socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebi - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/140929/1/...Resume In modern times politics (a process) as we are used to perceive it started its transformation

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universiteti

ISSN 1987-7684

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa

fakulteti

socialur mecnierebaTa departamenti

socialur mecnierebaTa

sakiTxebi

VIISromebis krebuli

eZRvneba universitetisdaarsebidan me-80 wlisTavs.

gamomcemloba `,universali~

Tbilisi 2015

YDC (uak) 316 (051)s 743

,,socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebi“gamodis 2009 wlidan

saredaqcio kolegiis Tavmjdomare,redaqtori:

irakli manveliZe

saredaqcio kolegia:

gusein nizami oRli najafovi (baqo), genadiiaSvili (Tbilisi), lado mkervaliSvili (Tbilisi)ineza zoiZe, natalia lazba, zaza burkaZe, irakligorgilaZe, laSa baJunaiSvili, inga cincqilaZe,irina cincaZe (pasuxismgebeli mdivani).

recenzentebi:

marina itriaSviliioseb sanikiZelevan jaYyeli

ISSN 1987-7684

© socialur mecnierebaTa departamenti

სტატიაში მოცემულ ფაქტებზე, მოსაზრებებსა და დასკვნებზე პასუხისმგებელია ავტორი!

misamarTi:

saqarTvelo, baTumi, ninoSvilis 35, universitetis II korpusi,

socialur mecnierebaTa deparatamenti #505.

E-mail [email protected] Tel: 0422 29 33 46

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30E-mail: [email protected]

Batumi Shota Rustaveli StateUniversity

Faculty of social and Political sciences

Department of Social Sciences

Problems of SocialSciences

VIIPROCEDINGS

To the 80-th Anniversary of ShotaRustaveli State University

Publishing House ,,Universali“TBILISI-2015

Problems of Social Sciences

Issued since 2009

Chairman of the Editorial Board, Editor:

Irakli Manvelidze

Editorial Board:

Huseyn N. Najafov, Lado Mkervalishvili (Tbilisi), Genadi Iashvili(Tbilisi), Natalia Lazba, Ineza Zoidze, Zaza Burkadze, IrakliGorgiladze, Lasha Bajunaishvili, Inga Tsintsqiladze, Irina Tsintsadze.

reviewers:

Marina ItriashviliIoseb Sanikidze

Levan Jakeli

ISSN 1987-7684

© The Department of Social Sciences

За предоставленный в статьях материал, мнения и заключения ответственность несет автор.

Address: 505, The Department of social sciences, Shota RustaveliState University, 35 Ninoshvili Street, Batumi, Georgia,

E-mail [email protected] Tel: 042 229 33 46

Publishing House ,,Universali“

Publishing House ,,universali”, 2015Tbilisi, 0179, I. Chavchavadzis ave.. 19,: 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30E-mail: [email protected]

Батумский Государственныйуниверситет имени Шота Руставели

Факультет социальных и политических наук

Департамент социальных наук

Вопросы социальныхнаук

VIIСборник трудов

Посвящается 80-летиюоткрытия университета

Издательство «Универсал»Тбилиси 2015

Сборник«Вопросы социальных наук» выходит с 2009 года

Председатель редакционного совета, редактор:

Ираклий Манвелидзе

Редакционный совет:

Наджафов Гусейн Низами оглы (Баку), Генадий Иашвили(Тбилиси), Ладо Мкервалишвили (Тбилиси), Заза Буркадзе,Иракли Горгиладзе, Инеза Зоидзе, Наталия Лазба, ЛашаБажунаишвили, Инга Цинцкиладзе, Ирине Цинцадзе(ответственный редактор).

Рецензенты:

Марина ИтриашвилиИосеб СаникидзеЛеван Джакели

ISSN 1987-7684

© Департамент социальных наук

For providing in articles the material, opinions and conclusions responsibility of theauthor.

Адрес: Грузия, Батуми, Ниношвили 35, II корпус университета,департамент социальных наук #505.E-mail [email protected] Tel: 0422 29 33 46

Издательство «Универсал», 2015Тбилиси, 0179, проспект И. Чавчавадзе 19,: 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30

socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebiProblems of Social Sciences

Вопросы социальных наук

2015VII

7

S i n a a r s i

C O N T E N TСОДЕРЖАНИЕ

politikis mecniereba

Political ScienceПолитология

irakli gorgilaZesainformacio sazogadoebaSi politikistransformaciis sakiTxisaTvis –

kiberpolitika ........................................................................... 13

Ираклий ГоргиладзеК вопросам трансформации информационной политики вобществе ...............................................................................................19Irakli GorgiladzeConcerning questions of transformation of information politics insociety..................................................................................................... 19

arCil varSalomiZesaqarTvelo evropuli integraciis gzaze

(asocirebis SeTanxmeba evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris) ............. 20

Archil VarshalomidzeGeorgia on the way of European integration(Association Agreement between EU and Georgia)..................................................... 30Арчил ВаршаломидзеГрузия на пути европеской интеграции (Договор об ассоциации

между Евросоюзом и Грузией).................................................................................... 31



2015VII

8

zaza burkaZeoperacia ,,torCi“ da safrangeTis erovnuli

ganTavisuflebis komitetis Seqmna ................................... 32

Zaza BurkadzeOperation "Torch" and creation of the French committee ofnational liberation.................................................................................94Заза БуркадзеОперация ,,Торч“ и создание французского комитетаНационального освобождения..........................................................94

kaxaber surgulaZeTurqeTidan qarTuli miwebis dabrunebis ideologiuri

brZolis istoriidan ................................................................ 95

Kakhaber SurguladzeFrom the history of ideological struggle of returning Georgian landsfrom Turkey ..........................................................................................104Кахабер СургуладзеИз истории идеологической борьбы возвращения грузинскихземель от Турции ................................................................................105

genadi iaSviliirakli manveliZeaWaris sajaro dawesebulebebis sazogadoebasTanurTierTobebis strategiis Sefaseba eleqtronuli

mmarTvelobis ganviTarebis konteqtstSi...................... 106

Genadi IashviliIrakli ManvelidzeEvaluation of the strategy for public relations of Adjarianpublic institutions in the context of development ofelectronic governance ...........................................................................113



2015VII

9

Генадий ИашвилиИракли МанвелидзеОценка стратегии связи с общественностью публичныхучреждений Аджарии в концепции развития электронногоправительства .....................................................................................114

marine abloTiapolitikuri komunikaciis Tanamedrove

formebi ......................................................................................... 115

Марине АблотияСовременные формы политической коммуникации...................125Marine AblothiaModern forms of political communication .........................................125

salome kinwuraSvililobisturi komunikaciis zogierTi aspeqti.................. 126

Саломе КинцурашвилиНекоторые аспекты лоббистской коммуникации........................137Salome KintsurashviliSome aspects of lobbying communications.........................................137

inga cincqilaZepolitikuri lideroba: Zalauflebis mravalsaxeoba. 139

Inga TsintskiladzePolitical leadership: different types of power.....................................147Инга ЦинцкиладзеПолитическое руководство: различные виды власти .................148

xaTuna muradiSvilipolitikuri lideris dilema patara qveynis

magaliTze .................................................................................... 149



2015VII

10

Khatuna MuradishviliDilemma of politician leader in an example of small country..........157Хатуна МурадишвилиДилемма политического лидера на примере маленькойстраны...................................................................................................158

sociologia

SociologyСоциология

ineza zoiZesocialuri institutebi da

sazogadoebrivi stabilurobis zogierTi problema . 159

Инеза ЗоидзеСоциальные институты и некоторые проблемыстабильности общества......................................................................166Ineza ZoidzeSocial Institutions and some problems of social stability ..................167

heraldika

HeraldryГеральдики

natalia lazbahimni rogorc saxelmwifo simbolikis erTerTi mTavari

elementi ....................................................................................... 168

Наталия ЛазбаГимн как один из главных символов государственнойсимволики ............................................................................................176Natalia LazbaHistory of Hymns..................................................................................177



2015VII

11

maskomunikacia

Массовая КоммуникацияMass Communication

irine cincaZe,,enobriv –stilistikuri darRvevebi sajaro

dawesebulebebis vebgverdebze“ ......................................... 178

Ирина Цинцадзедокторант массовой коммуникации«Стилистически-языковые нарушения на веб-страницахпубличных учреждений» ...................................................................187Irine Tsintsadze,,Language-stylistic mistakes on web-pages of public institutions”.188

Tamar oragveliZegazeT ,,samuslimano saqarTvelos“ roli erovnuli

TviTSegnebis amaRlebaSi ..................................................... 189

Tamar OragvelidzeNewspaper “Samuslimano Sakartvelo” role in national consciousnessincrease ..................................................................................................196Тамар ОрагвелидзеРоль газеты «Самуслимано Сакартвело» в повышениинационального самосознания………………………………………197

nestan mamuWaZeaxali ambebis wera da masTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime

funqciuri aspeqti.................................................................... 198

Nestan mamuchadzeWriting news and some functional aspects related to it ....................205Нестан МамучадзеНаписание новостей и несколько функциональных аспектов ..205



2015VII

12

naTela beriZesityvis Tavisufleba da Tanamedrove media.................. 207

Natela BeridzeFreedom of Speech and Modern Media..............................................217Натела БеридзеСвобода слова и современные медиа ..............................................218

samarTali

ПравоLaw

linda SalamberiZe-verZaZeuflebis dacvis ,, xandazmulobis” vadebi samoqalaqo

materialur samarTalSi........................................................ 219

Linda Shalamberidze-VerdzadzeThe “limitation” dates of defending rights in civil material law.......244Линда Шаламберидзе-ВердзадзеЗащита прав «исковой» давности в гражданском материальном

праве......................................................................................................245



2015VII

13

politikis mecniereba

Political ScienceПолитология

sainformacio sazogadoebaSi politikistransformaciis sakiTxisaTvis –

kiberpolitika

irakli gorgilaZe

Tanamedrove etapze, politikam (procesi) rogori

saxiTac SeveCvieT mas, etapobrivi transformacia da-iwyo vfiqrob es cvlilebebi SesaZlebelia SvafasoTrogorc masobrivi politikidan kiberpolitikaze ga-

dasvlis procesi. bunebrivia sabaziso principebi sa-

zogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi, romelic ukavSir-

deba brZolas xelisuflebisTvis an/da legitimur Za-

ladobas, ar icvleba da rogorc Cans, am formiT is mo-

mavalSic SenarCundeba. icvleba politikis ganxorcie-

lebis socialuri safuZvlebi, politikuri principe-

bis ganviTarebis masStabebi, garemo da aqtivobis sti-

li.



2015VII

14

faqtia, rom XX saukuneebi masobriv sazogadoeba-Si politika dakavSirebuli iyo ramdenime mniSvnelo-

van faqtorTan. is pirvelyovlisa efuZneboda socia-

lur struqturas, e.w. industriul sazogadoebas, ro-

melic Tavis mxriv, efuZneboda masStabur samrewvelo

warmoebas, riTac politikuri komunikacia xorciel-

deboda tradiciuli meTodebiT (gazeTi, televizia,radio), informacia gadaicemoda masebSi ramdenime gav-

leniani wyaros mier.gasuli XX saukune, aseve miCneuli iyo politiku-

ri ideologiebis saukuned, romelsac Zlier fundamen-

tur faseulobebs efuZneba. sakuTriv politikuriprocesi ki konstruirdeboda Zlieri politikuri par-

tiebisa da partiuli upiratesobis principebze.dRes ukve aSkaraa yvela am parametris transfor-

macia da modifikacia, maT Soris: masobrivi samrewve-lo warmoebidan samecniero kvlevebTan da inovaciur

warmoebaze gadasvla, globalizacia zrdis sagareo -ekonomikuri da sagareo - politikuri faqtorebis

mniSvnelobas, axali masobriv informaciaTa saSuale-

bebis individualuri arCevaniT, ideologiebisagan Ca-

moSoreba an orientaciis Sesusteba:- partiuli politikis Sesusteba;



2015VII

15

- samecniero kvlevebis, sazogadoebrivi azris,PR, socialuri inJineriis, institucionaluri dizai-

nis da a.S. rolis zrda;- politikuri procesebis avtomatizacia (el.

mTavroba, sistemaSi ekonomikuri da politikuri regu-

latorebis Canergva).faqtia, rom etapobrivad politika kargavs adami-

anur xasiaTs da xdeba gaucxoveba massa da moqalaqeebs

Soris. Tuki adre politikaSi moqalaqeTa masobrivi

CarTulobis interfeiss televizia warmoadgenda,dRes isini ukve internetis virtualuri personaJebi

arian. adamianebis interesi politikisadmi neldeba,rogorc avtoritetul qveynebSi, ise demokratiulSi.es damaxasiaTebelia yvela qveynisTvis mcire gamonak-

lisiT, roca es ukanasknelebi politikuri tendencie-

bis transformaciis aqtiur fazaSi imyofebian.kibernetikam, rogorc mecnierebam sistemebSi in-

formaciis marTvisa da gadacemis kanonzomier proce-

sebis Sesaxeb, nel-nela Teoriuli kvlevebidan gadai-

nacvla ekonomikaSi, politikasa da sazogadoebaSi. mo-cemul SemTxvevaSi kiberpolitikas gamoviyenebT sit-

yvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT: kobrenetikuli meTode-

bis gamoyeneba politikaSi. ganvixiloT ramdenime ki-

bernetikuli principi politikaSi.



2015VII

16

jer erTi, avtomatizirebuli meqanizmebis gamo-

yeneba ukugebisaTvis, magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi az-

ris gamokiTxva, socialuri statistika da sxvadasxva

ekonomikuri meTodebis SemuSaveba. ukugebis yvela esmeqanizmi bunebrivia zrdis socialuri politikis

efeqturobas, romlis ZiriTadi niSani nebismieri po-

litikuri sistemis adaptirebulobaa; meore, politi-kuri procesebis marTvis meqanizmebis optimizacia go-nivruli institucionaluri dizainiTa da socialuri

inJineriiT. aq, politikuri institutebis eqsperimen-tebiTa da arsebuli politikuri sistemebis Sedarebi-

Ti analiziT, muSavdeba efeqturi politikuri marTvis

modeli, romelTa gamoyeneba mmarTvel elitas saSua-lebas aZlevs maT mier kontrolirebadi sazogadoeba

warmarTon efeqturobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT; mesame,socialuri proTezireba da manipulacia, rogorc po-

litikis realizebis ZiriTadi saSualeba; da bolos, me-

oTxe, warmatebuli politika, rogorc saSinao, ise sa-

gareo, moiTxovs efeqtur politologiur eqsperti-

zas, kvleviT centrebis arsebobas da kadrebis momza-

debas, romelTac ZaluZs mecnierulad dasabuTebulipolitikuri konsaltingis SeTavazeba politikuri li-

derebisaTvis. marTalia is (politikuri mecniereba) ariZleva garantias warumateblobis an Cavardnis Tavi-



2015VII

17

dan acilebis Sesaxeb, magram faqtia, rom politikas ba-

lansirebulsa da frTxils xdis.aRniSnuli tendenciebis kumulaciuri Sedegia is,

rom politika sul ufro rTuli movlena xdeba, magram

es gardauvali momavalia. politikuri sistemis kiber-

netizacia aucilebelia misi efeqturobis zrdisaTvis,sxva SemTxvevaSi kubis, CrdiloeT koreisa da TiTqmis

mTeli afrikis gamocdilebam aCvena, Tu rogor CixSi

eqcevian qveynebi, romlebic irCeven izolaciis gzas da

uaryofen kiberpolitikas. Sedegad, sakuTriv politi-

kuri elitac iq aRmoCndeba, sadac qveyana mTlianad. ki-

bernetizacia aucilebelia xarisxiani marTvisaTvis.biznesi midis iqiT, sadac gacilebiT didi Semosavalia.mosaxleoba tovebs adgils, sadac mas aranairi perspeq-

tiva ara aqvs.politikuri Semadgenlis xarisxobrivi vardna sa-

zogadoebaSi mkafiod aisaxeba politikur elitaze da

sazogadoebaze mTlianobaSi. am aspeqtSi kiberpoliti-ka forvaterSi mihyveba Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis

Teorias.kiberpolitikas politikur velSi Semoaqvs axali

sakamaTo sakiTxebi, romelTa irgvliv formirebas iw-

yebs axali politika XXI saukuneSi, maT Soris:



2015VII

18

saxelmwifo marTvis sferoSi - eleqtronuli

mTavroba. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi - kiberkon-

fliqti da internetis marTva. Sida usafrTxoeba - TvalTvali, dazverva. politikuri monawileobis sfero - eleqtro-

nuli kenWisyra da TviTorganizaciis qseluri formebi

(soc. qseli) mimdinare politikuri procesi - maTematikuri

gamoTvlebi, danakargebis, kontrmasis dadgena. politikuri komunikacia - informaciuli po-

litikis marTva da axali masmedia.ra Tqma unda, es arasruli CamonaTvalia da SesaZ-

lebelia misi kidev ufro gavrcoba, arsebiTi ki is

aris, rom kiberpolitika XXI saukuneSi kacobriobis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli xdeba.



2015VII

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Ираклий ГоргиладзеК вопросам трансформации информационной

политики в обществеРезюме

На современном этапе, политика (процесс), как мы привыкли еепонимать, начала свою поэтапную трансформацию, думаем, чтоданные изменения возможно оценить как процесс перехода массовойполитики в киберполитику. Естественно, базовые принципы вполитической жизни общества, которые связаны с борьбой за властьи/или легитимное насилие, не изменяются и, как видно, сохраняются вданной форме и в будущем. Изменяются социальные основыполитики, масштабы развития политических принципов, среда и стильдеятельности.

Irakli GorgiladzeConcerning questions of transformation of information

politics in societyResume

In modern times politics (a process) as we are used to perceive itstarted its transformation and we think that these changes can be evaluatedas a process of turning mass politics into cyber politics. Of course, basicprinciples in political life of a society which are connected with struggle forpower and/or legitimate violence don’t change and as can be seen keep thisform in the future as well. Social basics of politics, the scope ofdevelopment of political principles, environment and style of activity arethose things which change.



2015VII

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saqarTvelo evropuli integraciis gzaze(asocirebis SeTanxmeba evrokavSirsa da

saqarTvelos Soris)

arCil varSalomiZe

2009 wels saqarTvelo ,,aRmosavleT partnioro-

bis iniciativaSi" CaerTo, romelic evropuli samezob-

lo politikis aRmosavleT ganzomilebas warmoadgens.,,aRmosavleT partniorobis" mizani iyo xeli Seewyopartniori qveynebis evrokavSirTan politikuri da

ekonomikuri integraciisaTvis - ZiriTadad, asocire-

bis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis, Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavi-

sufali savaWro sivrcis (DC FTA - Deep andComprehensive Free Trade Area) CaTvliT.

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris molaparake-

bebi asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze 2010 wlis 15 iv-

liss daiwyo. molaparakebebis process mTlianad ko-ordinacias saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro

uwevda. Tumca, SeTanxmebis struqturidan gamomdina-

re, Seqmnili iyo samuSao jgufebi, romlebsac, kompe-

tenciis mixedviT, SeTanxmebis Temebidan gamomdinare,xelmZRvanelobdnen Sesabamisi uwyebebi ministris mo-

adgileebis doneze. asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas un-da Caenacvlebina saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris



2015VII

21

1996 wels xelmowerili "partniorobisa da TanamSrom-

lobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba (PCAA)."partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb Se-

TanxmebasTan SedarebiT, asocirebis SeTanxmeba, yov-

lismomcveli, politikurad bevrad Zlieri da Sinaar-

sobrivad bevrad ufro masStaburi dokumentia, ro-melsac Tvisobrivad axal doneze ahyavs TanamSromlo-

ba saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris. SeTanxmeba iT-valiswinebs evrokavSirTan mniSvnelovan daaxloebasda saqarTvelos aZlevs SesaZleblobas evrokavSirTanpolitikuri asocirebis da etapobrivi ekonomikuri

integraciisa. es SeTanxmeba, evrokavSiris kanonmdeb-lobasTan yvela mimarTulebiT daaxloebiT imdenad ma-

Ral dones iTvaliswinebs, rom faqtobrivad, amiT, Se-

uqcevadi xdeba qveynis evropeizaciis procesi. saqar-

Tvelo iRebs valdebulebas, yvela sferoSi, yvela kon-

kretul dargSi, yvela mniSvnelovani detaliT gaxdes

realurad evropuli qveyana. asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTan-

xmeba iTvaliswinebs: a) saerTo evropuli faseulobe-

bis erTgulebasa da gavrcelebas iseTi mimarTulebe-

biT, rogoricaa demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba,kargi mmarTveloba, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad

TavisuflebaTa pativiscema. b) TanamSromlobis gaR-rmavebas sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis mimar-



2015VII

22

TulebiT. g)TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas marTlmsa-

julebis, Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis sfero-

Si, maT Soris iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa sazRvris

marTva; fulis gaTeTrebis, terorizmis, narkotikebiT

ukanono vaWrobis, organizebuli danaSaulisa da ada-

mianTa trefikingis winaaRmdeg brZola. d) Rrma da

yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis (DCFTA) Camoyalibebas.

Tavisufali savaWro sivrce ki, gulisxmobs sa-qarTvelos etapobriv integracias evrokavSiris Sida

bazarze, rac niSnavs liberalizacias - saqonliT vaW-

robis, momsaxurebis, dafuZnebisa da investiciebis, ka-

pitalis gadaadgilebis da sxva mimarTulebebiT. es

aris evrokavSirTan daaxloebis/ekonomikuri integra-

ciis erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri meqanizmi. e) Tanam-

Sromlobis gaRrmavebas ekonomikur sferoebSi, ro-

goricaa biznesi, sainvesticio klimati da sxva. v)TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas dargobrivi politi-

kis sferoebSi, rogoricaa transporti, garemo da

jandacva, mecniereba, ganaTleba da kultura, media

da sxva. z) evrokavSiri, aseve, aqtiurad uWers mxars

saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas, suvereni-tetsa da saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sazRvrebis

urRveobas.



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molaparakebis dawyebis dRidan, (oficialurad

daiwyo 2010 wlis ivlisSi, xolo Rrma da yovlismomcve-

li Tavisufali vaWrobis sivrcis komponenti - 2011wlis dekemberSi) 2013 wlis 21-22 martis CaTvliT, 15plenaruli sesia gaimarTa (sadac molaparakebebi mim-

dinareobda SeTanxmebis politikur nawilze; 80-ze me-

ti video-konferencia da molaparakebebis 6 raundi. q.briuselSi saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asoci-

rebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis teqstis SemuSavebis mizniT,me-15 plenaruli sesiaze ZiriTadad SeTanxmda teqstis

politikuri nawili. progresis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxa-

reebi SeTanxmdnen, rom molaparakebebis aRniSnuli ra-undi bolo iyo da teqstSi darCenil ramdenime SeuTan-xmebel sakiTxze diplomatiuri arxebiT moilaparake-

ben. praqtikulad, ase Seiqmna Cveni qveynis evropeiza-

ciis samoqmedo gegma, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyosqveynis transformirebas da qveynis evropuli tipissaxelmwifod Camoyalibebas yvela aspeqtis gaTvalis-

winebiT, rogoricaa - ekonomikuri sfero, demokrati-

is ganviTareba, adamianis uflebebis dacva, kanonisuzenaesoba da demokratiuli institutebis Semdgomi

srulyofa.saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis Sesaxeb Se-

Tanxmebas oficialurad asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba



2015VII

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ewodeba. erTis mxriv, evrokavSirs da maT wevr saxel-

mwifoebsa da meores mxriv, saqarTvelos Soris. vinai-dan, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba moicavs ara mxolod

im sferoebs, romlebSic evrokavSirs eqskluziuri

kompetencia aqvs, aramed sferoebs, romlebsac evro-

kavSiri inawilebs sxva wevr qveynebTan erTad, Sesabami-

sad, SeTanxmebis mxareebad evrokavSirTan erTad gamo-

dian misi wevri qveynebic. rac Seexeba evropis atomuri

energiis gaerTianebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1993 wels

(maastrixtis xelSekrulebiT) da 2009 wels (lisabonis

xelSekrulebiT) moxda evropis gaerTianebebis (qvanax-

Sirisa da foladis gaerTianeba - European Coal and SteelCommunity da evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba -European Economic Community) jer Serwyma, xolo Sem-

dgom erT samarTlebriv subieqtad (evrokavSirad, EU)Camoyalibeba, evropuli atomuri energiis gaerTiane-bam SeinarCuna damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi statu-

si.zogadad, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba formdeba

evrokavSirsa da evrokavSiris arawevr qveyanas Sorisda miznad isaxavs mxareTa Soris TanamSromlobis Car-

Cos Seqmnas. „asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ samar-

Tlebrivad savaldebuloa. „saqarTvelosa da evrokav-

Sirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ ambiciuri



2015VII

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da inovaciuria im mxvriv, rom is warmoadgens e.w. „axa-

li Taobis” SeTanxmebas, ramdenadac, manamde gaforme-

buli msgavsi SeTanxmebebisgan gansxvavebiT, moicavsRrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis siv-

rcis komponents (DC FTA) da iTvaliswinebs evrokav-SirTan daaxloebis mniSvnelovan konkretul meqaniz-

mebs. asocirebis SeTanxmebebi gvxvdeba mravali saTau-

riT (mag. Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing anAssociation, Europe Agreement Establishing an Association da

a.S) da saerTod aucilebeli piroba araa, rom termini

“asocireba” figurirebdes SeTanxmebis saTaurSi. ram-denime asocirebis SeTanxmebaSi vxdebiT pirobas evro-

kavSirSi gawevrianebazec. pirveli asocirebis SeTan-

xmebebi gaformda saberZneTsa (1961) da TurqeTTan

(1963).Tavisi datvirTvisa da Sinaarsis gamo, asocirebis

SeTanxmeba ratificirebuli unda iqnas evrokavSiris

yvela wevri saxelmwifos mier. ukanasknel periodSi,asocirebis SeTanxmebebi formdeba evrokavSiris ori

politikis farglebSi: stabilizaciisa da asociaciis

procesi (SAP) da evropis samezoblo politika (ENP).dasavleT balkaneTis saxelwmifoebi (evrokavSirSi ga-

wevrianebis oficialuri kandidatebi makedonia, mon-

tenegro da serbia, aplikanti saxelmwifo albaneTi da



2015VII

26

potenciuri kandidatebi bosnia da hercegovina da ko-

sovoc, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo) ifargle-bian stabilizaciisa da asociaciis procesiT da maT-

Tan evrokavSiri xels awers “stabilizaciisa da asoci-

rebis SeTanxmebas” (SAA). xmelTaSua zRvis auzis (alJi-

ri, maroko, egvipte, israeli, iordania, libia, livani,tunisi da palestinis xelisufleba) da aRmosavleTi

evropis saxelmwifoebi (saqarTvelo, moldova, ukrai-

na, azerbaijani, somxeTi, belarusi) moculia evrokav-

Siris samezoblo politikiT. dReisaTvis xmelTaSua

zRvis 7 saxelmwifos evrokavSirTan dadebuli aqvs

asocirebis SeTanxmeba "Euro-Mediterranean Agreementestablishing an Association" (EMAA) da erT saxelmwifosTanmimarTebaSi aRniSnuli SeTanxmeba droebiTi gamoyene-

bis reJimiT sargeblobs.yvela zemoxsenebuli SeTanxmeba efuZneba evro-

kavSiris samarTlebriv bazas (acquis communautaire) daemsaxureba am bazis gavrcelebas xelSekrulebaze xel-

momweri saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobaSi. ra Tqma un-

da, samarTlebrivi bazis gavrcelebis sixSire da xaris-

xi gansxvavdeba im kriteriumebisgan, romlebic moqme-

debs evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi.amasTan, calkeul saxelmwifoebTan dadebul SeTanxme-baSi SeiZleba ar figurirebdes TanamSroblobis esa Tu



2015VII

27

is sfero, rac TviT asocirebis SeTanxmebis Taobaze

molaparakebis sagania. garda evrokavSiris zemoxsene-buli ori politikis farglebSi dadebuli SeTanxmebe-

bisa, evrokavSirs gaformebuli aqvs asocirebis SeTan-xmeba Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis elementiT sxva

saxelmwifoebTan da savaWro blokebTan, maT Soris ma-

galiTad, CilesTan da samxreT afrikasTanac.2013 wlis 28-29 noembers litvis respublikis de-

daqalaq vilniusSi gaimarTa „aRmosavleT partnioro-

bis“ farglebSi mesame samiti, sadac ganxorcielda sa-

qarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris „asocirebis Sesaxeb

SeTanxmebis“ parafireba. „asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxme-

ba“ pirobiTad SegviZlia sam nawilad davyoT: politi-

kuri TanamSromloba (preambula; Tavi I-III; VIII) dar-

gobrivi TanamSromloba (Tavi V-VII) da Rrma da yov-

lismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis sivrce (DC FTA-Tavi IV). SeTanxmeba xsnis TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis

SesaZleblobebs Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT: 1.saerTo evropuli faseulobebis ganmtkiceba da dacva.2. sagareo da usafrTxoebis politika. 3. marTlmsaju-

leba, Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba. 4. dargobrivi po-litikis yvela sferos modernizeba da evropuli stan-

dartebis danergva. 5. vaWroba da vaWrobasTan dakavSi-

rebuli sakiTxebi. „asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis“ im-



2015VII

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plementaciis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli iqneba: evropuli

ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba; gaumjobesebuli jandac-

va; energo efeqtianobis gazrda da ganaxlebadi energo

resursebis ganviTareba; ukeTesad funqcionirebadi

sasamarTlo, gamyarebuli kanonis uzenaesoba, sajarosamsaxuris gazrdili angariSvaldebuleba da gamWvir-

valoba. marTalia „asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba“ ar

iTvaliswinebs evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas, Tumca, ev-

rokavSiris xelSekrulebis 49-e muxlis mixedviT, ne-

bismier evropul qveyanas, romelic pativs scems evro-

kavSiris faseulobebs, SeuZlia ganacxadi gaakeTos ev-

rokavSirSi gawevrianebaze.2014 wlis 27 ivniss briuselSi xeli moewera saqar-

Tvelo evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis SeTanxmebas, xo-

lo 2014 wlis 18 ivlis ki saqarTvelos parlamentma er-Tsulovnad mxari dauWira evrokavSirTan asocirebis

SeTanxmebas da moaxdina misi ratifikacia.rac Seexeba ratifikaciis process, is orsafexu-

riania - federaluri da erovnuli. mas mere, rac evro-

parlamenti iZleva Tanxmobas ratifikaciaze, evrokav-

Siris saxeliT, ratifikaciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas

erTsulovnad amtkicebs evrokavSiris sabWo, romelicSedgeba evrokavSiris yvela wevri saxelmwifos mTav-

robebis warmomadgenlebisagan. garda aRniSnulisa,



2015VII

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asocirebis SeTanxmeba ratificirebuli unda iyos Ti-

Toeuli wevri saxelmwifos mier, maTi erovnuli kanon-

mdeblobis Sesabamisad. asocirebis SeTanxmebis xelmo-

werac da ratifikaciac sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia.ratifikacias SesaZloa dasWirdes ramodenime weli. Se-

sabamisad, evrokavSiri tradiciulad iyenebs asocire-

bis SeTanxmebis droebiTi gamoyenebis praqtikas, rome-

lic xorcieldeba an 1. vaWrobisa da vaWrobasTan da-kavSirebul sakiTxebze Sualeduri SeTanxmebis xelmo-

weriT an 2. TviT asocirebis SeTanxmebis daskvniT na-wilSi SeTanxmebis droebiTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb speci-

aluri debulebis damatebiT.dReis mdgomareobiT, 16 qveyanam da maT Soris ev-

roparlamentmac (2014 wlis 18 dekembers) saqarTve-

losTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia ukve

moaxdina. xelSekrulebis ratifikacia dasrulebis

stadiaSia poloneTSic.

gamoyenebuli literatura

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ministris aparati ev-ropul da evroatlantikur struqturebSi integraci-

is sakiTxebSi. http://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/gesaqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro.



2015VII

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http://www.mfa.gov.gesainformacio centri natosa da evrokavSiris Sesaxeb.http://www.natoinfo.ge/gesaqarTvelos parlamenti. evropasTan integraciis ko-

miteti. http://www.parliament.ge/ge/evrokavSiris warmomadgenloba saqarTveloSi.http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/georgia

evropis sabWos ofisi saqarTveloSi.http://www.coe.int/ka/web/tbilisi/homeEuropean Union. http://europa.eu/index_en.htmCouncil of Europe Council.http://www.coe.int/t/der/EU_en.asp1. Europe for Georgia. http://eugeorgia.info/ka/

Archil VarshalomidzeGeorgia on the way of European integration

(Association Agreement between EU and Georgia)Resume

"The agreement on association – ambitious and innovative,that is is an agreement of new generation as includes a component ofthe profound and comprehensive free trade area and providesimportant concrete mechanisms of rapprochement with the EuropeanUnion." "The agreement on association Georgia assumes theobligation step by step to introduce the European political, economic,



2015VII

31

social and legal standards of the highest level in the country thatcauses increase of a level of living of citizens, growth of economy,unconditional guarantees of political and economic freedom. First ofall, it means strengthening of democratic institutes and rule of law,respect of basic rights and freedoms of the person, independence ofjudicial system".

Арчил Варшаломидзе

Грузия на пути европеской интеграций (Договор обассоциации между Евросоюзом и Грузией)

Резюме

"Соглашение об ассоциации – амбициозное иинновационное, то есть - это соглашение нового поколения, таккак включает компонент углубленной и всеобъемлющей зонысвободной торговли и предусматривает важные конкретныемеханизмы сближения с Евросоюзом." "Соглашением обассоциации Грузия берет на себя обязательство поэтапновнедрить в стране европейские политические, экономические,социальные и правовые стандарты высшего уровня, чтообусловливает повышение уровня жизни граждан, ростэкономики, безусловные гарантии политической иэкономической свободы. В первую очередь, это означаетукрепление демократических институтов и верховенства закона,уважение основных прав и свобод человека, независимостьсудебной системы”.



2015VII

32

operacia ,,torCi“ da safrangeTiserovnuli ganTavisuflebis komitetis

Seqmna

zaza burkaZe

1942 weli meore msoflio omis msvlelobaSi kvlavhitleruli koaliciis samxedro warmatebebiT aRiniS-

na. jer kidev 1941 wlis dekemberSi Soreul aRmosav-leTsa da wynari okeanis auzSi dawyebuli swrafi Sete-

viTi operaciebis Sedegad 1942 wlis gazafxulze iapo-niam sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT mdidari uzarmazari te-

ritoriebis okupireba SeZlo. 1942 wlis zafxulSi, aR-mosavleTis frontze germaniis jarebma kidev erTifarTomasStabiani Seteva ganaxorcieles da Semodgo-

maze kavkasionis qedTan da mdinare volgaze, qalaq

stalingradTan gavidnen. warmatebuli iyo italiur-germanuli jarebis Seteva egvipteSic. mokavSireebma

300 kilometriT waiwies win da aleqsandrias miuaxlov-

dnen.Tumca, amave welsantihitleruli koaliciis sa-

sargeblod omSi Zireuli gardatexis pirobebic Seiq-

mna. 1942 wlis ivnisSi, wynar okeaneSi, kunZul midueis-Tan gamarTul sazRvao brZolaSi amerikulma flotma

iaponelebs mZime marcxi agema, ris Sedegadac iaponel-



2015VII

33

Ta avstraliaSi SeWris safrTxe likvidirebuli iqna da

am regionSi ZalTa wonasworoba damyarda. ZalTa gar-kveuli wonasworoba aRmosavleTis frontzec SeiniS-

neboda.kavkasiisa da stalingradisken ganxorcielebu-li Setevis dros germaniis armiamac didi danakargi ga-nicada da sabWoTa kavSirTan SedarebiT misi upirate-soba cocxal Zalasada samxedro teqnikaSi minimumamde

davida. germaniis armiis winsvla sabolood iqna SeCe-

rebuli. SeCerebuli iqna italiur- germanuli jarebis

Seteva egvipteSic. aleqsandriis misadgomebTan ingli-

sis sardlobam frontis xazis stabilizacia SeZlo,radgan germanias, romelsac samxedro nawilebis didi

raodenoba aRmosavleTis frontze gadahyavda, egvip-

teSi Setevis gasagrZeleblad Zalebi aRar hyofnida.unda aRiniSnos isic, rom TavianT kolosalur re-

sursebze dayrdnobiT antihitleruli koaliciis wam-yvanma qveynebma samxedro mrewvelobis moculoba mniS-

vnelovnad gazardes. 1942 wlis bolos amerikis SeerTe-bulma Statebma sabWoTa kavSirma da inglisma cocxali

Zalis da samxedro teqnikis didi rezervi Seqmnes, ra-mac maT didi SeteviTi operaciebis warmoebis da inici-

ativis dauflebis saSualeba misca.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis da britaneTis

mmarTveli wreebisaTvis naTeli iyo, rom maT germania-ze mZlavri samxedro dartyma rac SeiZleba swrafad



2015VII

34

unda ganexorcielebinaT, raTa erTi mxriv sakuTari

mosaxleobisaTvis (romelic aqamde amas moklebuli

iyo) gamarjvebis rwmena STaenergaT, xolo meore mxriv

sabWoTa kavSiris mdgomareobac SeemsubuqebinaT. mag-

ram sakiTxma, sad daewyoT SeteviTi operacia, Crdilo-eT safrangeTsa Tu CrdiloeT afrikaSi mokavSireTa

Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. amerikel gener-lebs safrangeTSi warmatebuli sadesanto operaciis

ganxorcieleba SesaZleblad miaCndaT, Tumca maTi az-

riT es mxolod 1943 wlis gazafxulze moxerxdeboda.inglisis sardloba da premieri u. CerCili ki mxars

CrdiloeT afrikis variants uWerdnen. isini fiqrob-

dnen, rom am regionSi arsebuli viTareba operaciisufro adre dawyebis da misi warmatebiT damTavrebis

ukeTes saSualebas iZleoda. amasTan erTad CrdiloeTafrikis dakavebis Semdeg italiaSi gadasxdomis da ger-maniisgan misi mTavari mokavSiris CamoSorebis realu-

ri SesaZleblobac Seiqmneboda.sabolood, mokavSireTa Soris am sakiTxze jer ki-

dev 1941 wlis bolodan dawyebuli molaparakebebi

CrdiloeT afrikis variantze SeTanxmebiT damTavrda.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma f. ruz-

veltma miiRo u. CerCilis winadadeba, rom 1942 wlis Se-

modgomaze amerikul Zalebs safrangeTis koloniebSi,



2015VII

35

marokosa da alJirSi didi sadesanto operacia gane-

xorcielebinaT. is, rom CrdiloeT afrikaSi ufro

swrafi gamarjvebis mopoveba iyo SesaZlebeli, ruz-

veltisaTvis metad momxibvleli aRmoCnda, radgan amsakmaod farTomasStabiani operaciis warmatebiT gan-xorcieleba misi mTavrobis avtoritets amerikul sa-

zogadoebaSi mkveTrad aamaRlebda. CrdiloeT afrika-ze arCevanis SeCereba ruzveltis mxridan misi im mo-

sazrebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom amerikuli armianaklebi danakargebiT did sabrZolo gamocdilebasac

SeiZenda, rac mas jer-jerobiT ar qonda (1, gv.279).cota xanSi ruzvelts imis rwmena, rom man swori

gadawyvetileba miiRo, kidev ufro ganumtkicda, rad-

gan 1942 wlis agvistoSi inglis-kanadis jarebis Crdi-loeT safrangeTSi gadmosxdomis da placdarmis Seq-

mnis mcdeloba marcxiT damTavrda.mokavSireebi, rom-

lebic qalaq diepis raionSi 15 kilometriani frontiT

gadmosxdnen, mZime zaraliT iqnen ukugdebulni da sas-

wrafo evakuacia ganaxorcieles. aman ruzvelti sabo-

lood daarwmuna imaSi, rom safrangeTSi SeWra, Tundac

1943 wlis gazafxulze, metad sarisko da didi danakar-

gebis momtani samxedro aqcia iqneboda (2, gv. 278)amgvarad anglo-amerikuli sardloba CrdiloeT

afrikidan germanelTa da italielTa gandevnis gegmis



2015VII

36

ganxorcielebas Seudga. am mizniT ori erTdrouli

operacia iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: egviptidan libiis mi-marTulebiT general montgomeris sardlobiT Seteva-

ze inglisis me-8 armiis SenaerTebi unda gadasuliy-

vnen, xolo marokosa da alJiris portebSi general ei-zenhaueris meTaurobiT unda gadmomsxdariyvnen ame-

rikuli jarebi (operacia ,,torCi“), romlebic Setevas

aseve libiis mimarTulebiT ganaviTarebdnen. mokavSi-reTa sardloba varaudobda rom sabolood libiis te-ritoriaze momwyvdeuli mowinaaRmdege Semxvedri sam-

xedro dartymebiT mTlianad iqneboda ganadgurebuli.1942 wlis Semodgomaze, roca operacia ,,torCis“

ganxorcieleba igegmeboda, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, ker-Zod ki libiasa da egvipteSi oTxi germanuli da rva

italiuri divizia iyo ganlagebuli, romelTac germa-

neli generli romeli meTaurobda. romelis dajgufe-

ba, romlis mowinave nawilebi aleqsandriidan 70 kilo-

metrze, sofel el alameinTan imyofebodnen, ukve se-

riozulad iyo Sesustebuli. 1942 wlis zafxulSi sue-cis arxis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT warmoebuli Setevis

Sedegad man didi zarali iwvnia. diviziebs Semadgenlo-

bis mniSvnelovani nawili akldaT, xolo samxedro teq-

nikis raodenoba mxolod 500 tanks da 300 TvTmfrinavs

Seadgenda (7, gv. 288).SeiaraRebis TvalsazrisiT metad



2015VII

37

susti iyo marokoSi, alJirsa da tunisSi ganlagebuli

120 aTasiani safrangeTis afrikuli armiac, romelic-germaniis mier okupirebuli safrangeTis marionetul

xelisuflebas, petenis mTavrobas eqvemdebareboda.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis da inglisis mmar-

Tveli wreebisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom operacia ,,torCis“minimaluri danakargebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis metad

didi mniSvneloba eqneboda imas, rom safrangeTis af-

rikuli armia mokavSireTa mxareze gadasuliyo. amisaT-vis ki petenis mTavrobasTan saidumlo SeTanxmeba iyo

saWiro. es misia amerikelebma ikisres, radgan ruzvel-tis mTavrobas petenis xelisuflebasTan diplomatiu-

ri urTierTobis garkveuli gamocdileba qonda.safrangeTis damarcxebam 1940 wlis ivnisSi ameri-

kis SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveli wreebis didi SeS-

foTeba gamoiwvia. qveyanaSi mkveTrad Sesustda e. w.,,izolacionistTa“, poziciebi, romlebic mimdinare om-Si amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis neitralitets uWer-

dnen mxars. prezidenti ruzvelti, saxelmwifo mdivani

k. heli da kongresmenTa da senatorTa meti nawili ka-

tegoriulad moiTxovdnen, rom dawyebuliyo didi Sei-

araRebuli Zalebis Seqmna, romelic hitleruli koa-

liciis Zalebs gadaaWarbebda. 1940 wlis seqtemberSiukve amoqmedda mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli samxedro

programa, romelic pirvel etapze 3 aTasi tankis, 200



2015VII

38

sabrZolo xomaldis da 14 aTasze meti TviTmfrinavis

mSeneblobas iTvaliswinebda. male kongresma samxedro

valdebulebis kanonic daamtkica, romlis mixedviTac

amerikuli armiis ricxvi 1940 wlis dekemberSi 1 milio-

ni unda yofiliyo, xolo 1942 wlis aprilSi ki misi Se-

madgenloba 4 milionamde unda gazrdiliyo (8, gv. 70-71). prezidentisa da kongresis aseTi SeTanxmebuli

moqmedeba imaze miuTiTebda, rom sazogadoebis sulufro met nawilisaTvis omSiCabmis da sakuTari Zale-biT hitleruli koaliciis ganadgurebis aucilebloba

TandaTan cxadi xdeboda.qveynis sagareo politikac hitleruli koalici-

asTan brZolaSi gamarjvebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela

saSualebis gamoyenebisaken iyo mimarTuli. swored

amitom, ruzveltis administracia cdilobda germani-is winaaRmdeg martod mebrZoli inglisisaTvismaqsima-

luri daxmareba gaewia da amave dros, igi arc damar-

cxebuli safrangeTis mimarT kargavda interess, rad-gan am qveynis xelisufleba germaniasTan gaformebulisazavo xelSekrulebis mixedviT safrangeTis garkve-ul da franguli koloniuri imperiis did nawilis

akontrolebda. ruzveltis mTavrobas imedi qonda

,rom amerikuli samxedro daxmareba ingliss brZolis

gagrZelebis saSualebas miscemda, xolo safrangeTTan

ki moxerxdeboda faruli SeTanxmebis miRweva, ris Se-



2015VII

39

degadac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebs omSi Cabmis Sem-TxvevaSi franguli koloniebis resursebis gamoyene-

bis saSualeba eqneboda.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba oku-

pirebul safrangeTSi ganviTarebul movlenebs imTa-viTve didi yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals da cdilobda

diplomatiuri kontaqti daemyarebina 1940 wlis ivlis-

Si, premier-ministr, marSal petenis da vice premieris

p. lavalis mier Seqmnil axal mTavrobasTan, romelic

patara qalaq viSiSi damkvidrda. Tumca amerikuli dip-lomatia viSis mTavrobis moqmedebiT Tavdapirvelad

metad imedgacruebuli darCa, ris gamoc masTan poli-

tikuri urTierTobis mizanSewonilobac eWvqveS dadga.kapitulaciis Semdeg marSalma petenma safran-

geTSi diqtatoruli mmarTveloba daamyara. 1940 wlis

10 ivliss viSiSi Sekrebilma parlamentma petens ,,sa-

xelmwifos meTauris“ wodeba da ganusazRvreli ufle-

bebi mianiWa da Tavi daSlilad gamoacxada. male pete-

nis mTavrobam e. w. ,,sakonstitucio aqtebic“ gamoaqvey-

na, riTac mesame respublikis konstitucia gauqmebuli

iqna (9, gv. 194). cnobili politikuri moRvaweebi, rom-

lebic sagareo politikaSi anglo-amerikul orienta-

cias emxrobodnen: prezidenti a. lebreni, premier mi-

nistri p. reino, parlamentis deputatTa palatis Tav-



2015VII

40

mjdomare e. erio, aramarto xelisuflebas CamoaSores,aramed policiis mkacri meTvalyureobis qveSac moaq-

cies. respublikelebisagan gaiwminda saxelmwifos

mmarTvelobis aparati. aikrZala politikuri partie-

bis saqmianoba.es faqtobrivi saxelmwifo gadatrialeba viSis xe-

lisuflebam ,,nacionalur revoluciad“ monaTla, ra-

sac safrangeTSi ,,axali wesrigis“ damyareba da frangi

eris aRorZineba unda mohyoloda. viSis mTavroba dema-

gogiurad acxadebda, rom safrangeTis mier gancdilisamxedro marcxi im politikuri qaosiT iyo gamowveu-

li, rac mesame respublikaSi 30-ian wlebSi, gansakuTre-biT ki saxalxo frontis mmarTvelobis periodSi su-

fevda. axla ki, am katastrofis Semdeg, saWiro iyo Sec-

domebis aRiareba, Zlieri xelisuflebis Seqmna da eris

mTeli Zalebis mobilizeba, raTa safrangeTs germaniisegidiT Seqmnil axal evropaSi sapatio adgili daekave-

bina.vaSingtonis SeSfoTebas viSis mTavrobis sagareo

politikac iwvevda, radgan igi germanel okupantebTan

TanamSromlobisaken iyo mimarTuli. swored aseTi po-

litikiT iyo ganpirobebuli is rom 1940 wlis seqtem-

berSi petenis mTavrobam, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis

gareSe, iaponias indoCineTis okupaciis saSualeba mis-



2015VII

41

ca, rac Soreul aRmosavleTSi amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis poziciebs did safrTxes uqmnida. 1940 wlis 24oqtombers viSis mTavrobis germaniasTan TanamSrom-lobis politika safrangeTis qalaq montuarSi peteni-sa da hitleris Sexvedraze oficialurad iqna gacxade-

buli. hitleri dahpirda petens, rom safrangeTi Tavis

koloniebs SeinarCunebda, Tuki igi inglisis winaaR-

mdeg omSi germaniasTan erTad miiRebda monawileobas.petenma hitlers mWidro ekonomikuri TanamSromloba

aRuTqva da isic ganacxada, rom inglisTan omis sakiTxs

safrangeTis mTavroba axlo momavalSi ganixilavda.amgvarad ruzveltis administracias ar SeiZle-

boda ar gaekeTebinaT daskvna, rom petenis mTavrobas-

Tan diplomatiur urTierTobas azri ar hqonda. TumcamovlenaTa Semdgomma msvlelobam garkveuli imedebi

warmoSva. vaSingtonSi metad pozitiurad aRiqves is

faqti, rom hitlerTan Sexvedraze petenis mier gakeTe-

buli gancxadebebis miuxedavad, safrangeTis floti

viSis mTavrobis kontrolqveS rCeboda. amave dros ima-

ve oqtombris TveSi, roca petenisa da hitleris zemo-

TaRniSnuli Sexvedra Sedga, safrangeTis mTavrobamdepeSiT amerikis SeerTebul Statebs diplomatiuri

urTierTobis damyareba Tavad SesTavaza. cota xanSivaSingtonis viSis mTavrobasTan politikuri Tanam-

Sromlobis perspeqtiva kidev ufro gamoikveTa. germa-



2015VII

42

niasTan mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri urTier-

Tobebis politikam, risi Tavgamodebuli momxre da

ganmaxorcielebeli p. lavali iyo, safrangeTis mmar-Tveli wreebis mniSvnelovani nawilis aRSfoTeba gamo-

iwvia. frangi mrewvelebis da finansistebis garkveul

jgufebs, romelTa saqmianoba koloniebis eqspluata-

ciasa da sagareo vaWrobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, la-

valis moqmedeba metad aSfoTebdaT. isini kargad xe-

davdnen imas, rom inglisi, romelic amerikis SeerTebu-

li Statebis mzardi mxardaWeriT sargeblobda, garda-

uvali marcxis safrTxis winaSe sulac ar idga. frangu-

li ekonomikuri da politikuri elitis es nawili, ro-melsac did britaneTTan da mis SesaZlo mokavSires-

Tan,amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan dapirispireba ar

surda, petenze did zewolas axdenda. swored amis Se-

degi iyo is, rom 1940 wlis dekemberSi petenma lavali

gadaayena da vice-premieris postze safrangeTis flo-

tis sardali admirali darlani daniSna.muxedavad imisa, rom axalma vice-premierma ofi-

cialuri gancxadebebiT safrangeT-germaniis Tan-

mSromlobis mimarT Tavisi loialuroba daadastura,vaSingtonSi ukve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom petenismTavrobasTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyarebada safrangeTis mmarTveli wreebis swored am zemoTaR-



2015VII

43

niSnuli nawilis mxardaWeris mopoveba, omSi Cabmis Sem-TxvevaSi amerikis SeerTebul Statebs safrangeTis ko-loniuri imperiis resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-

bas miscemda. amasTan erTad 1940 wlis Semodgomaze, mas

Semdeg, rac inglisze germanuli aviaciis Tavdasxmebisintensiurobam mkveTrad iklo da vermaxtis samxedronawilebis sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebTan gadasrola

daiwyo, ruzveltis mTavrobisaTvis isic cxadi gaxda,rom germania sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmas amzadebda.aseT viTarebaSi vaSingtonis azriT germaniis zewolis

Sesusteba viSis mTavrobaze gardauvali iyo, radgansabWoTa kavSirTan omisaTvis hitlers dasavleT evro-paSi da maT Soris safrangeTSi ganlagebuli Tavisi Za-lebis didi nawilis aRmosavleTSi gadayvana dasWirde-

boda. es ki, Tavis mxriv, viSis mTavrobas ufro metad

damoukidebeli moqmedebis saSualebas miscemda.situaciis amgvari Sefasebis Sedegad vaSingtonSi

viSis mTavrobis cnobis da masTan diplomatiuri urTi-

erTobis damyarebis gadawyvetileba miiRes. safran-geTSi elCis Tanamdebobaze ruzveltma masTan daaxlo-

vebuli pirovneba, admirali u. legi daniSna, romelsacupirveles yovlis mWidro kontaqti admiral darlan-Tan unda daemyarebina da Tvali franguli flotis

moZraobisaTvis edevnebina. garda amisa amerikel elCs

marSal petenzec unda moexdina gavlena, raTa frangu-



2015VII

44

li flotis da koloniuri imperiis status qvo Senar-

Cunebuliyo. mas peteni imaSi unda daerwmunebina, rominglisTan omSi germaniis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi saf-rangeTis koloniuri imperiis germaniasa da italias

Soris ganawileba iyo mosalodneli.ruzveltis xelisufleba mxolod safrangeTSi

elCis gagzavniT ar Semoifargla. vinaidan franguliCrdiloeT afrika TavisiresursebiT da strategiuli

mdebareobiT vaSingtonis did yuradRebas iqcevda, ga-

dawyda, rom prezident ruzvelts am regionSi Tavisi

piradi warmomadgeneli eyoleboda. arCevani profesi-

onal diplomatze, r. merfize SeCerda, romelsac saf-rangeTSi muSaobis da am qveynis politikur wreebTan

mravalwliani urTierTobis gamocdileba qonda.1940 wlis dekemberSi r. merfi CrdiloeT afrikaSi

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konsulis rangSi, qalaq

alJirSi gaemgzavra, xolo 1941 wlis ianvarSi, safran-geTSi qalaq viSiSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis elCi

u. legic Camovida.viSis xelisuflebis mimarT amerikuli diploma-

tiis gegmebi Tavdapirvelad warmatebiT xorcielde-

boda. 1941 wlis martSi ori qveynis mTavrobebs Sorisekonomikuri urTierTTanamSromlobis xelSekruleba

iqna gaformebuli, rac frangul CrdiloeT afrikaSiamerikuli produqciis farTomasStabian eqsports iT-



2015VII

45

valiswinebda. am SeTanxmebis mixedviT amerikul kapi-tals CrdiloeT afrikaSi SeRwevis SesaZlebloba eq-

mneboda.magram ufro mTavari iyo is, rom vaSingtons am

regionSi dazverviTi saqmianobis saSualebac mieca,radgan safrangeTis xelisufleba daTanxmda imas, romportebsa da sarkinigzo kvanZebze amerikuli tvirTe-bis moZraobis kontrolisaTvis ruzveltis mTavrobas

Tavisi warmomadgeneli vice-konsulebi yoloda. ro-

gorc erT-erTi vice-konsuli pendari werda: konsu-lebs amerikuli tvirTebis gadaadgilebis kontrolisgarda evalebodaT frang oficrebTan faruli kontaq-tebis damyareba da uaRresad saidumlo informaciis

Segroveba, rac Cveni jarebis gadmosxdomis momzade-

basTan iyo dakavSirebuli (8, gv. 120-121).Tumca amis Semdeg viSis xelisuflebis moqmedebam

amerikuli diplomatiis enTuziazmi mniSvnelovnad ga-

anela. ruzveltis mTavrobisaTvis metad gamaRiziane-

beli iyo is faqti, rom 1941 wlis maisSi safrangeTma

germanias siriaSi mdebare aerodromebi gadasca. amas-Tan erTad imave maisSi marSalma petenma radioTi TavisgamosvlaSi safrangeTis mosaxleobas darlansa da hit-lers Soris mimdinare molaparakebaTa Sesaxeb acnoba

da ganacxada, rom orqveyanas Soris TanamSromloba ki-

dev ufro gaRrmavdeboda. sabWoTa kavSirze germaniisTavdasxmis Semdeg germanel okupantebTan petenis



2015VII

46

mTavrobis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba marTlac gaaq-

tiurda. safrangeTis ekonomika germanul samxedromanqanas mTel rig strategiulad mniSvnelovan pro-

duqcias awvdida. 1942 wlis aprilSi vaSingtonSi aR-

SfoTebis axali talRa agorda, radgan germanelTa ze-

wolis Sedegad marSalma petenma vice-premieris pos-

tze kvlav p. lavali daniSna. am ukanasknelma ki maSinve

ganacxada, rommas omSi germaniis gamarjveba surda,radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi msoflioSi bolSevizmi

gabatondeboda (9, gv.194).aRsaniSnavia, rom es gancxade-

ba maSin gakeTda, roca amerikis SeerTebuli StatebifaSisturi koaliciis winaaRmdeg omSi ukve Cabmuli

iyo. miuxedavad amisa, ruzveltis xelisuflebas, rome-licCrdiloeT afrikaSi sadesanto operacias amzadeb-

da, safrangeTTan diplomatiuri urTierToba ar gauw-

yvetia. vaSingtonisaTvis savsebiT sakmarisi iyo is, rompetenis mTavroba safrangeTis flots da Crdiloafri-

kul koloniebs (sadac amerikuli agentura Tavis saq-

mianobas agrZelebda) kvlav akontrolebda.amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis da safrangeTis

urTierToba am periodSi mxolod ruzveltis da pete-nis mTavrobebis urTierTkontaqtebiT ar Semoifar-

gleboda. vaSingtoni iZulebuli iyo mxedvelobaSi mie-

Ro sul ufro mzardi mniSvnelobis faqtori_safran-geTis koloniuri imperiis garkveul nawilSi moqmedi



2015VII

47

winaaRmdegobis moZraoba, romelic 1940-1942 wlebSi se-

riozul samxedro-politikur Zalad Camoyalibda da

romelsac anglo-amerikuli sardlobis mier Crdilo-eT afrikaSi dagegmili operaciis warmatebaSi SeeZlo

mniSvnelovani roli eTamaSa.franguli winaaRmdegobis moZraobis formireba,

rac gamoCenili samxedro da politikuri moRvawis, ge-

neral S. de golis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, petenis

mTavrobis kapitulaciisTanave daiwyo. pirveli msof-

lio omis monawile, profesionali samxedro, kapitani

S. de goli samxedro karieras am omis damTavrebis Sem-

degac agrZelebda. amasTan erTad man Tavi samxedro

TeoriaSic warmoaCina. 20-30-ian wlebSi daweril oTxwignSide golma sakuTari samxedro doqtrina Camoaya-liba da pirvelma frang samxedro moRvaweTa Soris ga-

moTqva idea, momaval omSi satanko SenaerTebis gadam-

wyveti rolis Sesaxeb. de goli kategoriulad upiris-pirdeboda safrangeTis generaluri Stabis mier Semu-

Savebul TavdacviT taqtikas, romelic safrangeT-ger-

maniis sazRvarze agebuli simagreTa sistemis, ,,maJinos

xazis“ Seuvalobis mosazrebas efuZneboda. igi genera-

litets dauRalavad mouwodebda imisaken, rom Seqmni-

liyo damrtymeli satanko diviziebi, romlebic Tana-

medrove teqnikiT iqnebodnen dakompleqtebulni.



2015VII

48

meore msoflio omis dasawyisSi, mas Semdeg, racgermaniis jarebma dasavleT evropaSi garRveva gana-

xorcieles, polkovniki de goli axladformirebuli

satanko diviziis meTaurad dainiSna. 1940 wlis maisis

ganmavlobaSi de golis divizia, romelsac mdinare en-ze frontis xazis Seqmna da germanuli satanko nawile-

bis SeCereba daevala, TavganwirviT ibrZoda. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom germanelebs tankebsa da aviaciaSi didi

upiratesoba qondaT, de golma ramdenime kontrSete-vis ganxorcieleba mainc moaxerxa da mowinaaRmdeges

mniSvnelovani zaralic miayena. aseTive warmatebuliiyo misi diviziis kontrSetevebi qalaq abvilis midamo-

ebSic. de golis moqmedebas maRali Sefaseba misca saf-

rangeTis armiis mTavarsardalma, generalma veiganma,romelmac 2 ivniss Tavis brZanebaSi de goli daaxasiaTa

rogorc ,,brwyinvale, gabeduli da energiuli meTauri,romelmac mowinaaRmdegis gamagrebuli xazebis gar-

Rveva SeZlo da asobiT tyve igdo xelT (3, gv. 95). in-

glis-safrangeTis jarebis saerTo ukandaxevis da wa-rumateblobis fonze de golis diviziis moqmedeba ar

SeiZleboda SeumCneveli darCeniliyo. 1940 wlis 25 ma-iss erovnuli Tavdacvis saministros gadawyvetilebiT

S. de gols brigadis generlis wodeba mieniWa, xolo 5ivniss premier-ministrma p. reinom igi mTavrobis Se-



2015VII

49

madgenlobaSi Seiyvana da erovnuli Tavdacvis minis-

tris (es postic p. reinos ekava) moadgiled daniSna.magram de golis diviziis warmatebul taqtikur

kontrSetevebs frontze Seqmnil saerTo katastro-

ful viTarebaze gavlenis moxdena ar SeeZlo. 8 ivnisi-dan erTiani fronti saerTod moiSala da frangulma

SenaerTebma uwesrigo ukandaxeva daiwyes. germanelTa

mewinave satanko nawilebi parizs uaxlovdebodnen. ase-Ti mZime situaciis miuxedavad de goli reinosagan wi-

naaRmdegobis gagrZelebas kategoriulad iTxovda. igi

premier-ministrs arwmunebda, rom Zlieri floti dauzarmazari koloniuri imperiis resursebi safran-

geTs omis gagrZelebis saSualebas miscemda. magram re-inom de golis winadadebajarebis da samTavrobo dawe-

sebulebebis alJirSi gadayvanis Sesaxeb uaryo. man ga-dadgoma da mTavrobis meTauris postis marSal peten-

ze gadacema amjobina. aseT viTarebaSi de golma dau-

morCilebloba gamoucxada petenis mTavrobas, romel-mac kursi kapitulaciisaken aiRo da inglisSi gadaf-

rinda. TviTmfrinavi de gols Tavad u. CerCilma gamo-

ugzavna, romelmac frangi generali jer kidev 9 ivniss

londonSi Sexvedraze gaicno, roca es ukanaskneli, ro-

gorc reinos mTavrobis warmomadgeneli, CerCilTan

saomari operaciebis mimdinareobas ganixilavda.



2015VII

50

londonSi Casuli de goli dauyovnebliv Sexvda

CerCils da daarwmuna igi, rom mas safrangeTis far-glebs gareT arsebuli yvela Zalis da resursis konso-lidaciis da brZolis gagrZelebis mtkice survili

amoZravebda. 18 ivniss generalma londonis radioTiTanamemamuleebs mimarTa da britaneTis teritoriaze

myof yvela frangs, agreTve safrangeTis im moqalaqe-

ebs, romlebic inglisSi SeiZleboda moxvedriliyvnen,masTan SeerTebisaken mouwoda. 22 ivniss de golma or-

ganizacia ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ Seqmna gamoacxa-

da, romelic 28 ivniss germanelTa winaaRmdeg mebrZo-li frangebis organizaciis saxiT CerCilis mTavrobam

cno. agvistoSi CerCilsa da de gols Soris xelSekru-

leba gaformda, romlis mixedviTac ,,Tavisufal saf-

rangeTs“ britaneTis xelisuflebis saerTo direqti-

vebis farglebSi unda emoqmeda, xolo Tavad britane-Tis xelisufleba organizaciis dafinansebas kisru-

lobda. de gols radiosadgurbi bi sisgarkveuli sae-

Tero droc dauTmes, raTa mas metropoliasa da kolo-

niebze propagandistuli gadacemebi ewarmoebina.,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ SeqmniT generali de

goli miznad inglisSi myofi franguli samxedro nawi-lebis Semokrebas da frangul koloniebSi damkvidre-

bas isaxavda, raTa germaniis winaaRmdeg omis gagrZele-

bisaTvis saWiro sawyisi baza Seqmniliyo. de golis moZ-



2015VII

51

raobas inglisSi myofi da safrangeTidan gaqceulisamxedro da samoqalaqo pirebis mniSvnelovani nawili

imTaviTve miemxro.amitom ,,Tavisufal safrangeTs“1940 wlis bolos Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gauCnda,romlebic jer 7 aTas jariskacs iTvlidnen, xolo 1942wels ki maTma ricxvma 70 aTass miaRwia. samxedro Zale-bi formirebasTan erTad organizacias sakuTari teri-

toriac gauCnda. Tavdapirvelad es iyo wynar okeaneSi

mdebare kolonia axali hebridis kunZulebi, romlis

administraciam 1940 wlis ivnisSi de gols mxardaWera

gamoucxada. Zalian male radiopropagandis da ,,Tavi-

sufali safrangeTs“ agentebis saqmianobis Sedegad or-ganizacias SeuerTdnen safrangeTis mTeli rigi afri-

kuli koloniebi: nigeri, Cadi, kongo ubangi Sari kame-

runi da gaboni. de gols agreTve safrangeTis indoeTi,markizis kunZulebi da kunZuli axali kaledoniac mi-

emxrnen.marTalia ,,Tavisufalma safrangeTma“ senegalis

da iq mdebare didi sazRvao bazis, dakaris dakaveba ver

SeZlo (1940 wlis seqtemberSi am qalaqis viSisturma

garnizonma inglisur-franguli eskadris Semoteva mo-

igeria), magram miuxedavad amisa, ,,Tavisufali safran-

geTis“ kontrolqveS ukve sakmaod vrceli teritoria

iyo moqceuli, ramac am organizaciis avtoriteti oku-



2015VII

52

pirebuli safrangeTis mosaxleobaSi metad aamaRla da

mas brZolis gaaqtiurebis saSualeba misca. 1941-1942wlebSi de golis organizaciis mier kontrolirebadi

teritoriebi kidev ufro gafarTovda. 1941 wlis zaf-

xulSi inglisis jarebis da ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“samxedro nawilebis erToblivi moqmedebiT siriasa da

libanSi viSisturi reJimi damxobili iqna. 1942 wlis ga-

zafxulze inglisis jarebi madagaskarze gadasxdnen,romelic male aseve ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ kon-

trols daeqvemdebara. teritoriuli bazis zrdasTan

erTad de golma ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ politiku-

ri marTvis organo, nacionaluri komiteti Seqmna, risSedegadac am organizaciam politikuri xasiaTic Sei-Zina da mis mier marTul teritoriebze igi de faqto

droebiT mTavrobad iqca. nacionaluri komiteti degolTan daaxlovebuli politikuri da samxedro moR-

vaweebisagan (r. pleveni, r. kaseni, m. deJani, a. dietel-

mi, generali leJantiomi, generali valeni, admirali

miuzelie.) Sedgeboda, romlebic organizaciis saqmia-

nobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs (samxedro Zalebi, sa-

gareo saqmeebi da sxv.) uZRvebodnen.,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ poziciebi imanac ga-

namtkica, rom generalma de golma organizaciis ir-gvliv okupirebuli safrangeTis teritoriaze moqmediwinaaRmdegobis moZraobis Zalebis konsolidaciac mo-



2015VII

53

axdina. sxva okupirebuli qveynebis msgavsad omis wleb-

Si safrangeTSi winaaRmdegobis moZraoba Camoyalibda,romelic rogorc germaneli dampyroblebs, ise viSis

marionetul xelisuflebasac ebrZoda. pirveli orga-

nizacia ,,frangi frantirerebi da partizanebi“ Tavisi

SeiaraRebuli formirebebiT 1940 wlis bolos komunis-

tebma Seqmnes, xolo 1941 wlis damdegs gaCndnen sxva

organizaciebic: ,,komba“, ,,frantireri“, ,,liberasio-

ni“,,defans de la fransi„ da sxv., romlebSic politi-kuri partiebis da mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebis war-

momadgenlebi iyvnen gaerTianebulni (6, gv.258) 1941wlis dasasruls winaaRmdegobis moZraoba ukve serio-zul Zalad iqca da londonSi myofma de golma am jer-

kidev daqsaqsuli organizaciebis ,,Tavisufali saf-

rangeTis“ egidiT gaerTianeba gadawyvita. amaSi mTava-ri roli winaaRmdegobis moZraobis cnobilma warmo-

madgenelma J. mulenma iTamaSa, romelic 1941 wlis oq-

tomberSi londonSi de golTan Cavida.swored mulenis

(romelic 1942 wlis ianvarSi safrangeTSi saidumlod

paraSutiT daeSva) ZalisxmeviT 1942 wlidan kavSirma

,,Tavisufali safrangeTsa“ da winaaRmdegobis moZrao-

bis organizaciebs Soris sistematiuri xasiaTi miiRo.1942 wlis ganmavlobaSi londonSi de gols iatakqve-

SeTSi moqmedi partiebis warmomadgenlebi, socialis-



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tebi p. brosoleti, f. gueni,k. pino da radikali p. men-

des-fransi Sexvdnen. am Sexvedrebze SemuSavebuli iqna

manifesti (igi safrangeTSi aralegalurad gavrcel-

da), romelic viSis reJims gmobdada de gols frangi

xalxis warmomadgenlad acxadebda (4, gv. 354) am mani-festis gamoqveyneba faqtobrivad winaaRmdegobis moZ-

raobis organizaciebis mier ,,Tavisufali safrange-

Tis“ xelmZRvaneli rolis aRiarebas niSnavda. Tumca

de goli mxolod amiT ar dakmayofilda. igi Seecada wi-naaRmdegobis moZraobis konsolidaciaSi komuniste-

bic CaerTo. 1942 wlis bolos, mas Semdeg, rac london-

Si de gols komunistTa warmomadgeneli f. grenie Sex-

vda, es amocanac warmatebiT iqna gadaWrili (1, gv. 294).miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“

avtoriteti misi teritoriuli bazis gafarToebasTan

erTad sul ufro metad izrdeboda, vaSingtoni de

golTan urTierTobis damyarebas da miTumetes, mis mi-er Seqmnili organizaciis oficialur cnobas ar Cqa-

robda. ruzveltis mTavroba, romelsac 1941 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi, viSis xelisuflebasTan diplomatiuri ur-

TierTobebis damyarebis Semdeg, frangul CrdiloeTafrikaSi farTomasStabiani sadazvervo saqmianobis sa-

Sualeba mieca, am strategiulad mniSvnelovani opera-ciis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivis safrTxis qveS daye-



2015VII

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nebas ar apirebda. amasTan erTad prezident f. ruz-

velts da saxelmwifo mdivan k. hels, romlebic moma-

valSi Crdilo-dasavleT afrikas amerikuli samxedro-politikuri gavlenis sferod moiazrebdnen, metad aS-

foTebdaT ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ lideris ukom-

promiso pozicia, rac aramarto safrangeTis ganTavi-

suflebas, aramed koloniuri imperiis mTlianobis Se-

narCunebasac gulisxmobda. vaSingtoni im incidentmac

Zalze gaaRiziana, romelic kanadis sanapiroebTan mde-

bare franguli samflobeloebis, kunZulebis sen pie-

risa da mikelonis gamo warmoiqmna. 1941 wlis dekember-Si ruzveltis xelisuflebam kanadismTavrobas sen pie-

ris dakaveba sTxova, radgan am kunZulze Zlieri, stra-tegiulad mniSvnelovani radiosadguri da kavSirgab-

mulobis sistema iyo ganlagebuli. rogorc ki de gol-

ma es informacia miiRo, man ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“flotis sardals, admiral miuzelies sen pieris da mi-

kelonis dakaveba ubrZana. 24 dekembers ramdenime

frangulma xomaldma kunZulebze mcire razmi gadasxa.adgilobrivma mosaxleobam ki plebiscitis gziT ,,Tavi-

sufal safrangeTTan“ SeerTebas dauWira mxari. am in-

cidentiT aRSfoTebuli k. helis miTiTebiT amerikisSeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentma spe-

cialuri komunike gamoaqveyna, romelSic naTqvami iyo,



2015VII

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rom ,,e. w. Tavisufali safrangeTis xomaldebis mier sen

pierze da mikelonze Catarebuli aqcia, es iyo TviTne-

buri qmedeba, romelic amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

mTavrobasTan SeuTanxmeblad ganxorcielda“(3, gv. 121).heli brals debda de gols, rom es TviTneboba misimxridan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT upativ-

cemulobis gamoxatuleba iyo. saxelmwifo departamen-

tis gancxadebas amerikuli presis nawilmac auba mxari.Tumca, amave dros igive amerikuli presis didma nawil-ma kritikis kampania sakuTriv saxelmwifo mdivnis wina-

aRmdeg gaaCaRa. es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom saxelmwi-fo mdivnis moqmedebam pirl harborze iaponelTa Tav-

dasxmiT (rac kunZulebis incidentamde cota xniT ad-re ganxorcielda da ris Semdegac amerikis SeerTebu-

li Statebi omSi Caeba.) Sokirebuli amerikuli sazoga-

doebis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. kritikuli statie-

bis avtorebi svamdnen kiTxvas, Tu ratom moixseniebda

Seuracxmyofeli sityvebiT, ,,e. w. Tavisufali safran-

geTi“ saxelmwifo mdivani im organizacias, romelic

amerikelebis da frangebis saerTo mtris, hitleruli

germaniis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda maSin, roca amave dros,saxelmwifo departamenti germaniis faqtobriv mokav-

SiresTan, petenis marionetul mTavrobasTan politi-

kur TanamSromlobas agrZelebda. saxelmwifo depar-



2015VII

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tamentis komunikes kritikuli gamoxmaureba kanadur

da britanul presaSic moyva, rac am qveynebis sazoga-

doebaSi ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ mimarT arsebul

simpaTiebze metyvelebda. vaSingtoni iZulebuli gaxda

ukan daexia da ganecxadebina, rom am kunZulebis sakiT-

xi omis damTavrebis Semdeg iqneboda ganxiluli.1942 wlis damdegidan ruzveltis mTavroba iZu-

lebuli gaxda ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ ignorirebispolitika Seecvala da am organizaciasTan garkveuli

saxis kontaqtebi daemyarebina. es ukve aramxolod sa-

zogadoebrivi azris moTxovniT, aramed wynari okeanis

auzSi Seqmnili saomari viTarebiTac iyo gamowveuli.mas Semdeg,rac pirl harborze dartymiT iaponiam ame-rikuli wynari okeanis floti mwyobridan gamoiyvana

da am regionSi didi teritoriebis okupireba moaxdina,amerikuli sardlobisTvis metad didi mniSvneloba Se-iZina wynar okeaneSi mdebare frangulma samflobelo-

ebma (axali hebridis, tuamotus, tubuais, sazogadoe-

bis, markizis arqipelagebi da kunZuli axali kaledo-

nia), romelTac de golis Zalebi akontrolebdnen. ame-rikuli mxedrioni am kunZulebze arsebuli franguli

bazebiT Zalzed dainteresebuli iyo. yvelaze metad

mis yuradRebas axali kaledonia iqcevda, radgan Tu

mas iaponelebi daikavebdnen, amiT amerikis SeerTebuli



2015VII

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Statebsa da avstralias Soris arsebuli sazRvao ko-

munikacia gawydeboda.1942 wlis TebervalSi vaSingtonSi ,,Tavisufali

safrangeTis“ warmomadgenel a. tiksies da saxelmwifomdivan berls Soris axali kaledoniis erToblivi dac-

vis Sesaxeb molaparakebebi daiwyo, xolo amave Tvis bo-los vaSingtonma wynari okeanis frangul samflobe-

loebze da frangul ekvatorul afrikaze ,,Tavisufali

safrangeTis“ kontroli oficialurad cno. es ukve am

organizaciis arapirdapir aRiarebas niSnavda.1942 wlis zafxulSi ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“

avtoriteti antihitlerul koaliciaSi kidev ufro

ganmtkicda, radgan misma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma libi-

aSi mimdinare brZolebSi gamoiCines Tavi. 1942 wlis ma-

isSi inglisis sardlobam ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“or divizias metad mniSvnelovani amocana dausaxa. maTbir hakeimis simagresTan ramdenime dRiT unda SeeCere-

binaT romelis Zalebi, romlebic qalaq tobrukis aRe-

bas cdilobdnen. ,,Tavisufali safrangeTis“ jarebmagaafTrebuli brZolebis Sedegad mowinaaRmdegis Seka-

veba 27 maisidan 11 ivnisamde SeZles Semdeg ki germa-

nelTa alyasac daaRwies Tavi. bir hakeimTan frangulinawilebis gmirulma winaaRmdegobam inglisur da ame-

rikul presaSi hpova gamoxmaureba. frangebis mamacoba



2015VII

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mowinaaRmdegemac aRiara. magaliTad germaneli genera-

li z. vestfali mogvianebiT werda, rom ,,yvelaze didi

winaaRmdegoba fortma bir hakeimma gaswia, romelsac

safrangeTis jarebi icavdnen.“ (8, gv. 170) am brZolebis

Semdeg de golma Tavis organizacias ,,mebrZoli saf-

rangeTi“ uwoda 1942 wlis 9 ivliss ruzveltis mTavro-

bam organizacia ,,mebrZoli safrangeTi“ oficialurad

cno da ganacxada, rom mas samxedro daxmarebas gauwev-

da. Tumca erideboda ra garTulebebs viSis mTavrobas-

Tan urTierTobebSi, vaSingtoni ,,mebrZol safrangeTs“safrangeTis mTavrobad ar aRiarebda. igi am organiza-ciis uflebamosilebas mxolod mis mier kontrolire-

bad teritoriebze cnobda.amgvarad operacia ,,torCis“ dawyebis win safran-

geTTan mimarT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xeli-

sufleba orazrovan mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. amitomCrdiloeT afrikaSi petenis mTavrobis administraciis

loialurobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT gadawyda, rom

operaciaSi ,,mebrZoli safrangeTi“ monawileobas ar

miiRebda da igi ZiriTadad amerikuli jarebis (romel-

Ta SemadgenlobaSi sami inglisuri divizia iqneboda)mier ganxorcieldeboda. am droisaTvis CrdiloeT af-

rikaSi myofi amerikeli vice-konsulebis ZalisxmeviT,romelTa saqmianobis koordinacias r. merfi axdenda,



2015VII

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frang oficrebTan, biznesmenebTan da politikosebTan

saidumlo kontaqtebi damyarda, ris Sedegad SeTqmul

aqtivistTa garkveuli jgufi Camoyalibda. SeTqmu-lebs viSisturi afrikuli armiis neitralizacia da mi-

si amerikelTa mxareze gadasvla unda uzrunveleyoT.am e. w. ,,xuTTa jgufSi“ Sediodnen biznesmenebi J. le-

megr-diubrei da J. rigoli, romelTac frangul memar-

jvene politikur ZalebTan farTo kavSirebi hqondaT.SeTqmulTa Soris iyvnen politikur sakiTxebSi viSis-

turi afrikuli armiis meTauris general m. veiganis

(igi 1941 wlis seqtemberSi generalma a. Jiuenma Secva-

la) TanaSemwe, diplomati J. tarbe de sent ardueni, al-JirSi moqmedi axalgazrduli organizaciis xelmZRva-

neli, polkovniki a. van heki, da amave organizaciis wev-

ri, monarqisti a. dastie de la viJeri.r. merfi da ,,xuTTa jgufi“ Seecadnen viSistur

generalitetSi moeZebnaT iseTi piri, romelic SeTqmu-

lebas mxars dauWerda, afrikul armias saTaveSi Caud-geboda da mis germanelTa da italielTa winaaRmdeg

gamosvlas uzrunvelyofda. Tavdapirvelad am mizniTsaidumlo molaparakebebi general veiganTan mimdina-

reobda, magram mas Semdeg, rac am ukanasknelma SeTqmu-

lebaSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada, gadawyda kon-

taqti general a. JirosTan daemyarebinaT. Jiroze mer-



2015VII

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fisa da ruzveltis mxridan arCevanis SeCereba garkve-

uli garemoebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. safrangeTis

umaRlesi samxedro sabWos yofili wevris, armiis ge-

nerlis a. Jiros (igi 1940 wels, safrangeTSi mimdinare

saomari moqmedebebis dros tyved Cavarda. Semdeg ki

gaqceva moaxerxa. 1942 wels Jiro samxreT safrangeT-

Si,araokupirebul zonaSi cxovrobda.) reputacia sa-marcxvino kapitulaciaSi monawileobiT SebRaluli ar

iyo. amitom igi misaRebi iqneboda franguli samxedro-politikuri wreebis im nawilisaTvis, romelic petenis

mTavrobis mimarT uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili, Tumca

arc ,,Tavisufal safrangeTTan“ qonda kavSiri. amasTan

erTad, de golisagan gansxvavebiT, Jiro politikur am-biciebs ar amJRavnebda da arc safrangeTis koloniuri

imperiis mTlianobis garantiebis moTxovnas ayenebda.misTvis savsebiT sakmarisi iyo afrikuli armiis aqtiu-

ri monawileoba anglo-amerikuli sardlobis mier da-

gegmili operaciebSi, rasac safrangeTis rac SeiZleba

swrafad ganTavisufleba unda mohyoloda. Tumca Jiro

anglo-amerikul samxedro wreebs mainc mniSvnelovan

problemas uqmnida, radgan igi CrdiloeT afrikaSi mo-kavSireTa mTeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsar-

dlis postze acxadebda pretenzias. magram vaSington-

Si imedi qondaT, rom frang generals sabolood fran-



2015VII

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guli koloniuri administraciis da afrikuli armiis

xelmZRvanelobaze daiTanxmebdnen.1942 wlis Semodgomaze SeTqmulTa jgufi kidev

ufro gafarTovda. mas TandaTan franguli Crdilo-dasavleT afrikis administraciis warmomadgenlebi da

Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi uerTdebodnen. rac mTavariamasSi CaerTvnen afrikuli armiis xelmZRvaneli samxed-

ro pirebi, kerZod ki qalaq rabaTSi ganlagebuli divi-

ziis meTauri, generali a. betuari, qalaq alJiris gar-

nizonis ufrosi, polkovniki J. Jusi da aq dislocire-

buli me 19 korpusis Stabis ufrosi, generali S. masti.maT amerikelTa gadmosxdomis momentSi potenciur mo-winaaRmdegeTa neitralizacia unda moexdinaT da af-

rikul armias saTaveSi unda Cadgomodnen. 23 oqtom-

bers alJirSi, daba SerSelSi operacia ,,torCis“ xel-

mZRvanelis, amerikeli generlis d. eizenhaueris Tana-

Semwe, generali klarki ,,xuTTa jgufs“ da general

masts saidumlod Sexvda. am Sexvedraze SeTqmulebisgarkveuli detalebi iqna iqna SeTanxmebuli da gadaw-yda rom afrikul armias sabolood Jiro uxelmZRvane-

lebda, romelsac operaciis dasawyisSi amerikelebi

alJirSi gadmoiyvandnen.magram noembris damdegs, rodesac operaciis daw-

yebis dRe axlovdeboda alJirSi moulodnelad viSis

mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali, ad-



2015VII

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mirali darlani Camovida, romelsac qalaq alJirisa dasxva sakvanZo punqtebis garnizonebis inspeqtireba un-

da Caetarebina. alJirSi darlanis gamoCena metad saxi-

faTo iyo, radgan sagangebo viTarebis SemTxvevaSi masmTeli afrikuli armiis mobilizeba da amerikuli de-santisTvis organizebuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva SeeZ-

lo. Tumca, meore mxriv, Tu misi gadmobireba moxerxde-

boda, SesaZlebeli iqneboda is, rom afrikul armias wi-

naaRmdegoba aseve organizebulad Seewyvita, riTac di-di Setakebebis da msxverplis Tavidan acileba moxer-

xdeboda. magram vinaidan darlanTan molaparakebisaT-

vis dro ar rCeboda,anglo-amerikulma sardlobam ga-dawyvita darlanis gadmobirebis mcdeloba operaciis

msvlelobis paralelurad ganexorcielebina, xolo ma-namde ki general JirosTan operaciaSi misi rolis gan-

sazRvris Taobaze SeTanxmeba unda momxdariyo. 1942wlis 7 noembers, saRamos, uSualod operacia ,,torCis“dawyebis win, generali Jiro wyalqveSa naviT samxreT

safrangeTidan inglisur simagre gibraltarSi, eizen-

haueris StabSi iqna gadmoyvanili. molaparakeba, ro-

melsac eizenhaueri da klarki awarmoebdnen, mTeli 6saaTi gagrZelda. Jirom amerikuli saeqspedicio Zale-

bis mTavarsardlis, e. i. general eizenhaueris posti

moiTxova, razedac amerikelma generlebma kategoriu-



2015VII

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li uari ganacxades. sabolood didi kamaTis Semdeg 8noembers RamiT, Jiro iZulebuli gaxda Crdilo-dasav-leT afrikis franguli administraciis da afrikuli

armiis xelmZRvanelobas dasjereboda.8 noembers anglo-amerikulma Zalebma operacia

,,torCi“ daiwyes. mokavSireTa mowinave nawilebi maro-

koSi qalaq kasablankas, xolo alJirSi qalaqebis alJi-

risa da oranis misadgomebTan gadmosxdnen. qalaq al-

JirSi, jer kidev mokavSireTa gadmosxdomamde, r. mer-

fis miTiTebiT SeTqmulTa 400 kacianma razmma a. dastie

de la viJeris da J. abulkeris meTaurobiT strategiu-

li punqtebi, maT Soris satelefono sadguri, radio-

sadguri da me-19 korpusis Stabi daikaves. Tavad merfi

vice-konsul k. pendaris, CrdiloeT afrikaSi viSistu-

ri dazvervis ufrosis, polkovnik kretienis da SeT-qmulTa razmis TanxlebiT afrikuli armiis mTavarsar-

dlis general Jiuenis saxlSi mivida. Jiuenis binaze mo-

vida mezobel vilaSi myofi admirali darlanic, ro-

melsac generalma daureka da masTan misvla sTxova.merfim viSisturi generalitetis warmomadgenlebs sa-

desanto operaciis dawyebis Sesaxeb acnoba da sTxova,rom maT afrikuli armiis neitraliteti uzrunvele-

yoT. magram darlani, romelic Tvlida, rom mas mokav-SireebTan TanamSromlobiT politikuri reabilitaci-



2015VII

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is SesaZlebloba eZleoda, pasuxs ayovnebda. admirali

cdilobda, rom misi mxridan afrikuli armiis loialu-robis uzrunvelyofis sanacvlod mokavSireebs igi

Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi franguli administraciis

xelmZRvanelad ecnoT. molaparakeba saRamos 6 saaTam-

de gagrZelda. am xnis ganmavlobaSi viSisturma ZalebmaalJirSi SeTqmulTa mier dakavebuli sakvanZo punqtebidaibrunes da garkveuli winaaRmdegoba qalaqis sanapi-

roebTan gadmomsxdar mokavSireTa Zalebsac gauwies.Tumca sabolood r. merfim, romelmac darlans Crdi-

lo-dasavleT afrikaSi misi uflebamosilebis aRiare-

bis sakiTxSi daxmareba aRuTqva, es ukanaskneli fran-

gTa mxridan cecxlis Sewyvetaze daiTanxma. 8 noembers,saRamos mokavSireTa jarebi qalaq alJirSi Sevidnen. 9noembers molaparakeba darlanTan generalma klarkma

gaagrZela. man darlans mosTxova, rom winaaRmdegoba

afrikuli armiis im nawilebsac SeewyvitaT, romlebic

mokavSireebs oranTan da kasablankasTan ebrZodnen.amerikelma generalma darlans ganucxada, rom ruz-veltis mTavroba mzad iyo igi CrdiloeT afrikis mmar-

Tvelad ecno im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es ukanaskneli afriku-li armiis sardlis postze general Jiros daniSvnas

daTanxmdeboda. miRweuli SeTanxmebis Semdeg darlanmaafrikul armias saomari moqmedebis yvela raionSi cec-



2015VII

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xlis Sewyveta ubrZana. Tavis brZanebaSi admirali acxa-

debda, rom marSal petenis davalebiT mTeli Zalauf-

leba CrdiloeT afrikaSi mis xelSi gadadioda (5, gv.194). 14 noembers darlanis meTaurobiT safrangeTis

Crdilo-dasavleT afrikis umaRlesi komisariati Seiq-

mna. afrikuli armiis mTavarsardlad generali Jiro

(igi alJirSi 9 noembers Camovida) dainiSna.CrdiloeT afrikaSi ganviTarebul movlenebSi

darlanis monawileobas samxedro TvalsazrisiT ori

urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sedegi qonda. erTi mxriv mismamoqmedebam afrikuli armiis neitralizacia uzrun-

velyo, riTac anglo-amerikuli Zalebis mier marokosada alJiris swrafad da naklebi msxverpliT dakaveba

moxerxda. magram meore mxriv, darlanis mier sakuTaripolitikuri reabilitaciis mizniT molaparakebis ga-

Wianurebam, mokavSireTa Zalebs ramdenime dRe mainc

daakargvina, riTac mowinaaRmdegem dauyovnebliv isar-

gebla. sanam marokosa da alJirSi brZolebi mimdinare-

obda, germanulma sardlobam samxreT safrangeTis da

tunisis okupaciis operacia moamzada. 11 noembers, ro-

ca CrdiloeT afrikaSi saomari moqmedebebi Sewyda,germaniis jarebma samxreT safrangeTi daikaves da avi-

aciiT safrangeTidan da italiidan tunisSi 100 aTasze

meti germaneli da italieli jariskaci gadaisroles.



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tunisSi ganlagebulma afrikuli armiis nawilebma wi-

naaRmdegobis gaweva ver moaxerxes, radgan maTma meTa-

urebma, admiralma estevam, admiralma derienma da ge-neralma barem marSal petenisagan neitralitetis Se-

narCunebis brZaneba miiRes, xolo admiral darlanisa-

gan ki maT araviTari brZaneba ar miuRiaT. amis Sedegadgermaniis jarebma mTeli tunisi ubrZolvelad daika-

ves. germanelTa mier tunisis okupaciam sruli ganad-

gurebisagan ixsna romelis armia, romelic libiaSi in-

gliselTa me-8 armiis Semotevebis gamo mZime brZole-

biT tunisisken ixevda ukan. sabolood tunisSi ukanda-xeulma romelis armiam da aq gadmosrolilma germa-nulma da italiurma nawilebma erTmaneTTan SeerTebiT

uwyveti fronti Seqmnes da inglisis me-8 armia libia-tunisis sazRvarze SeaCeres. SeCerebuli iqna eizenhau-

eris armiac. amerikelebma mxolod alJiridan tunisSiSeWra da qalaq tunisis misadgomebTan gasvla moaxer-

xes. tunisis teritoriaze frontis stabilizacia mox-

da (7, gv. 288). amgvarad operacia ,,torCis“ (romlis mi-zani CrdiloeT afrikidan germanelTa da italielTa

sruli gandevna iyo) 1942 wlis bolosaTvis warmatebiT

dasrulebis SesaZlebloba xelidan iqna gaSvebuli.hitleruli koaliciis Zalebi tunisis saxiT Crdilo-

eT afrikaSi placdarms kvlav inarCunebdnen.



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amasTan erTad darlanTan politikurma Tanam-

Sromlobam organizacia ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ da an-

glo-amerikuli presis mxridan prezident ruzveltis

mimarT sakmaod mwvave kritika gamoiwvia. amerikuli

presis furclebidan ukve ismoda braldeba, rom Tavisigavlenis gaZlierebis mizniT ruzveltis mTavroba

omis Semdeg safrangeTSi viSistur-kolaboracionis-tuli elementebiT gajerebuli xelisuflebis Seqmnas

apirebda. magram am kritikis miuxedavad amerikis Seer-

Tebuli Statebis mmarTveli wreebi, romlebic upirve-les yovlisa CrdiloeT afrikaSi samxedro komunikaci-

ebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaze fiqrobdnen, dar-

lanTan urTierTobas agrZelebdnen. ruzveltis mTav-

robis azriT jer-jerobiT sxva gamosavali ar Canda daamitom operaciis warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis dar-

lanTan (romelmac afrikul armiasa da administraciaze

kontroli swrafad daamyara) TanamSromloba aucilebe-

li iyo. Tumca ruzvelti iZulebuli gaxda amerikulida msoflio demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis misi

mTavrobis amgvari moqmedebis mizezebi ganemarta da 19noembers ganecxadebina, rom ,,CrdiloeT afrikaSi dar-lanTan miRweuli SeTanxmeba droebiTi iyo da mas safuZ-vlad mxolod minimaluri danakargebiT swrafi samxed-

ro warmatebis mopovebis motivi edo“ (2, gv. 282-283).



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darlani cdilobda Tavisi xelisufleba ganem-

tkicebina, risTvisac man politikuri TanamSromloba

im SeTqmulebsac SesTavaza, romlebmac operacia

,,torCis“ dawyebis win alJirsa da marokoSi gadatria-

leba ganaxorcieles. admiralma, romelic Tavis Tavs

Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi safrangeTis umaRles ko-

misars uwodebda, specialuri saTaTbiro organoebi,saimperio sabWo da komiteti Seqmna, romlebSic ro-

gorc viSisturi koloniuri administraciis, ise SeT-

qmulTa aqtivistebic Sediodnen (saimperio sabWos wev-

rebi iyvnen darlanis TanaSemwe, viSisti generali ber-

Jere, alJiris gubernatori i. Sateli petenis mTavro-

bis warmomadgeneli marokoSi, generali S. nogesi da

franguli dasavleT afrikis gubernatori p. buasoni,xolo komitetSi Sediodnen ,,xuTTa jgufis“ wevrebi J.tarbe de sent ardueni, J. rigoli da a. dastie de la vi-

Jeri). magram darlanis mmarTveloba did xans ar gag-

rZelebula. 1942 wlis 24 dekembers igi sakuTari rezi-denciis SesasvlelSi pistoletis gasroliT iqna mok-

luli. mkvleli 8 noembris alJiris gadatrialebis mo-

nawile, 20 wlis f. bonie de la Sapeli, romelic dacvam

Seipyro, meore dResve daxvrites. nogesi da Jiro,rom-

lebmac sikvdiliT dasjis aqts moaweresxeli, imdenad

swrafad moqmedebdnen, rom mkvlelis politikuri Se-



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xedulebebi da mkvlelobis motivi dRemde ucnobi rCe-

ba. aman ki darlanis mkvlelobis sxvadasxva versia war-

moSva.yvelaze ufro meti gavrceleba hpova im versiam,

rom darlani monarqistTa SeTqmulebis msxverpli gax-

da, romlebsac franguli Crdilo-dasavleT afrikisadministraciis saTaveSi burbonTa sagvareulos war-

momadgenlis, parizis grafis (igi am periodSi alJirSiimyofeboda da saimperio sabWos wevrebs da general

Jiros ramdenimejer konfidencialurad Sexvda) moyva-

na undodaT, ris Sedegadac, maTi azriT, omis SemdegsafrangeTSi burbonTa dinastiis aRdgena gaxdeboda

SesaZlebeli. am versiis momxreebi mkvlelobis inicia-

torebad monarqist a. dastie de la viJeris da masTan

daaxlovebul abat kordies miiCnevdnen. arsebobs is

versiac, rom monarqistebs xels uwyobdnen golistebi,romlebsac darlanis Tavidan moSoreba da afrikuli

armiis da ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ Zalebis de golis

meTaurobiT gaerTianeba surdaT. am versiaSi mkvlelo-

bis organizatoris saxiT a. dastie de la viJeris Zma,de golTan daaxlovebuli, f. dastie de la viJeri fi-

gurirebs, romelic 1940 wlis 20 dekembers generlis

davalebiT alJirSi Cavida (aRsaniSnavia rom amis ne-

barTva de golma amerikelebisagan iTxova) da darlan-



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sa da saimperio sabWos wevrebs Sexvda. Sexvedraze sau-

bari cxare kamaTSi gadaizarda, romlis drosac de go-

lis warmomadgenelma darlans pirdapir ganucxada,rom es ukanaskneli arc frangi xalxis ndobiT sargeb-lobda da afrikaSi franguli erovnuli Zalebis gaer-

Tianebasac uSlida xels (1, gv.295-296). f. dastie de la

viJerim alJirSi kidev ramdenime dRe dahyo da ,,meb-

rZoli safrangeTis“ adgilobriv momxreTa jgufs Sex-

vda. alJiri man darlanis mkvlelobamde ramdenime saa-

TiT adre datova. am mkvlelobis kidev erTi versia mis

organizatorad general Jiros miiCnevs, romelsac

franguli Crdilo-dasavleT afrikis administraciis

saTaveSi Cadgoma Tavad surda, ris Semdegac amerikel-

Ta daxmarebiT igi ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ Tavisi

mmarTvelobis qveS moqcevas gegmavda. am versiis mom-

xreTa mTavari argumentia mkvlelis, f. bonie de la Sa-

pelisTavdajerebuloba. igi bolomde darwmunebuli

iyo imaSi, rom mas sikvdiliT ar dasjidnen. man darla-

nis mcvelebs isic ki ganucxada, rom gavleniani mfarve-

lebi yavda. metad mniSvnelovania is argumentic, romJirom mkvlelis sajaro gasamarTlebis winadadeba ka-

tegoriulad uaryo. misi miTiTebiT daxurulisasamar-

Tlo gaimarTa, romelmac sasikvdilo ganaCeni ramdeni-

me saaTSi gamoitana.



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darlanis mkvlelobam vaSingtons saSualeba miscaTavis adrindel gegmas dabruneboda da wina planze Ji-

ro wamoewia. ruzveltis mTavroba ganTavisuflda vi-Sist admiralTan TanamSromlobis usiamovno aucileb-

lobisagan, ris gamoc mas sakuTari qveynis da mokavSiresaxelmwifoebis sazogadoebis winaSe Tavis marTlebada am TanamSromlobis samxedro mosazrebebiT axsna ux-

deboda. amasTan erTad vaSingtonSi imis imedic gaCnda,rom maTi mxardaWeriT Jiros poziciebis maqsimaluradgaZlierebis Semdeg generali de goli iZulebuli gax-

deboda am ukanasknelTan aramarto eTanamSromla, ara-

med misi prioritetic eRiarebina. aseT SemTxvevaSi

ruzveltis xelisufleba afrikul armias da ,,mebrZo-

li safrangeTis“ jarebs iseTi franguli administra-

ciis egidiT gaaerTianebda, romelsac safrangeTisdroebiTi politikuri xelisuflebis pretenzia ar eq-neboda da Jiroc da de golic mxolod ganTavisufle-buli franguli koloniebis marTviT da iq arsebulisamxedro resursebis mobilizebiT iqnebodnen dakave-

bulni.magram amerikelebisagan gansxvavebiT Crdilo-da-

savleT afrikaSi arsebul politikur viTarebas ,,meb-

rZoli safrangeTis“ mesveurebi sul sxvagvarad afa-

sebdnen. maT imedi qondaT, rom safrangeTis naciona-luri interesebis dacvis da koloniuri imperiis



2015VII

73

mTlianobis SenarCunebis lozungiT isini okupirebulsafrangeTsa da mis samflobeloebSi arsebul yvela sa-

xis politikur Zalebze moaxdendnen gavlenas, rac sa-bolood Tavad Jiros aiZulebda de golis daqvemdeba-

rebaSi gadasuliyo. amis Sedegad ki afrikaSi safrange-

Tis droebiTi mTavrobis funqciebis mqone samxedro-politikuri administracia Seiqmneboda. ,,mebrZoli

safrangeTis“ xelmZRvanelTa imedebs inglisis mxarda-

Werac aZlierebda. premier-ministri u. CerCili SeSfo-

Tebuli iyo Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi amerikuli gav-

lenis zrdiT, rac safrTxes aramarto safrangeTis,aramed britaneTis koloniuri imperiis mTlianobasac

uqmnida.darlanis mkvlelobis Semdeg vaSingtoni Tavisi

gegmis ganxorcielebas dauyovnebliv Seudga. eizenha-

ueris moTxovniT 26 dekembers saimperio sabWos wevre-

bi iZulebulni gaxdnen general Jiros, rogorc umaR-

lesi komisris uflebamosilebani ecnoT, xolo 1943wlis 17 ianvars ruzveltma CerCilTan SeTanxmebiT ge-nerali Jiro da generali de goli marokos qalaq kasab-

lankaSi miiwvia, sadac CrdiloeT afrikis ganTavisuf-lebis Semdeg omis warmoebis erTiani strategiis Semu-

Savebis sakiTxze anglo-amerikuli samxedro da poli-tikuri wreebis mier organizebuli konferencia mimdi-

nareobda. ra Tqma unda am konferenciaze erT-erTi



2015VII

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mniSvnelovani gansaxilveli problema Crdilo-dasav-leT afrikaSi erTiani franguli administraciis Seq-

mna da franguli samxedro Zalebis gaerTianebac iyo,radgan frangul SenaerTebs SeeZloT mniSvnelovaniroli eTamaSaT afrikidan italiaSi gadasxdomis ope-

raciaSi, rasac axlo momavalSi anglo-amerikuli sar-

dloba gegmavda.konferenciis win Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi ame-

rikis SeerTebuli Statebis da inglisis warmomadgen-

lebma r. merfim da h. makmilanma erTiani franguli ad-

ministraciis Seqmnis proeqti SeimuSaves, romelic

,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ da umaRlesi komisariatis

urTierTSerwymas iTvaliswinebda. am administraciaSi

rogorc saimperio sabWos wevrebi, ise de golis erov-

nuli komitetis warmomadgenlebi Sevidodnen, xolo

mas saTaveSi Jiro, de goli da viSisti generali JorJi

(CerCilis megobari pirveli msoflio omis periodi-

dan) Caudgebodnen. Jiro gaerTianebuli franguli sam-xedro Zalebis meTauri gaxdeboda da am TvalsazrisiT

anglo-amerikul sardlobas daeqvemdebareboda. is,rom Jiro mTeli franguli Zalebis sardlis posts

iRebda da eizenhaueris daqvemdebarebaSi gadadioda,britaneTis mmarTveli wreebis (romlebic TavianTmZlavr mokavSiresTan aSkara dapirispirebas eride-



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bodnen) mxridan didi kompromisi iyo. magram CerCili

varaudobda, rom de goli, romelic frangul sazoga-doebasa da winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi didi avtorite-

tiT sargeblobda, droTa ganmavlobaSi Jiros da misiviSisturi garemocvis ukana planze gadawevas SeZleb-da da gaerTianebuli franguli administraciis erTa-

derTi politikuri lideri gaxdeboda.1943 wlis 22 ianvars kasablankaSi Camosuli de go-

li pirvelad Jiros Sexvda, romelmac mas ganucxadarom igi Sors idga politikisagan da Tavis erTaderTmiznad amerikelTa daxmarebiT didi franguli armiis

Seqmnas isaxavda. amasTan erTad Jirom de gols isic ag-

rZnobina, rom afrikaSi franguli samxedro Zalebis ga-erTianeba amerikelTa mier SemoTavazebuli pirobebis

mixedviT misTvis savsebiT misaRebi iyo. dRis meore na-

xevarSi de goli CerCils Sexvda, romelmac mas merfisa

da makmilanis proeqti gaacno da misi miReba urCia. mag-

ram ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ liderma es proeqti kate-

goriulad uaryo da britaneTis premier-ministrs ga-

nucxada, rom am sakiTxze is mxolod JirosTan ameri-

kelTa da ingliselTa Suamavlobis gareSe imsjelebda.de gols Tavisi pozicia arc ruzveltTan Sexvedraze

Seucvlia, romelic imave dRis bolos gaimarTa. meore

dRes erTmaneTs isev Jiro da de goli Sexvdnen. Jiro



2015VII

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Seecada daerwmunebina de goli, rom safrangeTiserovnuli interesebisaTvis mokavSireTa gegmis miReba

iyo saWiro, radgan am SemTxvevaSi gaerTianebul fran-gul Zalebs Tanamedrove amerikuli SeiaraReba gadae-

cemodaT. magram de golma Jiros ganumarta, rom swo-red safrangeTis erovnuli interesebis dacvisaTvis

iyo aucilebeli is, rom unda momxdariyo ara ,,mebrZo-

li safrangeTis“ da umaRlesi komisariatis ubralo

Serwyma, aramed viSistebisgan gawmendili politikurixelisuflebis formireba romelic safrangeTis ganTa-visuflebis Semdeg droebiTi mTavrobis funqcias Se-

asrulebda. am xelisuflebas, romelic mokavSireTa

kontrolqveSar iqneboda moqceuli , saTaveSi Tavad de

goli Caudgeboda, xolo Jiro, rogorc mTeli frangu-

li SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali, Tavis ufle-

bamosilebas swored am organosagan miiRebda. marTa-

lia Jirom de golis es winadadeba uaryo, magram gener-lebi momavalSi molaparakebis gagrZelebaze SeTan-

xmdnen.amgvarad amerikuli egidiT franguli erovnuli

Zalebis gaerTianebis gegma CaiSala, Tumca de goli,romelic prezident ruzveltTan urTierTobis gaum-

jobesebis imeds ar kargavda, daTanxmda mis Txovnas ka-sablankadan gamomgzavrebis win Jurnalistebisa dafotokorespondentebis winaSe ruzveltis da CerCilis



2015VII

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TandaswrebiT massa da Jiros Soris molaparakebis daw-yebis Sesaxeb ganecxadebina da Jiroze xelis CamorTme-

viT imis demonstrirebac moexdina, rom erTiani Zalis-

xmeviT franguli problema (ris gamoc ruzvelts xSi-

rad akritikebdnen) dRis wesrigidan male moixsneboda.miuxedavad imisa, rom jerjerobiT warmateba miR-

weuli ver iqna, vaSingtoni Tavisi gegmis ganxorciele-

bas mainc agrZelebda. kasablankas konferenciis dasas-

ruls ruzveltma xeli moawera memorandums, romel-

Sic kidev erTxel iyo gacxadebuli, rom amerikis Seer-

Tebuli Statebi Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi mxolod

Jiros administraciis xelisuflebas aRiarebda. amave

dros memorandumSi naTqvami iyo, rom general Jiros

TxovniT axlo momavalSi CrdiloeT afrikaSi 11 fran-guli diviziis aRWurvisTvis sakmarisi amerikuli Seia-raReba maT Soris aTasi samxedro TviTmfrinavi gaig-

zavneboda.magram amerikelTa mcdelobis miuxedevad, Jiros

administraciis popularobis amaRleba ver moxerxda.rogorc okupirebuli safrangeTis, ise misi Crdilo-dasavleT afrikis frangul mosaxleobaSi, maT Sorissaqmian wreebSi de golis idea droebiTi politikurixelisuflebis Seqmnis da masze erTiani franguli sam-xedro Zalebis daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb sul ufro met



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momxres iZenda. am mimarTulebiT aqtiurad saqmianob-

da ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ specialuri misia (de gol-Tan daaxlovebuli da amave dros Jiros megobris gene-

ral katrus meTaurobiT), romelic alJirSi moqmedeb-

da.(am misiis alJirSi gamogzavnaze, romelsac Jirosada de gols Soris uwyveti kontaqti unda uzrunvele-

yo, es ukanasknelni kasablankaSi SeTanxmdnen). progo-listuri ganwyobis zrdas didad uwyobda xels is pro-

pagandistuli radiogadacemebic romelsac ,,mebrZoli

safrangeTi“ londonidan, radiosadgur bi bi sis da

brazavilidan (franguli kongo) sakuTari radiosad-

guris meSveobiT awarmoebda. sul ufro gaxSirda af-

rikuli armiis jariskacebis ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“mxareze TviTneburi gadasvlis faqtebi. amis gamo va-

SingtonSi SeSfoTeba TandaTanobiT izrdeboda, rad-

gan male mosalodneli iyo, rom tunisSi Jiros afriku-

li armiis nawilebi, romlebic amerikelebTan erTad

germanul-italiur jarebs dasavleTidan utevdnen,,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ Zalebs Sexvdebodnen, rom-

lebsac Tavis mxriv inglisis me-8 armiasTan erTad mo-winaaRmdegeze ieriSi aRmosavleTidan da samxreTidan

mihqondaT.aseT viTarebaSi Jiros poziciebis gasaZliereb-

lad vaSingtonma kidev erTi nabiji gadadga. ruzvel-



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tis mTavrobam gadawyvita Jiros viSisturi garemocva

da Sesabamisad Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi arsebuli

mmarTvelobis is sistema Seecvala, rac generlis avto-

ritetze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. am mizniT alJirSiJiros politikur mrCevlad amerikis SeerTebul Sta-

tebSi mcxovrebi frangi finansisti J. mone gaigzavna,romelic omis dasawyisSi am qveyanaSi mivlinebul Seia-

raRebis Sesyidvis anglo-frangul misias xelmZRvane-

lobda. ruzvelti Tvlida, rom mone aseTi saqmisaTvis

swored rom Sesaferisi figura iyo, radgan igi de go-

lis moZraobas ar emxroboda (misi azriT de golis av-

toritarizmisaken swrafvis gamo) Tumca ,,mebrZoli

safrangeTis“ lideri mas, rogorc im biznesmens, ro-

melmac okupantebTan TanamSromlobaze uari Tqva, ma-

inc did pativs scemda. es garemoeba ruzveltis mTav-

robis azriT imis SesaZleblobas qmnida, rom mone degols kompromisze daiyoliebda da gaerTianebulfrangul administraciaSi Jiros prioritets uzrun-

velyofda.monem male daarwmuna Jiro, rom saWiro iyo iseTi

politikuri nabijebis gadadgma, riTac generali pete-

nis mTavrobas gaemijneboda. es dadebiTad aisaxeboda

Jiros avtoritetze da im kritikasac CaaxSobda, racfranguli problemis gamo prezident ruzveltis mi-



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marT kvlavac xSirad ismoda. amasTan erTad amis Semdegde golsa Jiros Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevac ufro io-

li gaxdeboda. mones ZalisxmeviT 1943 wlis 14 marts Ji-

rom metad mniSvnelovani sityva warmoTqva. generali

acxadebda, rom amieridan Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSiviSisturi kanonmdebloba gauqmdeboda da respubli-

kuri mmarTveloba iqneboda aRdgenili. Jiro maRal Se-

fasebas aZlevda de golis moZraobas da aRniSnavda,rom misi administracia kavSirs okupantebis winaaR-mdeg mebrZol yvela frangul organizaciaTan daamya-

rebda.,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ mesveurebi Jiros gan-

cxadebas didi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen, magram general-ma de golma franguli erovnuli Zalebis gaerTianebis

sakuTari pirobebi wamoayena. de golis momxreebi mo-

iTxovdnen, rom Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi aucileb-

lad unda Seqmniliyo politikuri xelisufleba, rome-lic frangi xalxis saxeliT mTeli franguli samxedroZalebis xelmZRvanelobis da mokavSireebTan molapa-rakebis warmoebis uflebamosilebiT iqneboda aRWur-

vili. am xelisuflebaSi samxedro pirebi politikurmmarTvelobas unda damorCilebodnen da amasTan er-Tad masSi viSisturi elementebicar unda moxvedri-

liyvnen.



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marTalia am pirobebma ruzveltis mTavrobis ga-

Rizianeba gamoiwvia, magram viTareba Crdilo-dasav-leT afrikaSi de golis sasargeblod sul ufro swra-

fad icvleboda. mas Semdeg, rac Jirom viSisturi ka-

nonmdeblobis gauqmeba gamoacxada, alJirsa da maro-

koSi arsebuli sakoncentracio banakebidan 50 aTaszemeti antifaSisti da petenis kolaboracionistuli re-

Jimis mowinaaRmdege frangi patrioti ganTavisuflda.amasTan erTad Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi ukve Tavi-suflad vrceldeboda franguli winaaRmdegobis moZ-

raobis gazeTi ,,komba“, romelic aq aqamde mxolod ara-

legalurad, mcire raodenobiT Semodioda. yvelafermaaman de golis momxreTa ricxvi alJirSi didad gazar-

da. metad didi mniSvneloba qonda imasac, rom 1943 wlis

aprilSi tunisSi anglo-amerikuli jarebi erTmaneTsSeuerTdnen da mowinaaRmdege xmelTaSua zRvis sanapi-

rosaken ukuagdes. am SeerTebis Sedegad afrikuli ar-

miis da ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ nawilebic erTmaneTs

Sexvdnen, ris Semdegac afrikuli armiis mTelma rigmaSenaerTebma general de golis daqvemdebarebaSi gadas-

vlis survili gamoTqves. maisis damdegs alJirisa datunisis qalaqebSi de golis mxardamWeri masobrivi de-

monstraciebi gaimarTa, xolo 15 maiss Zalzed mniSvne-

lovani movlena moxda: okupirebul safrangeTSi Seiq-

mna winaaRmdegobis erovnuli sabWo, romelmac winaaR-



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mdegobis moZraobis yvela Zala gaaerTiana da specia-luri mimarTviT imave dRes de gols sruli mxardaWera

gamoucxada. 27 maiss am organom parizSi aralegalu-rad gamarTul sxdomaze de golisadmi kidev erTi mi-

marTva miiRo, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom de golispolitikuri da Jiros samxedro xelmZRvanelobiT

Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi safrangeTis droebiTi

mTavroba unda Seqmniliyo. am dokumentSi kvlav iyo

aRniSnuli, rom winaaRmdegobis erovnuli sabWo mTelifranguli winaaRmdegobis moZraobis erTaderT meTau-

rad general de gols aRiarebda (10, gv. 203; 1, gv. 328-329).

Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi ganviTarebulma po-litikurma movlenebma da winaaRmdegobis erovnulisabWos gancxadebam ruzveltis mTavrobaze didi gav-

lena moaxdina. vaSingtoni darwmunda, rom frangulipolitikuri xelisuflebis Seqmnis Tavidan acilebaSeuZlebeli iyo da amis winaaRmdeg gamosvla safrange-Tis mTel mosaxleobaSi ruzveltis avtoritets uki-

duresad dascemda. amave dros CrdiloeT afrikis fa-Sisturi jarebisagan saboloo ganTavisuflebisa daitaliaSi gadasxdomis operaciis warmatebisaTvis-

franguli samxedro Zalebis gaerTianebac (ris swrafganxorcielebasac general eizenhaueris Stabi moiT-

xovda) sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeboda. amerikis Se-



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erTebuli Statebis poziciis cvlilebam generali Ji-

ro (romelzec amave dros zewolas mone, makmilani da

generali katru axdendnen) aiZula franguli adminis-traciis gaerTianebis de golis mier wamoyenebuli pi-

robebis ganxilvas daTanxmeboda. 17 maiss man generalde gols safrangeTis centraluri xelisuflebisformirebis Sesaxeb molaparakebisaTvis alJirSi Ca-

mosvlis TxovniT mimarTa.1943 wlis 30 maiss generali de goli erovnuli ko-

mitetis wevrebis, a. filipis da r. masiglis TanxlebiT-

londonidan qalaq alJirSi Camofrinda. aerodromze

mas generali Jiro generali katru, r. merfi da h. makmi-

lani daxvdnen.alJiris mosaxleobam de golis pativsa-

cemad masobrivi demonstracia moawyo, romlis monawi-leni generals misalmebis gamomxatveli xmamaRali Se-

ZaxilebiT xvdebodnen. amasTan erTad Semdeg dReebSi

de golma mravali werilic miiRo, romelTa avtorebi

mas ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ jarebis rigebSi miRebas

Txovdnen. Zalzed mniSvnelovani iyo is faqtic, rom 1ivniss alJiris gubernatorma m. peirutonma frangulierovnuli Zalebis gaerTianebisaTvis xelis SewyobismotiviT Tavisi gadadgoma gamoacxada da amis TaobazeTxovniT ara adgilobrivi administraciis meTaurs Ji-

ros, aramed de gols mimarTa. alJirSi mimdinare mov-

lenebma, romelTac anglo-amerikuli presa farTod



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aSuqebda, ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ lideris poziciebi

kidev ufro ganamtkica da 31 maiss dawyebul molapara-

kebebSi misi upiratesoba uzrunvelyo. unda aRiniSnos

isic, rom de golisaken gadaixara J. mone, romelicCrdiloeT afrikaSi Tavisi yofnis periodSi kargad am-

Cnevda imas, rom adgilobriv frangul burJuaziul

wreebSi, romlebic safrangeTis koloniuri imperiisSenarCunebiT sisxlxorceulad dainteresebulni iy-

vnen, Jiros avtoriteti Zalzed Sesustebuli iyo. Ta-vadac safrangeTis burJuaziis warmomadgenel mones

esmoda, rom franguli saqmiani wreebisaTvis Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi miuRebeli iqneboda iseTi adminis-

tratori, romelic mTlianad amerikelTa gavlenaSiiyo moqceuli da Sesabamisad am regions amerikuli ka-

pitalis SeRwevisagan ver daifaravda. Jirosagan gan-

sxvavebiT ki de goli, romelmac mTeli Tavisi moRvawe-obis manZilze Tavi aramarto safrangeTis ganTavisuf-

lebis, aramed misi koloniuri imperiis SenarCunebi-

saTvis daucxromelma mebrZolma warmoaCina, didi po-

pularobiT sargeblobda. safrangeTis burJuazia daviSisturi reJimis moZule franguli sazogadoeba swo-

red de golis saxiT xedavda samxedro-politikur li-

ders, romelic qveynis SigniT da gareT moqmedi Zale-bis koordinirebul marTvas da am metad rTul etapze

safrangeTis interesebis maqsimalur dacvas SeZlebda.



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Tumca mone, romelic Tvlida, rom amerikis SeerTebu-

li Statebis samxedro-ekonomikuri daxmareba safran-

geTs rogorc omis dros, ise ganTavisuflebis Semde-

gac dasWirdeboda,cdilobda iseTi gaerTianebuli ad-

ministracia Seqmniliyo, romelSic Jiros da de golsTanabari uflebamosilebani eqnebodaT da romelic

ruzveltis mTavrobis mxardaWeriTac isargeblebda.1943 wlis 3 ivniss Jirosa da de gols Soris miRwe-

uli SeTanxmebis Sedegad Camoyalibda safrangeTis

erovnuli ganTavisuflebis komiteti, romelmac Taviyvela franguli teritoriis mmarTvel da safrangeTismTeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis xelmZRvanel organod ga-

moacxada. organizacias saTaveSi ori Tavmjdomare de

goli da Jiro Caudgnen. misi wevrebi ki gaxdnen Jiros

administraciis mxridan J. mone da generali JorJi, xo-

lo ,,mebrZoli safrangeTis“ mxridan_a. filipi, r. ma-

sigli da generali katru (Jiro, romelsac katrus

mxardaWeris imedi qonda, daTanxmda, rom isic organi-

zaciis wevri yofiliyo). am pirvel sxdomaze pirveli

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebic iqna miRebuli: maro-

kosa da dasavleT afrikis mmarTvelebi S. nogesi da p.buasoni TavianTi postebidan gadaayenes.

amgvarad safrangeTis erovnuli ganTavisufle-bis komitetis SeqmniT de golis mizani TiTqmis miRwe-



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uli iqna: Camoyalibda okupirebul metropoliasa daganTavisuflebul koloniebSi moqmedi franguli pat-riotuli Zalebis gamaerTianebeli politikuri xeli-

sufleba, romelsac koloniur imperiaSi arsebulimTeli resursebis mobilizeba da safrangeTis ganTavi-

suflebisaTvis maTi amoqmedeba SeeZlo. amjerad degolis amocana organizaciis erTpirovnuli lideroba

iyo, ris miRwevasac igi komitetis wevrebTan aqtiurimuSaobiT da maTi umravlesobis mxardaWeris mopove-

biT gegmavda. ra Tqma unda am amocanis gadaWras gene-rals franguli winaaRmdegobis moZraobis erovnuli

sabWos Tanadgoma da Crdilo-dasavleT afrikaSi misi

piradi avtoritetis zrda didad uadvilebda.5 ivniss organizaciis Semqmnelma Svideulma kidev

erTi sxdoma gamarTa, romlis drosac komitetis ga-farTovebis da wevrebs Soris funqciebis ganawilebis

sakiTxebi iqna ganxiluli. Jirom da de golma axali

wevrebis kandidaturebi Tavad wamoayenes. de golis

mxridan komitetSi misi TanamebrZolebi a. dietelmi, a.tiksie da r. pleveni Sevidnen, xolo Jirom masSi misi

winandeli administraciis wevrebi r. meieri, J. abadi daviSis mTavrobis finansTa saministros TanamSromeli

1943 wels alJirSi gamoqceuli m. kuv de miurvili Seiy-

vana. garda amisa generlebis urTierTSeTanxmebiT ko-

mitetSi kidev erTi piri, erTa ligis aqtualur gamok-



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vlevaTa institutis yofili direqtori a. bonec (igisafrangeTis okupaciis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi cxovrobda, xolo 1943 wlis ivnisSi alJirSi

Camovida) Seiyvanes. 15 ivniss erovnuli ganTavisufle-

bis komiteti ukve gafarTovebuli SemadgenlobiT (14wevri) Seikriba. sxdomaze franguli samxedro ZalebisgaerTianebis da maTi mTavarsardlobis sakiTxi iqna

dayenebuli. de goli Tanaxma iyo, rom mTavarsardlis

posti Jiros daekavebina, magram amSemTxvevaSi igi unda

damorCileboda komitets da ara eizenhauers. de gol-

ma meore moTxovnac wamoayena: mas Semeg rac safrange-Tis jarebi farTomasStabian operaciebSi Caebmebodnen

(am periodSi eizenhaueris Stabi ukve afrikidan itali-

aSi gadasxdomis operacias amzadebda, romelSic mona-

wileoba frangul SenaerTebsac unda mieRoT), mTavar-sardals komitetis TanaTavmjdomaris posti unda dae-

tovebina. Jirom, romelsac organizaciis xelmZRvane-

lobis daTmoba ar surda, esmoTxovnebi uaryo, ris Sem-

degac am sakiTxis ganxilva garkveuli xniT gadaido.ruzveltis xelisufleba, romelic safrangeTis

erovnuli ganTavisuflebis komitetze Jiros meSveo-

biT garkveuli gavlenis mopovebas cdilobda, kvlav

Seecada am ukanasknelis poziciebi gaeZlierebina. 19ivniss eizenhauerma orive TanaTavmjdomare Tavis



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StabSi miiwvia da maT franguli Zalebis mTavarsar-dlobis sakiTxze ruzveltis mTavrobis mosazreba ga-

acno. man de gols ganucxada, rom im dros roca mokav-SireTa jarebi italiaSi gadasxdomisTvis emzadebod-nen safrangeTis Zalebis xelmZRvanelobaSi raimecvlileba metad arasasurveli iyo da amitom Jiro af-rikuli armiis sardlis rangSi kvlavac mis daqvemdeba-

rebaSi unda darCeniliyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ruz-veltis mTavroba franguli Zalebis SeiaraRebis gag-

rZelebas mizanSewonilad aRar CaTvlida.eizenhaueris am gancxadebam, romelsac SeiaraRe-

bis Sewyvetismuqara ultimatumis saxes aZlevda, sawi-

naaRmdego Sedegi gamoiRo. man komitetis wevrTa aR-

SfoTeba gamoiwvia, radgan amerikelTa es demarSi saf-

rangeTis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad iqna aRqmuli (aRsa-

niSnavia, rom de golma eizenhauers ruzveltis mTav-robis am mosazrebis werilobiT Camoyalibeba Txova da

es dokumenti komitets gaacno). Jiros mdgomareoba sa-

bolood Seirya,rac imanac ganapiroba, rom de golisa-gan gansxvavebiT eizenhauers man zemoTaRniSnul Sex-

vedraze protesti ar ganucxada. 21 ivniss, komitetismorig sxdomaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT Jiro isev

afrikuli armiis sardlad darCa, magram axlo momaval-

Si mas saboloo arCevani unda gaekeTebina: igi an komi-



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tets undadamorCileboda, an misi Semadgenlobidan ga-

suliyo (8,gv. 272).aRsaniSnavia, rom Jiros prestiJis gadasarCenad

vaSingtoni amjeradac gaaqtiurda: ruzveltis mTav-robam Jiro franguli jarebis SeiaraRebis da mokavSi-reTa momaval operaciebSi maTi monawileobis sakiTxe-bis gansaxilvelad oficialuri vizitiT vaSingtonSi

miiwvia. marTalia rogorc ruzveltma, ise saxelmwifodepartamentis da Tavdacvis saministros warmomadgen-

lebma Jiros sapatio Sexvedrebi mouwyves, magram am

ukanasknelis gancxadebebma imis Sesaxeb, rom misi er-

TaderTi mizani safrangeTis armiis aRdgena iyo, ameri-kuli sazogadoebis da am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi frange-

bis imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. Jiros saxiT maT winaSewarsdga ara politikuri moRvawe da frangi xalxis

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis erT-erTi li-

deri, aramed Cveulebrivi samxedro piri, romelic mxo-

lod imisTvis iyo Camosuli, rom ramdenime frangulidiviziis amerikuli iaraRiT aRWurvis sakiTxi moegva-

rebina. am imedgacruebas aZlierebda isic, rom ruz-velti da sxva oficialuri pirebi Jiros ara safrange-Tis erovnuli ganTavisuflebis komitetis TanaTav-

mjdomared, aramed mokavSireebTan erTad mebrZolifranguli samxedro Zalebis warmomadgenlad moixseni-

ebdnen. amgvarad ruzveltis mTavrobis es mcdeloba



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kvlav warumatebeli gamodga. man Jiros avtoriteti ki-

dev ufro metad Seasusta.amave dros alJirSi Jiros aryofnis periodi (2-25

ivlisi) de golma sakuTari poziciebis gasamyareblad

metad efeqturad gamoiyena. man alJiris, marokos datunisis mravali dasaxlebuli punqti da garnizoni mo-

iara da sityviT aTasobiT adamianis winaSe gamovida,ramac misi popularoba arnaxulad gazarda. amasTanerTad viSisturi elementebisagan adgilobrivi admi-

nistraciuli organoebic gawmendili iqna. Zalzed

mniSvnelovani iyo isic, rom am periodSi franguli wi-

naaRmdegobis moZraoba, romelic Tavis erTaderT li-

derad de gols aRiarebda, im koloniebzec gavrcelda,sadac petenis mTavrobis mmarTveloba iyo SemorCeni-

li. kunZulebze gvadelupasa da martinikaze, agreTvesafrangeTis gvianaSi viSisturi xelsufleba damxobi-

li iqna, ris Sedegadac safrangeTis mTli zRvisiqiTa

teritoria (indoCineTis garda) erovnuli ganTavisuf-

lebis komitetis kontrolqveS moeqca. am faqtis mniS-

vnelobas zrdida is, rom martinikaze daculi safran-geTis saxelmwifo oqros maragis nawilic aseve am or-

ganizaciis gankargulebaSi gadavida. de golis presti-

Jis amaRlebis naTeli dadastureba iyo 1943 wlis 14 iv-

liss, safrangeTis erovnuli dResaswaulis gamo qalaq



2015VII

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alJirSi gamarTuli samxedro paradi, romelic gener-lis mxardamWer grandiozul manifestaciaSi gadaizar-

da.am movlenebis Semdeg alJirSi dabrunebuli Jiro

de golTan Semdgomi politikuri konkurenciis srul

uperspeqtivobaSi sabolooddarwmunda. amitom erov-

nuli ganTavisuflebis komitetis 31 ivlisis sxdomaze

Jiro daTanxmda imas, rom igi am organizaciis TanaTav-mjdomaris rangSi amieridan mxolod gaerTianebulifranguli samxedro Zalebis sardlobiT Semoifargle-

boda, xolo samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT komi-

tets meore TanaTavmjdomare, de goli uxelmZRvane-

lebda. amave sxdomaze miRebuli iqna dadgenileba, rom

im momentidan, roca safrangeTis jarebi farTomasSta-bian operaciebSi Caebmebodnen general Jiros komite-

tis TanaTavmjdomaris posti unda daetovebina. es ga-

dawyvetilebebi imaze miuTiTebda, rom erovnuli gan-Tavisuflebis komitetis realur liderad generali

de goli iqca. male, noemberSi gamoiyena ra sababad Ji-

ros TviTneburi moqmedeba (am ukanasknelma seqtember-Si komitetis gafrTxilebis da misi nebarTvis gareSekunZul korsikaze italielTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebulimosaxleobis dasaxmareblad afrikidan franguli nawi-

lebi gadaisrola, ris Semdegac, 4 noembers kunZuli

mTlianad ganTavisuflda) de golma imasac miaRwia,



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rom Jiro komitetis Semadgenlobidan saerTod iqna ga-

moyvanili. amis Semdeg organizaciis marTvis sadaveebi

mTlianad de golis xelSi gadavida.1943 wlis 26 agvistos antihitleruli koaliciis

wamyvanma qveynebma: amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma in-glisma da sabWoTa kavSirma safrangeTiserovnuli gan-

Tavisuflebis komiteti oficialurad cnes. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom isini am organizacias safrangeTis dro-

ebiT mTavrobad ar aRiarebdnen (vaSingtoni komitetszRvisiqiTa franguli teritoriebis mmarTvel orga-

nod, londoni _ omSi franguli Zalisxmevis warmmar-

Tvel Zalad, xolo moskovi _ safrangeTis respublikissaxelmwifo interesebis warmomadgenlad moixsenieb-

dnen), am aqts mainc didi mniSvneloba qonda. organiza-

ciam (seqtemberSi mas ukve 26 saxelmwifo cnobda), ro-melic mTel frangul patriotul Zalebs aerTianebdada romelsac saTaveSi am Zalebis mier erTxmad aRiare-

buli lideri, generali de goli edga, politikuristatusi SeiZina da Sesabamisad diplomatiuri manevre-

bis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobac miiRo.



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svanaZe l. Sarl de goli, politikuri biografia,wigni pirveli, premieri, quTaisi, 2008.

Jean-Pierre Azéma. De Munich à la Libération 1938-1944.Editions du seuil, 1979.

Антюхина-Московченко В. И. Шарль де Голль иСоветский союз. Москва, 1990.

Арзаканян М. Ц., Ревякин А. В., Уваров П. Ю. ИсторияФранции. Москва, 2005

Молчанов Н. Н. Генерал де Голль. Москва, 1988.Новейшая история стран Европы и Америки. XX век.

Часть 1. 1900-1945. Под редакцией А. М. Родригеса и М. В.Пономарева. Москва,

Самсонов А. М. Вторая мировая война. 1939-1945.Москва, 1985.

Севостьянов Г. Н., Уткин А. И. США и Франция в годыВторой мировой войны 1939-1945. Москва, 1974.

Смирнов В. П. Новейшая история Франции. 1918-1975.Москва, 1979

Смирнов В. П. Движение сопротивления во Франции вгоды Второй мировой войны. Москва, 1979.



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Zaza BurkadzeOperation "Torch" and creation of the French committee

of national liberationResume

The article is about French people's fight for independenceduring world war II and creation of the French committee fornational liberation which became a military-political organizationuniting opposition forces in occupied France and its colonies.

Also a strong confrontation among French political andmilitary circles is shown in the article which emerged during theprocess of formation of this organization because of differentpositions among the allies.

Заза БуркадзеОперация ,,Торч“ и создание французского комитета

Национального освобожденияРезюме

В работе рассмотренно важнейшее событие национально-освободительной борьбы французского народа в годы Второймировой войны - создание французского комитета Национальногоосвобождения, который стал организацией, объединяющей всесилы сопротивления, действовавшие в оккупированной Франции иее колониях. Показано и то острое противостояние, которое из-заразличия в позициях союзников возникло между французскимивоенными и политическими кругами в процессе формированияэтой организации.



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TurqeTidan qarTuli miwebis dabrunebisideologiuri brZolis istoriidan

kaxaber surgulaZe

1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegad,ruseTze gadacemuli teritoriebis nawili – yarsi daardagani - 1921 wlis 13 oqtombris yarsis xelSekrule-biT, sabWoTa ruseTis zegavleniT gadaeca TurqeTisrespublikas. es SeTanxmeba gamoxatavda maSindeli sa-bWoTa ruseTis interesebs. samwuxarod, ruseTis dawo-liT saqarTvelomac uari ganacxada mis istoriul te-ritoriebze – kolaze, artaanze, SavSeTze, klarjeTze,taoze, javaxeTze da aWaris nawilze. arsebiTad Tur-qeTs gadaeca saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis da-axloebiT 13 071 km2 farTobi [1:10-11]].

meore msoflio omis miwuruls, sabWoTa xel-mZRvanelobam TurqeTis winaaRmdeg kampania wamoiwyo.amas xels uwyobda TurqeTi-germaniis urTierToba.sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omis-Tvis mzadebas Seudga. aseT viTarebaSi daiwyo sxvadas-xva variantebis SemuSaveba, romlebis mizani iyo Turqe-Tis mier mitacebuli qarTul-somxuri teritoriebisdabruneba da bosforis da dardanelis sruteebze ko-ntrolis damyareba. am mizniT daiwyes mzadeba TurqeT-Si samxedro desantis gadasxmisTvis. aseve TurqeTisteritoriaze mcxovreb lazebSi qarTuli ideebis pro-



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paganda, daiwyes lazuri gazeT `mWiTa murucxis~ (wiTe-li varsklavi) gamoSveba da rac mTavaria, 1945 wlis 19marts, denonsireba gaukeTa esTurqeTTan dadebul1925 wlis 17 dekembris xelSekrulebas neitralitetisSesaxeb [1:4]].

unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa mTavroba TurqeTismxridan mitacebuli qarTul-somxuri teritoriebisdabrunebis moTxovniT gamovidnen postsdamis konfe-renciaze (17.07-2.08.1945). kerZod, 16 ivliss, didi bri-taneTis sagareon saqmeTa ministrTan enton idenTan(1897-1977) saubrisas, ssrk sagareo saqmeTa komisari mi-xeil molotovi (1890-1986) gamovida TurqeTTan sazR-vrebis gadasinjvis iniciativiT. sxdomisas man ganacxa-da, rom „1921 wels sabWoTa saqarTvelodan da somxeTi-dan Camocilebuli iqna teritoriebi – yarsi, ardaganida arTvini...“ da TurqeTTan samokavSireo xelSekrule-bis dadebis pirobad man moiTxova zemonaxsenebi teri-toriebis dabruneba [2:639]].

analogiuri azri ganaviTara molotovma 22 ivli-sis sxdomazec [3]]. samwuxarod, maSin sabWoTa winadade-bam postdamis konferenciaze ver hpova mxardaWera in-glis-aSS xelmZRvanelobis mxridan.

unda SevniSnoT, rom TurqeTis mxridan mitacebu-li qarTul-somxuri teritoriebis dabrunebis saqmeSidiplomatiis garda sabWoTa mTavrobam mecnierebis damwerlebis garda, aqtiurad CarTo qarTul-somxuri ek-lesia da politikuri emigracia. sazRvrebis gadasin-



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jvis moTxovniT Tavdapirvelad somxeTis mxare gamovi-da. am kampaniaSi aqtiurad Caeba somxeTis emigraciac.1945 wlis ivnisSi, somxeTSi, eCmiaZinSi gamarTul saer-To somexTa saeklesio krebaze, romelsac eswrebodamsoflios 15 qveynidan 111 delegati, kvlav daisva te-ritoriebis dabrunebis sakiTxi [1:12]].

somxebis paralelurad, Turqebis mxridan, oRondqarTuli teritoriebis dabrunebis kampaniaSi CaerToqarTuli mxarec. am mizniT, 1945 wlis 14 dekembers gaz.`komunistSi~ gamoqveynda cnobili qarTveli mecniere-bis simon janaSias (1900-1947) da niko berZeniSvilis(1895-1965) statia `TurqeTisadmi Cveni kanonieri pre-tenziebis Sesaxeb~. statiaSi mokled mimoxiluli iyoZv.w. II aTaswleulidan Tanamedroveobamde mimdinareistoriuli movlenebi. xazgasmuli iyo, rom TurqeTismxridan mitacebuli teritoriebi istoriulad qarTu-li – kolxuri miwebi iyo. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobe-biT, avtorebi aRniSnavdnen, rom iq e.i. TurqeTis mxri-dan mitacebul teritoriebze mcxovrebi lazebi iyvnenkolxebis STamomavlebi [1:25]].

statiaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom mTeli Sua saukunee-bis manZilze es miwebi qarTuli iyo. SeniSnuli iyo, romam teritoriaze TurqeTis eqspansia ityeboda XVI s-dan.statia mTavrdeboda mowodebiT, rom `qarTvel xalxsunda daubrundes Tavisi miwa-wyali, romelzec aras-dros uTqvams uari... Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs artaanis(ardagani), arTvinis, olTisis, TorTumis, ispiris, bai-



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burTis, giumuSxanes da aRmosavleT lazistanis, tra-pizonisa da giresunis raionebis CaTvliT...~ [1:32]].

aSkara iyo, rom s.janaSias da n.berZeniSvilis sta-tia politikuri niSniT iyo dawerili, amitomac igi sas-wrafod iTargmna da daibeWda rusul (gaz. `izvestia~,20.12.1945) da ukrainul (gaz. `pravda ukraini,22.12.1945) presaSi.

unda iTqvas, rom s.janaSias da n.berZeniSvilisstatia biZgis mimcemi gaxda da periodul presaSi daiw-yo TurqeTis mier mitacebuli teritoriebis dabrune-bis propaganda da iq mcxovrebi xalxis qarTvelobisdasabuTeba. ase mag., prof. arnold Ciqobava (1898-1985)

gaz. `Заря Востока~-Si (20.12.1945) gamoqveynebul statia-

Si - `Несколько замечании о Лазах~, avtori eTnografiu-li da sxvadasxva enobrivi masalis safuZvelze asabu-Tebda lazebis, megrelebis da qarTvelebis naTesaobas[1:33-37]].

niSandoblivia, rom TurqeTis mier mitacebuliqarTuli teritoriebis dabrunebis propagandis saqme-Si CaerTo amierkavkasiis muslimanTa sasuliero sam-marTvelos wevri, imdroindeli aWaris mufti rasix be-riZe. statiaSi - `TurqTa moZaladeebma unda dagvibru-non Cveni miwa-wyali~ (gaz. `komunisti~, 28.12.1945), av-tori amodis religiuri poziciebidan. igi werda: `qar-Tveli musulmanni da qarTveli qristianebi Zmebi ari-an... TviT TurqeTisaTvis cnobilia, rom saqarTvelosmiwa-wyali scildeba trapizons, giumiSxanes, basianis



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midamoebs, Worox-trapizonis kolxeTs~. mufti SemdegagrZelebda, rom 1920-1921 wlebSi Turqebma `moaxdinesartaanis, arTvinis olqebis da baTumis olqebis nawi-lis okupacia. mravali musulmani qarTveli gaJlitesmaSin Turqebma, mravali maTgani ayares da Soreul rai-onebSi gadaasaxles~ [1:38-41]].

aWaris muftis paralelurad, Tavisi pozicia daa-fiqsira, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriaqmakalistratem (1932-1952). statiaSi `werili redaqciismimarT~ (gaz. `komunisti~, 8.01.1946), avtori qarTulteritoriebze TurqTa batonobas warmoaCens CamorCe-nilobis simbolod. werilis dasasruls igi werda: `Ta-visufal erTa gaerTianebis wevrma osmaleTma (Turqe-Ti-k.s.) saqarTvelos unda daubrunos qarTuli miwa-wyali: raioni artaanisa, arTvinisa, olTisisa, TorTu-misa, ispirisa, baiburTisa, giumiSxanesi da lazistan-WaneTi trapizonisa da giresunis CavliT~ [1:42-45]].

msgavsi Sinaarsis werilebi maSin gamoaqveynesprof. sergi jiqiam (1898-1993) – `Turqebis mier mitace-bul qarTvelTa mkvidri miwa-wyalis Sesaxeb~ (gaz. `ko-munisti~, 29.01.1946), prof. eqvTime TayaiSvilma (1863-1953) – `TurqeTis mier mitacebul Cvens miwaze~ (gaz.`komunisti~, 25-26.05.1946) da sxv.

mecnierebis paralelurad, TurqeTis mxridan mi-tacebuli qarTuli miwebis dabrunebis propagandissaqmeSi CaerTvnen qarTveli mwerlebi da poetebi. ase



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mag., poeti irakli abaSiZe (1909-1992) leqsSi `ra daga-viwyebs~ (gaz. `komunisti~, 28.12.1945) werda:

`ra dagaviwyebs Zvels natyviarebs,sad darCa Seni nafuzvarebi,im qarTul gzebze dResac krialebswinapris cxenTa naquslarebi.iq aris Seni akvnis gamTleli,Seni daSlili oda-sarTuli;qarTvelo, sanam gqvian qarTveligeZaxis Seni miwa qarTuli~ [1:82-83]].aSkara iyo, rom mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa mTavrobam

ver SeZlo msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris ganwyoba missasargeblod, TurqeTis mier mitacebuli qarTul-som-xur teritoriebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb propaganda Tan-daTan minelda. amis miuxedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas iner-ciiT, qarTul sazogadoebaSi mainc midioda TurqeTismxridan mitacebuli qarTuli teritoriebis dabrune-bis Sesaxeb propaganda. 1949 wels gaz. komunistSi dai-beWda grigol abaSiZis (1914-1994) leqsebis krebuli`samxreT sazRvarze~ [1:102-112]], masSi poeti qarTulimiwebis dabrunebis imeds gamoTqvamda:

`da melandeba is wami, rocaxanZTaSi Seval xalisiT savse,yarsze gadivlis stalinis droSada salutebi Tbilisis Tavze~ [1:110]].e.w. TurqeTis saqarTvelos Temaze speqtaklebi

warmatebiT idgmeboda TeatrSi ase mag., 1949 wels rus-



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Tavelis Teatris scenaze daidga ilo mosaSvilis (1896-1954) oTx moqmedebiani piesa `CaZiruli qvebi~ [1:113-178]]. unda SevniSnoT, rom gr.abaSiZis leqsebis krebu-lis `samxreT sazRvarze~ da ilo mosaSvilis piesa `Ca-Ziruli qvebi~-sTvis, 1951 wels dajildovdnen, maSin-del sabWoTa kavSirSi prestiJuli stalinuri premiiT[1:19]].

sabWoTa saxelmwifos mxridan mzardi saSiSroebisgamo, amave dros TviTgadarCenis instiqtidan gamomdi-nare, TurqeTma politikuri orientacia aiRo inglis-aSS-ze. niSandoblivia, rom 1947 wels ingliselebma aSSmTavrobas acnobes TurqeTSi sabWoTa gavlenis zrdisSesaxeb. es ki arsebiTad cvlida ZalTa balans xmelTa-SuazRvispireTSi. aseT viTarebaSi, aSS prezidentma ha-ri trumenma (1884-1972) gaakeTa Tavisi arCevani da 1947wlis 12 marts kongresSi gamosvlisas moiTxova Tur-qeT-saberZneTis mTavrobebis mxardasaWerad 400 mil.dolaris gadaricxva.

Cans, es mxardaWera ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi, amito-mac 1952 wels TurqeT-saberZneTi miuxedavad imisa,rom isini ar akmayofilebdnen standartebs, mainc Seiy-vanes Crdilo atlantikur kavSirSi. arsebiTad natoSiSesvliT, ssr kavSirma dakarga yovelgvari berketiTurqeTis mier mitacebuli qarTul-Turquli terito-riebis dabrunebisa.

1953 wlidan ki ruseT-TurqeTs Soris urTierTo-ba mkveTrad icvleba. saqme imaSia, rom stalinis Semdeg,



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ssrk axalma centraluri komitetis pirvelma mdivanmanikita xruSovma (1894-1971) da sabWoTa mTavroba, See-cada dasavleTis mimarT urTierTobebi gaeumjobese-bina. amis mizezi iyo is samxedro bazebis rkali, rome-lic aSS moawyo maSindeli ssrk mimarT. aseT viTarebaSimaSindelma sabWoTa mTavrobam saSinao Tu sagareokuTxiT moaxdina mTeli rigi daTmobebi: mag., moxdarepresirebulebis reabilitacia, 1953-1954 wlebSi ko-reis da vietnamis omis Sewyveta, urTierTobebis gaja-nsaReba iugoslaviasTan, germaniis federaciul respu-blikasTan da a.S. swored mag konteqstSi unda ganvixi-loT TurqeTTan damokidebulebac.

1953 wlis 30 maiss, sabWoTa mTavrobis saxeliT,n.xruSCovma oficialurad ganacxada, rom saqarTvelosda somxeTis mTavrobebs aRar hqondaT teritoriulipretenziebi TurqeTis saxelmwifos mimarT [4:113]]. Se-sabamisad, TurqeTis mimarTac teritoriuli prete-nziebi moxsna ssr kavSirmac.

unda iTqvas, rom xruSCovis es ganacxadi uaryofi-Tad aRiqves saqarTveloSi, radganac TurqeTis mxri-dan mitacebuli teritoriebis dabrunebis imedi, ri-Tac suldgmuloba qarTuli sazogadoeba, momentalu-rad imedgacruebuli darCa. sakiTxs isic arTulebda,rom Tu ssr kavSirma saqarTvelos mTavrobebis saxe-liT uari Tqva teritoriul pretenziebze, samagierodsabWoTa mTavrobam ganacxada mzaoba sruteebis sakiT-xis gadaxedvis Sesaxeb [iqve]]. aseT fonze, ruseTis



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mxridan mkacri cenzuris arsebobis pirobebSi, iribiTu pirdapiri gziT, qarTul samecniero wreebSi, maincxdeboda 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis da mas-Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavla-warmoCena.


erTi ideologiuri kampaniis istoriidan, masalebigamosacemad moamzada da Sesavali werili daurToj.samuSiam, Tb., 2003;

Геноцид армян: ответственность Турции и обязательствамирового сообщества. Документы и комментарии / Ред. и сост.Ю.Барсегов, t. 2, ч. 1, М., 2003;

Матералы Берлинской (Потсдамской) конференции руко-водителей трех союзных держав – СССР, США иВеликобритании (http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/War_Conf-/berlin07.htm);

Cистемная история международных отношений в четырехтомах. 1918-2003. События и документы / Под ред. А.Д.Богатурова. т. IV (600 с.). M., 2003.



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Kakhaber Surguladze

From the history of ideological struggle of returningGeorgian lands from Turkey

Resume

1. The article is about the October 13, 1921 Kars treatyaccording to which the Turkish Republic got about 13 071 squarekilometers of Georgian historical territories (Kola, Artaan, Shavsheti,Klarjeti, Tao, Javakheti and part of Adjara) as well as about thereturn of these territories after the World War II and the campaign ofideological struggle by the Soviet leadership.

2. Concerning this matter position of Soviet leadership of thattime is shown and objective circumstances of international resistancewhich in turn hindered return of these territories to Georgia.



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Кахабер Сургуладзе

Из истории идеологической борьбы возвращениягрузинских земель от Турции

Резюме

1. Статья о Карском договоре 13 октября 1921 года,согласно которому Турецкая Республика получила около 13 071квадратных километров грузинской исторической территории(Кола, Артаан, Шавшети, Кларджети, Тао, Джавахети ичасть Аджарии), а также о возвращении этих территорий после

Второй мировой войны и кампании идеологической борьбысоветского руководства.

2. В отношении этого вопроса показана позициясоветского руководства того времени и объективныеобстоятельства международного сопротивления, которые в своюочередь препятствовали возвращению этих территорий Грузии.



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aWaris sajaro dawesebulebebissazogadoebasTan urTierTobebis strategiis

Sefaseba eleqtronuli mmarTvelobis

ganviTarebis konteqtstSi

genadi iaSviliirakli manveliZe

sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTier-Tndobis xarisxis amaRlebisa da gamWvirvale da RiammarTvelobis principebis damkvidrebisTvis aucile-

beli winapiroba sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebaa.moqalaqeebma sajaro dawesebulebis saqmianobisa damaT mier axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT danergili

servisebis Sesaxeb amomwuravi informacia unda miiRon.am miznis misaRwevad, aucilebelia TiToeul sajaro

dawesebulebas, misi saqmianobis specifikis gaTvalis-

winebiT, Camoyalibebuli hqondes sazogadoebasTan ko-

munikaciis damyarebis strategia, romlis gaTvaliswi-nebiTac konkretuli samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba mox-deba da ganisazRvreba erTi an ramdenime wlis manZilze

gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebis nusxa.sajaro dawesebulebebis mTavar mizans gam-

Wvirvale saqmianoba da sazogadoebasTan dialogis

naSromi momzadda SoT rusTvelis erovnuli samecniero fondSimopovebuli grantis (DO/56/2-190/14) meSveobiT.



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gziT moqalaqeTa ndobis mopoveba unda warmoadgendes.aWaris a.r. sajaro dawesebulebebi cdiloben maq-

simalurad informaciuli gaxadon da daxvewon ofici-

aluri eleqtronuli resursebi (veb-gverdebi, socia-

luri qselebi), sajaro dawesebulebebis nawili, sain-tereso eleqtronul servisebs da iniciativebsac

sTavazobs momxmarebels.aWaris a.r. samTavrobo uwyebebidan sazogadoe-

basTan urTierTobebis mimarTulebiT moTxovnili sa-jaro informaciis analizis safuZvelze, movaxdineTsajaro dawesebulebebis moqalaqeebTan urTier-Tobis strategiis, eleqtronuli resursebis gamoye-

nebis xarisxis da komunikaciis donis Sefaseba.SekiTxvebi daegzavna 16 avtonomiuri respubli-

kis da municipalur sajaro dawesebulebebs: aWaris a.r.mTavroba, aWaris a.r. umaRlesi sabWo, q. baTumis meria,q. baTumis sakrebulo, aWaris a.r. finansTa da ekonomi-

kis saministro, aWaris a.r. soflis meurneobis saminis-

tro, aWaris janmrTelobis da socialuri uzrunvelyo-

fis saministro, aWaris a.r. ganaTlebis, kulturisa da

sportis saministro, aWaris a.r. saarqivo sammarTvelo,aWaris garemos dacvis sammarTvelo, aWaris a.r. sporti-

sa da axalgazrdobis departamenti, qobuleTis munici-

paliteti, qedis municipaliteti, xelvaCauris munici-

paliteti, Suaxevis municipaliteti, xulos municipa-



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liteti.aWaris a.r. sajaro dawesebulebis kvleva sazoga-

doebasTan urTierTobis strategiis da samoqmedo geg-

mis kuTxiT saintereso aRmoCnda. kerZod, aRmoCnda,

rom regionis 16 sajaro dawesebulebidan sazogadoe-basTan urTierTobis samoqmedo gegma mxolod erT sa-

jaro dawesebulebas - aWaris a.r. finansTa da ekonomi-

kis saministros hqonda SemuSavebuli. xolo sazogado-ebasTan urTierTobis komunikaciis saxelmZRvaneloda sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebis strategiis gan-

msazRvreli zogadi dokumenti mogvawoda aWaris a.r.mTavrobis aparatma, aWaris a.r. finansTa da ekonomikis

saministrom, aWaris a.r. soflis meurneobis saminis-

trom, aWaris a.r. janmrTelobis da socialuri uzrun-

velyofis saministrom, aWaris a.r. ganaTlebis, kultu-

ris da sportis saministrom.sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxuris debu-

lebiT xelmZRvaneloben masmediasa da moqalaqeebTan

komunikaciis procesSi Suaxevis municipaliteti, q.baTumis meria.

aWaris a.r. garemos dacvis sammarTvelos samoqme-do gegma mxolod im ganxorcielebuli da dagegmili

RonisZiebebis CamonaTvals Seicavs, romelTa ganxor-

cielebac unda moxdes. q. baTumis meriaSi sazogadoe-basTan urTierTobebis samoqmedo gegma damuSavebis



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stadiaSi, xolo aWaris a.r. saarqivo sammarTvelo zo-gadi debulebiT da saarqivo kanonmdeblobiT xel-mZRvanelobs sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis ganxor-

cielebaSi.aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoebasTan urTierTo-

bis specialuri miznobrivi yovelwliuri samoqmedo

dokumenti realurad 16 dawesebulebidan 15-s ar

aqvs. SekiTxvaze ar upasuxia qobuleTis municipali-

tets, aWaris a.r. sportisa da axalgazrdobis departa-

ments.dadebiT tendenciad SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom

sajaro dawesebulebebis nawili moqalaqeebTan efeq-tur komunikacias mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs da sazogado-

ebasTan urTierTobis strategiis daxvewaze muSaobs.samTavrobo uwyebebis werilebidan irkveva, rom sazo-gadoebasTan urTierTobisa da komunikaciis samoq-

medo gegmis damuSaveba mimdinareobs. mag., aWaris mTav-robis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis strategiis mi-xedviT, etapobrivad dainergeba Semdegi ukukavSiris

meqanizmebi, romlebic detalurad gaiwera aWaris mTav-robis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis standartebis

SemuSavebisas: a) erTiani veb-portali: cxeli xazi -aWaris mTavrobis centraluri aparatis bazaze Seiq-

mneba cxeli xazi, raTa swrafi da adekvaturi reagireba

moaxdinon moqalaqeebisagan Semosul zarebze. cxelixazis ZiriTadi datvirTva Semdegi aqtivobebis ganxor-



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cielebaze mova: problemebis dafiqsireba; Sesabamis

sajaro moxeleebTan gadamisamarTeba; saWiro infor-

maciis miwodeba; satelefono kvleva; b) erTiani mar-

Tvis sistema - mniSvnelovania, rom Seiqmneba specialu-

ri programa, romelSic dafiqsirdeba Semosuli infor-

macia/kiTxvebi/Civilebi da maTze reagirebis angariSi.maT Soris: cxel xazze Semosuli zarebi; miRebuli

werilebi da saCivrebi; sajaro informaciaze Semosu-

li moTxovnebi; vebgverdebis ukukavSiris fanjrebi;socialuri mediiT Semosuli kiTxvebi; g) mediakiti -sxvadasxva tipis sainformacio dokumentebis nakrebi

(eleqtronuli da beWduri) mediakitis saxiT. mediakiti

unda moicavdes Semdegi saxis dokumentebs: zogadi in-

formacia uwyebis Sesaxeb - funqcia, amocanebi, struq-

tura, istoria; faqtobrivi monacemebi - statistiku-

ri maCveneblebi (regularulad ganaxlebadi), cxrilebi

da grafikebi; gasuli wlis (an sxva periodis angariSi);xelmZRvanelebis biografia (maT Soris departamente-

bis ufrosebis); xSirad dasmuli kiTxvebi; saqmiano-

bis fotoebi da video masala; d) sainformacio biule-

teni - eleqtronuli fostis dafiqsirebis SemTxvevaSi,momxmarebeli miiRebs siaxleebs da yovelTviur biule-

tens; e) gamokiTxvebi - TiToeuli saministros da saer-

To portalis mTavar gverdze ganTavsdeba kiTxvari, sa-



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dac aqtualobis mixedviT daismeba SekiTxvebi.amrigad, sajaro dawesebulebebis umetesobas ar

aqvs SemuSavebuli sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis

strategiuli gegma. aucilebelia TiToeul sajaro da-wesebulebas SemuSavebuli hqondes sakomunikacio

strategia da detaluri samoqmedo gegma, romelSic

aramarto xedvebi da prioritetebi, aramed dasaxulimiznebis misaRwevad gansaxorcielebeli konkretulisaqmianobebi iqneba gawerili TariRebis mixedviT damaT ganxorcielebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebis vinaobe-

bis miTiTebiT. aseTi dokumentis arseboba gaadvilebs

komunikacias sazogadoebas da mTavrobas Soris, uf-ro Sedegians gaxdis samTavrobo dawesebulebebis muSa-obas da gacilebiT meti adamianisaTvis gaxdis xelmi-

sawvdoms saxelmwifo servisebs.aseve, aucileblia aWaris a.r. mTavrobis aparat-

Si Seiqmnas sazogadoebasTan integrirebuli komunika-

ciebis departamenti, romelic aWaris a.r. sajaro dawe-sebulebebis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samoqmedogegmis formirebis xelSewyobaze izrunebs da misi Ses-

rulebis monitorings ganaxorcielebs.aucilebelia mosaxleobis mudmivi informireba

sajaro dawesebulebebis saqmianobebis Sesaxeb. sxva-dasxva inovaciuri servisebis danergvis paralelurad,

unda moxdes maTi funqcionirebis Sefaseba, popula-rizacia da am momsaxurebebze wvdoma maqsimalurad un-



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da gaumartivon mosaxleobas.sajaro dawesebulebebma unda SeimuSaon

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis Tanmimdevruli stra-

tegia, romlis mizanic moqalaqeebisTvis ara marto uk-

ve ganxorcielebuli proeqtebis, RonisZiebebis Tu sa-

kanonmdeblo cvlilebebis gacnoba, aramed, am proce-

sebSi maT aqtiuri CarTva iqneba.sazogadoebasTan efeqturi komunikaciisaTvis

ki aucilebelia axali sainformacio teqnologiebismaqsimaluri gamoyeneba mosaxleobis informirebisa da

maTTan interaqciis dasamyareblad. yvela sajaro da-

wesebulebas aqvs oficialuri veb-gverdi, romelic ma-

Tive gancxadebebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebasTan urTi-

erTobis mniSvnelovani instrumentia, magram kvlevam

daadastura, rom samTavrobo uwyebebis Zalisxmeva,

naklebad aris mimarTuli maTi ganviTarebisaken.



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Genadi IashviliIrakli Manvelidze

Evaluation of the strategy for public relations of Adjarianpublic institutions in the context of development of

electronic governanceResume

In order to raise trust between the society and the state as well asestablish principles for transparent and open governance it is necessary toraise citizens’ awareness. Citizens should be able to get full informationabout activities of public institutions and their new technology-basedservices. In order to reach this goal it is necessary for each public institutionto have a strategy for public relations based on which a concrete action planwill be developed and activities for one or several years will be defined.

Most public institutions don’t have a strategic plan for publicrelations. It is necessary for every public institution to have acommunication strategy and a detailed action plan which will include notonly some visions and priorities but also concrete activities for achievinggoals, the dates and responsible people. Such document will makecommunication easier between the society and government as well as willmake the work of government bodies more result-oriented and make stateservices available for more people.



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Генадий ИашвилиИракли Манвелидзе

Оценка стратегии связи с общественностью публичныхучреждений Аджарии в концепции развития

электронного правительстваРезюме

Для повышения качества и прозрачности взаимодоверия междуобществом и государством, а также для освоения открытыхуправленческих принципов, необходимо повышение сознаниягражданского общества. Деятельность публичных учреждений иприменение ими технологий в освоении новых сервисов, должныбыть доступны для граждан. Для достижения этой цели, необходимо,чтобы все государственные учреждения, с учетом специфики ихдеятельности, имели стратегию налаживания коммуникации собществом, предусматривающий конкретный план действий, которыйбудет определяться списком мероприятий, расписанный на год илиболее.

У большинства государственных учреждений не разработанстратегический план общественных связей. Каждомугосударственному учреждению необходимо разработатькоммуникационную стратегию и подробный план действий, которыйвключает не только видения и приоритеты, но и конкретныемероприятия, которые будут осуществляться для достиженияконкретных целей, где все даты и имена лиц, ответственных за ихвыполнение, будут заранее прописаны. Существование такогодокумента будет способствовать коммуникации междуправительством и обществом, деятельность государственныхучреждений станет более эффективной, для большинства граждангосударственные сервисы станут более доступными.



2015VII

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politikuri komunikaciis Tanamedroveformebi

marine abloTia

XXI saukunis adamiani pirvel rigSi informaciu-

li sazogadoebis adamiania. dRes warmoudgenelia

cxovreba informaciis gareSe. is sul ufro did gavle-

nas axdens Cvens cxovrebaze - vinc flobs informacias,flobs gavlenas da Zalauflebas.

informaciuli teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTare-

ba da internetis, rogorc ZiriTadi masobrivi komuni-kaciis saSualebis gamoyeneba adamianTa cxovrebis yve-

la sferoSi udidesi cvlilebebis safuZveli gaxda. Za-

lian aqtualuria kompiuteruli teqnologiebis, ro-gorc instrumentis gamoyeneba politikur cxovrebaSi

CarTulobisTvis - e.w „eleqtronuli demokratia“.TviT termini „eleqtronuli demokratia“

(electronic democracy, e-democracy) ganimarteba , rogorcmoqalaqeebis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri saqmia-

nobis sfero, sadac sainformacio-sakomunikacio teq-nologiebis meSveobiT isini cdiloben operatiuladda xarisxianad daamyaron urTierTobebi adamianebs

Soris, xelisuflebis organoebTan, sazogadoebriv da

komerciul organizaciebTan da a.S. es SesaZlebelia

xdebodes eleqtronuli arCevnebiT, ganxilvebiT so-



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cialur qselebSi, on-lain sazogadoebebis SeqmniT, mo-qalaqeebis komunikaciiT saxelmwifo organoebze ze-

moqmedebis mizniT, sazogadoebrivi on-lain mmarTve-

lobiT municipalitetebis doneze.am mimarTulebiT pirveli mcdelobebi ganxorci-

elda jer kidev 1970 wlebSi aSS, ohaios StatSi, sadac

Seiqmna „eletronuli saqalaqo yriloba“, internetismeSveobiT moqalaqeebs SeeZloT adgolobriviadminis-

traciis sxdomebze daswreba,konkretuli inicitive-

bisTvi xmis micema. Semdeg daiwyo xelisuflebis orga-

noebis oficialuri saitebis Seqmna („TeTri saxlis“ sa-

iti 1993 wels), xolo 1995 wels gaixsna mmarTveli or-

ganoebis eleqtronuli safosto yuTebi, sadac Cveu-

lebriv moqalaqeebsSeeZloT werilebis gagzavna . 2005wels estoneTSi gaimarTa msoflioSi pirvelad iner-

net - arCevnebi- adgilobriv organoebSi, CveulebriviarCvenebis paralelurad moqalaqeebs SeeZloT inter-

netiT xmis micema.araerTi naSromi/koncefcia mieZRvna am jer ki-

dev axal movlenas. saerTo am SexedulebebSi isaa, rom

yvela darwmunebuli, axali sainformacio saSualebe-

bis iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa informaciis gadace-

mis siswrafe, uamravi momxmareblis erTdrouli dakav-

Sirebis SesaZlebloba, informaciis siuxve, interaqti-



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uroba dadebiTad aisaxeba demokratiul sistemaze

mTlianad.is vinc marTavs, yovelTvis cdilobs SeinarCunos

es mmarTveloba, gazardos mxardamWerebi. visac mmar-

Taven, isini cdiloben gazardon sakuTari gavlenammarTvelobiT aparatze sakuTari interesebis dasaca-

vad da gansaxorcieleblad. axali teqnologiebi iZle-va saSualebas xelisuflebasTan urTierToba gascdesbiurokratiul CarCoebs da gaizardos moqalaqeebis

CarTuloba da gamWirvalegaxados procesebi. demokra-

tiis erT-erTi mimarTulebis („deliberatiuli“) Teo-

retikosebi-j. volfi, f. grini. b.barberi Tvlian, rompolitikuri Zalauflebis demokratiuli sistema ar

arsebosbs sruli gagebiT, radgan uwyvetad unda xde-bodes masebis CarTuloba politikuri gadawvetilebis

miRebis procesebSi. elitis tiraniis winaaRmdeg brZo-

laSi saWiroa sazogadoebis informaciuloba, romelicarCevnebis da warmomadgenlobiT organoebis meSveo-

biT ganaxorcielbs demokratiul kontrols. inter-

nets isini ganixilaven, rogorc pirdapiri demokrati-

is ganmtkicebis saSulebas.nel-nela warsul bardeba politikuri partiebis

politika, romlebic efuZneboda klasebis, sxvadasxva

fenebis interesebs, memarjvene da memarcxene Sexedu-

lebebs. Cndeba axali socialuri moZraobebi , izrdeba



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monawileobis , CarTulobis momenti. amaSi internets

udidesi roli akisria. sul ufro met adamians SeuZlia

moanawileoba miiRos problemebis ganxilvaSi, wvdoma

hqondes sxvadasxva informaciasTan. amiT izrdeba po-

litikuri Tanasworobis done moqalaqeebs Soris.Tumca am siaxleebsac aqvs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxa-

reebic. kerZod, es exeba sazogadoebrivi azriT manipu-

lirebis, propagandis problemebs. saSiSi xdeba , roma-xali teqnologiebma ar Seiqmnasaxali tipis tipis ti-

rania.yvelaferTan erTad icvleba politikuri proce-

si - is gulisxmobs monawileTa - politikuri sisteme-

bis, partiebis, saxelmwifo struqturebis, organiza-

ciebis, individebis - qmedebebis erTobliobas, maT lo-

gikur Tanmidevroabas. ZiriTadi instrumenti Zalauf-

lebaa da amasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi. mas ga-

aCnia resursebi, romlis meSveobiTac is axerxebs Zala-

uflebis SenarCunebas. es resursebi sxvadasxvanairia-codna, SesaZleblobebi, unari da a.S.) . dRevandel dRes

erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri resursi es komunikaciaa.jer kidev 1980 wlebSi e. tofleri ikvlevda Zalaufle-

bis problemebs da mivida daskvnamde, rom Zalaufleba

„miiswrafvis totaluri kontrolisken codnaze da



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komunikaciis saSualebebze“1 msoflio maStabiT. is uk-

ve maSin winasarmetyvelebda, rom momavalSi iqneboda

brZola sakomunikacio saSulebebis kontrolisTvis.dRes es naTlad Cans internetSi. Zalauflebis da gav-

lenis maZiebelni gadavidnen „internetis dapyrobaze“.amerikis saxelmwifo departamentma 2011-2013 wlebSigamoaqyveyna moxseneba informaciuli teqnologiebisa

da cifruli diplomatiis ganviTrebis Sesaxeb. sadacganacxada propagandis gadatanaze internetSi da disi-

dentebisTvis daxmarebis Sesaxeb internet-teqnolo-

giebis meSveobiT 2.saxelmwifo politikis garda, TiToeul adamians

gauCnda SesaZlebloba miiRos monawileoba politikur

procesSi erovnuli da msoflio maStabiT. es sivrce

yvelasTvis Riaa. ukve Znelia saxelmwifo organoebis-Tvis totaluri batonobis da gavlenebis iolad Se-

narCuneba. amitom bevr qveyanaSi es gaiazres da komu-

nikacias amyareben mosaxleobasTan - swori prognoze-

bis da informaciis miRebis mizniT - ukukavSiri mosax-

leobasTan. erT-erTi amis SesaZlebloba blogebi da

1Тоффлер Э. Метаморфозы власти: Пер. с анг. / Э.Тоффлер. М.: «Издательство АСТ»,2004. C. 402Бронников Иван Алексеевич Интернет как ресурс государства Журнал"Социодинамика"№ 8 2013.



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socialuri qselebia. magaliTad, sakmaod aqtiuria

germaniis kancleri, aSS-s prezidenti. inglisis premi-

er-ministri TavianT blogebSi. aqac erT-erTi mniSvne-

lovani momentia ukukavSiria, wvdoma, komentaris da-

tovebis saSualeba, emociuroba da rac mTavria ganwyo-

bebis monitoringis SesaZlebloba. asevea socialuri

qselebi, sakmaod didad iyeneben maT politikosebi damTvarobebi sxvadasxva interesebis gasarkvevad Tu

Tavze mosaxvevad. axali trendia aseve internet-mTav-

roba. magaliTad, erT-erT saitze SesaZlebelia Tval-yuris devna amerikis mTavrobis wevrebis saqmianobis-

Tvis, ukukavSiri warmodgenilia mravali resursiT -telefoni, meilebi da socialuri qselebi. demokra-tuiuli gagebiT mTavrobebi xels uwyobs sazogadoebis

CarTulobas politikur procesSi.internetis momxmarebelTa rodenoba sul ufrao

izrdeba. izrdeba maTi CarTulobac sxvadasxva mimar-

TulebebiT. bolo monacemebiT amerikis demokratiu-

li partiis feisbuqis gverdi mowonebuli aqvs 989 000adamians. obamas fotoebma „kidev 4 weli“ arCevnebis Se-

degebis Semdeg moagrova 800 000 retviti.tviteric didi xania ukve saxelmwifosa da bizne-

nis mier monitoringis qveSaa sazogadoebrivi ganwyo-

bebis gasagebad. is realur droSi moqmedebs, amitom



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mniSvnelovania Tu rodis anTavsebT aq informacias,Tu momenti sworadaa SerCeuli misi gavlenac didia.

samomavlod am resursebis gamoyeneba kidev ufro

gaizrdeba. Cveulebrivad Semova E -mTavrobebi, E- biz-

nesebi, E- demokartia.singapurSi erT platformaze warmodgenilia 150

saxelmwifo momsaxurebis organo; avstraliaSi 80 % sa-

Semosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxda xdeba internetiT, in-

glisSi Seiqmna E-samTavrobo erTeuli saxelmwifo on-

lain servisebis SesamuSaveblad, mosaxleobasTan kav-

Siris mizniT. vaSingtonSi daiwera ramdenime saintere-

so aplikacia, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia sax-lidan gausvlelad amoikribos informacia municipa-

luri organoebis informaccidan 2500 dolarze meti

danaxarjis Sesaxeb da misi ganxilva forumebze. vfiq-

rob, sakmaod sainteresoa saqarTvelos municipalite-

tebis dRevandelobosTvis3.gaeros ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTerbis

departamenti periodulad aqveynebs angariSebs eleq-

tronuli mTavrobis ganviTerbis Sesaxeb 191 qveyanaSi.

3 Бронников Иван Алексеевич Интернет как ресурс государства Журнал"Социодинамика"№ 8 2013.



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saqarTveloSi am resursebis gamoyeneba xdeba

spontanurad, sistemurobis gareSe, ZiriTadad damoki-

debulia ama Tu im uwyebis mmarTvelis pirovnebaze. ma-

galiTad, sakmaod sainteresoa energetikis ministris

kaxo kalaZis sociluri gverdi, sadac saministrossaqmianobis drouli da Tanmimdevruli gaSuqebis gar-

da aseve arsebosbs kiTxva -pasuxebis video- blogi, ra-camyarebs da uzrunvelyofs damatebiT kavSirs mosax-

leobasTan; garemos dacvis axali ministri gigla agu-laSili sakmaod aqtiurad Seudga am axali resursis

gamoyenebas saministros saqmianobaSi - ramdenime prob-lema wamowia Tavad da miRebul informaciasac qonda

ukve konkretuli Sedegi.kargi iqneboda am praqtikis

realuarad danergva sxva saministroebSi. miuxedava im

faqtisa, rom onlain konsultacia da kiTxvebi yvela

saministros Tu saxelmwifo organos gaaCnia -maT mainc

formaluri xasiaTi aqvT formaluri pasuxebiT. siste-

murad unda moxdes midgomis SemuSaveba, yvelafermamarTlac realuarda imuSaos realur droSi da rac

mTvaria realuri SedegiT. ar unda iyos Tanamedrovesaxelmwifos struqturebis muSoaba damokidebuliimaze Tu ramdenad Tanamedroved udgeba esa Tu is xel-

mZRvaneli am sakiTxebs. es siaxle Cveulebrivi, yovel-

dRiuri muSoabis nawilad unda iqces.



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informaciul epoqaSi izrdeba zewola mTavro-

bebze TavinTi funqciebis ukeT Sesrulebis mizniT. maT

ufro meti moeTxovebaT, ufro xarisxianad da drou-

lad. Sesabamisad gasatarebeli RonisZebebic sistemur

midgomas moiTxovs-saTanado kadrebiT, mosaxleobsTan

uwyeti kavSiriT, swori analiziT -saxelmwifo mmar-

Tveloba axal etapze gadadis. es jerjerobiT ufromaRali donis demokratiis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasia-

Tebeli. demokratiulobis done gansazRvravs Tu ro-

gor gamoiyeneben am axal resursebs.axalma teqnologiebma SeiZleba Secvalos mmar-

Tvelobis meTodebi, magram ar cvlis mis Sinaars. in-terneti da sxva axali saSualebebi es mxolod iaraRia

da vin da rogor gamoiyenebs mas es ukve sxva sakiTxia.Tumca udavoa , rom is did SesaZleblobas da Sans aZ-

levs TiToeul CvenTagans, monawileoba miiRos saza-

ogadoebriv/politikur cxovrebaSi da es Sansi ar unda

davkargoT.


И. А. Бронников Интернет как ресурс государства Журнал"Социодинамика"№ 8 2013.



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И. А. Бронников. Интернет как ресурс политической власти„ Право и политика". № 6

2011Ледяев В.Г. Власть: концептуальный анализ. М.: РОССПЭН,

2001. 384 с.Тоффлер Э. Метаморфозы власти: Пер. с анг. / Э.Тоффлер.

М.: «Издательство АСТ», 2004. C. 40.Правительство 2.0. Власти США задумали революцию в

сфере государственных интернет-технологий. URL:http://lenta.ru/articles/2009/09/17/appsgov/

Дмитриева О. Электронные правительства противбюрократов // Российская газета. 2010. 9 марта. № 5126 (47). С.11.

Наррис Д. Исследуя Twitter. URL: http://www.social-networking.ru/news/93/

Gross B. Political Process // International Encyclopedia of SocialScience. N. Y.-London, 1972. Vol. 12. P. 265.

Internet World Stats. URL:http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

United Nations E-Government Survey (2002, 2004, 2006, 2010,2012) Leveraging e-government at a time of financial and economiccrisis. United Nations. N.Y.

What is Good Governance? / UNESCAP.URL:http://www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance.htm



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Марине АблотияСовременные формы политической коммуникации

Резюме

В статье рассмотренны современные тенденции развитияполитической комуникации, использование интерета и егорессурсов чиновниками и госсударственными структурами.Приведенны примеры зарубежных стран об использовании е-правительств на разных уровнях правления,планы мировогосообщества в развитии е-демократии и е-правлении. Уделеновнимание особенностям развития и положением дел в этомнаправлении в Грузии.

Marine AblothiaModern forms of political communication

Resume

The article deals with modern trendsofpoliticalcommunications,using the Internet as the resource of thestateofficials andagencies.The examplesof foreign countrieson theuse ofe-governmentat differentlevels and outlinedplans of the worldcommunityin the development ofe-democracy and e-governance arealso presented . Special attention is paid to the situation in Georgia –its characteristics and problems.



2015VII

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lobisturi komunikaciis zogierTiaspeqti

salome kinwuraSvili

umsxvilesma amerikulma teqnologiurma kompani-

ebma, maT Soris Apple-ma da Facebook-ma, myisierad gazar-

da xarji lobizmze, rom moexdinaT TavianTi interese-

bis dacva, mTavrobaSi, parlamentSi da sasamarTloebSi

lobisturi saagentoebis daxmarebiT, romlebic daka-

vaebulni arian msgavsi msgavsi biznesiT. saerTod, lo-bizmi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze kargadaa

ganviTarebuli da am e.w. „rux“ bazarze TamaSisaTvis

gamomuSavebulia yvelaze detaluri wesebi.lobizmi SeerTebul StatebSi gaCnda TviT saxel-

mwifo institutebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad da mar-Tvis demokratiuli sistema xels uwyobda mis swraf

ganviTarebas. magaliTad xSiri arCevnebi, yovelTvisniSnavda politikosebis damokidebulebas xalxis az-

rze, xolo danakargebisa da winaaRmdegobebis sistema,karnaxobda rom aucilebeli iyo mudmivi dialogi xe-

lisuflebis sxvadasxva StosTan. amgvarad, qveyanaSi

gaCnda profesional politikosTa mTeli fena, romel-

TaTvisac moeTxovebodaT, sakuTari amomrCevlebis



2015VII

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moTxovnebis codna, xolo saWiroebisamebr-sakuTar

kolegebze zeoqmedebis meqanizmi, kannis farglebSi.iuridiul fundamentad lobisturi saqmianobi-

saTvis, SeerTebul StatebSi, gvevlineba, konstituci-

is pirveladi cvlileba, romelic, garda religiuri

Tavisuflebisa, iZleva sityvis Tavisuflebis da kon-

gresisadmi mimarTvis saSualebis garantias.me-19 saukunis didi nawilis ganmavlobaSi, lobiz-

mi ufro naklebad iyo gavrcelebuli federaluri bi-

uros doneze aSS-Si, vidre Statebis doneze. mdgomare-

oba Seicvala „mooqrovili saukunis“ dasawyissa (1870-1890 wlebi) da Semdeg progresizmis epoqaSi, (1890-1920wlebi). qveynis swrafma ekonomikurma zrdam da fede-

raluri xelisuflebis uflebamosilebis gazrdam, ga-

moiwvia interesis gamZafreba, dedaqalaqSi politiku-

ri cxovrebis gavlenaze.sxva faqtorad, romelic xels uwyobda lobizmis

ganviTarebas, gaxda Zalauflebiani korporaciebis ga-

Cena. msxvil bizness ar erideboda gamoeyenebina iseTi

arakanonieri meTodebi, rogoricaa, mosyidva, aseve le-

galuri meTodebis-politikosebis, sazogadoebrivi az-

risa da mediis sponsoroba. kongresmenebi, senatorebi,mosamarTleebi da maRali Tanamdebobis mqone Cinovni-

kebi, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, gaxveulni iyvnen, lo-



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bisturi struqturebis qselSi. 1912 wlis sapezidento,winasaarCevni kampaniis dros, misma Semdgomma gamar-

jvebulma vudro vilsonma, ganacxada, rom aSS-s mTav-

roba gvevlineba sxva arafrad, Tu ara gavlenis jgufis

momsaxured , romelsac ar gaaCnis sakuTari neba.daaxloebiT imave droisTvis, saxelisuflo orga-

noebis damokidebuleba msxvil biznesze, gaxda mkveTri

kritikis sagani, sazogadoebis mxridan. 1912 wlis ar-

CevnebSi, demokrati vilsonis warmateba, pirdapir iyo

damokidebuli mis dapirebebTan, bolo moeRo koruf-

ciisaTvis da monopoliis gabatonebisaTvis.pirveli seriozuli mcdeloba, daregulirebuli-

yo, lobizmis industria, gaCnda ukve 1920-ian wlebSi.1928 wels, senatma miiRo kanoni, romelic avaldebu-

lebda lobistebs, daregistrirebuliyvnen kongresSi,Tumca warmomadgenelTa palatam es kanoni dabloka.msoflioSi arastabiluri mdgomareobis gamo, 1938wels, kongresma moiwona ucxoel agentTa daregistri-

rebis kanoni (FARA, Foreign Agents Registration Act.) kanoni

avaldebulebda organizaciebs, romlebic moqmedeb-

dnen sxva saxelmwifoebis interesebis mixedviT, dare-gistrirebuliyvnen iusticiis saministroSi da regu-larulad ewarmoebinaT angariSebi sakuTari saqmiano-

bisa da dafinansebis wyaroebis Sesaxeb.



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omis Semdgom, aSS-Si amoqmedda kanoni, lobizmis

federaluri regulaciis Sesaxeb, (Federal Regulation ofLobbying Act, FRIA), romelic damtkicebuli iqna kongre-

sis mier 1946 wels. es kanoni gamoirCeva imiT, rom masSimocemulia pirveli Tanamedrove ganmarteba imaze Tu

vin aris lobisti. es aris adamiani „romelic, an TviTonan sakuTari agentebis an daqiravebuli pirebis meSveo-

biT, pirdapir an iribad, dakavebulia saCuqrebis, Semo-

wirulobebis an sxva Senatanebis SegrovebiT, romelic

SemdgomSi, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes, pirvel rigSi, aSS-s kongresSi, sakanonmdeblo procesze, pirdapiri an

iribi zemoqmedebisaTvis“. kanoni avaldebulebda lo-

bistebs, daregistrirebuliyvnen kongresSi da miewo-

debinaT angariSi sakuTari moqmedebebis, kerZod, kon-gresis wevrisaTvis nebismieri saxis Semowirulobis Se-

saxeb, romelic aRemateboda 500 aSS dolars.1954 wels, umaRlesma sasamarTlom, umniSvnelod

Seaviwrova FRLA-s gamoyeneba. kongresis wevrebs mie-

caT lobirebis ufleba, registraciis gareSe, im piro-

biT, Tu amisaTvis daxarjavdnen sakuTar da ara mozi-

dul saxsrebs. garda amisa, lobistebis gansazRvrebi-

dan amoRebuli iqna jgufebi, romlebic eweodnen irib

lobirebas, rac niSnavda sazogadoebrivi azris Seq-

mnas.



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axali etapi, lobizmisadmi sazogadoebrivi ukma-

yofilebisa, meores mxriv ki „gavlenis agenteb“-is mom-

saxurebaze moTxovnis gazrdisa, daiwyo 1970-ian wleb-

Si. es pirdapir iyo dakavSirebuli utorgeitul de-

boSTan da farTo auditoriis, korumpirebuli vaSin-

gtonisagan, gadaRlasTan. lobistebis gavlenis zrda-

ze, metyvelebs is faqtic, rom senatis yvela mcdelo-

ba, gaemkacrebina maTze kontroli, dasrulda kraxiT.lobistebi apelirebdnen konstituciis pirvelad

cvlilebaze, romelic iZleoda maTi qmedebebis kanoni-

urobis garantias.Tavisi gaCenisTanave, lobizmi dakavSirebuli iyo

kuluarul garigebebTan da farul molaparakebebTan.miuxedavad am sferos ekonomikaSi, gamWvirvalobis

gazrdis Zalisxmevisa, misi analizis dros, gardauva-

lia kerZo miTqma-moTqma imaze, rom saubari midis mxo-

lod K-street-dan kompaniebis (quCa vaSingtonSi, romel-zec mdebareobs yvelaze warmatebuli lobisturi kom-

paniebi) Ria statistikaze.pasuximgebluri politikis centris monacemebiT,

romelic efuZneba kongresis oficialur monacemebs,vaSingtonSi 2013 wels, daregistrirebulia 11455 lo-

bisti. es ufro naklebia vidre 2012 wels, roca qalaqSi

moqmedebda 12426 lobisti, maSin roca, maqsimaluri ra-



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odenoba daregistrirebuli „gavlenis agenteb“-isa

2006 wels iyo 15 aTasi. naTelia, rom saprezidento ar-

CevnebiT aixsneba 2012 wels lobistebze mniSvnelovani

danaxarji, romelmac Seadgina 3,31 miliardi dolari.2013 wels, oficialuri monacemebiT , daxarjuli iqna

mxolod 1,62 miliardi dolari. rekorduli maCvenebe-

li aRiniSneboda 2010 wels, rodesac lobizmis indus-

triis moculobam Seadgina 3,55 miliardi dolari. ro-

gorc wesi, lobistebze danaxarjebis zrda, emTxvevasaprezidento aCevnebsa an kongresis SualedurarCev-

nebs.lobistebis klientebs Soris, prognozirebadi sa-

xiT lideroben aSS-s umsxvilesi kompaniebi da komer-

ciuli gaerTanebebi. arasruli 2013 wlis ganmavlobaSi,savaWro palatam, umsxvilesma lobistma, Tavisi inte-

resebis win wamowevaze, daxarja 38,5 milioni dolari,rialtorebis erovnulma asociaciam 17,6 milioni do-

lari, xolo General Electric-ma 9,9 milion dolarze meti.demokratebis ganzraxvis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaataron

maStaburi reforma janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi,lobistebis ZiriTad klientebad gamodian samedicino

sferos sawarmoebi. yvelam maT, erTad, 2013 wels, Ta-

visTvis sargebliani imijis SeqmnaSi Cades 117 milionze

met dolari.



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amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT is, rom

udidesi speqtri, lobisturi struqturebis moqmede-

bisa ar xvdeba regulirebis sferos qveS. kerZod, sau-

baria satelivizio reklamaze, dabal fenebSi politi-

kuri kampaniebis organizebaze, internet reklamebze

danaxarjebze. lobisturi xarjis nawili gadis xarjis

sxva statiiT, rac xels uSlis lobisturi seqtorebis

mdgomareobis zust Sefasebas. am faqtze araerTxel

miuTiTebdnen specialistebi.lobistebis efeqturobis simptomatikur magali-

Tad aseve SeiZleba gaxdes SOPA-s (Stop Online Piracy Act)kanonproeqti, romelic mimarTulia internetSi pira-

tuli qmedebebis winaaRmdeg. misi ganxilvis dasawyisSi,dokuments, kongresSi mxars uWerdnen rogorc demok-

ratebi, aseve respublikelebi. garda amisa, kanonmdeb-

lebis nawili varaudobda, rom kanonproeqti SeiZleba

gaxdes orpartiuli mmarTvelobis safuZveli, rac mxo-

lod zrdida misi miRebis Sanss. biznes-garemoSi SOPA-s agitirebda Disney, Mastercard, Visa, savaWro palata da

sxva Zalauflebiani organizaciebi.ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi SOPA-s winaaRmdeg lo-

bistebis brZolisa, naTels xdis lobizmis industriis

mTel arss. maSin roca, lobistebi icaven konkretuli

organizaciebis interesebs, maT Soris udidesi korpo-



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raciebisa, maTi warmateba mainc damokidebulia sazo-

gadoebriv mxardaWeraze. yovel konkretul SemTxveva-

Si, lobistma unda daarwmunos politikosebi da mosax-

leoba, rom misaRebi kanoni an axali SezRudva emsaxu-

reba saerTo keTildReobas. SOPA-s SemTxvevaSi, umrav-

lesobis SiSi, daekargaT informaciisadmi wvdoma, aR-

moCnda ufro Zlieri, vidre, zogirTi dajgufebebis na-

wilis interesebi, hqonodaT garantirebuli uflebainteleqtualuri Tavisuflebisa da masze mibmuli Se-

mosavlebis arsebobisa.lobizmis negatiuri aRqma ar aris usafuZvlo.

magram, rogorc TviTon lobistebi amtkiceben, maTi ne-

gatiuri imiji Zlier aris gazviadebuli. sabolood,lobizmi, sruliad SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli, rogorc

piaris an sazogadoebrivi diplomatiis erT-erTi for-

ma, romelTa ZiriTadi mcneba aris-gulaxdili tyuilis

akrZalva.lobireba, Tanamedrove, ganviTarebul ekonomi-

kur-politikur struqturebSi Zalian mniSvnelovan da

sapasuxismgeblo adgils, gamodis ra bizness, saxelmwi-fosa da sazogadoebas Soris interesTa SeTanxmebis in-

strumentad, civilizebuli safuZveliT.aranakleb mniSvnelovania, lobirebis adgilis

sworad gansazRvra, bizness sazogadoebis interesebis



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politikur da ekonomikur warmomadgenlobiT sistema-

Si. gansakuTrebuli roli unda mieniWos ekonomikurilobirebis principebs da saxelmwifos mxridan ekono-mikaSi Carevis samarTlianobis kriteriumebis SemuSa-

vebas. am problemebis gadawyveta aris aqtualuri miza-

ni, romelsac gaaCnia arsebiTi ekonomikuri mniSvnelo-

ba.saerTaSoriso lobizmis axli sistemebis formi-

rebisas, maT Soris misi iseTi saxeobisa, rogorc regi-

onaluri aseve adgilobrivi, erT-erT konkretul qve-

yanaSi, lobizms ara aqvs da ar SeiZleba hqondes iuri-

diuli safuZveli. amasTanave, ar arsebobs seriozuli

safuZveli misi akrZalvisa, rogorc saerTaSoriso

struqturebisa, Tu maT ar gaaCniaT naTeli kriminalu-

ri mimarTulebebi,-lobisturi proeqtebis damkveTebida Semsruleblebi saerTod ar arian SezRuduli saer-

TaSoriso samarTlis normebiT.principSi, lobizmi, iyo da iqneba winaaRmdegobe-

bis gadalaxva, warmomadgenlobaSi korporatiuli in-teresebis aqtualur moTxovnebsa da misi aRricxvis

legitimuri meqanizmis ar arsebobas Soris. faqtiu-

rad, sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sfero, sadac ikve-

Teba xelisuflebisa da sxva veqtorebis interesebi,aris lobisturi struqturebisa da organzaciebis



2015VII

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kontrolis qveS. aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom swo-

red es Sualeduri struqturebi, arian ara mxolod ga-

dawyvetilebebis miRebze gavlenis instrumenti, ara-

med lobisturi moRvaweobis obieqtebisaTvis, damate-

biTi mogebis wyaro. kvlevebis saintereso da mniSvne-lovan aspeqtad Cndeba lobisturi moRvaweobisa da ko-

rufciis gadakveTis problema, romlebic warmatebiT

TanamSromloben da avseben erTmaneTs, legaluri lo-

bizmis arsebobis pirobebSic ki.zemoT CamoTvlili garemoebebi migviTiTeben,

warmoqmnili sicarielis Sevsebis aucileblobaSi, ro-melic Cndeba kvlevebSi lobizmi da misi roli politi-

kur cxovrebaSi, da amasTanave moyvanil iqnes Teori-

ul-meTodologiuri baza lobisturi komunikaciis

SeswavlisaTvis, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom gaCndesmecnieruli aRweris da adeqvaturi kvleviTi Sefase-

bis SesaZlebloba, rogorc calkeuli lobisturi kom-

paniebis sakomunikacio Taviseburebebisa, aseve mTlia-

nobaSi lobizmis tendenciebis ganviTarebisa.



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macaberiZe m. ,,Tanamedrove politikuri mecniere-

bis Camoyalibeba,, politoligia (leqciebis kursi), Tb.2001;

magStadti T. m., gavigoT politika, ideebi, insti-

tutebi da problemebi, qarTuli gamocema, Tb., 2010;,,lobizmis samarTlebrivi regulireba saerTaSo-

riso praqtikaSi, korufciis kvleviTi centri Tb; 1998metreveli v., daviTaSvili g. ,,politikur da sa-

marTlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria,, (leqciebis kursi).Tb. 1999;

http://www.rg.ru/anons/arc_2000/0516/2.htmhttp://www.law.edu.ru/article/article.asp?articleID=145126http://allpolitologia.ru/lobbizm-v-politicheskoj-zhizni-

obshhestva/http://www.stratagema.org/publications/lobby/item_68.htm

lhttp://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/935/368/1217/006_Lobbizm.pdfhttp://thelobbyconference.com/the-lobby/



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Саломе Кинцурашвили

Некоторые аспекты лоббистской коммуникацииРезюме

Правление общественным мнением является актуальнойи важной темой современности. Лоббизм как политическоеявление очень распространен в наши дни. В ведущих странах,лоббисты имеют сильное влияние на общественное мнение иправительство. Проще говоря, лоббисты могут влиять,например, на принятие закона или на выборы и референдум,используя массовую мобилизацию для достижения своих целей.В конечном итоге, лоббизм может рассматриваться как одна изформ пиара или общественной дипломатии.

Поэтому неудивительно, что эта тема вызывает большойнаучный интерес.



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Salome Kintsurashvili

Some aspects of lobbying communicationsResume

Nowadays, to rule the public opinion and the governance bylobbyist, is the mainly actual and important theme. Lobbyism, as apolitical influence, is very spread in modern life. In leadingcountries, lobbyist has a very strong influence on the public opinionand the governance. Simply to say, they can effect, for example, onmaking a low, or on the results of referendum or the elections, usingfor this, the mobilization of the social classes, to achieve their goal.Due to this, it’s not amazing, that lobbyism, causes the scientificinterest.

In general, we can say, that lobbyism may be reviewed as theform of PR or the public diplomacy.



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politikuri lideroba: Zalauflebismravalsaxeoba

inga cincqilaZe

saxelmwifos keTildReoba xSirad damokidebulia

lideris unarze, gaakeTos brZnuli arCevani da imoqme-

dos keTilgonivrulad. rodesac monawileobas viRebT

politikur kampaniebSi an xmas vaZlevT arCevnebSi, upi-ratesobas vaniWebT erT kandidats meoresTan Sedare-

biT. magStadtis azriT, „iseve, rogorc TviTmfrinavismgzavrebs ar SeuZliaT indiferentulebi iyvnen ekipa-

Jis gamocdilebisa da unaris mimarT, moqalaqeebsac arZaluZT gulgrilni darCnen saxelmwifo liderebis xa-

siaTisa da gonierebis mimarT.“ (T. m. magStadti, „gavi-

goT politika: ideebi, institutebi da problemebi“,Tbilisi 2010, gv. 391)

maqs veberi gamoyofs mmarTvelobis sam tips: tra-

diciuls, qarizmatulsa da racionalurs. istoriulad

tradiciuli mmarTveloba yvelaze gavrcelebulia. is

saTaves iRebs Zveli rwmenebidan da praqtikidan, rome-

lic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. mizezi, ris gamoc ada-mianebi mmarTvelobis amgvar formas iReben mis xan-

grZliv tradiciaSi mdgomareobs. zog qveyanaSi tradi-ciuli mmarTveloba sakraluradaa miCneuli da poli-



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tikuri liderebi religiuri lideris rolSic gvevli-

nebian. (sociologia, q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri,Tbilisi 2008).

rac Seexeba qarizmatul mmarTvelobas, mas safuZ-

vlad udevs rwmena, imisa, rom ama Tu im liders gansa-

kuTrebuli pirovnuli Tvisebebi aqvs, rac pativisce-

masa da erTgulebas imsaxurebs. gansazRvrebis Tanax-

mad, qarizma misi mflobelis mzeraSi igrZnoba. qariz-matuli mmarTveloba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli lide-ris personalur TvisebebTan da xSirad arastabilu-

ria. qarizmatuli liderebis magaliTad SeiZleba mo-

viyvanoT indoeTis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli,mahaTma gandis, aseve aSS-s Savkaniani liderebis - mar-

tin luTer kingisa da malkom iqsis magaliTebi.rac Seexeba racionalur mmarTvelobas, am Sem-

TxvevaSi saxelmwifo moxeleebi iyeneben Zalauflebas

mxolod konkretul viTarebaSi da kanonis farglebSi.racionaluri mmarTveloba efuZneba arsebuli samar-

Tlebrivi normebis kanonierebis rwmenas. amgvari li-

derebi moqmedeben mxolod „racionaluri“ sistemis

farglebSi, romelsac gansazRvravs wesebi da regula-

ciebi.politikuri liderebi maTi miRwevebis, Tvisebe-

bis, meTodebisa da miznebis mixedviT SeiZleba davyoT:



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namdvil liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv poli-

tikosebad. aseve aRsaniSnavia samoqalaqo liderebi,romlebic mniSvnelovan rols TanaSoben politikur

procesebSi. namdvili liderebi arian politikuri ar-

qiteqtorebi, romlebic axal saxelmwifos qmnian, mSvi-

dobismyofelebi, romlebic konfliqtebs agvareben da

oratorebi, romlebsac erovnuli krizisis dros xal-

xis STagoneba SeuZliaT. isini arian awmyos gzamkvleve-

bi da momavlis legendebi. (T. m. magStadti, „gavigoT

politika: ideebi, institutebi da problemebi“, Tbili-

si 2010, gv. 392).demagogebi atyueben xalxs da manipulireben maTi

ndobiT Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad. isini intriganebi,wamqezeblebi da omis gamCaReblebi arian.

rac Seexeba samoqalaqo liderebs, maT ara aqvT

oficialuri sajaro Tanamdebobebi, magram aqtiuradarian Cabmulni eris politikaSi da mniSvnelovanwilad

SeuZliaT misi gansazRvra.namdvili liderebi marTvis xelovnebas, saxelmwi-

fos gonivrul gaZRolas arian naziarebi. liderebi,romlebic xangrZlivi vadiT qmnian gansxvavebul isto-

rias iSviaTi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi arian, romle-

bic amJRavneben praqtikul sibrZnes. amasTan, krizisisdros namdvili liderebi ers winamZRolobas uweven ga-



2015VII

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darCenis gzaze. jorj vaSingtoni amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli mamaa. bevr sxva er-

sac hyavs damfuZnebeli mamebi, romlebsac xalxi eTay-

vaneba da gansakuTrebul dReebSi ixseniebs.xangrZlivi dakvirvebis safuZvelze istorikose-

bi askvnian, rom diadi dro diad liderebs qmnis. lide-robis umaRles safexurs miRweuli politikosebis

codnaSi, Tvisebebsa da motivebSi bevr msgavsebasTan

erTad gansxvavebac bevria.namdvili lideris kargi magaliTia uinston Cer-

Cili. sanam 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premieri gaxde-

boda, CerCils cvalebadi sajaro kariera hqonda. igi

iyo gonebamaxvili, momxibvleli, Wkviani, kamaTis moy-

varuli, saqmis mimarT skrupulozuri da simamaciT ga-

morCeuli pirovneba. 1930-iani wlebis wamyvan politi-

kur figurebs Soris is TiTqmis erTaderTi iyo, vinc

mudmivad miuTiTebda nacisturi germaniis safrTxeze.uinston CerCili daibada warCinebul inglisur

ojaxSi, romelic saTaves jon CerCilidan, malbros

pirveli hercogidan iRebda. misi mama inglisis parla-

mentisa da ministrTa kabinetis gamorCeuli wevri iyo,dedamisi ki amerikeli gaxldaT. Tavad is parlamentiswevrad airCies ocdaxuTi wlis asakSi da TiTqmis maSin-ve moipova enamWevri da gulwrfeli politikosis re-



2015VII

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putacia. 1911 wels is saadmiralos pirvel lordad da-

iniSna. 1915 wels CerCili aiZules gadamdgariyo Tur-

qeTze dardanelis srutis gavliT sazRvao-saxmeleTo

Setevis CaSlis gamo, romelsac igi mxars uWerda. Cer-

Cilis politikuri prestiJi warmoudgenlad daeca,Tumca SeZlo ndobis imdenad aRdgena, rom 1917 wels

samxedro uzrunvelyofis ministrad dainiSna.1920-ian wlebSi CerCili konservatiuli partiis

warmomadgeneli iyo parlamentSi da sakmaod didi xnisganmavlobaSi didi britaneTis xazinis kancleris sapa-

tio Tanamdebobac ekava. miuxedavad sajaro samsaxurSi

dagrovili soliduri gamocdilebisa, 1930-ian wlebSi

igi gaucxovda Tavisi partiis liderebisgan. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom Zalaufleba konservatorebs ekuTvno-

daT, igi mTavrobidan garicxes, ris gamoc parlamentSi

izolirebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. xelisuflebis

saTaveSi hitleris aRzevebis droidan, CerCilma daiw-yo dasavluri demokratiebis gafrTxileba mosalod-

neli safrTxis - germaniis swrafi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb,miuTiTebda aseve britaneTis Tavdacvisunarianobis

SedarebiT sisusteze, gansakuTrebiT sahaero Zalebis

TvalsazrisiT. politikuri amindis Semqmnelma bevrma

politikosma da komentatorma mas panikiori daarqva.rodesac didi britaneTi II msoflio omSi Caeba, Cer-



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Cils sTxoves mTavrobaSi dabruneba jer Tavis pirvan-

del Tanamdebobaze, Semdeg premieris rangSi. misi STa-

magonebeli sityvebi da magaliTi damajerebeli iyo, vi-naidan britaneTi am droisTvis marto aRmoCnda germa-

niis, italiisa da iaponiis pirispir.CerCils liderobis iSviaTi Tvisebebi hqonda. igi

Tamamad icavda Tavis rwmenas da ar ufrTxoda sazoga-

doebriv azrs, Tundac sakuTari partiidan gariyvis Si-

SiT. misi ritorika STamagonebeli iyo erisTvis sasik-

vdilo safrTxisa da umowyalo dabombvebis dros. Cer-

Cilma aCvena liderobis Zala, mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis

ganWvretis unari kritikul dros.gamorCeul liderebs Soris aseve SeiZleba moviy-

vanoT abraam linkolnis magaliTi. linkolnis politi-ka emyareboda ZiriTad zneobriv principebs da Rrma

praqtikul mosazrebebs. zneobrivi principi, romel-

sac igi xSirad imeorebda 1858 wels senatis arCevnebSi

Tavis oponent, stiven duglasTan paeqrobisas, mdgoma-

reobda imaSi, rom monoba principulad mcdari iyo

yvelgan da gamonaklisis gareSe. monobis usamarTloda uzneo movlenad gamocxadebiT linkolni pirdapir

mianiSnebda damoukideblobis deklaraciaze, romel-

Sic weria: „yvela adamiani Tanasworia“. rogorc samoqa-

laqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg linkolnis politika mi-



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marTuli iyo maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTis

miRwevisken sayovelTao Tanxmobis pirobebSi.samoqalaqo lideris kargi magaliTia vaclav ha-

veli. 1960-ian wlebSi ocdacxra wlis vaclav haveli uk-

ve cnobili iyo msoflioSi Tavisi satiruli piesebiT -„wveuleba baRSi“ (1964) da „memorandumi“ (1965). 1968wlis zafxulSi havelma da CexeTis kulturis ocdaaT-

ma sxva moRvawem xeli moaweres gancxadebas, romliTackomunistebis mier kontrolirebul CexoslovakiaSi

kanongareSed gamocxadebuli social-demokratiuli

partiis aRdgenas iTxovdnen. 1968 wlis agvistoSi Ce-

xoslovakiaSi sabWoTa armia SeiWra, riTac qveyana

mkacr sabWoTa kontrols daubrunda. am konfliqtisperiodSi havelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CexeTis

Tavisufali radios CamoyalibebaSi, romlis transla-ciasac igi iyenebda dasavleli inteleqtualebisaTvis

xmis misawvdenad. Semdegi ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSihaveli Cexoslovakiis yvelaze cnobili dramaturgi

gaxda. misi piesebi komunistebis mwvave satiras Seicav-

da. havelis mzardi popularobis safuZveli mxolod

misi piesebi rodi iyo. igi Cexoslovakiis gamoCenilidisidenti da adamianis uflebebisTvis mebrZoli li-

deri gaxda. haveli iyo Tanaavtori 1977 wels dawerili

samocdameCvidmete manifestisa, romelSic igi Cexos-

lovakiis komunistur mTavrobas helsinkis 1975 wlis



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146

SeTanxmebebisa da adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi am-

xelda. haveli daapatimres, Tumca misi gaCumeba mainc

ver SeZles. 1989 wlis dekemberSi saxalxo protestisSedegad Cexoslovakiis komunisturi mTavroba daecada haveli saxalxo konsesusis Sedegad arCeuli prezi-

denti gaxda. am periodSi CexoslovakiaSi arc erT sa-zogado moRvawes ar hqonda iseTi moraluri avtori-

teti, rogoric ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi samoqala-

qo moRvaweobis Sedegad moipova havelma. igi Tanamde-

bobaze sami weli darCa, sanam Cexoslovakia or eTnikur

saxelmwifod - CexeTad da slovakeTad ar gaiyo. qvey-nis politikuri ganviTarebis am etapze igi Tanamdebo-

bidan gadadga, Tumca gaagrZela sazogadoebrivi moR-

vaweoba. 1993 wlis 26 ianvars, gadadgomidan sul raRaceqvsi Tvis Semdeg CexeTis parlamentma igi respublikis

prezidentad xuTwliani vadiT airCia. Cexebi pativs

scemdnen havels, rogorc adamians, romelic ara marto

werda da qadagebda simarTliT cxovrebas, aramed Ta-

visi piradi magaliTiT aCvenebda igives.amrigad, politikuri liderebi, romlebic sam-

Tavrobo Tanamdebobebze arian SeiZleba davajgufoT

namdvil liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv poli-

tikosebad. namdvili liderebi sazogadoebriv sikeTe-

ze zrunaven da gamoirCevian pirovnuli TvisebebiT.



2015VII

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T. m. magStadti, „gavigoT politika: ideebi, insti-

tutebi da problemebi“, Tbilisi 2010sociologia, q. kalhuni, d. laiTi, s. keleri, Tbi-

lisi 2008www.wikipedia.org

Inga Tsintskiladze

Political leadership: different types of powerResume

Political leadership and different leadership styles arediscussed in this article. Leadership styles can vary and examples offamous leaders are given in the article such as: Winston Churchill,Abraham Lincoln and Vaclav Havel. Political leaders can be dividedas: real leaders, demagogues and ordinary politicians. Civil leadersalso play an important role in political processes.



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Инга Цинцкиладзе

Политическое руководство: различные виды властиРезюме

Обсуждаемой темой в данной статье являетсяполитическое руководство и его различные стили. Стилилидерства могут варьироваться, изменяться. В статьеприведены примеры таких известных лидеров, как: УинстонЧерчилль, Авраам Линкольн и Вацлав Гавел. Политическиелидеры могут быть разделены на настоящих лидеров, демагогови обычных политиков. Гражданские лидеры также играютважную роль в политических процессах.



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politikuri lideris dilema pataraqveynis magaliTze

xaTuna muradiSvili

sityva „qveyana“ msoflios yvela enaze erTi da igi-

ve mniSvnelobas atarebs. am sityvas yvela erSi TiTqos

magiuri Zala gaaCnia da Tu win sityva „Cemi“ davuma-

tebT, ukve samSoblosTan asocirdeba, rac yoveli eris

uzenaesi kuTvnilebaa.sulxan–sabaseuli ganmartebiT – qveyana „erTi ars

oTxTa kavSirTagani, ჴmeli da grili, mZime da uZravi,aramyofobisagan yofad pirvelsa dResa moyvanebuli

RvTisagan; xolo qveyanisa Sina kerZo ars jojoxeTi da

qveyana gare–Sesul ars haerisagan“.enciklopediuri ganmartebiT „qveyana“ პოლიტიკურ

გეოგრაფიაში da საერთაშორისო პოლიტიკაში გეოგრაფიულteritorias niSnavs. ტერმინს iyeneben, rogorc ერის(erTgvarovani kulturuli gaerTianeba), ise

სახელმწიფოს (politikurierTeuli) mniSvnelobiT.amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs aTobiT ara-su-

verenuli teritoria, romlebic geografiulad qveya-

nad SeiZleba iwodebodes, Tumca maT saxelmwifos sta-

tusi ara aqvT. zogierT qveyanas zRvisiqiTa damokide-



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buli teritoriebi gaaCnia, romelTac sakuTari moqa-

laqeoba da naxevrad-suverenuli politikuri struq-

turebi gaaCnia. aseTi qveynebi xSirad calke saxelmwi-

foebad moixsenieba.Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sastemaSi patara sa-

xelmwifod iTvleba ara mxolod mcire teritoriis

mqone saxelmwifo,aramed iseTi qveynebic romlebsacSedarebiT didi teritoria gaaCniaT da piriqiT mcire

mosaxleoba hyavT, aseve arseboben teritoriiT didi

qveynebi,magram sustni politikurad da ekonomiku-

rad saerTaSoriso arenaze.zemoTxsenebuli komponentis gaTvaliswinebiT sa-

xelmwifoebs zogjer did “sust saxelmwifoebs“ vuwo-

debT. agreTve mniSvnelovania imis gaazrebac, rom di-

di teritoria da mosaxleobis resursi qveynis siZlie-

ris erT-erTi umTavresi faqtoria.ra gansxvavebaa qveyanasa da saxelmwifos Soris? yo-

veldRiur leqsikografiaSi gansxvaveba TiTqmis ar Se-

imCneva,zogoerTi am or cnebas aigivebs erTmaneTSi da

sinonimebadac ki Tvlian, Tumca mecnieruli Tvalsaz-risiT rasakvirvelia es terminebi damoukideblad dga-

nan da damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac aqvT.„saxelmwifo“ es aris sazogadoebriv-politikuri

organizaciis forma, romelic gansakuTrebuli apara-



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tisa da sajaro xelisuflebis meSveobiT axorcielebs

Tavis suverenul uflebamosilebas, uzrunvelyofsqveynis erTianobas da mTlianobas, amyarebs sazogado-ebriv wesrigs, samarTals aniWebs sayovelTao saval-

debulo mniSvnelobas, romelic aris moqalaqeTa uf-

lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, kanonierebisa da mar-

Tlwesrigis garanti.amrigad, saxelmwifo es gaxlavT qveynis samarTleb-

rivi formis ganmsazRvreli termini, romelSic misi

rogorc Sinagani aseve garegani niSan–Tvisebebi moiaz-

reba.msoflioSi bevri patara qveyanaa. cneba ,,patara qve-

yanaSi”, moiazreba teritoriulad patara da politi-

kurad patara qveyana. Tanamedrove msoflios politi-kuri istoria sakmaod mravalferovani da sainteresoa

am TvalsazrisiT. dRes patara qveynebi xSir SemTxveva-

Si warmoadgenen politikur epicentrs, an kidev mniS-vnelovnad gansazRvraven didi da ganviTarebuli qvey-

nebis ekonomikur Tu socialur–politikur mdgomare-

obas.xSirad ismis kiTxva: rogori politikuri kursiT un-

da wavides patara qveyana raTa gauZlos ganviTarebu-

li msoflios gamowvevebs? albaT sainteresoa gverdi-dan Tvalyuris devneba aseT situaciaSi da Semdgom ma-

galiTebis saxiT arsebulis morgeba sakuTar qveyanaze.



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magram cxadia, rom es SeuZlebelia. radgan yvela qveya-

na didia is Tu patara, gamoirCeva Tavisi individua-

lizmiT, rac gamoixateba istoriul ganviTarebaSi, eT-

nikur da kulturul faqtorebSi, socialur fonSi da

a.S. is rac Seni qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanes kultu-

rul memkvidreobas warmoadgens da riTac geamayeba,sxvisTvis SeiZleba ubralod lamazi istoria da sanaxa-

oba iyos da meti araferi. amdenad TviToeuli qveynisupirvelesi daniSnuleba msoflio civilizaciis kval-dakval svlasTan erTad am faseulobaTa gadarCena un-

da iyos.saqarTvelo udavod patara qveyanaa, teritoriulad

da politikuradac. Tumca istoria bevrad ufro mra-

valsaukunovani gvaqvs, vidre bevr did qveynebs. Cveni

qveyana mravaljer idga yofna–aryofnis zRvarze, mag-ram uflis nebiTa da saxelovani qarTvelebis Zalis-

xmeviT movediT dRemde. kiTxva ki yovelTvis erTi iyo

da rCeba: ra unda moimoqmedos iseTma patara qveyanam,rogoric saqarTveloa raTa SeinarCunos TviTmyofa-

doba da saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti?saqarTvelos politikuri situacia dResdReobiT

arcTuise saxarbieloa. aRsaniSnavia, rom problema

rac ufro rTulia, misi fesvebi aTeuli wlebis win ki

ara, aramed aseuli wlebis win iRebs saTaves. aRsaniSna-

via, rom daSvebul iqna Secdomebi, rac qveyanas Zalian



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did fasad daujda. axla aucilebelia kvleva am Secdo-mebisa ara im TvalsazrisiT rom vinme iqnes dadanaSau-

lebuli, aramed im kuTxiT rom xelmeored igive an

msgavsi Secdoma ar iqnas daSvebuli.Tanamedrove kvlevebi Zalian saintereso das-

kvnebs akeTebs politikuri lideris tipebisa da Ziri-

Tadi da aucilebeli niSan–Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. magramerTi universaluri tipaJis Seqmna bevrs arafers moi-

tans, radgan yvela qveyana, rogorc zemoT iqna aRniS-

nuli, Tavisi specifikurobiT gamoirCeva da amdenad is

lideri, vTqvaT, romelic evropuli qveynebisaTvis

universaluri iqneba, SesaZloa saqarvelosaTvis ar

iyos universaluri. ratom? imitom rom saqarTvelospolitikuri mdgomareoba dRes sxvagvar diplomatias

moiTxovs. aq lideris mier yvela faqtori unda iqnes

gaTavisebuli. upirvelesad istoriuli gamocdileba.ismis kiTxva ramdenad SegviZlia Tu ar SegviZlia viyoT

„mowinave“ qveyana an saerTod upiratesia Tu ara dRes

es „mowinaveoba“. xom ar aris aucilebeli jer mTeli

rigi socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetamoxdes da Semdgom dadges dRis wesrigSi politikuri

liderobis sakiTxi.qveynis politika umeteswilad politikuri li-

deris mier arCeuli gezia, politikuri liderisa ro-melsac virCevT xalxi demokratiuli principebidan ga-



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momdinare. yuradsaRebia aseve is faqti ramdenad mzadiyo da aris qarTuli sazogadoeba im didi fenomenis

misaRebad rogoric demokratia gaxlavT. konkretu-

lad problema xom ar dgas imaSi, rom socialuri daekonomikuri siduxWire aris Tu ara Semaferxebelifaqtori imisa rom sazogadoeba moklebulia movlene-bis swori gansjis unars da ver akeTebs saTanadod

swor arCevans. swori arCevanis arqona ki iwvevs iseTi

politikuri lideris mosvlas qveynis saTaveSi, rome-lic zemoTCamoTvlil problemebs ver moagvarebs daSeiZleba metad savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndeT

vidre varT.roca lideris fenomenze vsaubrobT, aq moiazreba

ara mxolod politikuri lideri, aramed, sazogadoeb-

rivi liderebic, romlebic qveynis politikur cxovre-baSi aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobdnen, magram poli-

tikuri Tanamdeboba ar uWiravT. aseTi liderebi sazo-gadoebasTan axlos an sul mis wiaRSi imyofebian da er-Ti SexedviT ufro saRad Wvreten qveynis momavals daaqtiurad saqmianoben qveynis politikuri winsvlisa da

ganviTarebisaTvis. aseTi liderebi amzadeben revolu-

ciebs, arian iniciatorebi didqtatoruli reJimebiswinaaRmdeg gadatrialebis mowyobisa da yovelive es

mxolod da mxolod qveynis gadarCenas emsaxureba. ume-teswilad sazogadoebrivi liderebi warmoadgenen



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fesvebs im didi ganviTarebisa, romlis tvirTic Sem-

dgom politikur liders ekuTvnis.yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

gakeTdes daskvna, rom saqarTvelo patara qveyanaTa

ricxvs miekuTvneba. Tumca geopolitikurad bevri di-

di qveynisaTvis SesaSuri mdebareoba gaaCnia, bevria re-

sursi, romlis gonivruli gamoyeneba ukeTesi momav-

lis sawindri SeiZleba gaxdes. sabWoTa epoqaSi am re-

sursebis gamoyeneba xdeboda, magram „kavSiris“ prin-cipebidan gamomdinare Sedegebi saqarTvelos ganviT-

rebisaTvis naklebad iyo gankuTvnili. erTi sityviTyvela piroba da safuZveli arsebobs ukeTesi momavli-

saTvis, magram mosagvarebeli rCeba umTavresi sakiTxi

– Zlieri politikuri lideris arCevis problema.lideris swori politikuri kursi saqarTvelos ga-

daiyvans ganviTarebis civilizirebul relsebze da mi-uxedavad Tavisi teritoriuli Tu mosaxleobis ric-

xobrivi simcirisa, is gaxdeba prioritetuli da mniS-

vnelovani rogorc politikur–ekonomikuri ise socia-

lur–kulturuli kuTxiT. liderma unda gamoiCinos

politikuri gamWriaxoba da unari, rom msoflio daain-

teresos Tavisi qveyniT. gamoiyenos yvela bunebrivi

resursi, rom qveyana ekonomikuriad gaimarTos welSi.am resursebSi rasakvirvelia igulisxmeba sazRvarga-reT saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis gadinebis SeCereba da



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im niWieri da Semoqmedi adaminaebisaTvis ukan dabrune-

bis SesaZleblobebis micema, raTa maTi niWi da unari

Cenive qveynisaTvis iqnes gamoyenebuli. paralelurad

amisa, rasakvirvelia diplomatiuri gzebi unda gamona-xos msoflio wamyvan da gansakuTrebiT mezobel sa-

xelmwifoebTan.amrigad, patara qveyna da misi politikuri lideris

dilema mogvarebadi sakiTxia damoicavs: politikuri

diplomatias, maRali politikuri inteleqtis arsebo-bas da im principis gaazrebas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

gamoyenebas, rogoric erTxel erTma kavkasiurma li-

derma Samilma Tqva – „patara ers didi xanjali unda

hqondeso“. romelic Tavisi drois WeSmaritebad iqna

miCneuli.


katlipi s., senteri a. brumi g. sazogadoebasTn

urTierToba Teoria da praqtika, Tb., 2010;magStadti T. „gavigoT politika“ Tb; 2010;qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1960Рыжов И. В, Проблемы регионального лидерства в

мировой политике: к постановке вопроса, 2007;



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Khatuna Muradishvili

Dilemma of politician leader in an example of small countryResume

There are a lot of small countries. The concept – “smallcountry” means small with politics and territory. UnquestionablyGeorgia is a small country with its territory and politics. But it hasmuch more the century old history than many big countries.

For many times our country was on the bond of to be or not tobe, but with the help of god and wise people we are still alive.Permanently there was and is one question: what must do such asmall country as Georgia to keep the identity and sovereignty ofgovernment? The answer is - leaders right politician course takesGeorgia on the civilized way of development and in spite of itsterritory and population it will become a priority and important withits politics, economics and socio-cultural way.



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Хатуна Мурадишвили

Дилемма политического лидера на примере маленькойстраныРезюме

В мире много маленьких стран. Под маленькой странойподразумевается территориально и политически маленькаястрана. Грузия маленькая страна и территориально, иполитически, хотя наша многовековая история намного больше,чем у многих великих стран.

Перед Грузией всегда стоял один вопрос – что должнасделать такая маленькая страна как Грузия, чтобы сохранитьгосударственный суверенитет. Ответ один – правильныйполитический курс лидера переведёт Грузию нацивилизованные рельсы развития и несмотря на малостьтерритории и населения, она станет приоритетным изначительным государством как в политико – экономическомтак и социально – культурном отношении.



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sociologia

SociologyСоциология

socialuri institutebi dasazogadoebrivi stabilurobis zogierTi

problema

ineza zoiZe

socialuri instituti socialuri normebisa da

kavSirebis organizebuli sistemaa, romelic aerTia-nebs Rirebul sazogadoebriv faseulobebsa da proce-

durebs, rac ZiriTadad gamoixateba dauwereli kano-

nebiT anu tradiciebiT, institucionalizaciis pro-

cesi ki aris socialuri normebis, wesebis, statusebis

da rolebis gansazRvrisa da gamtkicebis, maTi sistema-

Si moyvanis procesi, romlebic akmayofileben sazoga-doebis ZiriTad moTxovnilebebs da aregulireben ada-

mianTa qcevas mocemuli institutis CarCoebSi.socialuri institutebi SeiZleba ganxiluli iq-



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nas ori: garegani(formaluri)da Sinagani (Sinaarsobri-

vi) mxridan.formaluri mxariT nebismieri socialuri insti-

tuti warmoadgens dawesebulebebis, Senobebis, nagebo-

bebis, sxvadasxva saxis aRWurvilobis erTobliobas.aseve, adamianebs, romlebic orientirebuli arin gar-kveuli socialuri funqciebisa da amocanebis Sesru-

lebaze.Sinaarsobriv mxares Seadgens mocemuli institu-

tis socialuri funqciebis Sesrulebisaken mowodebu-li adamianebis qcevis mizanmimarTulad orientirebu-

li standartebis kompleqsi. [Кравченко:326,2003] socia-luri institutebi Tavisi sistemuri midgomiT gansaz-

Rvravs rogorc sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris, aseve,mTliani socialuri jgufis uflebebsa da movaleo-

bebs. movaleobebi aRniSnavs Tu mocemuli rolis Sem-srulebelma an konkretuli statusis matarebelma raunda gaakeTos sxva SemsrulebelTan an matarebelTan

mimrTebaSi. uflebebi ki miuTiTebs imaze, Tu risi uf-lebis micema SeuZlia adamians sakuTari TavisTvis an

risi daSveba SeuZlia sxva adamianTan mimarTebaSi. uf-lebebi da movaleobebi mkacrad gawerilia da maTzesocialuri kontroli xorcieldeba garkveuli saSua-

lebebiT. es upirveles yovlisa aris socialuri kon-

troli socializaciis gziT. adamianebi ise unda iqce-



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odnen, rogorc aucilebelia konkretuli sazogadoe-

bisaTvis. socializaciis Sedegead xSirad adamianebiiwyeben TavianTi socialuri rolebis nawilis Sesru-

lebas aracnobierad, e.i. Cvevis gamo. es Cvevebi yalib-

deba socializirebis procesSi, isini qcevas gansaz-

Rvraven garkveul CarCoebSi, mas xdian winaswargansaz-

Rvruls. amasTan, uflebebi da movaleobebi mWidro

kavSirSia erTmaneTTan: erTi gulisxmobs meores. maTi

calk-calke arseboba iwvevs socialuri struqturis

deformirdebas.[fenenko:129,2012] socializaciis pro-

cesi ki moicavs ara mxolod maT, vinc swavlobs da iT-

visebs axal codnas, Rirebulebebs, normebs, aramed

imaT, vinc moqmedeben swavlebis procesze, axdenen ga-

damwyvet zegavlenas individebze, Sesabamisad amaRle-ben TviTkontrolis xarisxss da qmnian pirovnebaTa-

Sorisi urTierTobebis sferos. sazogadoebaSi pirve-ladi socializaciis agentebi swored socialuri in-

stitutebia. socialuri institutebis Camoyalibeba

aris rTuli da mravaldoniani procesi. yvela socia-luri movlena rodi gadaiqceva ganviTarebis Sedegad

socialur institutad. sazogadoebrivi praqtika ar-

Cevs da ganamtkicebs individebis, socialur jgufebs

Soris mxolod im urTierTobebs, romlebic sasicoc-

xlod mniSvnelovanni xdebian sazogadoebis, rogorc



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rTuli socialuri sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis.garda amisa, institucionalizaciis procesi asaxavs

sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTareis etapebs: isto-riis sxvadasxva periodebSi wina planze SeiZleba gamo-

vides sxvadasxva sazogadoerbrivi moTxovnilebebi,rac uSualod aisaxeba gansakuTrebiT socialuri in-

stitutebis Sinaarsobriv nawilze. amitom sxvadasxvaistoriuli epoqebis socilaur institutebis Sedare-

bisas, saWiroa gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvile-

ba drois faqtorze.ZiriTad sferoebs, romlebic gansazRvravs sazo-

gadoebis ganviTarebas istoriuli etapebis mixedviT,warmoadgens ekonomika, politika, samarTali, kultu-

ra, religia, ojaxi. Sesabamisad, sociologebi gamoyo-

fen ZiriTad socialur institutebs: ekonomikurs, mag,kerZo sakuTrebis instituti; politikurs, samarTlis,religiis, kulturis, ojaxis institutebs.

socialurma institutma Tavisi saqmianoba undadauqvemdebaros mTlianad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

interesebs. Tu sazogadoeba ar aRiarebs mocemuli so-cialuri institutebis funqciebsa da interesebs

mTlianad sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad, maSi-an aseTi socialuri instituti moxvdeba araforamlu-

ri institutTa rigebSi. umiSvnelovanes instrumen-



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tebs, romelTa movaleobaSi Sedis socialuri sistemisyvela institutis mxardaWerisa da ganviTarebis amo-

cana, warmoadgens politikuri institutebi. imisaTvis

rom sistema kargad funqcionirebdes, politikuri in-

stitutebi unda qmnidnen Sesabamis garemos. socialur

institutebs sazogadoebaSi aqvs, rogorc mareguli-

rebeli, aseve sakomunikacio da saintegracio funqcia.am TvalsazrisiT did rols TamaSoben socialuri nor-

mebi, rogorc sociualuri institutebis ZiriTadi me-

qanizmebi. normebi faseulobebis damcvelia. umartive-si normebic ki ganasaxiereben ra fasdeba jgufis an sa-

zogadoebis mier. swored normebia uflebebisa da mo-

valeobebis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.maTimkacrad gansazRvra ki adgens zRvars uflebebsa da Ta-visuflebas Soris da TavisTavad aregulirebs sazoga-

doebriv urTierTobebs. magram Tu sazogadoebrivi

moTxovnilebebi, romelTa dakmayofilebac unda moax-

dinos institutma, icvleba ufro swrafad, vidre Sesa-

bamisi institutis moqmedebis saorganizacio-materea-

luri da Sinaarsobrivi elementebi, maSin socialuri

instituti xdeba disfunqciuri [eriaSvili..:361,2011].Tanamedrove etapze, globalizaciis pocesebSi,

rac klasikuri ganmartebiT gulisxmobs qveynebs Soris

ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli CarCoebis



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moSlas, romlis damaxasiTaebeli pirobaa mudmivad

inovaciuri da swrafad cvalebadi garemo, sazogadoe-baSi socialuri institutebis rolsa da funqciebze

sociologTa, eTnologTa da politikosTa mxridan az-

rTa sxvadasxvaoba Camoyalibda.garkveuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad socialuri in-

stitutebi araadekvaturia Tanamedrove, mudmivi

inovaciebiT damaxasiaTebeli garemosaTvis. socialu-ri institutebi qmnis qcevis standartebs da afer-

xebs inovaciebis damkvidrebas , rac iwvevs sazogado-

ebis modernizaciis procesebis Senelebas.meore TvalsazrisiT ki, socialuri institutebi

warmoadgens sazogadoebis socialuri kontaqtis Se-madgenel elementebs da sazogadoebis stabilur gan-

viTarebasa da socialur harmoniaSi iseTive (xSir Sem-

TxvevaSi ufro meti) wvlili Seaqvs, rogorc daweril

kanonebs anu iuridiul normebs.veTanxmebiT mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT,

rom nebismieri norma da tradicia iqmneba drois moT-xovnis Sesabamisad da SesaZloa sxva droSi da sxva ga-remoSi veRar aRmoCdnen situaciis adekvaturni dagarkveulwilad Seaferxon sazogadoebaSi inovaciuri

garemos damkvidrebis tempebi, magram amavdroulad

socialuri institutebis funqcias vfiqrobT, gansa-

kuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba iseTi tradiciebis,



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mentalobis, eTnikurad Wreli da Sesabamisad gansa-kuTrebiT rTuli politikuri garemos mqone xalxeb-

Si, rogoric kavkasiis xalxebia. sadac xSirad iuridi-ul normebze metad sazogadoebaSi reagirebs dauwe-reli kanonebis erToblioba socialuri institutebis

saxiT. am TvalsazrisiT saintereso magaliTia saqar-

Tvelos Tanamedrove realoba. saqarTveloSi bolo pe-

riodSi adgili aqvs e.w. ,,pankisis xeobidan“ axalgaz-

rdebis gadinebas konfliqtur regionSi- siriaSi. tra-diciulad pankisis xeobaSi didi socialuri datvir-

Tva da amavdroulad, sazogadoebrivi stabilurobisTvalsazrisiT maregulirebeli funqcia hqonda iseTi

socialuri institutis arsebobas, rogoric aris

,,uxucesTa sabWo“, romelic winaaRmdegia aRniSnuli

procesebisa, rac TavisTavad pozitiuri movlenaa.Tumca aRniSnuli socialuri instituti Tanamedroveetapze TiTqmis disfunqciuria da iseTive gavlenasveRar axdens mosaxleobaze da gansakuTrebiT axalgaz-

rdebze, rogorc es adre iyo. vfiqrobT, am da msgavsSemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli socialuri institutis fun-qciuri arseboba xels Seuwyobda arsebuli situaciis

regulirebas.



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eriaSvilin.d., belski d.i., kravCenko a.i., kurganovi

s.i., sociologia iuristebisaTvis,Tb.,20011fenenko i. v. marTvis/mmarTvelobiTi/ sociologia,

Tb., 2012Кравченко.А.И. . Тюрина И. О. Социология управления. М.,

2005

Инеза Зоидзе

Социальные институты и некоторые проблемыстабильности общества

Резюме

В статье рассмотрена сущность социальных институтов,входящих в них общественных ценностей и процедуры норм,которые, в основном, проявляются в неписанных законах, т.е. втрадициях, которые удовлетворяют основные потребностиобщества и регулируют поведение людей в рамкахпредполагаемых институтов.

Кроме того, при рассмотрении данных вопросов, особоевнимание уделяется роли и значению социальных институтов всовременном, стремительно развивающемся обществе, а также



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как в функциональных, так и дисфункциональных процессахсовременной глобализации и модернизации.

Ineza Zoidze

Social Institutions and some problems of social stabilityResume

The essence of social institutions is discussed in the article aswell as procedures concerning social values and norms that areshown mainly by non-written rules and traditions which in turnsatisfy main demands of a society and regulate human behavior inthe frames of a given institution.

Also, while discussing the above mentioned matters a specialattention is given to the role and importance of social institutions inthe process of social development and stabilization in modern fast-changing world as well as to functional and dysfunctional processesin conditions of modern globalization and modernization.



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heraldika

HeraldryГеральдики

himni rogorc saxelmwifo simbolikiserTerTi mTavari elementi

natalia lazba

himni, rogorc droSa da gerbi saxelmwifos ofi-cialur simbolos warmoadgens da droSisa da gerbis

,,musikalur eqvivalents“ gamoxatavs. himnis Sesrulebaoficialur Sida politikur an saerTaSoriso ceremo-

niebze xdeba.saxelmwifo gerbi da droSa abstraqtul simbo-

loebs warmoadgens da TiToeul simbolos Tavisi dat-

virTva aqvs. himnis Semadgeneli komponentebi teqsti

da melodiaa, romlis unisonSi yofna - misi ukvdavebis

garantiaa. himni mravaljeradi mosmenis sagania da yo-

velTvis arsebobs imis safrTxe, rom Tu masSi Cadebu-

lia erTmaneTis gamomricxveli, dualisturi, yalbi in-



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formacia, simbolos emuqreba destruqcia, msxreva da

sabolood - miviwyeba.rogorc gerbs da droSas, himnsac Tavisi xan-

grZlivi istoria gaaCnia. ufro metic, himnis idea ise-

Tive Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis civilizacia da es

imaze miuTiTebs, rom himni gaCnda ufro adre, vidre

gerbebi da droSebi maTi dRevandeli formiT.sityvis etimologia dakavSirebulia berZnul mi-

TologiasTan, kerZod, qorwinebis RmerTis - himeneis

saxelTan. ganansxvaven himnebis Semdeg saxeobebs: reli-

giurs, literaturuls, nacionalurs da korporati-

uls.himnebi gvxdeba sxvadasxva xalxis sakralur poe-

ziaSi da sawyiss iRebs locvebidan. martivi locvis Zi-riTad Semadgenel elementebs warmoadgenen mowodeba

(invocatio) da magikuri formula(carmen). Sesabamisad,himnis elementarul komponentebs warmoadgenen - epik-

leza (saxvTo saxeli) da Txovna. himnis struqturis me-

same elementad, rogorc wesi, iTvleba aretalogia an

efiTuri nawili (pars epica).indur poeziaSi, RmerTebTan mimarTuli himnebi,

mxatvruli sityvis uZveles nimuSs warmoadgenen. maTmniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT uZvelesi epoqebis li-

teraturaSi: sankritul, budistur, jainurSi.



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cnobilia, agreTve, arabuli himnuri poezia, mag-

ram religiuri lirika arabebSi viTardeboda sustad,mxolod XIII saukuneSi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da

kulturuli cxovrebis Sesustebis Semdeg, cnobili

xdeba himni-yasidi busiri muhamedis sapativcemulod

da mistiuri sufiuri himnebi omar ibn-al-faridas-

Tvis.gansxvavebiT arabuli poeziisa, metad mdidari da

mxatvruli iyo iranuli himnebi. es himnebi (saukeTesoa

jalaledin rumi, XIII s.) Seicaven panteistur4 simboli-

kas da siyvarulis ideas. iranuli himnuri poezia, ro-

melmac gavlena Turqul himnebzec moaxdina.saberZneTisa da romis istoriaSi himnebs umniS-

vnelo adgili uWiravT. aRmosavleTis himnebis gansxva-

vebiT, am himnebSi aRmerTebdnen sazogado moRvaweebs

da zeimebis Catarebas. saerTod iTvleba, rom yvelaze

Zvel musikalur himnad, romelic Cvenamdea moRweuli,iTvleba poet evripidis (V s.Cv.w.) ,,oresti’’, romlis

melodia Cawerilia papirusze. mogvianebiT gaCnda sxva-

dasxva himnis Janri: peani - himni apolonisaTvis, dife-

4პაანტეიზმი (παν (პან) ,,ყველაფერი’’ დაθεός(თეოს),,ღმერთი’’) - რელიგითიური დაფილოსოფი სწავლება, რომელიც აერთიანებს ღმერთს და სამყაროს. ამმიმართულების თანახმად სამყარო წარმოადგენს ბუნების ერთიანობას დახვთაობრიობას.



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ramba - himni dionisisTvis da a.S. himnebis teqstebs

qmnidnen berZeni poetebi: homerosi, anakreonti, kal-

limaxi, agreTve, prokla, sinesia da a. S. elinizmis epo-

qaSi (IV-I ss. Cv.w.) himnebma sazeimo simRerebis formagansakuTrebiT religiuri procesiebis msvlelobis

dros miiRo.adreul qristianobis epoqaSi, romis imperiis da-

cemis procesSi, himnis poeziis ayvaveba aRiniSneba. Se-

morCenili qristianuli himnebi ganekuTvneba III sauku-

nes, maTi warmoSoba dakavSirebulia siriasTan. cnobi-

li poetebi efrem sirini (IVs.), romani sladkopeveci(VIs.)-1000 himnis avtori, ioane damaskeli (VII-VIIIss.)warmoSobiT siriidan iyvnen. bizantiidan himnis forma,qristianobasTan erTad Suasaukuneebis dasavleTSi

gavrcelda. himnebis xelovneba jer laTinur, xolo

mogvianebiT, xalxur enebze mTel Suasaukuneebis man-

Zilze vrceldeba.aRorZinebis epoqaSi himnebis TematikaSi axali

motivebi Cndeba. qalaqis burJuazia religiur himnebs

saagitacio literaturis formiT iyenebs. magaliTad:wm. francisko asizelis himns ,,Zmas mzes“, luTeris

himns,,Ein feste Burg“ da a.S. germaniis ekonomikuri dep-

resia 30-wliani omis Semdeg da masTan dakavSirebuli

religiuri da mistikuri ganwyobebis ayvavebam, xeli



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Seuwyo himnebis poeziis aRmavlobis bolo etaps (ange-

lus sileziusi, pauli gerhardi, pauli flemingi da

a.S.).XIX saukunis dasawyisSi romantikosebma himnis

formis aRorZineba scades, rogorc Tavisufal liri-

kul formas: novalisis ,,himnebi RamisTvis’’Hymnen andie Nacht); msgavs formas iyenebs geine Tavis ,,Ich bin dasSchwert, ich bin dieFlamme’’.

religiuri himnis, rogorc sabrZolo simReris

gamoyenebam, safuZveli Cauyara e.w. ,,nacionaluri him-

nis’’ ( sazeimo simRere arareligiuri SinaarsiT) Seq-

mnas. zogi aseTi simRera warmoadgens nacionalur (,,DieWacht am Rhei’’, ,,Deutschland, Deutschland über alle’’,,RuleBritannia’’) da revoluciur (,,marselioza’’) ganwyobas.

yvelaze adreul nacionalur himnad evropaSi ni-

derlanduli ,,vilgelm nasau’’ (cnobilia 1626 wlidan)iTvleba. sityvebis avtori, savaraudod, marniqsi van

sen aldegondia, niderlandebis diplomati da saxel-

mwifo moRvawe. es himni dResac saxelmwifos ucvlel

oficialur simbolos warmoadgens.evropaSi centralizebuli Zalauflebis gaZlie-

rebam, xeli Seuwyo iseT himnebis aRorZinebas, romle-bic miZRvnili iyo monarqis irgvliv eris gaZliereba-

ze. mis klasikur magaliTs qeris avtorobiT, warmoad-



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gens XVIII saukunis inglisuri patriotuli simRera

,,God Save the King’’(,,RmerTo, mefe gadaarCine’’, henri

(1743 w.). es simRera moTxovnadi da Zalian popularuli

gaxda ori wlis Semdeg, stiuartebis amboxebis CaxSobi-

sas. niderlandebis himnis Semdeg, qronologiurad mo-

dis aRniSnuli himni. am himns dResac ar aqvs oficia-

luri saxelmwifo himnis statusi (arasodes ar damtki-

cebula arc mefis, arc parlamentis mier). mis msgavsad,gaCnda sxva evropuli saxelmwifoebis himnebi. dasaw-yisSi yvela maTgans britanuli himnis musika hqonda

(magaliTad: rusuli ,,boJe caria xrani’’ (1833 wlamde),amerikuli ,,My Country, 'Tis of Thee’’(1931 wlamde), germa-

nuli imperiis himni ,,Heil dir imSiegerkranz’’ (1922 wlamde),Sveicariuli ,,Rufst du mein Vaterland’’ da sxv., daaxloe-

biT 20 himni). imis Semdeg, rac himnebis damtkiceba daiw-

yo parlamentis an monarqis mier, faqtiurad yvela him-

nma miiRo sakuTari melodia. magram lixtenSteinis him-

ni ,,Oben am jungen Rhein’’, dResac inarCunebs inglisuri

himnis musikas.nacionaluri himnebis sxva tips warmoadgens

franguli ,,marselioza’’. es himni pirdapir dakavSire-

bulia frangul revoluciasTan. garda ,,marseliozi-

sa’’, safrangeTSi popularuli iyo ,,saira’’ da ,,karmani-



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oli’’, magram dResdReobiT, es simRerebi faqtiura, mi-

viwyebulia.qveynebi, romlebmac im periodisTvis damouki-

debloba dakarges, samSoblos ganaxlebasTan erTad

eris aRorZinebis ideas qadagebdnen. am periodSi Seiq-

mna poloneTis ,,dombrovskis mazurka’’(musikis avto-

ria mixeili oginski). is Seiqmna italiaSi polonur le-

gionebSi bonapartuli omebis dros. aRniSnuli revo-

luciuri simRera warmoadgens erT–erT pirvel sla-

vur himns, romelic aTwleulis manZilze iTvleboda

polonelebis mTavar patriotul simRerad. saxelmwi-

fos mier is aRiarebuli mxolod XX saukunis 20-an

wlebSi gaxda. am himnis ,,kvali’’ Cans ukrainis himnSi,xolo yofili iugoslaviis himnis melodia iyo misi

zusti kopia. 1830 wels Seiqmna belgiuri revoluciuri

,,bransoni’’, romelSic Cadebuli iyo mowodeba sicoc-

xle gawiron samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis.zogierT saxelmwifoSi (italia, slovakeTi) ofi-

cialuri saxelmwifo simboloebi gaxda simRerebi,romlebic adre ikrZaleboda xelisuflebis mier. xor-

vatuli himnis ,,Cveni SesaniSnavi samSoblos’’ Sesrule-

bisaTvis (Seiqmna XIX saukuneSi donicetis ariis safuZ-

velze), iugosalaviis arsebobis dros, SesaZlebeli iyo

cixeSe aRmoCena. aRmosavleT evropis, aziis, afrikis,



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laTinuri amerikis zog saxelmwifoSi, politikuri re-

Jimebis SecvlasTan erTad, icvleboda oficialuri

himnebic . qveynebSi, sadac ar iyo mdidari himnebis tra-

dicia, specialurad ucxoeli musikosebi CamohyavdaT

saxelmwifos mTavari simReris dasawerad. magaliTad,tailandis samefo himnis melodia dawera rusma musi-

kosma da kompozitorma petre Siurovskim.nacionalu-

ri simReris SerCevis problema XX s. saxelmwifoebSi

gaCnda, sadac Seicvala politikuri wyoba (ssrk yofi-

li respublikebi, aRmosavleTi evropa, monholeTi,samxreT afrikis respublika). zog qveynebSi aRadgines

istoriuli himnebi, zogSi ki gadaakeTes cvlilebebam-

de arsebuli simRerebi, danarCenebma sul axali sa-

xelmwifo simboloebi Seqmnes. magaliTad, monRoleTma

1991 wels daibruna Zveli 1950 wlisdroindeli saxel-

mwifo himni. marTalia, simReridan amoRebul iqna sta-

linis, suxe-batonis da Coibalsanis saxelebi. saqar-

Tvelom, moldovam, somxeTma, bosniam, yazaxeTma, ru-seTma bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi ramdenimejer Secva-

la saxelmwifo himnis varianti.rig saxelmwifos XIX saukunis bolomdec ar gaaC-

nda Tavisi oficialuri simbolo. magaliTad, CineTs,koreas, luqsemburgs. osmaleTSi yvela sulTanisTvis



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iwereboda personaluri marSi. tuniss XIX saukunis bo-

los TxuTmeti saxelmwifo himni-marSi hqonda.nacionaluri himnebis istoriaSi cnobilia usit-

yvo himnebis kategoria. amis naTeli magaliTia espane-

Tis himni ,,samefo misalmeba’’, metad popularuli is-

lamur qveynebSi. misi melodia - samxedro simReraa (av-

tori ucnobia). aRniSnuli himni xuTma espanurma revo-

luciam gadaitana.amrigad, nacionaluri himnis datvirTvas warmo-

adgens konkretuli eris warsuli istoriis, tradicie-

bis, zneobriobis wardgena. himni koncentrirebuli

formiT gamoxatavs qveynis prioritetebs, miznebs, sa-

momavlo gegmebs da imedebs.

Наталия ЛазбаГимн как один из главных символов

государственной символикиРезюме

Гимн как герб и флаг представляет собой официальныйгосударственный символ, является «музыкальнымэквивалентом» герба и флага. Гимн исполняется как во времягосударственных торжеств, так и во время международныхцеремоний.



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Как и герб и флаг, гимн имеет свою историю. Более того,идея гимна также стара, как и человеческая цивилизация и этоявляется доказательством того, что гимны появились за долго допоявления гербов и флагов в их современном виде.

Natalia Lazba

Anthem as one of the main symbols of the state symbols

Resume

A hymn as well as a flag and coat of arms are a state’s officialsymbol and are a “musical equivalent” of them. A hymn is sung atofficial ceremonies, internal and international ceremonies.

A coat of arms and a flag are abstract symbols and needexplanation: what the color or the symbol means. A hymn isdifferent. It is an emblem which is often encrypted and can bedirectly perceived.

Hymn has a long history like a coat of arms or a flag.Moreover, the idea of a hymn is as old as the human civilizationwhich means that hymns appeared earlier than coat of arms or flagsin their current shape.



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]maskomunikacia

массовая коммуникацияMass Communication

,,enobriv –stilistikuri darRvevebisajaro dawesebulebebis vebgverdebze“

irine cincaZe

Tanamedrove pirobebSi informacias wamyvani ro-

li uWiravs Cvens yoveldRiur yofa – cxovrebaSi. ganu-zomelia misi gavlena sazogadoebrivi azris formire-

baSi, rac garkveulwilad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa

da internetis damsaxurebaa. dRes msoflios mTavro-bebma aqtiurad daiwyes internetis saSualebiT moqa-laqeebTan komunikaciis danergva da rac yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania, xelisuflebis angariSvaldebulebis ga-sazrdelad, aqcenti keTdeba maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb

detaluri informaciis xelmisawvdomobaze.interneti Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili

gaxda. Tanamedrove samyaroSi warmoudgenelia nebismi-

eri organizacia, sajaro samsaxuri Tu arasamTavrobo



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dawesebuleba, romelsac sakuTari vebgverdi ar hqon-

des, sadac organizaciis yoveldRiuri informacia,strategiebi, miRwevebi, sazogadoebasTan urTierTo-

bebi Tu sxvadasxva sakiTxebi aisaxeba. Tumca, rodesacTanamedrove globalur samyaroSi internetisa da veb-gverdebis aucileblobasa da mis dadebiT mxareebze

vsaubrobT, yuradsaRebia erTi mniSvnelovani faqto-

ri. kerZod, qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis

dacva, romelic faqtiurad aRar arsebobs. damaxinje-

buli, darRveuli da Seryeulia wminda kanonikuri ena.Temur jagodniSvili Tavis naSromSi ,,globalisturienobrivi cnobiereba da Tanamedrove publicistikis

enis zogierTi Tavisebureba“ aRniSnavs: ,,publicisti-kis enis da metyvelebis axali stilis damkvidrebis

mcdeloba rogorc iTqva, ucxoenovani leqsikisaken

ltolvaSi gamoixateba. marTalia ucxo sityvebi xSi-rad formalurad terminebisa da profesionalizmebis

funqciiT SemoaqvT, magram es yovelTvis ar aris ganpi-

robebuli aucileblobiT. amasTan es neologizmebi

publicistikaSi SemoaqvT politikis sferodan, Tanac

ise, masobrivi auditoriisaTvis neologizmisadmi sa-

kuTari mimarTebis damyareba – ganmartebis gareSe,Tavmomwoneoben imiT, rom maT ician terminis Sinaarsi

da sxvebma – ara. magaliTisaTvis Tundac am bolo dros



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Semotanili sityva kohabitacia da misi semantikis ir-gvliv atexili iumoristuli interpretaciebi ikmareb-

da. gana ar SeiZleba am arc Tu iolad warmosaTqmeli

ucxo sityvis nacvlad qarTuli ,,Tanacxovreba“ , ,,Ta-

naarseboba“ gamoviyenoT?“ (T. jagodniSvili, gv. 91).,,saqarTvelos mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesobi-

saTvis qarTuli saliteraturo enis paralelurad,CvenSi gaCnda erTgvari enobrivi surogatebi, romelicTandaTan mkivdrdeba saxelmwifo dawesebulebebsa Tu

arasamTavrobo seqtorSi, mediasa Tu samarTalwarmoe-

baSi da a.S. gasuli saukunis bolo aTwleulSi sxvadas-xvaa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis wiaRSi dabadebuli

es enobrivi surogati, romelsac pirobiTad ,,proeqte-

bis ena“ SeiZleba davarqvaT, TandaTanobiT iqca ,,siax-

lisa da Tanamedroveobis“, anu e.w. ,,axali mentalobis“,ganuyofel atributad da ,,safirmo niSnad,“ – werda

mwerali kote jandieri jer kidev 2008 wels gamoqvey-

nebul werilSi ,,idiotizmis anatomia“. kote jandieri

swored imas usvamda xazs, rom saliteraturo enisnormaTa ugulvebelyofas swored saxelmwifo struq-

turebSi da maT Soris, ganaTlebis saministroSi dasaq-

mebuli maRalCinosnebi uwyobdnen xels (eka maRaldaZe

,,enis darRveuli ekologia“, http://www.liberali.ge).



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kote jandieri swored imas usvamda xazs, rom sa-literaturo enis normaTa ugulvebelyofas sworedsaxelmwifo struqturebSi dasaqmebuli maRalCnosnebi

uwyobdnen xels.qarTuli ena, SeiZleba iTqvas, dRes Tavisufal

dinebasaa miyolili. qveyanaSi ar arsebobs organo, ro-

melic enis normebs daicavda da gaakontrolebda. enaki viTardeboda da dadgenili normebi wlebis ganmav-

lobaSi icvleba. enaTmecnierebi amboben, rom es buneb-

rivi procesia, Tumca, enis dinebaze miSveba gaumar-

Tlebelia.enis siwmindis dacvis sakiTxSi yvela moqalaqem

Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba unda aiRos, magram gan-

sakuTrebiT yuradRebiT unda iyos is pirebi, visi val-debulebac sajaro samsaxurebis vebgverdeze informa-

ciis ganTavsebaa. informaciebSi araerTi Secdoma ,,ipa-

reba“, rogorc gramatikuli, aseve stilisturi. maga-liTisaTvis ramdenime sajaro samsaxuris vebgverdidan

aRebul masalas SemogTavazebT.



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,,ginda dasaqmde sajaro samsaxurSi? Cveni veb–gverdis saSualebiT saqarTvelos nebismier moqalaqes

aqvs SesaZlebloba, onlain gaakeTos gancxadeba da da-

saqmdes“ (sajaro samsaxuris biuro, www.csb.gov.ge). aR-

niSnul winadadebaSi ramdenime saxis Secdomaa, kerZod,saSualebiT araswori formaa, unda iyos meSveobiT,aseve ara gancxadeba, aramed ganacxadi. igive sajaro

samsaxuris vebgverdze aRmoCenili xarvezi: ,,gaecaniTanamdebobis pirebis qonebrivi mdgomareobis dekla-

raciebs eleqtronulad. Cven uzrunvelyofT maT sa-

jaroobas da xelmisawvdomobas.“ dameTanxmebiT, al-

baT, rom uzrunvelyofT araswori formaa da unda

iyos ,,vuzrunvelyofT“.agreTve saintereso winadade-

baa ,,parlamentis jandacvis komitetSi daviT serge-

enkos mousmines...“ saTauri gansazRvravs informaciis

Sinaars, magram aRniSnuli saTauri damabnevelia, vinai-

dan stilisturad gaumarTavia. statiaSi saubaria ,,C”hepatitis eliminaciis programis dawyebis Sesaxeb, Se-

sabamisad, statiis saTauri SeiZleboda gamarTuli yo-

filiyo Semdegnairad: ,,parlamentis jandacvis komi-

tetSi ,,C” hepatitis eliminaciis programis dawyebis

Sesaxeb daviT sergeenkos mousmines...“ (www.Moh.gov.ge).



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agreTve gaumarTavia aRniSnuli winadadeba: ,, Chepatitis eliminaciis programis sazeimo miReba“ ,rac vfiqrob, uxerxulic ki SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan aR-

niSnuli programa sazeimo miRebas ar eqvemdebareba,ufro gamarTuli iqneba prezentacia/wardgineba.

iqve: ,,birfingi C hepatitis eliminaciis progra-

mis pirveli etapis Sesaxeb“ (birfingi/brifingi).aseve sakamaToa Semdegi saxis winadadeba: ,,ukrai-

nis konfliqtiT dazaralebuli bavSvebis viziti saqar-

TveloSi“. ukrainis konfliqti visTan an rasTan dakav-

SirebiT, unda iyos winadadebaSi dakonkretebuli. ma-

galiTad: ,,ruseT–ukrainis konfliqtiT dazaralebu-

li bavSvebis viziti saqarTveloSi“.,,bavSvebi vizitisaTvis ukrainulma fondma si-

cocxle yvelafris miuxedavad“ SearCia“... sityva ,,Se-

arCia“ gankuTvnilia ramdenadme nivTis SerCevasTan.bavSvebis SerCeva am konteqstSi araswori formaa. sti-

listurad ufro daxvewili forma iqneboda mowveva.,,me–14–e saerTaSoriso energetikul konferenci-

as ,,navTobi, gazi, energetika da infrastruqtura Tbi-

lisi“ masinZlobs“. me–14 –e ricxviTi saxelis araswori

formaa, unda iyos me–14 (energy.gov.ge).



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cnobili enaTmecnieri da saqarTvelos enis sa-

xelmwifo palatis eqs–xelmZRvaneli levan Rvinjilia

aRniSnavs, rom aRarc Sefasebebs aqvs azri da sajaro

moxeleebi, Tu maTi presmdivnebi aRarc specialiste-bis azrs iTvaliswineben da arc sakuTari Secdomebis

gamosworebas cdiloben. Tumca iqve aRiarebs, rom xe-

lisuflebis oficialur veb – gverdze amdenad gaumar-

Tavi teqstebis gamoqveyneba yovlad dauSvebelia.xSirad sajaro samsaxurebis veb–gverdebze vxvde-

biT iseT damaxinjebul formebs , rogoricaa: CvenTaga-

ni, TqvenTagani, maTTagani da sxv. sityvebi ,,Cven“ da

,,Tqven“ Tavad gamoxataven simravles da maTze –gan

TandebulTan erTad mravlobiTis –Ta niSnis darTva

arasworia.,,ganaTlebis ministrma gancxadeba gaakeTa, rom

skolebSi dainiSnebian mandaturebi“ unda iyos – ganac-

xada.,,anazRaureba yvelas epataraveba“ . swori formaa:

,,anazRaureba yvelas ecotaveba“,,xe–tyis ukanonod gayidvisaTvis ramdenime met-

yeve patimrobaSi aiyvanes“. swori formaa: ,,xe–tyisukanonod gayidvisaTvis ramdenime metyeve daapatim-

res“.



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,,xarisxis gaumjobesebasTan erTad fasic didde-

ba“, unda iyos ,,xarisxis gaumjobesebasTan erTad fa-

sic izrdeba“.xSirad gvxvdeba iseTi saxis Secdomebi, rogori-

caa

saqme imaSia, rom...unda iyos saqme isaa, rom

moxda gadaadgileba/ gadaadgilda

avariaSi dazaralebuli/avariaSi daSavebuli

bodiSiT/bodiSi masiuri/masobrivi ,,yvela ena

mdidrdeba, Cveni ki Raribdeba. bolo aTwleulebis gan-mavlobaSi qarTuli saliteraturo da sasaubro ena

damWlevda, mwiri gaxda, mwerlebi lamis marto quCuri

metyvelebis kopirebiT cdiloben gavidnen fons. ena

adamianis (aramarto mwerlis) samuSao (gnebavT, sab-

rZolo) iaraRia, romelsac gamudmebiT Tu ar uvli, da-

giClungdeba. aRarafers vambob imaze, rom esTetikuri

mimarTeba enasTan cota vinmes Tu SerCa“ – aRniSnavs

literaturis kritikosi levan bregaZe.



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rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, globalizacias, teqni-

kur ganviTarebas, internetis masobriv gamoyenebas Ta-

visi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi gaaCnia, salite-raturo enis normebis rRvevac garkveulwilad misi Se-

degia, vinaidan ucxouri sityvebis Semotana/damkvid-

rebam, skolebSi qarTuli enis arasrulyofilad swav-

lebam, Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo.


Temur jagodniSvili, ,,globalisturi enobrivicnobiereba da Tanamedrove publicistikis enis zogi-

erTi Tavisebureba“, samecniero Jurnali ,,seu da mec-

niereba“, #1. Tb. 2014levan bregaZe, ,,vinc sworad metyvelebs, is ufro

xSirad aRwevs mizans“ http://www.24saati.ge/http://www.liberali.gewww.csb.gov.geimereti.gewww. Moh.gov.ge



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Ирина Цинцадзе

докторант массовой коммуникации«Стилистически-языковые нарушения на веб-

страницах публичных учреждений»Резюме

В современных условиях ведущую роль в повседневныхотношениях занимает информация. Масштабно ее влияние наформирование общественного мнения посредствомсовременных технологий и интернета. Грузинский язык насегодняшний день, можно отметить, находится в т.н.«свободном» состоянии. В стране не существует ни один орган,который защитит и проконтролирует языковые нормы. Даннаяпроблема особенно ярко видна на веб-страницах публичныхзаведений. Письменные отношения в электронных социальныхсетях больше похожи на разговорную речь. Складывается такоепредставление, как будто в интернете проходит новыйэксперимент над языком, который постепенно выходит за рамкисети и влияет на язык в целом. Интернет отрицает любыеязыковые нормы.

Вопрос защиты языка должен волновать всех граждан,которым необходимо взять долю ответственности, запроисходящие в языке отклонения. Однако, особенновнимательны должны быть лица, обязанностью которыхявляется мониторинг веб-страниц публичных заведений.



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Irine Tsintsadze

,,Language-stylistic mistakes on web-pages of publicinstitutions”

Resume

In modern conditions information has a leading role in oureveryday lives. It has an enormous influence on formation of publicopinion which is partly due to modern technology and internet.

It can be said that Georgian language today is freelydeveloping. There is no institution in the country which woulddefend some language norms and control them. As I mentionedabove, this can be especially seen on web-pages of publicinstitutions. Written communication by electronic social websites canbe compared to oral speech. In internet the language as if undergoesa new experiment and is influenced by this process. Language normsare ignored in internet.

Every citizen is responsible about language norms andespecially those people should be more attentive who are responsiblefor putting information in web-pages of public institutions.



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gazeT ,,samuslimano saqarTvelos“ rolierovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebaSi

Tamar oragveliZe

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi baTumSi ramdenime

politikuri dajgufeba arsebobda -- prorusuli,proTurquli da a.S. romlebsac TavianTi gazeTebi

gaaCndaT (,,naS krai“, ,,sedai mileTi“). qarTveli mo-saxleobisaTvis ki gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani po-litikuri organizacia iyo samuslimano saqarTve-

los ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti, romlis saqmia-nobis gasaZliereblad Seiqmna aucilebloba gazeTis

gamoSvebisa.Tavdapirvelad gazeTis saxelwodebad SerCeu-

li iyo ,,aWara“. Semdeg ki gadawyda, darqmeoda ,,sa-

muslimano saqarTvelo“. gazeTi dainteresebuli un-

da yofiliyo rogorc politikuri, ise socialur-ekonomikuri da sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani

yvela sakiTxiT.im droisaTvis aWaraSi politikuri speqtri

Wreli iyo. erTi nawili gamodioda erovnuli poli-

tikis winaaRmdeg. am nawilis mizani iyo CamoeSore-

binaT aWara saqarTvelosagan. yvelas surda am regi-

onSi fexis mokideba da poziciebis ganmtkiceba. am-



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denad, didi albaToba iyo baTumis dakargvisa. swo-red amitom udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo

erovnuli suliskveTebiT damuxtuli gazeTis ,,sa-

muslimano saqarTvelos“ gamoSveba.da ai, 1919 wels baTumSi, n. i. xvingias stambaSi

daiwyo gazeT ,,samuslimano saqarTvelos“ gamocema.sul gamovida 500 nomeri (1919 -- 1921 ww.). igi ibeW-

deboda mozrdili formatis qaRaldze, oTx gver-

dze, romelTagan ori qarTulenovani iyo, oric --Turquli. gazeTis fasi Seadgenda 5 maneTs.

samwuxarod, ,,samuslimano saqarTvelos“ sagaze-

To nomrebis mxolod mcire nawilia SemorCenili,magram rac xelT gvaqvs, fasdaudebel masalas gvaZ-levs baTumSi im wlebSi mimdinare procesebisa daRirseul winaparTa mier gavlili gzis marTebulad

aRsaqmelad.gazeTis mizani asaxulia pirveli nomris sare-

daqcio werilSi ,,Cveni mimarTulebis ganmarteba“.werilis avtori, gazeTis redaqtori ganmaTavisuf-

lebeli komitetis xelmZRvaneli memed abaSiZe wers:,,Cveni mizania samuslimano da saqristiano saqarTve-

los politikuri mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa. sityva

,,saqarTvelos“ ganmarteba ar Wirdeba, roca es sit-

yva warmoiTqmis, am saxelwodebis eniT metyveli



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eris miwa-wyali, samSoblo Tvalwin warmogvidgeba,rasac saqarTvelo da saqarTvelos eniT molaparake

eri -- qarTveli ewodeba“.am sityvebidan ukve gamokveTilia, rom gazeTi

ar gadauxvevs erovnuli daniSnulebis gzidan da

moemsaxureba xalxis erovnuli Segnebis, ideebis, Se-

xedulebebis amaRlebas. amitomac gazeTis devizad

iqca memed abaSiZis cnobili sityvebi: ,,Cveni erTad-erTi gza, erTad-erTi bedniereba saqarTvelosTan

erTobaSia!“gazeTis umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda erTi-

anobis, teritoriuli ganuyoflobis, erovnul-ganma-Tavisuflebeli brZolis taqtikisa da politikuri

xazis mxardaWera - propaganda. aseve, saqarTvelossaxelmwifoebriv sivrceSi samuslimano saqarTvelos

adgilis povna.gazeTi ,,samuslimano saqarTvelo“ Seexo mraval

politikur sakiTxs da miuxedavad misi gamoSvebis

xanmokle droisa, udidesi istoriuli mniSvneloba

hqonda masSi dasmul Tematikas. gazeTis CvenamdemoRweuli nomrebis gacnoba ki SesaZleblobas gvaZ-levs CavwvdeT im periodis erovnuli moZraobis sa-

kiTxebs, problemebs da gavaanalizoT ara marto ba-

TumSi, aramed sruliad saqarTveloSi im droisaTvis

arsebuli socialur-politikuri viTareba.



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1920 wlis 14 Tebervali. axlovdeba TviTmmar-

Tvelobis arCevnebi da gazeTi ,,samuslimano saqar-

Tvelo“ aaqtiurebs mowodebebs arCevnebze wasvlas-Tan da sakuTari poziciis dafiqsirebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. arCevnebTan dakavSirebul werilebSi vkiTxu-

lobT: ,,Cveni movaleobaa ar davzogoT energia, raTa

qalaqis xmosnebaT Rirseuli pirebi iqnan arCeulni.miakiTxeT qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas, gadaaTvalie-

reT siebi da Tu gamotovebuli xarT, moiTxoveT,rom siaSi Cagweron. SeasruleT Tqveni moqalaqeob-

rivi movaleoba. amas moiTxovs Tqvengan Cveni sam-

Soblos interesebi!“gazeTi Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs moax-

loebul arCevnebs da miiCnevs, rom arCevis SemTxve-vaSi axalma sabWom unda moawesrigos baTumis afo-

riaqebuli cxovreba, man unda izrunos qalaqis si-

sufTaveze, mcxovreblebis janmrTelobaze, swavla-aRzrdis saqmeze, sursaTze da sxva. amitom Cveni va-

liao, -- wers gazeTi, -- avirCioT iseTi xmosnebi,romlebic pirnaTlad Seasruleben TavianT movaleo-

bas.sainteresoa monacemi amomrCevelTa raodenobis

Sesaxeb. Turme qalaqis xmosanTa arCevnebSi xmis uf-

leba qonia sul 14 079 amomrCevels, maT Soris iyo



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qarTveli -- 5 158, berZeni --2 872, somexi --2 448, rusi

-- 1 931, Turqi - 383 da sxva erovnebis amomrCevlebi.es cifrebi gviCvenebs baTumis mosaxleobis mravale-rovnulobas da siWreles da am fonze samuslimanosaqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebel komitetsa da mas-

Tan arsebul organos, - gazeT ,,samuslimano saqar-

Tvelos“ Wirdeboda gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva

erovnuli TviTSegnebis gansamtkiceblad.arCevnebamde erTi dRiT adre , 28 Tebervlis

nomerSi aris saarCevno reklama mowodebiT ,,xma mie-

ciT 1 nomers! ecadeT ar daikargos arc erTi xma!Cveni nomeri pirvelia!“ ( qarTvel amrCevelTa gene-

raluri komisia). reklamas ki agrZelebs kvlav ar-

Cevnebis Temaze dawerili statia, romliTac 29 Te-

bervali Sefasebulia, rogorc istoriuli dRe ba-

TumisaTvis. ,,xvalindeli dRe gvetyvis, Tu ramdenad

vyofilvarT Cven, qarTvelebi, ganurCevlad sarwmu-

noebisa, moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis Semsrulebelni.xvalindeli dRe gvetyvis, Tu ramdenad gviyvars

Cveni samSoblo“.arCevnebamdel sagazeTo aqtivobas gavecaniT,

magram samwuxaroa, rom xelT ara gvaqvs 28 Teber-vlis Semdgomi ramdenime nomeri da amitom ar vi-

ciT, ra Sefasebebs gaakeTebda gazeTi ,,samuslimano



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saqarTvelo“ TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Sedege-

bis Sesaxeb. Tumca gazeTis mogvianebiT , mart-apri-lis nomrebSi saubari aris Catarebuli arCevnebisSesaxeb

baTums im wlebSi rTuli periodebi hqonda.sxvadasxva juris provokatorebi cdilobdnen xal-xSi areulobis gamowvevas da adgilobrivi mosaxle-obis amxedrebas saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaaR-

mdeg. es movlenebi uyuradRebod ar darCenia gazeT

,,samuslimano saqarTvelos“ da Tavisi mtkice pozi-ciiT yvela Rones xmarobda provokatorTa qmedebe-

bis gamoaSkaravebaSi.erT-erT werilSi vkiTxulobT: ,,provokatorebi

avrceleben cru xmebs, TiTqos saqarTvelos mTav-robas ar surdes qarTveli mahmadianebisaTvis avto-

nomiuri marTva-gamgeoba. Cven gadaWriT vacxadebT:es saSineli provokaciaa. saqarTvelos mTavrobas

mtkiced aqvs gadawyvetili, rom samahmadiano saqar-Tvelos mianiWos avtonomia saqarTvelos demokrati-

uli respublikis farglebSi. aseTia gancxadeba

mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris noe Jordaniasi, aseTia ga-

dawyvetileba saqarTvelos parlamentisa. gana vinme

WkuaTmyofeli, garda provokatorisa, ityvis, rom

Cveni deda-samSoblo saqarTvelo am sityvebs gada-

uxvevs? arasodes!“



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werilis avtori afrTxilebs xalxs, ar ahyvnen

provokacias, ar gaeban maT mier daxlarTul qselSi

da ar daRupon kuTxis bed-iRbali.aseTive gafrTxilebas aZlevs xalxs generali

aslan abaSiZe, romelic 17 Tebervlis nomerSi Txov-

niT mimarTavs aWarel Tanamemamuleebs, ar gaaxaron

mtrebi, ar ayvnen provokaciebs, Caufiqrdnen mdgo-

mareobas da gamoiCinon SorsmWvreteloba, raTa armoeqcnen Cveni qveynis damRupvel pirTa gavlenis

qveS. a. abaSiZe mouwodebs xalxs, daujeron samusli-

mano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebel komitets, ro-

melic saqarTvelosTan erTobis swor gzas adgas.gazeTi did yuradRebas uTmobda RirsSesaniSna-

vi dReebisa da erovnuli zeimebis aRniSvnas. 26 mai-sis nomris mowinave werilSi saubaria saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis dRis mniSvnelobaze, rom am Ta-riRma saTave daudo monobis borkilebis msxvrevas

da Tavisuflebis mzis amobrwyinebas saqarTveloSi.statiaSi saubaria im warmatebebzec, rasac am or we-

liwadSi miaRwia saqarTvelom: ,,erma SeZlo daemtki-

cebina mTeli qveynisaTvis, Tu ras niSnavs erTsu-

lovneba, Tu ra didi Zalis gamoCena SeuZlia patara

ers, Tu mas gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs Tavisi savali



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gza“. werilSi gatarebulia azri, rom saqarTvelos

gamarjveba aris gamarjveba mTeli demokratiisa.amgvarad, rogorc gazeT ,,samuslimano saqar-

Tvelos“ arsebuli nomrebis gacnobam gviCvena, es

organo iyo baTumsa da zogadad, aWaraSi yvela qar-

Tuli saqmisa da interesis balavari, erovnuli cno-

bierebis gamaRvivebeli, qarTuli erovnuli politi-

kis mizanmimarTulad gatarebis qomagi. amiT gazeTi

Seufasebelia, iseve, rogorc fasdaudebelia masSimoRvawe JurnalistTa saqmianoba da raoden dasana-

nia, rom werilebis umetesoba dabeWdilia xelmou-

werlad, amitom avtorTa vinaoba istoriisaTvis uc-

nobi rCeba.


gazeTi ,,samuslimano saqarTvelo“ - 1919 – 1920 ww;

Tamar OragvelidzeNewspaper “Samuslimano Sakartvelo” role in national

consciousness increaseResume

Publication of “Samuslimano Sakartvelo” newspaper wasstarted in Batumi in 1919 at the N. I. Khvingia printing house. 500newspaper issues were published in total (1919-1921). In Batumi and



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in Adjara generally, this organ was the center of all Georgianactivities and interests, it was the intercessor of Georgian nationalpolitics.

Unfortunately, only a few of “Muslim Georgia” newspaperissues survived, but the ones we have remained give us theinvaluable information about different processes which took place inBatumi in those years.

Тамар ОрагвелидзеРоль газеты «Самуслимано Сакартвело» в повышении

национального самосознания.Резюме

В 1919 году в Батуми в типографии Н.И. Хвингия началииздавать газету «Самуслимано Сакартвело». Всего было издано500 газетных номеров (1919-1921). Этот орган являлся основойвсей Грузинской деятельности и интересов Грузии, а так жецелеустремленности грузинской национальной политики вБатуми и в Аджарии в целом.

К сожалению, сохранилась лишь малая часть газетныхномеров «Самуслимано Сакартвело», но то что сохранилось,дает нам бесценную информацию о Батуми и о всех процессах,происходящих в те годы.



2015VII

198

axali ambebis wera da masTandakavSirebuli ramdenime funqciuri

aspeqti

nestan mamuWaZe

Jurnalistika ar aris mxolod axali ambavi, mag-ram Jurnalistikis arseboba axali ambis gareSe warmo-

udgenelia. dRes, roca yvelaze mZlavrad gvitevs ma-

sobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi, amavdroulad vac-

nobierebT imasac, rom Tavdasxmis mTavari iaraRi siax-

lea _ „sityvebSi gamomcxvari“. es raRa Tqma unda, axali

ambavia.ambavi dasrulebuli winadadebaa, konkretuli Si-

naarsis matarebeli. winadadeba sityvebisagan Sedgeba.maSasadame, saTqmels sityvebiT gadmovcemT. zogadiparalelisTvis qarTul sityvakazmul mwerlobas da-

vesesxebiT. rusTaveli ambobs, rom „zogjer Tqma

sjobs ara Tqmasa, zogjer TqmiTac daSavdebis“. gadmo-

vinacvlebT sulxan-saba orbelianis SemoqmedebaSic:„sityvis Tqmis Jami icodes“. maS, amonaridebi, rac ze-

moT SemogTavazeT, mokle eqskursisTvis iyo gamiznu-

li. Tanamedrove qarTuli mediis mesveurebs bevri

umartivesi xarvezi namdvilad ar epatiebaT. yovel-



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gvar eTikur kodeqssac rom Tavi davaneboT, bevr niSan-

dobliv sakiTs am mxriv,zneobrivi RirebulebebiT na-

sazrdoebi qarTuli mwerlobac qadagebs.maSasadame, Jurnalisti, romelic ambavs avrce-

lebs, darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom igi WeSmaritia da

utyuari, ris dasabuTebac saaxalambebo Jurnalisti-

kis standartebis Sesabamisad savaldebuloa. Cveni

TviTmizani ar aris Tanamedrove mediis qirdva, Jurna-

listikis mkvlevrebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom media

lamis yoveldRiurad axal standarts gvTavazobs. epo-

qaluri realoba Tvalyuris devnebas moiTxovs, yurad-

Rebis moduneba aravis epatieba, standarti axleburad

unda iTqvas, vinaidan WaobSi ar aRmovCndeT. epoqa

xarks moiTxovs, magram Jurnalistma igi eTikuri ko-

deqsis kvaldakval unda gaiRos.statiis weris dros Jurnalistma sityvebi, ga-

moTqmebi da frazebi saTanadod unda SearCios, Sesaba-misad avtorma winadadebebi da abzacebic konteqstis

mixedviT unda daalagos. axal ambavze gazeTis, radio-sa da televiziis Jurnalistebi sxvadasxva midgomiT

muSaoben. avtorebi iyeneben sasaubro enas da weren

martivi, mokle winadadebebiT. sasurvelia, TiTo azrimxolod TiTo winadadebiT gadmovceT da awmyo droSi

vweroT. teqsti Cveulebriv, erTi mTavari TemiT Semoi-



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fargleba. teleJurnalistis naweri xSirad imazea da-

mokidebuli, Tu ra videomasalaa xelmisawvdomi, rom-

lis ZiriTadi amocanac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ambis

arsi detalebis gareSe gadmosces. Tu zedmeti ilapa-

raka, SeiZleba romelime sxva cnoba mTlianad amovar-

des, Tuki bevr azrs SemogvTavazebs, maSin SesaZloa

msmeneli an mayurebeli mTlianad daibnes.axali ambavi zusti unda iyos da ra Tqma unda, mis

gamoyenebamde, informacia saTanadod unda gadavamow-

moT. axali ambebis Jurnalistma isic icis, rom zusti

informaciis saukeTesod mopovebis wyaro dakvirvebaa.mediis warmomadgenlebi Secdomasac swored maSin uS-

veben, roca sakuTar varauds an wyaros mtkicebulebas

ar amowmeben.axali ambis teqstis formas gansazRvravs am xe-

lobis moTxovnebi da SezRudvebi: dro da statiisTvis

gankuTvnili sivrce. amitom ambebis umetesoba ise unda

daiweros, rom swrafad da efeqturad SeiZlebodes ma-

Ti gadakeTeba. pirvel rigSi, ambis Txzvis procesSi

rac avtorma unda gaiTvaliswinos, es moTxovnis dakma-

yofilebaa. rogorc ki konkretuli movlena iwyebs gan-

viTarebas, adamianebs surT gaigon _ ra moxda. Tu igi

mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa, yuradRebas miaqceven,Tu ara, maSin sxvas „moZebnian“. zogjer siamovneba daZa-



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bulobaSia _ sulganabviT rom kiTxulob, sanam Sua teq-

stSi kulminacias ar miagneb. Tu Jurnalisti Tvlis,rom mocemul SemTxvevas aseTi struqtura mouxdeba,igi gadavadebul lids mimarTavs; Tu gamoTqma _ „forma

funqcias misdevs“ gulisxmobs saboloo namuSevris

mSvenierebas, maSin axali ambis teqsti xelovnebis nimu-

Sad unda miviCnioT, ragind umniSvneloc unda iyos igi.„axali ambebi xelovnebis kriteriumebs Seesabameba:masSi formis harmonias esxmis xorci“ (menCeri).

Jurnalistikis mkvlevrebma isic kargad ician,rom statiis wera SemoqmedebiTi procesia, ambis moZie-

ba ki xelovneba. amavdroulad xelovnebaa axali ambis

daxvewa, damuSaveba da teqstis momzadeba. aqve dav-

sZenT, rom es individualuri procesic Semoqmedebi-

Tia, magram amavdroulad dogmaturic, vinaidan Jurna-listi teqstis momzadebis dros konkretul standar-

tebs eyrdnoba da iTvaliswinebs. cxadia, am standar-

tebs miRmac imaleba individualuri xelwera, rac

upirveles yovlisa statiis avtoris niWi da unaria.erTgulma mkiTxvelma, mayurebelma Tu msmenelma, fa-voriti Jurnalisti swored rom individualizmiT un-

da amoicnos. sul rom saxelis da gvari miwera daaviw-

ydes statiis boloSi avtors, erTguli mkiTxveli mis

vinaobas weris stiliT unda xvdebodes. swored amaSi



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mdgomareobs Jurnalisturi nawarmis miwodebis xe-

lovnebis Taviseburebani.lev tolstoi werda: „ar vyvebi; ar vxsni, me vaCve-

neb; Cemi personaJebi Cem magier laparakoben“ („omi da

mSvidoba“). „miCvene, nu miambob. damanaxve, rasac Sen xe-

dav. damixate suraTi da mere yvelgan gamogyvebi, Sem-

deg gverdzec ki“, _ ixsenebs rik bregi. roca igi damwye-

bi reportiori gaxldaT, mas am sityvebs redaqtori

eubneboda.Jurnalistebi imisTvis weren, rom sxvebma maTi na-

weri waikiTxon an moisminon. maT isic ician, rom Tu am-

bavi kargad dawerili ar aris, mayurebeli, msmeneli an

mkiTxveli sxva gamosavals moZebnis. Sesabamisad, Jur-nalistoba amavdroulad pasuxismgeblobaa erTguli

auditoriis winaSe. axali ambavi igive „niusi“ (inglisu-ri warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs uaxloes cnobebs mim-

dinare movlenebis Sesaxeb), sazogadoebis yuradRebas

maSin imsaxurebs, Tu krebs da avrcelebs operatiul,mniSvnelovan, dramatulad datvirTul movlenebs. Ta-

namedrove gagebam, rom media biznesia, masuldgmule-

bel wyarod sworedac rom axali ambavi aqcia.„Tu adre mediis saSualebaTa ZiriTadi sainfor-

macio wyaro pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi iyo,dRes axali ambebis gamoSvebebi moicavs informacias



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imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moxda ukanasknel saaTebSi politi-

kis, mecnierebis, ekonomikis, jandacvis, kulturis,sportis sferoebSi msoflioSi an regionSi, sadac kon-

kretuli mediasaSualeba muSaobs. televiziam, mediasa-

SualebaTagan pirvelma SeZlo, informaciis momxmare-

beli eqcia TviTmxilvelad, metic, aRweril movlenaTa

Tanamonawileobis iluzia Seuqmna mas.„niusis“ Semdegi Tviseba pozitiuri da negatiuri

informaciis wonasworobaa. uaryofiTi emociis aR-mZvreli masalebis xvedriTi wona ar unda aWarbebdesqveyanaSi da mis farglebs gareT momxdari dadebiTi

movlenebis asaxvas. „yviTeli“ elementebis Semcveli,iafasian sensaciaze orientirebuli (ZiriTadad rekla-

mis xarjze arsebuli) mediasaSualebebi sistematuradiuwyebian lokaluri da globaluri masStabis teqno-

logiur katastrofebze, bunebis kataklizmebze, yo-

fiT problematikasa Tu kriminalze“ (marine vekua, Jil

rue). zemoT mocemuli amonaridi cxadyofs dRevande-

lobas, magram amavdroulad mas sakmaod farTo diapa-

zonic gaaCnia.„ra pirovnuli sisusteebic ar unda gvqondes,

Cveni mowodebis keTilSobileba yovelTvis

damyarebuli unda iyos or zneobriv principze,romelze uSualo dakvirvebac Znelia: ver vcruobT



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imis Sesaxeb rac viciT da Zaldatanebisadmi

winaaRmdegoba“, _ werda kamiu. Sesabamisad,Jurnalistika am or zneobriv princips unda

daeyrdnos, vinaidan erTia ambis gadmocema da masTan

dakavSirebuli rigi aspeqtebi, xolo meorea zneobrivi

Jurnalistikis kvaldakval sityvis sadarajoze dgoma.Jurnalistika sazogadoebrivi samsaxuris saxea,romelic adamians gonivruli gadawyvetilebis

misaRebad misTvis mniSvnelovan informacias awvdis.mogexsenebaT, aseT Jurnalistikas saxelovani da

xangrZlivi istoria aqvs.

gamoyenebuliliteratura

menCerim, „axali ambebis gaSuqeba da wera“;ga-

momc. diogene, 2013 w;ideis avtorebi: vekuam., rueJ. _ „Jurnalisti-

ka“;avtorTa krebuli; gTsu, 3013 w;kovaCib., rozen stilit. _ „Jurnalistikis

elementebi“;Tb, 2006 w;www.media.ge



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Nestan mamuchadze

Writing news and some functional aspects related to itResume

Journalismisnotjustnews, tutitisunimaginablewithout news.The patterns of news contents is determined by demands andlimitations of this art: time and a space which is intended for anarticle. It is well-known for journalism researchers that writing anarticle is a creative process, but searching for news is an art. At thesame time polishing and processing news and formulating a text isalso an art. It should also be mentioned that this individual process isalso creative but at the same time _ dogmatic too, because whileformulating a text journalist takes various standards into aconsideration. Clearly there is a sing of an individuality behind thesestandards too, which is primarily a talent and skills of the author.



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Нестан Мамучадзе

Написание новостей и несколько функциональныхаспектов

Резюме

Журналистика - это не только новости, это серьезныйтруд по получению необходимой, интересной информации.

Эксперты журналистики хорошо знают, что написаниестатьи – это творческий процесс, а получение новостей –искусство. Искусством является и обработка новостей, иподготовление текста. Здесь же отметим, что этотиндивидуальный процесс тоже творческий, но в это же время идогматичный, потому что журналист во время приготовлениятекста опирается и учитывает конкретные стандарты. Ясно, чтоза этими стандартами скрывается индивидуальная подпись, чтои является в первую очередь талантом и способностью автора.



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sityvis Tavisufleba da Tanamedrovemedia

naTela beriZe

upirveles yovlisa unda gavmijnoT cneba sityvis

Tavisufleba da damoukidebeli media. sityvis Tavi-

sufleba SeiZleba arsebobdes sazogadoebaSi, magram

media ar iyos damoukidebeli. mediis damoukidebloba,misi Tavisuflebis xarisxi aris erT-erTi mniSvnelova-

ni sazomi.sazogadoebis demokratiulobis, sityvis Tavi-

suflebis realizacia damokidebulia sazogadoebis

mzadyofnaze, demokratiuli mTavrobis politikur ne-

baze, Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaze, moqalaqeebis sur-

vilze, Tanamedrove komunikaciis saSualebebze, wina-aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sityvis Tavisufleba Tu dafuZne-buli ar aris demokratiul institutebze marto sit-

yvis Tavisuflebaa. rac Seexeba demokratiuli mediisdamoukideblobas da mis safuZvelze ganxorcielebul

sityvis Tavisuflebas, es seriozuli problemaa sa-

qarTvelosTvis. upirveles yovlisa, mediis damouki-

debloba dgas mis TviTdafinansebaze, momgebianobaze,informaciuli bazris arsebobaze, mosaxleobis msyid-



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velunarianobaze, sareklamo media bazarze da saerTo

ekonomikaze(fulze). aqedan gamomdinare, Tu media sa-

Sualeba wamgebiania, igi ver afinansebs sakuTar gamo-

cemas da xelovnurad cdilobs mis funqcionirebas.iZulebuli xdeba mimarTos donor organizaciebs, sa-zogadoebriv da politikur moZraobebs da swored aqe-

dan iwyeba yvela is problema, romelic Cvens gonier sa-

zogadoebas awuxebs.masmediis Sesaxeb yvela Tanamedrove diskusias

safuZvlad udevs me-17-19 saukuneebSi Camoyalibebuli

midgomebi da warmodgenebi, romelTa Tanaxmad Tavisu-fali sityva da presa unda iyos moqalaqis interesebis

sadarajoze, raTa ar dauSvas saxelmwifos mxridan

represiuli meqanizmebis amuSaveba. am midgomis Camoya-

libebisaTvis savane iyo im periodSi evropa, gansakuT-

rebiT ki inglisi, sadac warmoiSva samoqalaqo sazoga-

doebis istoriuli Canasaxi- saxalxo sfero, romlis

farglebSi mogvianebiT Camoyalibda sazogadoebrioba,romelsac hqonda sakuTari gansxvavebuli azri. sazo-gadoebrivi azris gamoxatva da xelisuflebisgan dacva

Tavis Tavze aiRo imdroindelma Tavisufalma presam.samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tavis filosofiur-socia-lur dasabuTebas hpovebs adreul liberalur Teori-



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ebSi, romlis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen ingli-seli politikuri moRvawe

j. miltoni, aseve filosofosebi: loki, bentami

da mili. swored maT naSromebSi hpovebs Tavisufali

sityva da presa (media) Tavis Teoriul funqcias.gamoarCeven sityvis Tavisuflebis istoriuli

ganviTarebis 4 arguments:1. 17 saukuneSi sociologma j. miltonma sityvis

Tavisuflebas safuZvlad daudo Teologiuri argu-

mentebi. RmerTma yovel adamians misca damoukideblad

azrovnebis SesaZlebloba. cenzuriT gamowveuli Sez-Rudvebi da akrZalvebi ki ewinaaRmdegeba RvTis boZe-

bul SesaZleblobas damoukideblad, sakuTari sindi-

sis karnaxiT airCios boroti an keTili. swored j. mil-

tons ekuTvnis iseTi Tanamedrove Sinaarsis cnebebi,rogorebicaa: ,,ideebis bazari,“ an ,,WeSmaritebasTan

dabrunebis procesi.“ ,,visac ki raime aqvs saTqmeli un-

da gamoxatos Tavisuflad, xelisuflebam xeli ar undaSeuSalos am azrTa Widils da ar miemxros arcerT mxa-

res. SesaZlebelia droebiTi gamarjveba moipovos

mcdarma azrma, magram sabolood saRi azri WeSmarite-

basTan dabrunebis procesis saSualebiT gaimarjvebs.“(miltoni, 1907) Tavisuflebisadmi j. miltonis Teolo-



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giuri midgoma aixsneba im periodSi religiis didi av-

toritetiT;2. sityvis Tavisuflebas, rogorc pirovnebisTvis

bunebiT miniWebul uflebas aRiarebs j. loki. masve

ekuTvnis xelisuflebis dayofis pirveli Teoria, rom-

lis mixedviT xelisufleba iyofa aRmasrulebel, saka-

nonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad. Zalaufle-

bis centrSi j. lokis mixedviT aris xalxis neba da ara

saxelmwifo. adamianebi Tavisuflebi arian TavianTi

uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi. erT–erT aseT bunebrivuflebad gvevlineba presis da zogadad mediis Tavi-

sufleba.3. saintereso argumentma hpova gamoxatuleba

utilitarizmis <utilitas– mogeba, gamorCena> filosofi-

ur–eTikur konferenciaSi <Teoriis fuZemdebelia ben-

tami>. utilitarizmis Tanaxmad, saukeTesod iTvleba

is kanonebi da xelisufleba, romelic uzrunvelyofsrac SeiZleba mravalricxovani moqalaqis bednier

cxovrebas. am monapovris erT–erTi mniSvnelovani in-

strumenti aris presa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba despo-

tur mmarTvelobas, xels uwyobs xalxis sasikeTo kano-nebis miRebas da akontrolebs biurokratiis saqmiano-

bas. <Cernixi, 2000>.



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4. liberalizmis ganviTarebaSi epoqaluri roli

iTamaSes bentanma da j.s. milma. yvela adaminma unda

akeTos is, rac mas unda, mxolod amiT sxva ar unda av-

nos. sazogadoebam unda miaRwios, rom rac SeiZleba me-

ti adamiani ,,tkbebodes meti bednierebiT“. es mas mis-

cems saSualebas, ifiqros da imoqmedos damoukideb-

lad. mxolod moqalaqeebs Soris azrTa da Sexeduleba-Ta Tavisufali gacvliT aris SesaZlebeli WeSmarite-

bis dadgena. j.s. milma daasaxela sami mizezi, Tu ratom

unda arsebobdes qveyanaSi Tavisufali media:a) informacia, romelsac xelisufleba miiCnevs

,,cru“ informaciad, SeiZleba dafuZnebuli iyos rea-

lur aqtebze, amitom cenzuras daqvemdebarebuli in-

formacia ,,potenciuri WeSmaritebis“ matarebelia;b) cru informaciac ki Tavis TavSi atarebs WeSmarite-bis marcvals da amitom WeSmaritebis dasadgenad saWi-roa sapirispiro azrTa Widili Tavisufali mediis ga-

reSe; g) Tu WeSmariti azri moklebulia kritikas, igi

droTa ganmavlobaSi gadaiqceva ,,crurwmenad“. amitommedia aris WeSmaritebis mokavSire da ar SeiZleba misi

cenzura da garkveul CarCoebSi moqceva.T. jefersons ganaTlebisa da informaciis mTavar

instrumentad Tavisufali presa miaCnda. amgvarad,yvela moazrovne Tvlis, rom mediis saSualebiT azris



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Tavisuflad gamoxatva aris sazogadoebrivi azris gav-

rcelebis aucilebeli piroba. SegviZlia moviyvanoT

magaliTebic: XVIII saukunis 30 wlebSi londonis erT–erTi Jurnalis ,,Jentlmens magazine”- is, gamomcemelmaeduard qeivma Tavis JurnalSi gamoaqveyna parlamen-

tSi saqmianobis Sesaxeb informacia. amisaTvis da msgav-

si qmedebebisaTvis igi ramodenimejer daapatimres. xe-lisuflebasTan garTulebuli urTierTobebis gamo

qeivma gamoigona qveyana ,,liliputia“romelSic gadai-

tana parlamenti, parlamentis wevrebs advilad misax-

vedri saxelebi da JurnalSi rubrikiT ,,paeqroba li-

liputiis senatSi“, beWdavda parlamentis Sesaxeb in-

formaciebs, estafeta gadaibara jon vilkem, romel-

mac SeZlo Tavis JurnalSi ,,North Britain” daebeWda lon-

donis siRaribis Sesaxeb statiebi. mTlianobaSi ormoc-

wliani brZolis Semdeg, 1771 wels, presas misces ufle-ba inglisis parlamentis orive palatis Sesaxeb infor-

maciebi gamoeqveynebina. saxelmwifo Zalauflebazepresis pirvel gamarjvebad swored es faqti aRiares da

aman daudo safuZveli ,,meoTxe xelisuflebis <pirve-

lad es termini gvxvdeba e.berkTan> igive ,,meoTxe wo-

debis“ warmoSobas. saqarTveloSi mediam Tavisufali

gavlena daiwyo 1819 wlidan, rodesac gamovida pirveli

qarTuli gazeTi ,,saqarTvelos gazeTi“. masSi aTavseb-



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dnen centraluri da adgilobrivi mTavrobebis brZane-

bebsa da gankargulebebs, moxeleTa daniSvnas, gadayva-

nas da dajildoebas, saqarTvelos, ruseTisa da ucxoe-

Tis ambebs, anegdotebsac ki. SemdgomSi zemoaRniSnuli

gamodioda ,,qarTuli gazeTis“ saxeliT. 1800–1900wlebSi saqarTveloSi gamoicemoda 13 msxvili Jurnal–gazeTi: ,,droeba“ – <1866–1885>; ,,Tbilisis uwyebani“ –<1828–1932>; ,,iveria“ – <1886–1906>; ,,moambe“ – <1884>;,,cnobis furceli“ – <1896–1906>; ,,ciskari“ – <1887> da

sxva.tradiciuli Teoriuli midgomisgan gansxvavebiT,

Tanamedrove masmedia informacias Tavad axarisxebs,filtravs da gamokveTs Tematikas, riTac adgens ,,dRis

wesrigs“. dRes masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi

aris warmodgenili rogorc specifikuri Suamavali,romelic demokratiul farglebSi ver Tavsdeba, rad-gan Jurnalistebi masmediis saSualebiT gamoxataven im

adamianTa jgufebis Sexedulebebs, romlebsac metisxvadasaxva resursis gamo xeli miuwvdebaT masobrivi

informaciis saSualebebze. <Cernixi, 2000>.mediis Tavisuflebis SezRudva exeba or sferos:

es aris saxelmwifo saidumleoba da informaciebi,romlebic sazogadoebriv Rirebulebebs ayeneben zi-

ans. bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, aris spe-



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cialuri akrZalvebi am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. mediis

saqmianobis klasikuri tradiciuli gageba – Tavisufa-

li media dafuZnebulia liberalizmze, romelic sa-xelmwifosa da nebismieri politikuri Zalisgan damo-

ukideblobas gulisxmobs.saqarTveloSi, romlis mosaxleoba xuT milions

ar aRemateba, ormocamde tele da ocdaaTamde radio-

sadguri moqmedebs. garda amisa, moqalaqeebisaTvis in-

formaciis miwodebaze zrunavs 90-mde gazeTi da Jur-

nali.saqarTveloSi media saSualebebis simravles gana-

pirobebs liberaluri kanonmdebloba, romelic garda

imisa, rom krZalavs cenzuras, aseve aTavisuflebsJurnalistebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobisgan

ciliswamebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca amgvari liberaluri

kanonebis miuxedavad, adgilobrivi Tu ucxoeli eq-

spertebi miiCneven, rom ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlo-baSi qarTuli mediis Tavisuflebis xarisxma sagrZnob-

lad iklo. saerTaSoriso organizaciis ,,reportiore-

bi sazRvrebs gareSe“ mier Catarebuli kvlevis mixed-

viT, presis Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo

25,17 quliT 197 qveyanas Soris 99–e adgilzea. am maCve-

nebliT saqarTvelo dsT–s yvela qveyanas uswrebs. or-

ganizaciis daskvnaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi mediis



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problemebs exeba, naTqvamia, rom zogadad saqarTvelo-

Si mediis Tavisuflebis xarisxi sakmaod maRalia, mag-

ram aRsaniSnavia, rom organizaciis ,,reportiorebi

sazRvrebs gareSe“ wlevandeli kvleviT, saqarTvelosreitingi gasul welTan SedarebiT xuTi safexuriT Ca-

moqveiTda. presis Tavisuflebis mxriv saqarTvelos

2004 wels 94–e adgili ekava, xolo 2003 wels 73–e. 2014wels presis Tavisufleba gauaresda (amerikis xmis)publikacia 29. 04. 2015w. amerikis Tavisuflebis angari-

Sis mixedviT, romelic mediis mdgomareobas

199 qveyanaSi ikvlevs. angariSSi saqarTvelos maCvenebe-

li erTi quliT SarSandelis 47-is nacvlad mas wels 48qula aqvs, rac mniSvnelovan cvlilebad ar iTvleba.kvlevis erT-erTi avtori saqarTvelos samxreT kavka-

siis sxva qveynebs adarebs da ambobs, rom azeirbaijan-Tan da somxeTTan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi presis Ta-

visuflebis garemo SedarebiT Tavisufalia. ,,frodom

hausi“ presis Tavisuflebis Seswavlisas qveynebTan er-

Tad regionebis analizsac akeTebs. presis Tavisufle-

bis xuTeulSi - fineTi, norvegia, dania, niderlandebi

da SvedeTi moxvdnen. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos mezo-bel qveynebs presis Tavisuflebis indeqsis mixedviT

maTi adgilebi ase gamoiyureba: somxeTi - 78-e; TurqeTi

- 149-e; ruseTi - 152-e da azeirbaijani - 162-e adgilze.



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saerTaSoriso organizacia ,,Jurnalistebi sazRvrebs

gareSe“ monacemebiT presis Tavisuflebis indeqsiT

2015 wlis monacemebiT saqarTvelom 69-e adgili daika-

va 180 qveyanaTa Soris da 15 punqtiT maRla aiwia, sadac

gasul wels 84-e adgilze imyofeboda da kidev ufro

uaresi reitinguli mdgomareoba hqonda 2005 wlidan

moyolebuli 2012 wlamde.saerTaSoriso SefasebebiT, saqarTvelo kvlavin-

deburad nawilobriv Tavisufali presis mqone qveyne-

bis ricxvs miekuTvneba, rac sakmaod damafiqrebelia im

fonze, rodesac zogadad qveynis demokratiuli ganvi-

Tarebis win midis. presaSi aseTi progresi ar xdeba.ufro metic, zogadi presis fonze presa isev Zvel po-

ziciebs inarCunebs, imis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva, rommedia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis temps CamorCa da gar-

kveul ukanasknelTanac ki gvaqvs saqme.


danelia n. ,,mediis damoukidebloba da mediaze

kontrolis saSualebebi. Tb. 2008 w.danelia n, nini gogiberiZe ,,TviTcenzura.“ (medi-

is kvleva)



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Mc Quail D. Mass Communication Theory: Anintroduction. L. 1987

А. Черных, Социология массовой коммуникации. 2000Философский энциклопедический словарь. М. 1989Ваптанова Е. Л. МИ и журналистика в пространстве

постиндустриального общества. 2009Мильтон. Д. О свободе печати (Ареопагитика) пер. С.

Апгл. М. 1907.Ср. Хоркхайтер М. Адорно Т. В. Диалектика

ПросвещенияюФилософские фрагменты. М. СПБ. 1997

Natela BeridzeFreedom of Speech and Modern Media

ResumeFirst of all we shoul didentify the difference between the

freedom of speech and independent media. Freedom of Speech canexistin society butit does not mean that media is independent.

Independence of media and its quality of freedom are the mostimportant measurement. Formingof Democratic society and creatingthe freedom of speech dependon the following factors: the readinessofcommunity, political willof the democratic government, alsolegislation should bere levantand of courseit depends on modernmean sof communication.



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Nowadays massmedia is consideredas a specificmediator,which can not satisfy democratic principles, as journalists mostlyexpress the viewpoints of the catogary of people having access to themedia through different canals and resources Accordingly, themostimportant and essential issuesremainun known for society.

Натела БеридзеСвобода слова и современные медиа

РезюмеПрежде всего, следует различать понятия свобода слова

и независимые медиа. В обществе может быть установленасвобода слова, но медиа при этом могут быть несвобедными.Независимые медиа, степень их свободы - есть один из важныхпоказателей демократизации общества. Реамизация свободыслова зависит от готовности общества, от политической волидемократического правительства и соответствующегозаконодательства, а так же от современных средствкоммуникации, то есть медиа. В противном случае, еслисвобода слова не основывается на демократическихинституциях, она остаётся всего лить свободой слова.

Сегодня средства массовой информации представляютсяспецифическим посредником, который не умещается в рамкахдемократии, так как посредством масмедии журналистыозвучивают взгляды тех групп общества, которым, в силуразных причин, доступны средства массовой информации,вследствие чего важные и существенные вопросы общественнойжизни не получают нужной огласки.



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samarTali

ПравоLaw

uflebis dacvis ,, xandazmulobis” vadebisamoqalaqo materialur samarTalSi

linda SalamberiZe-verZaZe

samoqalaqo uflebis arseboba jer kidev ar niS-

navs am uflebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, es

gansakuTrebiT exeba im moTxovnebs, romelTa Sesrule-

ba, rogorc wesi damokidebulia gansazRvruli pirobe-

bis dadgomaze. kerZod, aRsaniSnavia moTxovnis samar-

Tlebrivi ganxorcielebadoba. samoqalaqo uflebebisganxorcieleba mniSvnelovnad aris dakavSirebuli

drois faqtorTan. dro, gansazRvruli periodis gas-vla gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens samoqalaqo uflebebi-

sa da movaleobebis warmoSobaze, Secvlasa da Sewyveta-

ze. yvela samarTlebrivi movlena da urTierToba war-

moiSoba da moqmedebs gansazRvrul droSi.



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xandazmuloba, aris dro, periodi, romlis gan-mavlobaSi pirs ufleba aqvs moiTxovos sxva pirisaganraime moqmedebis Sesruleba an moqmedebisagan Tavis

Sekaveba. anu vada, romlis ganmavlobaSi uflebamosil

pirs SeuZlia sxva pirs(movalis) mimarT arsebuli moT-

xovnis iZulebiTi ganxorcieleba. 5 amdenad xandazmu-

lobis sagani aris fardobiTi cneba-moTxovna- da ara

absoluturi ufleba. magaliTad sakuTreba ar vrcel-

deba sakuTrebis uflebaze: mesakuTre maradiulad

rCeba mesakuTred, magram xandazmuloba vrceldeba me-

sakuTris savindikacio moTxovnaze- gamoiTxovos sxvi-

si ukanono mflobelobidan Tavisi nivTi. es imas niS-

navs, rom mesakuTre, Tumca rCeba mesakuTred, kargavs

mflobelisagan nivTis gamoTxovis ufleba, Tuki igi

gauSvebs xandazmulobis vadas. am sakiTxze yuradRebis

gamaxvileba aucilebelia.uflebis ganxorcielebis SezRudvam gansazRvru-

li vadebiT unda uzrunvelyos samarTlebrivi stabi-

luroba da samarTlebrivi mSvidoba. kreditormadroulad unda izrunos Tavisi moTxovnis ganxorcie-

lebaze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is dakargavs amis Se-

saZleblobas.

5 საქართველოს სამოქალაქო კოდექსის კომენტარი წიგნი პირველი მუხლი128.



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sityva «xandazmuloba» samoqalaqo samarTalSi

gamoxatavs im azrs, rom romelime urTierTobas, mdgo-

mareobas, movlenas adgili hqonda imdenad did xnis

win, rom xangrZlivi drois gasvla gansazRvruli saxiT

gavlenas axdens pirTa uflebebze da valdebulebebze.xangrZlivi drois gasvlis Semdeg zogjer SeuZlebe-lic ki xdeba sadao garemoebebis utyuarad aRdgena da

pirebi, romelsac usafuZvloT waeyenaT moTxovna,aRar floben Tavis dasacavad aucilebel mtkicebu-

lebebs. es rom ase ar moxdes da sasamarTlo procesi

drois xarjvad ar iqces, kanonmdebelma uflebamosilpirs uflebis gansaxorcieleblad gonivruli vada un-

da dauwesos. dauSvebelia rom adamianebi usasrulodiyvnen erTmaneTTan stresul da gaurkvevel mdgomare-

obaSi.xandazmuloba iwvevs uflebis iZulebiT gan-

xorcielebis SesaZleblobis Sewyvetas. magram arasasamarTloSi an sxva saxelmwifo organoSi mimar-

Tvis uflebis Sewyvetas. pirs nebismier dros SeuZliasasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva da Tavisi moTxovnis daye-

neba, Tundac es moTxovna xandazmuli iyos. moTxovnis

xandazmuloba ar niSnavs am moTxovnis Sewyvetas. moT-xovna kvlavindeburad arsebobs da movales kvlavac

SeuZlia es moTxovna nebayoflobiT Seasrulos, magramkreditori kargavs movalisagan am moTxovnis iZule-



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biT Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas. am gagebiT xandazmu-loba kreditoris disciplinirebis mniSvnelovani sa-

Sualebaa.samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebulia TiTqmis

yvela saxelSekrulebo Tu kanonieri moTxovna, rome-

lic eqvemdebareba xandazmulobas.imis gamo, rom samoqalaqo uflebis dacvis Ziri-

Tadi saSualeba aris sasamarTlosaTvis sarCeliT mi-marTva da darRveuli uflebis aRdgena xdeba iZulebi-

Ti wesiT, xandazmuloba materialur-samarTlebrivigagebiT mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sarCelze ufle-

bis procesualur gagebasTan. sasamarTlosaTvis sar-

CeliT mimarTva-procesualuri moqmedebaa, ramdena-dac sasamarTlo valdebulia ganixilos da gadawyvi-

tos sadao sakiTxi procesualurad dadgenili wesiT.aq mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, gasulia Tu ara xandazmu-

lobis vada, pirs yovelTvis aqvs ufleba procesualu-rad yovelTvis mimarTos sasamarTlos sarCeliT da

moiTxovos darRveuli uflebis aRdgena.sxva sakiTxia am sarCelis dakmayofileba. xandaz-

mulobis vadebi, romelic kanoniT aris dadgenili im-peratiuli xasiaTisaa da mxareebs ufleba ar aqvT Ta-vianTi SexedulebiT Seamciron an gazardon kanoniTdadgenili xandazmulobis vadebi an Secvalon maTi ga-

moTvlis wesi. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 146-e muxli pirda-



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pir miuTiTebs, rom xandazmulobis vadebisa da maTigamoTvlis wesis Secvla mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dauSve-

belia. aseTi SeTanxmeba mxareTa Soris CaiTvleba baTi-

lad, ramdenadac es aris kanonsawinaaRmdego SeTanxme-

baa. sxva samoqalaqo vadebi ki praqtikulad SesaZlebe-

lia mxareTa SeTanxmebiT Seicvalos. Cveulebriv samo-

qalaqo vadebze ar vrceldeba is wesebi, rac dadgeni-

lia sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadebis dawyebis, SeCe-

rebis Tu SewyvetisaTvis.xandazmulobis vadebi ar SeiZleba gavaigivoT

sxva saxis samoqalaqo vadebTan. xandazmulobis vadaaxlos dgas Tavisi bunebiT saerTo uflebis arsebobis

vadasTan, aRmkveT vadasTan, ramdenadac yvela SemTxve-vaSi vadis gasvlasTan dakavSirebulia subieqturi uf-

lebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, magram maT Soris

main aris sxvaoba.xSirad aigiveben sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadas

sapretenzio vadasTan, rac arasworia radganac sapre-

tenzio vada dadgenili imisaTvis, rom mxareebma urTi-erTSoris wamoWrili pretenziebi TviTon moagvaron

uSualod, sxvis Caurevlad, xandazmulobis vada ki ad-

gens dros, romlis farglebSic SesaZlebelia uflebis

iZulebiTi ganxorcieleba sasamarTlos meSveobiT.magram rogorc sapretenzio vada, aseve xandazmulobis



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vadebi dakavSirebulia uflebis darRvevasTan. samoqa-lao kodeqsis adgens Secilebis vadebs sacilo garige-

bebi dadebis momentSi namdvilia. oRond misi bedi da-

mokidebulia imaze, gaasaCivrebs Tu ara garigebis mxa-

re (an uflebamosili piri ) am garigebas. Tu es moxda,maSin garigeba dadebis momentidan ver CaiTvleba baTi-

lad. sacilo garigebebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli Sem-

Txvevebia SecdomiT, motyuebiT an iZulebiT dadebuli

garigebebi. garigebis Secileba, rogorc wesi, xorci-

eldeba Secilebis Sesaxeb gancxadebis gakeTebiT. dain-teresebul pirs SeuZlia ar gamoiyenos Secilebis uf-

leba da amiT garigeba ZalaSi datovos. kanoni Secile-

bis uflebas gansazRvrul CarCoebSi aqcevs. magali-

Tad, SecdomiT dadebuli garigebis Secilebis uflebapirs aqvs erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Secilebis safuZvlis

Setyobis momentidan. (muxli 79-e).motyuebiT dadebu-li garigeba SeiZleba sadavo gaxdes erTi wlis ganmav-

lobaSi. vada aiTvleba im momentidan, roca Secilebisuflebis mqonem Seityo Secilebis safuZvlis arsebo-

bis Sesaxeb. (muxli 84-e).iZulebiT dadebuli garigebaSeiZleba sadavo gaxdes erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iZule-

bis damTavrebis momentidan. (muxli 89-e). aseve samoqa-

laqo kodeqsis 1317-e muxli adgens უღირს მემკვიდრედცნობის შესახებ სარჩელის შეტანის ვადაs kerZod ,,sarCelipiris uRirs memkvidred cnobis Sesaxeb dainteresebul



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pirTa mier wardgenil unda iqnes xuTi wlis ganmavlo-

baSi im momentidan, roca es piri Seudga samkvidros

flobas.“ kodeqsis 1409. მუხლით გათვალისწინებულიასარჩელის წარდგენის ვადა. kerZod, 1. sarCeli anderZisbaTilobis Sesaxeb wardgenil unda iqnes ori wlis gan-

mavlobaSi, rac gamoiTvleba samkvidros gaxsnis dRi-

dan. 2. xandazmulobis es vada ar vrceldeba mesakuT-

ris sarCelze, roca moanderZem memkvidres arasworad

uanderZa sxvisi qoneba, rogorc Tavisi.xandazmulobis instituti did daxmarebas uwevs

sasamarTlos davebis sworad gadawyvetaSi, saqmeze

WeSmaritebis dadgenaSi. Tuki kanoniT ar iqneboda gan-

sazRvruli dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi mxares SeuZliaiZulebiTi wesiT moiTxovos Tavisi darRveuli ufle-

bis aRdgeba, amiT garTuldeboda sasamarTloSi saqme-

Ta gadawyveta, gaizrdeboda savaraudo mtkicebuleba-Ta ricxvi da meti problema Seiqmneboda saqmis faqti-

uri garemoebebis araobieqturi SefasebisaTvis. xan-dazmulobis vada xels uwyobs samoqalaqo urTierTo-

bebSi wesrigis damyarebas, samoqalaqo brunvaSi stabi-

lizaciis damkvidrebas. roca piri didi xnis manZilze

uyuradRebod tovebs Tavisi uflebis darRvevas, ar

moiTxovs mis iZulebiT dacvas, es imaze migvaniSnebs,rom maincdamainc ar aris dainteresebuli Tavisi uf-



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lebis ganxorcielebiT an naklebad aris darwmunebuli

Tavisi moTxovnis safuZvlianobaSi.6

xandazmulobis vada ar vrceldeba pirad araqo-

nebriv uflebebze (Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar aris gaTva-

liswinebuli) da meanabreTa moTxovnaze banksa da sxva

sakredito dawesebulebebSi Setanili anabrebis gamo.samarTlebriv literaturaSi ganasxvaveben xan-

dazmulobis or vadas: saerTosa da specialurs. xan-

dazmulobis saerTo vada es aris is dro, romelic dad-genilia zogadad yvela kerZo samarTlebrivi urTier-

TobebisaTvis garda im urTierTobebisa, romelTa mi-marT kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia xandazmulobis spe-

cialuri vadebi. Tuki kanoniT specialurad vada ar

aris dadgenili, maSin yvela moTxovnisaTvis xandazmu-

lobis saerTo vada Seadgens aT wels.xandazmulobis specialuri vada dawesebulia

konkretuli urTierTobebisaTvis..es saxelwodeba ara-

zustia, ramdenadac specialuri vada SeiZleba saerTo

vadaze metic iyos. saxelSekrulebo moTxovnebis xan-

dazmulobis vada Seadgens sam wels, xolo uZrav niv-

6 ავთანდილ კობახიძე სამოქალაქო სამართალი თბილისი 2001 წ.



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TebTan dakavSirebuli saxelSekrulebo moTxovnebisa -eqvs wels.

xandazmulobis vada im moTxovnebisa, romlebicwarmoiSoba periodulad Sesasrulebeli valdebule-

bebidan sami welia. magaliTad, binis qiravnobis drosdamqiravebeli valdebulia yovelTviurad gadaixados

binis qira. TiToeuli Sesrulebis darRveva warmoSobsmoTxovnis uflebas da aseTi moTxovnis xandazmulo-

bis vada sami welia.saerTo vadaze ufro meti vada gaTvaliswinebu-

lia 920-e muxlSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, fasiani qaRal-debidan gamomdinare moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadaSeadgens ocdaaT wels dokumentiT gaTvaliswinebuli

valdebulebis vadis dadgomidan.miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsi zogadi

nawili cdilobs xandazmulobis vadebi erTianad moa-

wesrigos, calkeuli kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTo-bebis mowesrigebisas specialuri vadebi mainc gamoiye-

neba. es vadebi SeiZleba iyos ganmtkicebuli kerZo sa-

marTlis sxvadasxva kanonebSi. magaliTad mewarmeTa

Sesaxeb kanonis me-15 muxlis mixedviT am kanonidan ga-momdinare pretenziebis xandazmulobis saerTo vada

Seadgens xuT wels(pirveli nawili), xolo saerTo kre-

bis gadawyvetilebebis gasaCivrebis vada-ori Tvea(meo-

re nawili).



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amrigad, yoveli konkretuli moTxovnis ganxor-

cielebadobis Semowmebisas unda dazustdes, Tu xan-dazmulobis romeli vada gamoiyeneba da romeli kano-

nidan gamomdinareobs es vada.vinaidan xandazmulobas mniSvnelovani samar-

Tlebrivi Sedegebi ukavSirdeba, aucilebelia zustad

ganisazRvros, Tu ra momentidan aiTvleba xandazmu-

lobis vadis dena.erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba xandazmulobis aT-

vlis obieqtur da subieqturi sistemebi. obieqturisistemis dros xandazmulobis vadis aTvla ar aris da-

mokidebuli imaze, uflebamosilma pirma Seityo ufle-

bis darRvevis Sesaxeb Tu ara da gadamwyvetia is, Tu

obieqturad rodis warmoiSva moTxovna.samoqalaqo kodeqsi ganamtkicebs subieqtur sis-

temas da xandazmulobis dawyebis momentad miiCnevs

dros, roca pirma Seityo an unda Seetyo uflebis dar-

Rvevis Sesaxeb. (130-e muxli).Tu moTxovnis warmoSoba damokidebulia kredito-

ris moqmedebaze, xandazmuloba iwyeba im droidan, roca

kreditors SeeZlo ganexorcielebina es moqmedeba.rogor unda gadawydes sakiTxi maSin, roca pirma

ar icis misi uflebis darRvevis Sesaxeb, magram kanonizustad gansazRvravs xandazmulobis dawyebis moments

da amas ar ukavSirebs im faqts, icis Tu ara uflebamo-



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silma pirma amis Sesaxeb. magaliTad. 699-e muxlis mi-

xedviT, xanxazmulobis vadis dena iwyeba tvirTis

mTlianad dakargvisas _ gadazidvis SeTanxmebuli va-dis gasvlis ocdameaTe dRidan an Tu aseTi vada ar yo-

fila daTqmuli, _ gadamzidvelis mier tvirTis miRebi-

dan mesamoce dRes; kodeqsi arafers ambobs, unda ico-

des Tu ara pirma amis Sesaxeb.am sakiTxis garkvevisas mniSvnelovania garkveva

xom ar aris miTiTebuli moTxovnis warmoSobis momenti

kanonSi an xelSekrulebaSi. Tuki miTiTebulia iTvle-

ba, rom samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawilisaTviscnobilia moTxovnis uflebis warmoSobis dro da am

droidan daiwyeba xandazmulobis vadis dena.calkeul SemTxvevebSi, kanoniT SeiZleba gaTva-

liswinebul iqnes xandazmulobis sxva vadebic.magaliTad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 514-e muxli ad-

gens gamosyidvis vadas romelis ar unda aRematebodes

10 wels. kodeqsis 529-e muxli adgens erTwlian vadas

Cuqebis gauqmebisaTvis, roca kanoni am Cuqebis gauqme-

bis uflebas iZleva. kodeqsis 561-e muxliT dadgeniliasamTviani vada qiravnobis xelSekrulebis moSlisaT-

vis, 573-e muxliT dadgenilia zianis anazRaurebis moT-xovnis eqvsTviani xandazmuloba gaqiravebuli nivTis

Secvlis an gauaresebis gamo. igive samTviani vada gamo-iyeneba aT welze meti vadiT dadebuli ijaris xelSek-



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rulebis moSlisaTvis, xolo roca ijaris xelSekru-

leba uvadod aris dadebuli , misi moSla SeiZleba sai-

jaro wlis damTavrebidan erTi Tvis vadaSi. ijarisxelSekrulebis moSlisaTvis moijaris gardacvalebis

gamo, memkvidreebs SeuZliaT saijaro urTierToba mo-Salon kalendaruli wlis damTavrebidan eqvsi Tvis va-

daSi(muli 590). kodeqsis 663-e muxli adgensmogzaurobis xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare moTxovne-

bis xandazmulobis vada 1. 659 _ 662-ე muxlebSi gaTva-liswinebuli moTxovnebi turists SeuZlia warudginosmogzaurobis momwyobs xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebuli

mogzaurobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg erTi Tvis manZilze.vadis gasvlis Semdeg turists SeuZlia waradginos Ta-

visi moTxovnebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas brali

ar miuZRvis moTxovnis wardgenis vadis gadacilebaSi.2. turistis moTxovnis xandazmulobis vada Seadgens

eqvs Tves. es vada iwyeba im dRidan, rodesac xelSekru-

lebiT mogzauroba unda damTavrebuliyo. Tu turistimoTxovnebs waradgens xandazmulobis vadis dawyebam-

de, maSin xandazmulobis vada SeCerdeba im dRemde, ro-mel dResac mogzaurobis momwyobi uaryofs moTxov-

nas.kodeqsis 655-e muxli adgens xandazmulobis vadas

nardobis xelSekrulebaSi Sesrulebis naklis gamo

moTxovnisaTvis. SemkveTma SeiZleba waradginos erTi



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wlis vadaSi, xolo Tu moTxovna nagebobas Seexeba xuTiwlis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli samuSaos miRebis

dRidan. kodeqsis 699-e muxliT gansazRvrulia gada-

zidvidan gamomdinare uflebis xandazmulobis vada.saerTo wesis mixedviT, es vada Seadgens erT wels, mag-ram roca saxezea ganzraxva an uxeSi gaufrTxileblo-

ba, es vada gazrdilia sam wlamde. deliqturi valdebu-lebebidan gamomdinare moTxovnebze xandazmulobis

vada Seadgens sam wels im momentidan, roca dazarale-bulma Seityo zianis an zianis anazRaurebaze valdebu-

li piris Sesaxeb (muxli 1008-e). sami welia dadgenilikeTilsindisieri mflobelis mier ukanono mflobelo-

bidan nivTis dabrunebis moTxovnisaTvis (160-e muxli).samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1015-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebu-lia wundebuli produqtidan gamomdinare moTxovneb-ze xandazmulobis vada 1. wundebuli produqtis

mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis moTxovnis xandazmu-

lobis vada aris 3 weli im momentidan, roca zianisanazRaurebis uflebis mqonem gaigo an unda gaego zia-

nis, naklis anda zianis anazRaurebaze valdebuli pi-

ris Sesaxeb. 2. moTxovna qarwyldeba im momentidan 10wlis Semdeg, roca mwarmoebelma zianis gamomwvevi

produqti sarealizaciod gaitana.aseve kodeqsis 1391. მუხლით გათვალისწინებულია

საანდერძო დანაკისრის შესრულების ვადა.



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saanderZo danakisris mimRebs ufleba aqvs moiT-xovos saanderZo danakisris Sesruleba samwliani xan-

dazmulobis vadis farglebSi, rac gamoiTvleba sam-

kvidros gaxsnis dRidan.saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTliT gaTva-

liswinebulia sxvadasxva saxis vadebi kerZod samoqa-

laqo kodesis 1183-e; 1188-e; 1190-e me-7 nawili; 1341-e

;1378-e;1424-e;1432-e;1434-e;1450-e;1455-e;1483-e;1488-e;1500-e muxlebi, romelTa codna mniSvnelovania, raTadroulad davicvaT da ganvaxorcieloT samoqalaqo

uflebebi.xandazmulobis vadebis warmoSobis, moqmedebis da

dasrulebis sakiTxebis ganxilvasTan erTad mniSvne-

lovania agreTve codna imisa Tu rodis, ris safuZvel-

ze Cerdeba an/da wydeba xandazmulobis vadebi da ra

samarTlebrivi Sedegebi dgeba(warmoSoba).kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba xan-

dazmulobis vadis dena SeCerdes da drois faqtobriv-

ma dinebam, gasvlam xeli ar SeuSalos uflebamosil

pirs Tavisi moTxovnis ganxorcielebaSi. samoqalaqokodeqsi xandazmulobis vadis denis SeCerebis or

jgufs hyofs: pirvelia, roca uflebamosili piri mis-gan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo miklebulia moT-

xovnis wardgenis SesaZleblobas da, meore, roca urTi-erTobaTa xasiaTidan gamomdinare xandazmulobis va-



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dis dena ar aris mizanSewonili, xandazmulobis vada

ZiriTadad uwyvetad mimdinareobs, magram realu-rad aris kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi gare-

moebebi, romlebic abrkolebebn anda arTulebendadgenil vadaSi waradginos pirma sarCeli TavisidarRveuli uflebis aRsadgenad Tu darRvevis

aRsakveTad. aseTi garemoebebis arsebobis dros,sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada iTvleba SeCerebu-

lad.xandazmulobis vadis SeCerebis arsi is aris, rom

dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic moqmedebs is garemoebebi,romlebic iwveven xandazmulobis vadis SeCerebas da

romlebic abrkoleben darRveuli uflebis dacvas, ar

CaiTvleba kanoniT dadgenil xandazmulobis vadaSi.moTxovnis wardgenis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevebi gaTva-

liswinebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 132-emuxlSi, romlis Tanaxmad, xandazmulobis vadis denis

SeCerebas iwvevs Semdegi garemoebebi: valdebulebis Sesruleba gadavadebulia aRmas-

rulebeli xelisuflebis mier (moratoriumi); sarCelis wardgenas abrkolebs gansakuTrebuli

da mocemul pirobebSi aucdeneli dauZleveli Zala; kreditori an movale imyofeba SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis im nawilSi, romelic gadayvanilia saomar mdgo-

mareobaSi;



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kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSi.kanonSi xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli xandazmulobis

vadis denis SeCerebaze saojaxo samarTlebriv urTier-

TobebSi, kerZod saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis

133-e muxli mixedviT,, sanam qorwineba arsebobs, meuR-leTa Soris moTxovnebze xandazmulobis vadis dena

Cerdeba. igive wesi moqmedebs mSoblebsa da Svilebs So-ris moTxovnebze bavSvebis srulwlovanebis dadgomam-

de, agreTve meurveebsa (mzrunvelebsa) da sameurveopirebs Soris moTxovnebze meurveobis mTeli periodis

manZilze.“kanonmdebloba gansazRvravs xandazmulobis va-

dis denis SeCerebis moments. xandazmulobis vada Cer-

deba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moratoriumi, dauZleveli Za-

la, armiis rigebSi yofna warmoiSva an ganagrZobda ar-sebobas xandazmulobis vadis ukanaskneli eqvsi Tvis

farglebSi, xolo Tu es vada eqvs Tveze naklebia, -xan-

dazmulobis vadis ganmavlobaSi. im garemoebebis Sew-

yvetis dRidan, romlebic safuZvlad daedo xandazmu-

lobis vadis SeCerebas, xandazmuloba gagrZeldeba

eqvs Tvemde; xolo Tu xandazmulobis vada eqvs Tveze

naklebia, _ xandazmulobis vadamde. magaliTad, Tu sam-wliani xandazmulobis vadis dros vadis mimdinareobaSeCerda misi dawyebidan ori wlis da aTi Tvis gasvlisSemdeg xandazmulobis vadis dena ramdeni TviT gag-



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rZeldeba? xandazmulobis vadis dena gagrZeldeba ara

darCenili ori TviT, aramed eqvsi TviT .samoqalaqo urTierTobaTa swori regulirebi-

saTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis gansazRvras, Tu ro-

dis Sewydeba xandazmulobis vadis dena.xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyvetisas, SeCere-

bisagan gansxvavebiT ,,Sewyvetamde ganvlili dro mxed-velobaSi ar miiReba da xandazmulobis vadis deba Ta-

vidan iwyeba“. xandazmulobis Sewyveta ar niSnavs moT-

xovnis Sewyvetas. piriqiT, am dros arsebobs iseTi ga-

remoeba, romelic uflebamosili piris mdgomareobaskidev ufro amyarebs da uflebis ganxorcielebis xan-

dazmulobis vadis aTvlas Tavidan iwyebs. xandazmulo-bis Sewyvetas samoqalaqo kodeqsi or garemoebas ukav-

Sirebs: pirveli, valdebuli piris mier moTxovnis aRi-

arebas an, meore, uflebamosili piris mier sasamar-

TloSi an saxelmwifo sxva organoebSi mimarTvas (138-e

muxli).moTxovnis arsebobis aRiarebiT xandazmulobis

vadis dena wydeba, Tu valdebuli piri uflebamosili

piris winaSe avansis, procentis gadaxdiT, garantiis

micemiT an sxvagvarad aRiarebs moTxovnis arsebobas.xandazmulobis vadis dena wydeba, aseve Tu uflebamo-sili piri Seitans sarCels moTxovnis dasakmayofileb-

lad an mis dasadgenad, anda Seecdeba daikmayofilos



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moTxovna sxva saSualebiT, rogoricaa saxelmwifo or-ganosaTvis an sasamarTloSi gancxadebiT mimarTva

moTxovnis arsebobis Sesaxeb, anda aRmasrulebeli moq-

medebis ganxorcieleba.samoqalaqo kodeqsis 476 მუხლის თანახმად ,,erT-erTi

solidaruli movalis mimarT xandazmulobis vadis Se-Cerebas an Sewyvetas ara aqvs Zala sxva movaleTa mi-

marT.valdebulebis monawile piris Secvla ar iwvevs

sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadis Secvlas, arc mis Sew-

yvetas da arc SeCerebas. Tu nivTi romlis mimarTac ar-

sebobs sasarCelo moTxovna, uflebamonacvleobis

gziT mesame piris mflobelobaSi aRmoCndeba, maSinuflebrivi winamorbedis mflobelobaSi gasuli xan-dazmulobis vada gamoiyeneba agreTve uflebamonac-

vlis mimarT.kanoni gansazRvravs xandazmulobis vadis de-

nis Sewyvetis xangrZlivobasac.xandazmulobis vadis denis Sewyveta sarCelis Se-

tanis safuZvelze grZeldeba manam, sanam sasamarTlosmier gamotanili gadawyvetileba ar Seva kanonier Za-

laSi, an procesi sxvagvarad ar dasruldeba. Tu mxare-Ta SeTanxmebis Sedegad an Semdgomi gagrZelebis SeuZ-

leblobis gamo procesi Sewydeba, maSin xandazmulobisvadis dena Sewydeba mxareTa an sasamarTlos bolo sap-



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roceso moqmedebis damTavrebasTan erTad. Tu erT-er-

Ti mxare process kvlav ganagrZobs, Sewyvetis Semdeg

dawyebuli xandazmulobis axali vada iseve Sewydeba,rogorc wydeba xandazmulobis vadis dena sarCelis Se-

taniT. sarCelis Setana xandazmulobis vadis denis

Sewyvetas ar gamoiwvevs, Tu mosarCele uars ityvis

sarCelze, an sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ga-dawyvetilebiT sarCeli ganuxilvelad iqneba datove-

buli. Tu uflebamosili piri eqvsi Tvis vadaSi Seitans

axal sarCels, maSin xandazmulobis vada Sewyvetilad

iTvleba pirveli sarCelis Setanis droidan.xandazmulobis vadis denis dawyebis aTvla Tavi-

dan Tu Sewydeba xandazmulobis vadis dena, maSin Sew-yvetamde ganvlili dro mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba da va-

da daiwyeba Tavidan.„xandazmulobis vadis xelaxali denis Sewyveta

niSnavs xandazmulobis vadis denis sruli xangrZlivo-

biT xelaxala dawyebas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ger-

maniis federalurma uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmarta,rom „mxolod im xandazmulobis vadis denis xelaxla

dawyebaa SesaZlebeli, romelic jer kidev midis“. xan-dazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg gakeTebulma aRia-

rebam ar SeiZleba xandazmuloba Sewyvitos“ - naTqvamia



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palatis palatis ganmartebaSi; 7

sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli gadawyveti-lebiT dadasturebuli moTxovnis xandazmulobis va-

daa aTi weli maSinac ki, roca es moTxovna ufro nakleb

xandazmulobas eqvemdebareba. Tu dadastureba Seexeba

periodulad ganmeorebad moqmedebebs, romlebic moma-

valSi unda Sesruldes, maSin maT mimarT gamoiyeneba

ssk-s 129-e muxlis meore nawiliT dadgenili xandazmu-

loba anu sami weli.xandazmulobis vada sanivTo moTxovnaTa mimarT

Tu nivTi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs sanivTo moTxov-

na, uflebamonacvleobis gziT mesame piris mflobelo-

baSi aRmoCndeba, maSin uflebrivi winamorbedis mflo-

belobaSi gasuli xandazmulobis vada gamoiyeneba, ag-

reTve, uflebamonacvlis mimarTac.xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg valdebuli

piri uflebamosilia uari Tqvas moqmedebis Sesruleba-

ze. magram Tuki is moqmedebas asrulebs kreditors

ufleba aqvs miiRos movalis mier Sesrulebuli. amas-Tan Tu valdebulma pirma movaleoba Seasrula xandaz-

mulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg, mas ara aqvs ufleba mo-

7 სააპელაციო სასამართლოს სამოქალაქო საქმეთა პალატის 2014

წლის 17 ნოემბრის გადაწყვეტილება: 2ბ/4587-14;



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iTxovos Sesrulebulis dabruneba, Tundac movaleo-

bis Sesrulebis momentSi mas ar scodnoda, rom xandaz-

mulobis vada gasuli iyo. igive wesi gamoiyeneba val-debuli piris aRiarebisa da uzrunvelyofis saSuale-

baTa mimarTac.samoqalaqo samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi ar-

sebobs mTavari da damatebiTi moTxovnebi. saintere-so sakiTxia Tundac is rom gaverkvioT ra xdeba ma-

Sin ,roca mTavari moTxovnis xandazmulobis vada ga-

vida, xolo damatebiTi moTxovnisaTvis ki vada jer

kidev arsebobs. am SemTxvevaSi gasulad CaiTvlebaTu ara xandazmulobis vada damatebiTi moTxovnebi-

saTvis?mTavari moTxovnis xandazmulobis vadis gasvlas-

Tan erTad xandazmulobis vada gasulad iTvleba dama-

tebiTi moTxovnebisTvisac maSinac ki, roca am moTxov-

naTa xandazmulobis vada jer ar gasula. mniSvnelova-

nia, rom xandazmulobis vadebisa da maTi gamoTvlis we-

sis Secvla mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dauSvebelia.samarTlebrivi praqtikis TvalsazrisiT mniSvne-

lovania ,,uaris Tqmis“ praqtikuli ganxorcieleba, gan-sakuTrebiT ki sasamarTlos mier xandazmulobis gamo-

yeneba. am dros ibadeba kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara sasamar-

Tlos ufleba damoukideblad, valdebuli piris miTi-

Tebis gareSe, daeyrdnos moTxovnis xandazmulobas da



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am safuZvliT ar daakmayofilos uflebamosili piris

sarCeli. xandazmulobis vadis gasvla,rogorc wesi iw-

vevs darRveuli uflebis aRdgenaze uaris Tqmas. ko-

deqsis 144-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad xan-dazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg valdebuli piri uf-

lebamosilia uari Tqvas moqmedebis Sesrulebaze. anu

,, uaris Tqmis ufleba“ valdebuli piris Sesagebels

warmoadgens, man es ufleba TviTon unda gamoiyenos dasasamarTlos am piris miTiTebis gareSe ar SeuZlia ga-

moiyenos xandazmuloba. dispoziciurobisa da Sejib-rebiTobis principebi mosamarTles arTmeven imis uf-

lebas, rom man procesis monawileebs mianiWos imaze me-

ti, vide maT moiTxoves. uzenaesi sasamarTlos sasa-marTlo samarTali ukanasknel wlebSi am Sexedulebas

ganamtkicebs. mniSvnelovania agreTve Tu rogori for-miT unda gamoxatos valdebulma pirma Tavisi Sesage-

beli. unda miuTiTos man pirdapir, rom moTxovna xan-

dazmulia Tu sakmarisia imis Tqma, rom amis mere Zali-

an didi xani gavida? vfiqrob es ukanaskneli sakmarisia.procesis monawiles ar moeTxoveba, rom misi moTxovne-bis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi warudginos sasamar-

Tlos. es sasamarTlom TviTon unda gaakeTos.xandazmulobis vadis gasvla, materialuri gage-

biT niSnavs sarCelze uaris Tqmas. Tu saqmis ganxilvis

dros gamovlinda, rom mosarCelem gauSva xandazmu-



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lobis vada, sasamarTlom mas unda uTxras uari, Tun-

dac darwmundes uflebis darRvevis realobaSi. arse-

bobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, iwvevs Tu araxandazmulobis vadis gasvla samoqalaqo uflebis ga-

qarwylebas. zogierTi avtoris azriT xandazmulobisvadis gasvliT ispoba piris subieqturi ufleba moiT-

xovos iZulebiTi wesiT am uflebis aRdgena . 8 sxva av-

torebi miiCneven, rom uflebamosili piris subieqturi

ufleba ispoba mxolod maSin, roca sasamarTlo uarsetyvis mas sarCelis dakmayofilebaze xandazmulobis

vadis gasvlis motiviT. avtorTa umravlesoba ki miiC-nevs rom xandazmulobis vadis gasvliT ar ispoba uf-

lebamosili piris subieqturi ufleba, is agrZelebs

arsebobas, magram ar SeiZleba misi iZulebiT ganxorci-

eleba . saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisi144-e mux-lis meore nawili Tanaxmad Tu valdebulma pirma mova-

leoba Seasrula xandazmulobis vadis gasvlis Semdeg,mas ara aqvs ufleba moiTxovos Sesrulebulis dabru-

neba, Tundac movaleobis Sesrulebis momentSi mas ar

scodnoda, rom xandazmulobis vada gasuli iyo. amavemuxlis mesame nawilis mixedviT igive wesi gamoiyenebavaldebuli piris aRiarebisa da uzrunvelyofis saSua-

lebaTa mimarTac. vidre sasamarTlo ar gadauwyvetia

8 Иофф О.С. Советсое грюправо М:1976.



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sakiTxi uari iTqvas Tu ara pirs darRveuli uflebisaRdgenaze xandazmulobis vadis gasvlasTan dakavSire-

biT, manam ar SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom piris ufleba gaqar-wylebulia samoqalaqo kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs xan-

dazmulobis vadis aRdgenas.samoqalaqo kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs SeZeniTi xan-

dazmulobas .kodeqsis 165-e muxlis Sesabamisad Tu pi-ri moZrav nivTs xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi uwyvetad

flobs rogorc sakuTars, moipovebs masze sakuTrebis

uflebas (sakuTrebis SeZena xandazmulobiT). aseTi Se-

Zena ar daiSveba, Tu SemZeni nivTs arakeTilsindisie-

rad flobda, an Tu man mogvianebiT Seityo, rom nivTi

mas ar ekuTvnoda. xolo rac Seexeba uZrav nivTs ko-

deqsis 167-e muxlis Sesabamisad Tu piri sajaro rees-trSi Setanilia miwis nakveTis an sxva uZravi qonebis

mesakuTred ise, rom ar SeuZenia sakuTrebis ufleba

maTze, igi moipovebs am sakuTrebis uflebas, Tuki re-gistracia arsebobda TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi da

am xnis manZilze piri flobda maT, rogorc sakuTars.zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxi Zalian mniSvnelovania sa-

moqalaqo sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi codnis asa-

maRleblad. uflebis dacvis ,,xandazmulobis“ vadebi

problematuri sakiTxia qarTul samarTalSi. vinaidan

da radganac qarTvelebi samarTlebriv kulturas,kerZod is, rom kanonis codna da gamoyeneba mniSvne-



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lovania da ara mxolod faqtobrivi urTierTobebi,bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi veziarebiT. dResac dRiswesrigSia aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi gulgrilad damo-

kidebuleba. swored rom uflebis dacvis ,,xandazmu-

lobis“ vadebis ucodinarobis an/da arakompetentu-robis gamo samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mZime materialur

da moralur zians ganicdis. samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-3muxlis 2-e punqtis Sesabamisad, kanonis arcodna anmisi arasaTanadod gageba ar SeiZleba iyos kanonisgamouyeneblobis anda am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli

pasuxismgeblobisagan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli.


lado Wanturia samoqalaqo samarTlis zogado na-

wili Tbilisi 2011 w.avTandil kobaxiZe samoqalaqo samarTlis zogadi

nawili 2001 w.giorgi TumaniSvili samoqalaqo samarTlis zoga-

di nawili Tbilisi 2012w.saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari wig-

ni pirveli

Иофф О.С. Советсое гр. право М:1976.saapelacio gadawyvetileba: 2b/4587-1sasamarTlos

samoqalaqo saqmeTa palatis 2014 wlis 17 noembris



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Linda Shalamberidze-Verdzadze

The “limitation” dates of defending rights in civil materiallaw

Resume

The purpose of the topic is to deeply introduce to the readerthe legal norms defining legal terms of the Georgian civil materiallaw as well as rules for measuring the dates and their sphere of usewhich in turn will give to the reader skills concerning civil law anddefense in problematic matters.

The above mentioned topic is very important in order to raiselegal knowledge of the civil society. The “limitation” dates ofdefending rights are a problematic matter in the Georgian legislation.



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Линда Шаламберидзе-Вердзадзе

Защита прав «исковой» давности в гражданскомматериальном праве

Резюме

Целью статьи является более глубокое изучение иознакомление общества с правовыми нормами гражданской«исковой» давности» в Грузии; условиями расчетаматериальных сроков и сферу их применения, которые будутспособствовать осуществлению гражданских прав и освоениюнавыков правовой защиты проблемных вопросов.

Рассмотрение данной проблемы способствует повыше-нию осведомленности правовых знаний гражданского общества.Защита прав «исковой» давности» является проблемнымвопросом в грузинском праве.



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Sromebis krebuli

Сборник трудов

PROCEDINGS

socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebiВопросы социальных наукProblems of Social Sciences

VII

redaqtori:irakli manveliZe

teqnikuri redaqtorigiorgi qaTamaZe

gamomcemlobis redaqtori:iza xarebava

tiraJi 200

Documents

socialur mecnierebaTa sakiTxebi - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/140929/1/...Resume In modern times politics (a process) as we are used to perceive it started its transformation