupled with remote operations in sparsely populated mountainous terrain demands employment of diverse personnel, particularly from both metropolitan backgrounds with urban skill sets and rural hunters used to rough terrain.

As the DoN continues to promote a culture of lifelong learning and continuous improvement, it is necessary to embrace and empower our differences–be they urban, rural, academic, or experiential as well as traditional diversity measures of race and gender–to achieve a total force that delivers greater agility and flexibility. In an era where our adaptability and critical thinking are paramount to our readiness, a well-led, diverse, and highly motivated workforce is imperative to realizing our potential and achieving operational excellence.

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RetentionThe Navy and Marine Corps value their C4ISR professionals in the Information Dominance Corps, and make extensive investment in promoting and sustaining a culture that recognizes all contributions to the warfighting effort. One of their top goals is to increase retention levels and grow total force assets by providing personal and professional development, leadership, mentoring, and rewarding career choices while recognizing the contributions and sacrifices of employees and their families. This total workforce strategy aligns with the Navy’s plan to strengthen itself as the “employer of choice” through quality of life and quality of work opportunities that embrace a diverse culture of mentorship and professional lifelong learning opportunities, in service to our nation.

Active Reserve Integration (ARI)Navy Total Force Strategy relies upon the collaboration, coordination, and utilization of all workforce components. One of the key components is our highly skilled and talented Reserve Forces. The establishment of a new management office within N2/N6 to assist in the progression of ARI into finely tuned career paths will provide additional strengths to the Fleet. In addition to serving as a strategic baseline for crisis response, Navy and Marine Corps C4ISR/IT Reservists provide unique military and technical capabilities, knowledge, and experiences in an operational support role that serve current and future readiness in the following domains:

NET OPS:• Provides Fleet and shore communications, network engineering support, information assurance, and computer network defense capabilities to Fleet, shore, and joint activities.SPACE: • Provides unique expertise and project support toward the operational employment of national space systems capabilities, resulting in tactically relevant information to naval, joint, and coalition operations.IO: • Supports Fleet and joint IO mission areas that include network warfare, global strike and integration, and global network operations in direct support of joint force commanders.INTEL:• Provides information dominance encompassing a penetrating understanding of potential enemies, improved human intelligence (HUMINT), and other capabilities and skill sets for special warfare, expeditionary warfare, and traditional naval activities.SIGINT:• Provides capability and focused IO that include SIGINT-related functions, through a virtually distributed workforce to national, Fleet, and joint customers.C4ISR:• Provides contingency response and resolution of C4ISR issues that affect current and future Fleet readiness.

STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGYNAVY AND MARINE CORPS AFTER NEXT

In addition to providing for forces in the field today and investing in known programmatic improvements aimed at maintaining or enhancing the capabilities of the future force, the Navy must continue to invest in promising technologies that will allow for continued growth. In this section, we shall explore some of

those technologies and their potential to change our way of doing business. These “seed corn” investments can potentially change not only the Navy, but also the military and, in some cases, greatly affect the world: DoD’s Advanced Research Projects Agency Internet (DARPA), and the resultant Internet is a perfect example of a game-changing result spawned by our strategic technology investments.

Many years ago, CNO focused the efforts of the Strategic Studies Group (SSG) on examining a radically new approach to maritime forces termed the “Free Form Force,” an advanced warfighting vision of the future focused on extending capabilities and developing new ways to operate. The Free Form Force concept describes an adaptable, flexible, and scalable maritime force designed to operate in an environment that is both uncertain and increasingly complex, that can effectively respond to crisis, and even de-escalate a dangerous or unstable trend before it amplifies. Our Illustration of the Vision in 2029 on the following pages articulates the Free Form Force of the future, while highlighting investment areas upon which we can focus today.

“ We must monitor, assess, and leverage emerging S&T in a global environment. The worldwide movement of technology and innovation demands taking advantage of emerging ideas and science wherever they originate. Our partnerships in 70 countries, 50 states, with 900 companies, 3,300 principal investigators, 3,000 graduate students, and 1,000 academic and nonprofit entities puts us in good stead to maintain our technological edge.”

- Rear Admiral Nevin P. Carr, Jr., USN Chief of Naval Research, ONR

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Future Science and Technology InvestmentsOur strategic technology investments must build on existing efforts to ensure that the warfighter maintains the knowledge dominance of today and tomorrow. These technical investments must continue to focus on a Navy and Marine Corps armed for:

Domination of the electromagnetic spectrum and cyber space •Implemented directed energy weaponry: fighting at the speed of light•Achieved persistent, distributed surveillance in all domains •Comprehensive MDA with large vessel stopping and weapons of mass destruction detection for enhanced •maritime intercept operations Affordable platform design and construction •Adaptive, wireless communications networks •Decision tools for commanders that provide tactical advantage •Determination of threat intent through social and cultural understanding •Lighter, faster, more lethal Marine Corps forces •Accelerated team training and skill development •

Increased operational effectiveness through more efficient power and fuels•Responsive and visible logistics to enable distributed forces•Greater tactical advantage through superior knowledge and use of operational environments•

Team SPAWAR, MARCORSYSCOM, the Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC) Marine Corps Warfighting Lab, and the Naval Research Enterprise (NRE), hereinafter referred to as “Research Scientists and Engineers,” will enable the Navy and Marine Corps to achieve these S&T objectives through a variety of roles, including:

Conducting basic research•Developing prototypes•Demonstrating the operational effectiveness of new technologies in venues like • Trident WarriorTransferring promising technical solutions into PORs or fielding nonPOR solutions •


AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE VISION ORANGE VS. PURPLE: ABOARD THE USS HArry S. TrUmAn (CVN 75), YEAR 2029 Inside the Combined Operations Center (COC)

Approximately 25 miles due west of Djibouti, CDR Ben Staley takes his Tactical Action Officer (TAO) station seat in the center of the Combined Operations Center (COC) at the heart of the ship, where he can see everything.

Behind CDR Staley are the ship’s operating positions: the helm, engineering, and navigation watch stations overseen by the Officer of the Deck (OOD), still referred to as a “bridge watch officer,” even though there isn’t a bridge anymore. Relocating the “bridge” to the COC has improved communications and coordination among those with roles in controlling and fighting the ship, in addition to decreasing the size of the watch team. Like many of the watch positions in the COC, the “bridge” watchstanders view of the world is through a Fused Augmented Reality (FAR) Display that provides a 360-degree unobstructed view around the ship out to the horizon. More than just an electronic window, the FAR display combines visible spectrum video with infrared and RADAR data, providing selected information from the ship’s combat, C2, and navigation systems in a seamlessly fused presentation.

Benefits of New TechnologyNear-term efforts by Research Scientists and Engineers will continue to yield reduced cost of operation from initial construction throughout the lifecycle of the ship far into the future—including continued size/weight/power reductions resulting from network consolidation and implementation of a Common Computing Environment (CCE). The shift to all-fiber networks and increased secure wireless use will also result in significant weight savings and reduced complexity in the cable plant. Continued increases in “compute density” will result in more capability, with space reductions. Today’s investments in “natural” and “task focused” human/computer interfaces, as well as human factors engineering studies, are changing watchstanding display designs.

Lifecycle cost savings and more efficient crews will result from increased automation, enhanced knowledge management, improved support systems, and employment of remote sensors to reduce manning.

The USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) Afloat Action Group (AAG) is underway off the Horn of Africa, with the primary mission to provide humanitarian relief to country Orange after a drought-induced food shortage led to civil unrest threatening to destabilize the elected government. Dissidents within Orange supported by neighboring Purple are helping to stir up that unrest and have threatened to attack aid workers and any other foreign “conquerors” found in country.


Left of CDR Staley, were anchor modules representing the major departments that contribute to the ship and AAGs successful operations: INTEL, OPS, CYBER OPS, LOGISTICS, WEAPONS, and METOC.

LT Lipka mans the CYBER OPS position, maintaining situation awareness (SA) over all ship and AAG cyber assets: user workstations, servers, networks, communications systems, and the hundreds of other embedded processors and controllers that enable everything from ship control to logistics sensors to weapons systems to voice, video, and data communications.

The only system not showing “green” on her board is the collaboration server that coalition forces are using to coordinate relief operations in the region. The intelligent agent responsible for monitoring server loads has both detected a problem and suggested a corrective action to LT Lipka. Acknowledging it, a new virtual server clones from the current collaboration server and takes up part of the load. LT Lipka also notes that the large number of remote sensors streaming video from the operations area is threatening to overload the available low-, mid- and high-altitude communications relays, so she slightly reduces bandwidth use among several autonomous airborne sensors.

Evolution of Navy C4ISRA key element in the evolution of Navy C4ISR will be the increased ability to monitor and control all aspects of the C4ISR infrastructure from the smallest embedded processor to the impact of space weather on communications. Converged networks that support ship control, weapon systems, C2, business systems and voice and video will require QoS management mechanisms, including fine-grained dynamic management of bandwidth and security posture to ensure the C4ISR infrastructure is responsive to the commander’s intent. The vast scope of this infrastructure will require the development of sensors, monitoring, and management tools both more pervasive and sophisticated than available today. Cryogenic RF technologies and bandwidth-on-demand initiatives in development today should result in increased efficiencies in spectrum management.

Automated Workflow ManagementAutomated workflows and intelligent agents will facilitate C4ISR infrastructure management by controlling information flow and data collection/processing. Working together, these two technologies will enable human operators to focus on making decisions, instead of data processing and training. Today’s investments in software agents, machine-to-person alerts, and machine-to-machine data automation will greatly help future watchstanders.

Implications for CyberClosely related to our ability to manage and defend our own network and communications is the concept of cyber warfare and our ability to impact or exploit opponents’ C4ISR systems. Navy ships and organic assets provide unmatched ability to collect against and affect adversary networks and communications from the ability to get closer and stay longer combined with the available power and size of antenna apertures available on a ship. Fully exploiting these potential advantages will require coordination in both ship design and operation of C4ISR infrastructure to enable use of shared apertures to mitigate potential interference. Today’s investments in antennas are furthering this effort.

Cyber Watch


Enhanced Situation Awareness

At the front of the COC is the Unmanned Systems Direction Cell (USDC) with five FAR display-equipped operator “pods.” These pods can provide a remote operator with either an overhead view of remote systems and their surrounding environment, or a point-of-view presentation from the vehicle’s perspective–often referred to as “teleporting.” While most of the unmanned system’s activities supporting the Truman AAG are autonomous (i.e., self-contained and controlled), some level of human oversight and even occasional direct control is still required.

CDR Staley looks at the large main FAR display to take in the entire Truman AAG, including Truman, the CVX class California, LHA 6 America, LPD 23 Anchorage, the T-AKE Wally Schirra, a logistics support ship, and three LCSs – the Fort Worth, Coronado, and Del Mar. Symbology on the display revealed that the Fort Worth was configured for ASW, the Del Mar was configured for ASUW and the Coronado was loaded with a command center mission module for the associated Marine Infantry battalion. The display also reflected elements of the three hybrid unmanned squadrons embarked on Truman, including one squadron of F/A-18Xs with Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) Mod 1 and two JSF squadrons with UCAV Mod 2s.

Sitting below the shared FAR display are the data fusion and SA experts who work closely with CDR Staley that man the five smaller FAR stations. One is configured for AAG force projection; a second for monitoring the flow of materiel/people going ashore; a third focuses on air traffic control; and a fourth workstation displays the main FAR station on the C2 LCS with the ground force picture. The fifth workstation was being used with the new direct neural interface to the augmented reality system, providing an even higher bandwidth interaction than that afforded by the 180-degree panorama of displays at each FAR workstation.

Thanks to the four Navy MUOS satellite launches that achieved Full Operational Capability in 2014, implementation of a third-generation (3G) Wideband Code Division Multiple Access cellular phone network architecture combined with geosynchronous satellites capability, the warfighter now has greatly enhanced communication capability—10x more capacity than the old UFO constellation and full access to the GIG.

Force Protection Watch StationThe Force Protection operator’s station combines inputs from national sensors, the other ships in the AAG, all of the unmanned vehicles in the area, and other data sources into a single, fused 360-degree view around the ship. The cross-section presentation displays a realistic 3D-model of every aircraft, surface ship, or undersea vehicle for 50 miles out, color-coded based on perceived threat level. These threat level assignments are based on a combination of intelligent agents looking for certain movement patterns, supporting target information (such as the country of origin), and automated target-recognition applications.

The ocean is rendered as transparent, allowing the operator to see an accurate representation of the sea floor. From his position, CDR Staley could just detect the subtle color variations in the undersea picture representing sensor coverage and convergence zones, as calculated by one of the massively multiple processor computers available onboard the Truman. As the Force Protection operator reaches out and touches each icon, a wealth of information about that contact projects on the large semitransparent display above the panoramic displays.

Integration of Unmanned Vehicles Technological advances in autonomous navigation and guidance, understanding of human language, and autonomous C2 will lead to increased use of unmanned vehicles and systems. Technologies flourishing under secure IA that increase efficiencies, maximize data fusion, create smart disembarked systems, use directional antennas, and improve error reduction and networking techniques will meet the communications requirements of these systems. “Quantum encryption” efforts and software agents development ongoing today are examples of work in these areas. Advances in unmanned vehicle autonomy are also critical. For example, biological studies characterizing “swarm” behavior are proving to be useful in a wide range of applications, including robotics and nanotechnology, molecular biology and medicine, and control mechanisms in military tactics.

Bird’s Eye View: USDC “Teleporting”

Smaller, Smarter SensorsSmaller, smarter sensors and vastly increased numbers of mobile autonomous sensors will provide persistent surveillance across a multitude of spectrums, including the ability to detect from both direct and indirect observations. As more data becomes available to warfighters, specialized meta-information technologies will commensurately increase in order to make the data easily accessible and understandable by the warfighter and his commander. Today’s work in multistatic sensors, coupled with spectral coding applied to markers and probes, will aid future SA.


The Truman’s position currently shows as 20 miles off shore in deep water for unrestricted maneuvering, to avoid local traffic, and for a good view of anything approaching from underwater. Though the AAG is geographically dispersed and without any escort ships within sight, the Truman is floating in a 20-mile-wide bubble of persistent sensor coverage and ready weapons supplied by a mix of air, surface, and undersea unmanned vehicles.

The CGX California stages closer to shore to provide air and missile defense for the amphibs, while still protecting the carrier. The Wally Schirra docks to unload supplies. The two amphibs are near the beach standing by to offload Marines, if called upon. The America, close in, collects current communications and data traffic to assess SA. The LCS Coronado, just off shore, acts as command center coordinating the activities for the US and coalition forces, and various NGOs involved in the aid operation.

OPC: Commanders’ ConferenceFinally, to CDR Staley’s right is the Operations Planning Center (OPC), currently devoted to the embarked Joint Task Force (JTF) commander and his staff. He could tell by the faint shimmer in the air that the JTF staff had turned on the sound-blanking field, and from the displays that appeared to be off (electronically masked) that they must be looking at SCI-level information.

Admiral Tuttle, JTF Commander, “In an ideal situation there would be no kinetic aspects to this operation, but we have to take into account the disruptive influence of Purple. I expect to see some conventional war elements, but we may see both irregular warfare and terrorist acts predominate, as well as a continuance of the on-going misinformation campaign by Purple.”

CAPT Clemons, JTF J3, “The National intelligence agencies, COCOMs, INTEL, and planning staffs are continuing to refine network models for Orange and Purple political, military, social, economic, infrastructure, and information networks to develop a strategy and consider the full spectrum of possible actions and possible opponent responses. In addition to conducting aid distribution, we want to disrupt communication between Purple and irregular forces in Orange; effectiveness will be greatly reduced if their actions cannot be synchronized. Concurrently, we will work the public relations side to calm the populace in Orange, while preventing exploitation of the situation by hostile states or nonstate actors.”

Modeling and Simulation (M&S) ToolsFuture operational-level M&S tools will have the ability to predict and understand opponent intentions, based on sparse data derived from military and cultural factors. These tools will extend down to the execution planning and monitoring level to capture key elements, alert operators to adverse impacts, and suggest appropriate response actions. Today’s data fusion exploration and simulation-based training development remains necessary.

Planning and execution tools will provide seamless support for the precise use of kinetic, nonkinetic, shaping, or cyber actions to influence, deter, or neutralize our opponents. Continued focus on operations in an EW-denial environment must also remain as an investment area.

Technologies that enable seamless information handling across security levels without the need for physical separation of people and equipment will provide for faster and more accurate decisions, ensuring most complete SA.

Persistent, distributed sensing from sea floor to space–coupled with the power of the distributed disembarked systems–linked for cooperative autonomous behavior, will provide increased defensive power. These cross-domain security solutions help to avoid war, and supply capability to wage peace as a first option. By pushing the protective envelope away from the defended centers, the ability to use an array of nonkinetic–and less lethal–options is a better solution.

Objective in Sight


As reports from the Ground Commander started to come in, CDR Stanley reflected that the wealth of information available–everything from Radio-Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) tracking supplies delivered (including real-time status as they crossed the sill of the delivery ship to arrival ashore) to the health status of the individuals involved (provided by sensors in their uniforms)–was of such high quality and availability that he hardly ever had to talk on the radio any more, something that he had never been comfortable with as an ensign. Growing up in a socially networked world, he was much more comfortable in the data-rich electronically interactive environment in which he was now immersed. It was inspiring to think how this one space, the COC, combined all key elements ranging from operation of the ship, command of the AAG, and the JTF. Formerly, these command elements would have been spread across many separate enclaves, with many more personnel working to achieve the same results that were now possible with fewer staff due to the high degree of automation, enhanced knowledge management, and decision support tools presently available.

The Collaborative Command Environment, combined with FORCEnet, was now an operational reality.

Today’s investments in nanotechnology, including wearable computing and directional antennas, will allow seamless information exchange in the future force.

Humanitarian Mission Accomplished CDR Staley received an incoming high-priority message from the INTEL anchor desk. The Purple forces were backing down in retreat. At the same time, the synthesized computer voice of the automated threat recognition system began to speak to him, verifying the good news coming in. Aid delivery to Orange had commenced. He could see the Chief of Staff for the JTF Commander heading his way, thumbs up and smiling. Moreover, CDR Staley was reminded of what Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell had said back in 1990: “Lying offshore, ready to act, the presence of ships and Marines sometimes means much more than just having air power or ship’s fire when it comes to deterring a crisis. And the ships and Marines may not have to do anything but lie offshore.”

Seamless Information Exchange Realized


Data StrategyNational security depends on collaborative information exchange. Information sharing is and will continue to be a vital component of United States national security strategy, because it plays a prominent role in improving decision making by enhancing situational awareness and contributing to actionable intelligence. Data strategy includes much more than data itself. It involves community agreement, governance, implementation policy, data modeling, and validation. On the technology side, legacy systems may impede sharing objectives by inhibiting information sharing or, alternatively, contribute to “information overload.” Looking to improve this scenario, the Navy is researching potential avenues in both technologies and policies to create a culture of information sharing and then formalizing the process to increase personnel effectiveness through dynamic collaboration in accomplishing missions.

Semantic Web: Effective Info Sharing An important challenge facing the Navy is how to more efficiently use vast amounts of information needed to support navy missions. The Semantic Web, the evolving next-generation World Wide Web, is part of the technological solution that enables computers to process machine-readable data more effectively. The Semantic Web makes data “smarter,” allowing web-based tools to perform search, filtering, and aggregation processes better. Semantic Web interoperability makes it easier for people to collaborate on data, share information, and most importantly—drive decision-making processes encapsulated as “services.”

Regarding information flow, most legacy systems are at the level of person-to-machine interaction. People are often required to find, fuse, and retype key information between systems. Future systems offer machine-to-person and machine-to-machine capability (refer to “Z” graphic above in the Information Flow Grid), some of which are available today–system-generated “Alerts” are examples of machine-to-person interactions, and a fully automated self-defense system represents machine-to-machine interaction. Looking ahead to the Naval Networking Environment (NNE) of 2016, investments in semantic-enabled technology permit adaptive planning and dynamic collaboration with information, allowing exchange, understanding, and visualization beyond the simple sharing we have today. Making the right data visible and available when needed greatly benefits complex operational missions such as Maritime Domain Awareness, where naval

forces need to improve their ability to collect, fuse, analyze, display, and disseminate actionable information and intelligence to provide

operational forces with tactical advantage.

UCore: Enhancing Naval ProductivityThe 9-11 Commission Report challenged the federal IT community to improve information sharing as a national security imperative. In response, the Departments of Defense, Justice, Homeland Security, and the Intelligence Community developed the Universal Core (UCore), a federal standard that improves information exchange within and across communities by providing an easy-to-use “common starting point” framework for sharing the most commonly used data concepts (“who,” “what,” “when,” and “where”) across this broad stakeholder base. This early Semantic Web capability rests upon a federation concept where data exchanges can be extended and cost-effectively tailored to specific mission areas and lines of business. UCore will play a major role in enabling users to traverse all the information in their organizations by time, geography, individual, and key subjects. Combining these powerful search axes opens up endless productivity enhancements for naval forces. UCore technology recently won the 2009 “Outstanding Contribution to the Development of Network Centric Operations” award for advancing Network Centric Operations that sponsored by the Institute for Defense and Government Advancement.


Future Technologies

A number of technologies have been discussed in the preceding paragraphs. These are recapped below, not as a complete and exhaustive list, but as examples of today’s investments

in strategic technologies that will lead to improvements for the “Navy and Marine Corps After Next.” Team SPAWAR, MARCORSYSCOM, MCCDC’s Marine Corps Warfighting Lab, and the NRE

are researching the technologies that will, one day, create the battlespace envisioned for 2029:

Quantum encryption•“Natural” and “task-focused” human computer interfaces•Nanotechnology•Directional antennas•Unmanned vehicle autonomy•Application of cryogenics to RF systems•Data fusion to adapt nonorganic and sparse information•Spectrally coded markers and probes•Cross-domain security solutions•Simulation-based embedded training•GPS-denial compensation; ability to operate in heavy EW attack multistatic sensors•Application of network science; human, social, and cultural behavioral modeling and simulation•Software agent and machine/person, machine/machine data flow automation•Biological systems study applied to robotics•

SUMM

ARY

As stated in A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, “United States seapower is a force for good, protecting this nation’s vital interests even as it joins with others to promote security and prosperity across the globe.” Naval networks and related systems

are a critical component of seapower.

In implementing a worldwide networking architecture–crucial to applying a corresponding worldwide military strategy–Naval C4ISR, IT, and cyber professionals are leading the effort to

connect forces across the national and international defense space: a central tenet of future military operations. The networks, systems, and the dedicated Sailors and Marines who operate them reflect

the credible combat power of the US and play many unique and recurring roles in securing the maritime domain. The speed, responsiveness, and forward presence that networks and related systems provide

to our forces result in the ability to deter and mitigate disruptions to the global system, enabling the execution of national objectives while meeting the challenges of our strategic imperatives.

Team SPAWAR, NETWARCOM, FLTCYBERCOM, and MARCORSYSCOM, in conjunction with OPNAV and HQ USMC C4 staffs, must also continue to leverage vital business IT investments, strategies, and efficiencies to reduce costs, harden networks, and ensure alignment of information technology governance and policy.

US national security, homeland security, and military strategies envision a 21st-century maritime battlespace dominated by strongly networked sea-air-land forces comprising US, allied, nongovernmental, and coalition assets. As the key provider of the pervasive C4ISR network needed to make this vision a reality, the consolidated efforts of Team SPAWAR, working closely with the OPNAV staff, Navy and Marine Corps C4ISR, IT, and cyber communities remain the single most important enabler of FORCEnet, creating and maintaining these critical maritime force networks of the future.

THE VISION

143 APPENDICES: CONTRACTORS 144

ADNSSAICArlington, VACiscoSan Jose, CA AIS L3 CommunicationsOrlando, FLNorthrop GrummanSan Diego, CA ATDLS Data Link SystemsCedar Rapids, IA ViaSat, Inc. Carlsbad, CA Advanced Programming ConceptsAustin, TX BAE SystemsWayne, NJ

CANES – PRE-AWARD

CENTRIXS-MA GOTS/COTS program under cognizance of PMW 160 and OPNAV N2/N6 no contractors identified

CBSPHarris Government Communication SystemsMelbourne, FL CVG, Inc. Chantilly, VA

COMSATCOMHarris CorporationMelbourne, FL NERALondon, England CVG, Inc. Chantilly, VA CSRRLockheed MartinEagan, MN

DCGS-N SAICMcLean, VA

BAE SystemsRancho Bernardo, CA L-3 Communications/TitanChantilly, VA

DJC2L3Panama City, FL ARINCPanama City, FL CSCWoodbridge, VA GTRIAtlanta, GA RadianceHuntsville, AL General Dynamics Information TechnologyPanama City, FL

ERPSAP America, Inc. Newton Square, PA

GCCS-MNorthrop Grumman Mission SystemsSan Diego, CAX-FedsSan Diego, CA

ISNSLockheed MartinEagan, MNL3 CommunicationsVirginia Beach, VASAICSan Diego, CA

JTRS Lockheed MartinChantilly, VA

MCEN - TBD

MCEITSGeneral Dynamics ITFairfax, VAHewlett-PackardPalo Alto, CAEDSPlano, TX

SmartronixCA and MDZenetexHerndon, VA

MNH (Increment 1)Reliable System Services CorpMelbourne, FLHarris CorpMelbourne, FL

MUOSLockheed MartinSunnyvale, CABoeingEl Segundo, CAGeneral DynamicsScottsdale, AZ

NGEN PRE-AWARD

NMCIEDSPlano, TX

NMTRaytheonBoston, MA

ONE-NetPEO EIS cognizance. Closely synced with NETWARCOM and OPNAV N2/N6no contractors identified

SCI NetworksSAICArlington, VA

SOA – PRE-AWARD

SUBLANSAICSterling, VA

UFOBoeing Satellite SystemsLos Angeles, CA

APPENDIX A:MAJOR CONTRACTORS

APPENDICES

145 APPENDICES: ACRONYMS 146

APPENDIX B:ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSAAG Afloat Action GroupACB Advanced Capability BuildACNO Assistant Chief of Naval OperationsACS Afloat Core ServicesADNS Automated Digital Network SystemAEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency AIS Automatic Identification SystemALE Automatic Link EstablishmentAOR Area of ResponsibilityAPS Africa Partnership StationARI Active-Reserve IntegrationARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency

NetworkASN RDA Assistant Secretary of the Navy,

Research, Development and Acquisition

ASW Anti-Submarine WarfareASUW Anti-Surface WarfareAUGV Autonomous Underwater Gliding

Vehicle

BA Battlespace AwarenessBAMS Broad Area Maritime SurveillanceBFT Blue Force TrackerBISOG Blue in Support of GreenBLOS Beyond Line of SightBMD Ballistic Missile Defense

C2 Command and ControlC2BMC Command and Control Battle

Management Communications

C2F Commander US Second FleetC4 Command, Control, Communications,

and ComputersC4ISR Command, Control, Communications,

Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

C6F Commander, US Sixth FleetC&A Certification and AccreditationCABLE JCTD Communications Airborne Layer

Expansion Joint Capability Test Demonstration

CAC Common Access CardCANES Consolidated Afloat Networks and

Enterprise ServicesCAO Competency Aligned OrganizationCARAT Cooperative Afloat Readiness and

TrainingCARS Cyber Asset Reduction and SecurityCBSP Commercial Broadband Satellite

ProgramCCE Common Computing EnvironmentCEC Cooperative Engagement CapabilityCENTRIXS-M Combined Enterprise Regional

Information Exchange System - MaritimeCEO Chief Executive OfficerCEXC Combined Explosives Exploitation Cell


CFO Chief Financial OfficerCG Hull designation for US Navy guided

missile cruiserCIO Chief Information Officer or Command

Information OfficeCJTF Commander, Joint Task ForceCLO Cryptologic Log onCMS/ID Career Management System Interactive

DetailingCND Computer Network DefenseCNO Chief of Naval Operations or Computer

Network Operations

COC Combined Operations CenterCOCOM Combatant CommanderCOI Communities of InterestCOMSEC Computer SecurityCONUS Continental United StatesCOO Chief Operating OfficerCOP Common Operational PictureCOTS Commercial, Off-The-ShelfCP Continuing PromiseCPI Continuous Process ImprovementCSC Customer Support CenterCSD Communications at Speed and DepthCSG Carrier Strike GroupCSRR Common Submarine Radio RoomCT Cryptologic Technician (Navy

occupational rating)CTF Combined Task ForceCTT Commanders Tactical TerminalCVN Hull designation for US Navy nuclear-

powered aircraft carrierCWC Composite Warfare CommanderCWSP Commercial Wideband Satellite

Communication Program

DDEF Defense Daily Expenditure FileDDG Hull designation for US Navy guided

missile destroyerDFI Director of Fleet Intelligence

GPS Global Positioning System

HA/DR Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Response

HBSS Host Based Security SystemHCA Humanitarian Civil AssistanceHDR High Data RateHFIP High Frequency Internet ProtocolHM&E Hull, Mechanical and ElectricalHOA Horn of AfricaHSFAR High Frequency Shipboard Automatic

Link Establishment RadioHQMC Headquarters Marine Corps

IA Information Assurance or Individual Augmentee

IBR Intelligence Broadcast ReceiverIED Improvised Explosive DeviceIM Information ManagementINFOCON Information Operations ConditionINMARSAT International Marine/Maritime SatelliteINTEL IntelligenceIO Information OperationsIOC Initial Operational CapabilityIOT&E Initial Operational Test and EvaluationIP Internet Protocol or Information

ProfessionalIPT Integrated Product TeamIR InfraredIS Intelligence SpecialistISNS Integrated Shipboard Network SystemISR Intelligence, Surveillance, and

Reconnaissance

ISR&T Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Targeting

IT Information Technology or Navy occupational rating: Information System Technician

ITMC Information Technology Management Council

ITRR Information Technology Readiness Review

IW Information WarfareIWO Information Warfare OfficerIWS Integrated Warfare System

JCA Joint Capability AreaJESTR Joint Expeditionary SIGINT Terminal

Response UnitJFC Joint Force Commander

DIACAP Defense Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Program

DISA Defense Intelligence Systems AgencyDISN Defense Information Services NetworkDISR Defense Information Standards RegistryDJ Deployable JointDJC2 Deployable Joint Command and ControlDJCS-N Distributed Common Ground Station -

NavyDMR Digital Modular RadioDNI Director of Naval IntelligenceDoD Department of DefenseDoN Department of the NavyDRU Digital Receiver Unit

EA Early Adopters or Executive AgencyEHF Extremely High FrequencyEKMS Electronic Key Management SystemEMP Electromagnetic PulseEMUT Enhanced Manpack UHF Terminal eNET Expeditionary NetworkEO Electro-Optical

ERP Enterprise Resource Planning

F/A-18 “Hornet” fixed-wing strike fighter aircraft

FAR Fused Augmented RealityFLTCYBERCOM Fleet Cyber Command/10th FleetFMS Foreign Military SalesFNOC Fleet Network Operating CentersFoS Family of SystemsFOT Follow-On TerminalFRE Fleet Readiness EnterpriseFSET Fleet Systems Engineering TeamFY Fiscal YearFYDP Future Year Defense Plan

GBOSS Ground Based Operational Surveillance System

GBS Global Broadcast ServiceGCCS-M Global Command and Control System-

MaritimeGENSER General ServiceGIG Global Information GridGNO Global Network OperationsGPNTS Global Positioning System-Based

Position, Navigation and Timing Service

JFMCC Joint Force Maritime Component Commander

JIIM Joint, Interagency, Intergovernmental, and Multinational

JMAST Joint Mobile Ashore Support TerminalJPEO Joint Program Executive OfficeJSF Joint Strike Fighter (aircraft)JTF Joint Task ForceJTRS Joint Tactical Radio SystemJTT Joint Tactical TerminalJWICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence

Communications System

KMI Key Management Infrastructure

LAN Local Area NetworkLAV Light Armored VehicleLCS Hull designation for US Navy Littoral

Combat ShipLDR Low Data Rate LHA Hull designation for US Navy general

purpose amphibious assault shipLHD Hull designation for US Navy amphibious

transport dock shipLNC Legacy Network ConsolidationLOS Line Of SightLSS Lean Six Sigma (process improvement

methodology)Lt. Cdr. Rank designation: Lieutenant

Commander (internationally common)

MAGTF Marine Air Ground Task ForceMARCORSYSCOM Marine Corps Systems CommandMAST Mobile Ashore Support TerminalMCCDC Marine Corps Combat Development

CommandMCEITS Marine Corps Enterprise Information

Technology ServicesMCEN Marine Corps Enterprise NetworkMCM Hull designation for US Navy Mine

Countermeasures ShipMCNOSC Marine Corps Network Operations and

Security CommandMDA Maritime Domain AwarenessMDR Medium Data RateMEU Marine Expeditionary UnitMETOC Meteorological and OceanographicMHQ Maritime HeadquartersMILSATCOM Military Satellite CommunicationsMNH Mobile Networking HighbandMOC Maritime Operations CenterMOCC Mobile Operations Control CenterMRAP Mine Resistant Ambush ProtectedM&S Modeling and SimulationMSC Military Sealift CommandMUOS Mobile User Objective System

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAVAIR Naval Air Systems CommandNAVCIRT Navy Computer Incident Response TeamNAVGNOSC Naval Global NOSCNAVSEA Naval Sea Systems CommandNAVSO US Naval Forces Southern CommandNAVSOC Naval Satellite Operations CenterNAVSUP Naval Supply Systems CommandNCC Navy Component Commander


NCDOC Navy Cyber Defense Operations Command

NCMS Naval COMSEC Material SystemNCO Network-Centric OperationsNCSIPT Network Consolidation Study Integrated

Product TeamNCTAMS Naval Computer and

Telecommunications Area Master Station

NCTS Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station

NCW Network-Centric WarfareNECC Net-Enabled Command CapabilityNEN Navy’s Enterprise NetworksNetOps Network OperationsNETWARCOM Naval Network Warfare CommandNGEN Next Generation NetworkNGO Nongovernment OrganizationNIIN Naval Integrated Information NetworksNIOC Navy Information Operations CenterNIPRNet Nonsecure Internet Protocol Router

NetworkNKO Navy Knowledge OnlineNMCI Navy and Marine Corps IntranetNMT Navy Multiband TerminalNNE Naval Networking EnvironmentNOSC Network Operations and Security CenterNRL Naval Research LaboratoryNSIPS Navy Standard Integrated Personnel

SystemNSW Naval Special WarfareNTN Naval Tactical Networking

NTRM Navy Technical Reference Model

OA Open ArchitectureOBCI Ocean Bottom Characterization

InitiativeOCONUS Outside Continental United StatesODAA Operational Designated Approving

AuthorityOEF Operation Enduring FreedomOGA Other Government AgenciesOIF Operation Iraqi FreedomONE-Net Outside Continental United States Navy

Enterprise NetworkONR Office of Naval ResearchOPC Operations Planning CenterOPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval OperationsOPNAV DCNO Deputy Chief of Naval Operations OPNAV N1 Manpower, Personnel, Training and

Education (Office of the CNO)OPNAV N2/N6 Intelligence and Communication

Networks Directorate (Office of the CNO)

OPS OperationsOSA Open System ArchitectureOSD Office of the Secretary of Defense

P-3 Designation for US Navy Long-Range ASW aircraft

PC Hull designation for US Navy Coastal Patrol ship or Personal Communications

PC-MSS Personal Communications – Mobile Satellite ServicesPED Processing, Exploitation, and

DisseminationPEO Program Executive Office

PEO C4I Program Executive Office – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence

PEO EIS Program Executive Office – Enterprise Information SystemsPKI Public Key InfrastructurePMW 120 Program Manager, Warfare – Battlespace Awareness and Information

OperationsPMW 150 Program Manager, Warfare – Command

and ControlPMW 160 Program Manager, Warfare – Tactical NetworksPMW 170 Program Manager, Warfare –

Communications POM Program Objective MemorandumPOR Program of RecordPP Pacific Partnership

QoL Quality of LifeQoS Quality of Service R & D Research and DevelopmentRADAR Radio Detection and Ranging RADM Rear Admiral (upper half )RDA Research, Development, and AcquisitionRDC Rapid Deployment CapabilityRF Radio FrequencyROW Range of WarfareRTD&E Research, Development, Test, and

Evaluation

SA Situational AwarenessS & T Science and TechnologySATCOM Satellite CommunicationSBU Sensitive But UnclassifiedSCCVI Secure Configuration Compliance

Validation InitiativeSD Strategic DeterrenceSDA Source Data AutomationSDR Software-Defined RadioSEAL Sea, Air, and Land (refers to Navy Special

Warfare personnel)SECNAV Secretary of the NavySELRES Selected ReserveSEW Space and Electronic WarfareSIGINT Signals IntelligenceSINGARS Single Channel Ground - Air Radio

SystemSIPRNet Secret Internet Protocol Router NetworkSNR SubNet RelaySOA Service-Oriented ArchitectureSOF Special Operations ForcesSPAWAR Space and Naval Warfare Systems

CommandSPO System Program Office

SSBN Hull designation for US Navy Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine

SSC SPAWAR Systems CenterSSFA SPAWAR Space Field ActivitySSG Strategic Studies GroupSSGN Hull designation for US Navy Guided

Missile SubmarineSSN Hull designation for US Navy Attack

SubmarineSTRATCOM US Strategic CommandSubLAN Submarine Local Area NetworkSWAN Shipboard Wide Area NetworkSYSCOM Systems Command

3G Third GenerationTacMobile Tactical/MobileT-AH Hull designation for MSC auxiliary

hospital shipT-AKE Hull designation for MSC auxiliary cargo

(K) and ammunition (E) shipTBMCS Theater Battle Management Core SystemsTCS Tactical Cryptologic SupportTDL Tactical Data LinkTECOM Training and Educational Command TF Task Force TLAM Tomahawk Land Attack MissileTS Top SecretTS-SCI Top Secret-Sensitive Compartmented

InformationTSC Tactical Support CenterTYCOM Type Commander

UAS Unmanned Aircraft SystemUAV Unmanned Aerial VehicleUCAV Unmanned Combat Air VehicleUFO UHF Follow-on (satellite)UHF Ultra High FrequencyUSCG United States Coast GuardUSCYBERCOM United States Cyber CommandUSDC Unmanned Systems Direction CellUSMC United States Marine CorpsUSFFC United States Fleet Forces Command

VAW US Navy aircraft squadron designation: Airborne Early Warning

VBSS Visit, Board, Search, and SeizureVHF Very High FrequencyVOI Vessel of InterestVoIP Voice over IPVTC Video Teleconference

WAN Wide Area NetworkWGS Wideband Global SATCOMWY Work Year

151 APPENDICES: GLOSSARY 152

APPENDIX C: GLOSSARYAmphibious Force: An amphibious task force and a landing force together with other forces that train, organize, and equip for amphibious operations.

Artificial Intelligence: The intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define the field as “the study and design of intelligent agents,” where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.”

Authoritative Data Source: Distinct pieces of information representing facts, concepts, or instructions formalized for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means.

Battlespace Awareness: The ability to understand dispositions and intentions, as well as the characteristics and conditions of the operational environment that bear on national and

military decision-making.

Blue in Support of Green: Describes Navy (blue) support to the Marine Corps (green) or other embarked amphibious forces.

C4I: Command, Control, Communication, Computers, and Intelligence.

Combatant Command: A unified or specified command with a broad continuing mission under a single commander established and so designated by the President, through SECDEF and with the advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Combatant commands typically have geographic or functional responsibilities.

Command and Control: Also called C2. Exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Commanders perform C2 functions through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in mission accomplishment.

Common Computing Environment: Naval work in progress to develop interoperability standards among high-performance computing components. The driving force is the need for faster connections among components and the need to address scalable performance issues on parallel with distributed architectures.

Computer Network Attack: Actions taken with computer networks to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy information resident in computers/computer networks, or the computers/computer networks themselves.

Computer Network Defense: Actions taken to protect, monitor, analyze, detect, and respond to unauthorized activity within DoD information systems and computer networks.

Computer Security: Protection resulting from all measures to deny unauthorized access and exploitation of friendly computer systems.

Cryogenics: The study of the production of very low temperature (below –150 °C, –238 °F or 123 K), generally using liquefied gases such as nitrogen and helium, and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. Of particular interest is application of cryogenics to benefit radio frequency device superconductivity.

Critical Infrastructure Protection: Actions taken to prevent, remediate, or mitigate risks resulting from critical infrastructure asset vulnerabilities.

Crypto security: The component of communications security that results from the provision of technically sound cryptosystems and their proper use.

Cross-Functional Team: A team whose membership includes those from more than one organizational function who have responsibility for some portion of an identified process.

Cyberspace: A global domain within the information environment consisting of interdependent network of IT infrastructures, including the internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers.

Cyberspace Operations: The employment of cyber capabilities where the primary purpose is to achieve military objectives or effects in or through cyberspace. Such operations include Computer Network Operations and activities to operate and defend the Global Information Grid.

Data Interoperability: The ability to exchange and use data elements and values in any form between two or more systems or components (applications, segments, interfaces, etc.) in order for them to operate effectively and efficiently together.


Data Standard: Comprises a common element and language that enables processes and their supporting information systems to integrate across and within functions, improving the quality and productivity of enterprise performance.

Data Strategy/Semantic Web: Next-generation data sharing that involves community agreement, governance, implementation policy, data modeling, and validation. Semantic Web, the evolving next-generation World Wide Web, is part of the technological solution that enables computers to process machine-readable data more effectively. The Semantic Web makes data “smarter,” allowing web-based tools to perform search, filtering, and aggregation processes better. Semantic Web interoperability makes it easier for people to collaborate on data, share information, and most importantly—drive decision-making processes encapsulated as “services.”

Database: A collection of interrelated data, often with controlled redundancy, organized according to a schema to serve one or more applications.

Decision Superiority: Ability to take advantage of superior information, convert it to superior knowledge, and make better decisions arrived at and implemented faster than an opponent can react; in a noncombat environment, at a tempo that allows the commander to shape the situation, react to change, and accomplish the mission.

Disaster Relief: Prompt aid to alleviate the suffering of disaster victims. Normally it includes humanitarian services and transportation; the provision of food, clothing, medicine, beds, and bedding; temporary shelter and housing; the furnishing of medical materiel and medical and technical personnel; and making repairs to essential services.

Enterprise: An organization considered as a whole entity or system designed to foster collaboration and tighten cross-organizational linkages necessary to deliver warfighting readiness and capability effectively and efficiently.

Fleet Cyber Command (FLTCYBERCOM)/10th Fleet: The Navy Component to USCYBERCOM. FLTCYBERCOM’s mission will be to serve as central operational authority for networks, intelligence, cryptology/SIGINT, IO, cyber, electronic warfare (EW), and space in support of naval forces afloat and ashore.

FORCEnet: The Navy and Marine Corps portion of the GIG and the initiative underway to implement network integration and robust information sharing with the goal to link all weapons, platforms, sensor systems, and C2 centers across multiple domains to achieve Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) and joint transformation across the naval force.

Free-Form Force: A radically new approach to future maritime forces operating in an uncertain, increasingly complex environment. More US maritime forces will be forward deployed for longer periods of time, in areas where they have not traditionally operated, gaining a deeper understanding of regional events. Equipped with a broader range of capabilities, the forces can be properly scaled to match with partners or defeat adversaries, capture the tempo, and influence the environment before a crisis develops.

Global Command and Control System: A deployable command and control system with compatible, interoperable, and integrated communications systems that support forces in joint and multinational operations across the range of military operations. Also called GCCS.

Global Information Grid: A single secure network grid providing seamless end-to-end capabilities to all warfighting, national security, and support users.

Humanitarian Assistance: Programs to relieve or reduce the results of natural or man-made disasters or other endemic conditions.

Information Assurance: Measures that protect and defend information/information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation. Includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities.

Information Operations: Integrated employment of core capabilities of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception, and operations security in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities to influence, disrupt, corrupt, or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making while protecting our own.

Information Superiority: The capability to collect, process, and disseminate an uninterrupted flow of information while exploiting or denying an adversary’s ability to do the same. Information superiority is achieved in a noncombat situation or one in which there are no clearly defined adversaries when friendly forces have the information necessary to accomplish operational objectives. It is that degree of dominance in the info domain that allows friendly forces the ability to collect, control, exploit, and defend info without effective opposition.

Information System: The entire infrastructure, organization, personnel, software, and components that collect, process, store, transmit, display, disseminate, and act on information.

Information Technology: Any equipment or interconnected system that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. Includes National Security Systems, computers, ancillary equipment, software, firmware, and similar services.

Information Warfare: Offensive and defensive use of information and information systems to exploit, corrupt, or destroy an adversary’s information and information systems while protecting one’s own.

Kinetic Means: Ability to create effects that rely on explosives or physical momentum (i.e., of, relating to, or produced by motion).

Intelligent Agent: In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) is an autonomous entity, which observes and acts upon an environment (i.e., it is an agent) and directs its activity towards achieving goals (i.e., it is rational). IAs may also learn or use knowledge to achieve their goals. They may be very simple or very complex: a reflex machine such as a thermostat is an intelligent agent, as is a human being, as is a community of human beings working together towards a goal.

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance: Ability to conduct activities to meet the intelligence needs of national and military decision-makers.

Legacy Applications: Software programs written to perform a function using input data elements (database) and producing output data elements (product). Software programs (applications) can reside in any one or all of the following: a mainframe computer, a server, and a desktop computer.

Logistics: Ability to project and sustain a logistically ready joint force through the deliberate sharing of national and multinational resources to effectively support operations, extend operational reach, and provide the joint force commander the freedom of action necessary to meet mission objectives.

Marine Corps C4: Director C4/Marine Corps CIO is responsible for planning, directing, coordinating, and overseeing C4 and IT capabilities that support the warfighting functions. The Department influences the combat development process by establishing policy and standards for developing the enterprise architecture. The intent is to achieve joint and combined interoperability.


Maritime Domain Awareness: The effective understanding of anything associated with the global maritime domain that could affect the security, safety, economy, or environment of the US. MDA is a key component of an active, layered maritime defense in depth. It will be achieved by improving our ability to collect, fuse, analyze, display, and disseminate actionable information and intelligence to operational commanders.

Metadata: Information describing the characteristics of data; data or information about data; and descriptive information about an organization’s data, data activities, systems, and holdings.

Modeling and Simulation: The M&S community provides simulation systems to improve operational decision-making, assessment, experimentation, training, and acquisition. M&S systems are designed to test a robust, responsive, and constantly present capability in order to visualize alternatives, predict outcomes, and provide improved course-of-action assessments for decision makers.

Nanotechnology: The study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, generally dealing with structures the size 100 nanometers or smaller (smaller than a human hair). Experimentation in nanotechnology has the potential to create new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications in military operations, medicine, electronics, and energy production.

Naval Network Warfare Command (NETWARCOM): Executes network and space operations that complement the DoD and Navy cyber effort at large. Will realign under FLTCYBERCOM by end of 2009. NETWARCOM’s “man, train, and equip” TYCOM duties will be redistributed to the Commander, FFC staff. Community management responsibilities transfer to OPNAV N2/6 Directorate.

Readiness: The ability of forces, units, weapon systems, and/or equipment to deliver the outputs for which they were designed, including the ability to deploy and employ without unacceptable delays.

Sensor: Any device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal that can be read by an observer or by an instrument. Sensors are employed throughout the military (RADAR, SONAR, METOC, video cameras, etc) for security, Battlespace Awareness, and C2 applications.

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): Software architecture where functionality is grouped around business processes and packaged as interoperable, adaptable services. SOA revolves around the concept of breaking larger software programs (decoupling) into smaller, reusable functional components with common, well-defined interface standards that increase data availability for sharing, scalability, and reuse (enterprise environments).

Network-Centric Warfare, now commonly called Network-Centric Operations: A military doctrine or theory of war pioneered by the DoD. It seeks to translate an information advantage, enabled in part by IT, into a competitive warfighting advantage through the robust networking of well-informed geographically dispersed forces. This networking, combined with changes in technology, organization, processes, and people, allows new forms of organizational behavior.

Network Operations: Activities conducted to operate and defend the Global Information Grid. Also called NetOps.

Node: A location in a mobility system where a movement requirement is originated, processed for onward movement, or terminated. In communications and computer systems, the physical location that provides terminating, switching, and gateway access services to support information exchange.

Nonkinetic Means: The ability to create effects that do not rely on explosives or physical momentum. (e.g., directed energy, computer viruses/hacking, chemical, and biological weapons).

Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV N2/N6) Intelligence and Communication Networks Directorate: A new, reorganized directorate that will plan, resource, and assess Navy network, C4I communications, and intelligence investments for information communities and the broader Navy information enterprise.

Overseas Contingency Operations: Term describing kinetic and nonkinetic OCONUS military operations.

Program Executive Office (PEO) C4I: Acquires, fields, and supports C4I systems that extend across Navy, joint, and coalition platforms. This includes managing acquisition programs and projects that cover all C4I disciplines: applications, networks, communications, ISR systems for afloat platforms and shore commands to enable decision superiority and ensure the mission success of our naval forces.

Standardization: The process by which the DoD achieves the closest practicable cooperation among the services and defense agencies for the most efficient use of research, development, and production resources, and agrees to adopt on the broadest possible basis the use of common or compatible operational, administrative, and logistic procedures using common or compatible technical procedures and criteria.

Stovepipe: Legacy or stand-alone computing system limited in focus and functionality that cannot interoperate or refactor with other systems or networks.

Teleportation: The transfer of matter from one point to another, more or less instantaneously, through technological artifice. Teleportation has been widely utilized in works of science fiction.

Universal Core: A federal standard that improves information exchange within and across communities by providing an easy-to-use “common starting point” framework for sharing the most commonly used data concepts (“who,” “what,” “when,” and “where”) across a broad stakeholder base.

United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM): Newly established unified COCOM to protect military networks and conduct a range of offensive cyber warfare capabilities. While mission and roles are still to be fully determined, USCYBERCOM is expected to reach IOC by October 2009 and FOC by October 2010.

Watch Station: The operational organization aboard a ship designed to conduct and coordinate around-the-clock operations of a naval vessel.

157 APPENDICES: IMAGE CREDITS 158

APPENDIX D:IMAGE CREDITS

Cover Photo illustration by Dave Bradford, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.Inside Front Cover US Air Force photo by Tech Sergeant Jeremy T. LockOpening Letter US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class James R. EvansTable of Contents US Air Force photo by Tech Sergeant Jeremy T. Lock

1-2 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kirk Worley3-4 US Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate Airman Christine Singh5-6 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jason R. Zalasky 7-8 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Joseph Seavey9-10 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Robert Keilman11-12 US Marine Corps photo by Sergeant Dean Davis13-14 US Army photo by Specialist David J. Marshall15-16 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd class Daniel A. Barker17-18 US Marine Corps photo by Corporal Pete Thibodeau19-20 US Army photo by Sergeant Prentice C. Martin-Bowen21-22 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class David Didier23-24 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kimberly Clifford25-26 US Navy photo by Mass Communication 1st Class Tiffini M. Jones27-28 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Eric L. Beauregard29-30 Photo Illustration by Dave Bradford, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.31-32 Image courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Photo Illustration by Dave Bradford33-34 Image courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Photo Illustration by Dave Bradford35-36 US Navy photo by Rick Naystatt, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.37-38 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Corey Lewis39-40 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Walter M. Wayman41-42 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Daisy Abonza43-44 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Brian Hudson45-46 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Ron Reeves47-48 US Navy photo49-50 US Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 2nd Class Greg Roberts51-52 Photo courtesy of Dennis Griggs–General Dynamics53-54 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Jhoan Montolio 55-56 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Chad R. Erdmann57-58 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Walter M. Wayman59-60 Photo courtesy of EDS61-62 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist Seaman Apprentice Oliver Cole63-64 US Navy photo by Lieutenant Scott Miller65-66 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class James Seward67-68 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class James R. Evans69-70 US Navy photo by Lieutenant Doug Morea

71-72 US Air Force photo by Staff Sergeant Hector Garcia73-74 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class James R. Evans75-76 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Kathleen A. Gorby77-78 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class John W. Ciccarelli, Jr.79-80 US Marine Corps photo by Corporal Alex C. Guerra. Photo illustration by Dave Bradford81-82 US Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 1st Class Bart Bauer83-84 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Joseph M. Buliavac85-86 US Army photo by Staff Sergeant Isaac B. Scruggs87-88 US Marine Corps photo by Corporal Patrick M. Johnson-Campbell89-90 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Heidi McCormick91-92 US Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 2nd Class Michael Sandberg93-94 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jennifer S. Kimball95-96 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Michelle L. Kapica97-98 US Air Force photo by Jim Shryne99-100 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Heidi J. Giacalone101-102 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Demetrius Kennon103-104 US Navy photo by Rick Naystatt, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.105-106 US Marine Corps photo by Corporal William J. Faffler107-108 US Navy photo by Chief Journalist James G. Pinsky109-110 US Navy photo by Journalist 3rd Class Jesus Uranga111-112 US Navy photo113-114 US Navy photo by Rick Naystatt, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.115-116 US Navy photo by Rick Naystatt, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.117-118 US Navy photo by Rick Naystatt, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.119-120 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kristopher Wilson121-122 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Corey Lewis123-124 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Tiffini M. Jones125-126 US Marine Corps photo by Corporal Dean Davis127-128 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Elliott Fabrizio129-130 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Jon Husman131-132 Image courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Photo Illustration by Dave Bradford133-134 US Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 3rd Class Aaron Burden135-136 Image collage: 135 - US Marine Corps photo by Sergeant Andres Alcaraz

136 - US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Brian A. Goyak137-138 US Navy photo by Journalist 3rd Class Marc Rockwell-Pate139-140 US Navy photo by Rick Naystatt, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.141-142 US Navy photo by Gary Nichols143-144 US Navy photo by Engineman 1st Class Matthew Bodenner145-146 US Marine Corps photo by Lance Corporal Gregory Seufert147-148 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Tiffini M. Jones149-150 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Jonathan Snyder151-152 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Joseph M. Buliavac153-154 US Marine Corps by Corporal Scott McAdam155-156 US Marine Corps photo by Sergeant G.P. Ingersoll157-158 US Navy photo by Senior Chief Mass Communication Specialist Kevin S. Farmer 159-160 US Marine Corps photo by Sergeant Jason W. Fudge161-162 US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Chad J. McNeeleyInsideBack Cover US Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Denny Cantrell

159 APPENDICES: LINKS 160

APPENDIX E:LINKS

ROLES AND CURRENT THREATS Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World http://www.dni.gov/nic/NIC_2025_project.html

Quadrennial Defense Review (2006 version; new release in 2010) http://www.defenselink.mil/qdr/report/Report20060203.pdf

Capstone Concept for Joint Operationswww.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2009/CCJO_2009.pdf

Joint Operating Environment www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2008/JOE2008.pdf A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapowerhttp://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf

CURRENT CAPABILITYNavy Program Guide 2009http://www.cffc.navy.mil/Navy%20Program%20Guide%202009.pdf

SPAWAR SSC PAC Blog: Corporate Strategy Grouphttp://blog.spawar.navy.mil/dsg/

USMC Concepts and Programs:http://www.marines.mil/units/hqmc/pandr/Pages/candp.aspx National Defense Strategyhttp://www.defenselink.mil/news/2008%20national%20defense%20strategy.pdf

National Security and Nuclear Weapons in the 21st Centuryhttp://www.defenselink.mil/news/nuclearweaponspolicy.pdf

PEO Command, Control, Computers, Communications, and Intelligence (PEO C4I)http://enterprise.spawar.navy.mil/body.cfm?type=c&category=38&subcat=180

Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS)http://jpeojtrs.mil

FUTURE CAPABILITYUAV Roadmap http://www.jointrobotics.com/documents/library/UMS%20Integrated%20Roadmap%202009.pdf

PEO C4I Master Plan (CAC enabled)https://nserc.navy.mil/peo_c4i/se2/dpeo/dpeotechdir/Lists/Announcements/DispForm.aspx?ID=2&Soure=https%3A%2F%2Fnserc%2Enavy%2Emil%2Fpeo%5Fc4i%2Fse2%2Fdpeo%2Fdpeotechdir%2Fdefault%2Easpx

USMC C4 Campaign Plan (CAC enabled)https://hqdod.hqmc.usmc.mil/MarineBooklet8Spreads.pdf

USMC Integrated Communications Strategy (v.2.5) (CAC enabled)https://hqdod.hqmc.usmc.mil/ICS/index.htm

Program Executive Office for Enterprise Information Systems (PEO EIS)http://enterprise.spawar.navy.mil/body.cfm?type=c&category=28&subcat=62

ONENEThttp://www.nctsfe.navy.mil/ONE-NET.htm

Naval Networking Environment: ~2016: Capstone Roadmap Summary Book v. 1.0[Currently in draft form]

DON Naval Networking Environment (NNE) ~2016 Strategic Definition, Scope, and Strategyhttp://www.doncio.navy.mil/Policyview.aspx?ID=659

National Plan to Achieve Maritime Domain Awarenesshttp://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/HSPD_MDAPlan.pdf

CYBER WARFARENational Cyberspace Strategy[Currently in draft form]

Computer Network Defense Roadmap:http://www.doncio.navy.mil/Products.aspx?ID=1023

TOTAL WORKFORCEDoN Human Capital Strategy: Building and Managing the Total Naval Force http://www.donhcs.com/

Office of the Chief of Naval Operationshttp://www.navy.mil/navydata/organization/org-cno.asp

STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGYNaval Science and Technology Strategic Plan:http://www.onr.navy.mil/about/docs/0904_naval_st_strategy.pdf

USMC Science and Technology Strategic Plan:http://www.onr.navy.mil/about/docs/2007-marine-corps-strategic-plan.pdf

161 APPENDICES: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 162

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Project SponsorRADM Michael C. Bachmann,

Commander, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command

Project DirectorCraig Madsen, SPAWAR HQ

Head Writer /Researcher/ Managing EditorMimi Kotner, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.

Project ManagerSuzy Lang, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.

Designer / Researcher / WriterRick Naystatt, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.

Layout and DesignDave Bradford and Ken Collins, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.

Production ManagerMichael Pekonen, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc.

Coordination Lily Aragon, Kros-Wise Consulting

Project Leads

Special Acknowledgements

Many thanks to all those throughout the Naval IT, C4ISR, Space, and Enterprise support communities who contributed to the success of this document. Particular thanks and gratitude go out to:

Jerry Almazan; CDR Kevin Barrett, USN; Rachel Bates; Ted Berger; George Bieber; Robert Bradley; Sarah Burnett; RDML Jerry Burroughs (sel), USN; CAPT Donna Cherry, USN; James Churchill; ADM Vern Clark, USN (ret.); David Crotty; Michael Davis; Steve Davis; Sheila Divelbiss; Stanley Douglass; Doris Eiswald; Al Emondi; Jim Fallin; Stephani Fohring; Theodore Follas; LCDR Doug Gabos, USN; Raymond Gajan; Jacqueline Goff; Deborah Gonzales; Capt Chris Granger, USMC; Dan Green; CDR Scott Heller, USN; Rhonda Hoeckley; Joan Holland; Andrea Houck; Terry Howell; Michael Hutter; Jeff T. Jones; Robert Kamensky; Sarah Lamade; Jeffrey Lauff; Maryann Lawlor; Christine Lawson, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc; LT Miguel Macias, USN; Maj David Manka, USMC; Diego Martinez; Anthony Mattaliano; Michael McBeth; Kevin Mcgee; Keven Nelson; CAPT Lourdes Neilan, USN; Jere Norman; Kent Pelot; John Pierce, OMNITEC Solutions, Inc; Robert Poor; LT Merzon Quiazon, USN; John Quintana; Paul Shaw; Terry Simpson; Stacey Skinner; Terri Smith; Wendy Smidt; Skip Thaeler; VADM Jerry Tuttle, USN (ret.); Elizabeth Updegrove; CAPT Bruce Urbon, USN; M. Gail Workman.

Special thanks to the Strategic Planning and Communications Team from OMNITEC Solutions, Inc. for their expertise in writing, editing, and designing this document.

Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Google Earth™ Mapping Services is a trademark of Google, Inc.

Roger Boss, SSC PACRDML Michael Browne, USN

Gary Burnette, SSC PACBarbette Lowndes, SPAWAR HQ

Paul Shaw, SPAWAR HQRon Stites, NETWARCOM

Charlie Suggs, PEO C4I

Dave Summer, NETWARCOMTom Sweet, Iocentric Solutions

Scott Truver, PhD, Gryphon TechnologiesDelores Washburn, PMW 160

Ruth Youngs-Lew, PEO C4ILee Zimmerman, SSC PAC

To view and/or download an electronic version of this document, please visit the SPAWAR public website at www.spawar.navy.mil and click on this cover image:

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