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Grid Automation

Smart Grid Evolution through Microgrid Aggregation in Africa

Dr. Wajdi Ahmad Technical Marketing & Solutions Director

GE Digital Energy

AMEU

October 15-17, 2012

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Complexities of multi-directional power flow & integration into the grid

Frequency performance under large generation/load swings – Lack of inertia increases system sensitivity

Integration of non-conventional energy resources • Desire driven by fuel costs and logistics • Intermittency of renewables can impact grid stability • Low overload, short circuit ratings

Traditional protection and controls inadequate for distributed generation – Bi-directional power flows

– Unit level voltage and VAR support – Fault current contribution – Island operation

Need for a holistic control system to realize full operating potential – System-level energy optimization (electrical, thermal, loads) – Unit commitment and dispatch

– Aggregation and system performance

Challenges of the 21st century power grid . . .

All of this calls for smarter solutions…

Sources: (1) UtilityPoint, by Ethan Cohen 7/18/0 (2) EPRI® Intelligrid

Smart grid The integration of two infrastructures …

Electrical infrastructure

Information & Communications Infrastructure

+

Embracing renewables

Empowering

consumers

Increasing productivity

Reducing CO2 emissions

Increasing

efficiency

Enhancing reliability

4 / GE /

GE Proprietary © Copyright 2011 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.

Economical, Societal and Environmental Sustainability

Smart Substation

Monitor & Diagnostics

Microgrid Demand Response

Smart Appliance

Automation

Generation

Renewable Generation

Complex Event Processing, Analytics, and Visualization

DERM

Volt/VAR Control

Energy Efficiency

Smart Meters

Modular Design

Workforce Management

Modular Substations

Design Tools

Head End Systems

Multiple Applications Platforms

Backhaul

Plant LAN

System WAN

Substation LAN

Field LAN

Customer Area Networks, HAN

Transmission Substations Distribution

Customer Premise

Reliable, Empowered, Clean, Efficient, Productive

Distributed Generation and Storage

Domain Services

Federated Data Model

Data Services System Security

Services

Electrical Network

Model

Adapters

Business Process Management

EV Charging

Asset Management

FDIR

Energy

Storage

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What is a Microgrid System??

Need for a Smart Control system to optimize and manage generators,

energy storage and loads within the Microgrid

• A Microgrid is a distribution network that includes local (distributed) generation, load, and possibly energy storage (to compensate for renewable intermittency)

• It can operate in an islanded mode (open grid connection)

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Source: Navigant

Microgrid Classifications

Sub - Station (20+MW)

Single-facility (<2MW) /

off-the-grid system

Feeder (5 – 20 MW)

Multi-facility (2-5MW)

• Large Military bases

• University Campuses

• Industrial/City/Port

• Large Wind or PV Integration

• Military Bases / Campus

• Residential communities

• Industrial complex

• Distribution-level renewable integration

• Medical Campus

• Resi. Communities

• Commercial complex

• Industrial facility

• Airports

• Small remote islands

• Commercial buildings

• Small Hospitals

• Small University Campuses

(Source: IEEE)

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Microgrid Drivers & Beneficiaries

MILITARY Bases w/ Critical

Infrastructure

INDUSTRIAL Mining/Refineries

Ports

Remote Grid Communities

Institutional / District University/labs

Hospitals Utility Microgrids

Convergence of environment, energy cost/efficiency, security, and system reliability prove to be the key drivers for Microgrids . . .

RENEWABLES INTEGRATION

BASE ISLANDING

CO2 REDUCTION

ENERGY SECURITY

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

CO2 REDUCTION

ENERGY SECURITY

ENERGY RELIABILITY

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

RENEWABLES INTEGRATION

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Efficiency

CO2 REDUCTION

ENERGY SECURITY

ENERGY RELIABILITY

FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE

RENEWABLES INTEGRATION

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

COE REDUCTION

ENERGY SECURITY

ENERGY RELIABILITY

Microgrid R&D

RENEWABLES INTEGRATION D

R

I

V

E

R

S

Energy Cost , Environmental Impact and Improved Reliability …

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Sustainability for Remote Communities, Mining, …

Solution will provide: • Sustainable Energy Microgrid

•Increase renewables •Decrease fossil generation / emissions

• Sustainable Water •Cleaner & efficient potable / process water

•Intelligently managed as an energy resource • Sustainable Healthcare

•Remote medical clinic solution • Digital imaging & diagnostics

• Digitally connected to major medical centers – triage, virtual healthcare

Providing holistic sustainability solutions on an optimized energy foundation

Sustainable Energy

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Depending on global scenarios, microgrids could capture up to 3GW by the year 2015.

Microgrid Capacity, World Markets 2010-2015

Grid-connected Microgrids are expected to be the major drivers in North America; and off-the-grid for Rest of world

Market Landscape

Source: Pike Research

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Control System key Features . . .

• Provides centralized supervisory management of distributed generators, energy storage and loads within a microgrid

• Implements a flat communication structure using Ethernet and/or wireless Ethernet Technology

• Applicable to grid-tied and remote microgrids

• Optimal Dispatch: Makes the most efficient use of renewable, dispatchable and storage resources

• Load Shedding: Improves availability by dynamically shedding loads based on system loading and available generation

• Tie line control: Consolidates the Microgrid into a single, dispatchable resource

Key Features

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U90+ Generation Optimizer

Ethernet Switch

modem

Wireless Radio

Dispatchable Generation - Var/Volt

Renewable/Intermittent Generation

Load

Distribution Bus

Local HMI

Base Gen Interface

Gen Interface

Cimplicity/Enervista

Storage System

Fuel Cell Electrolyzer

Battery Support

Typical Solution Architecture

Modbus U90+ to IEDs

Solution Tools • Integration of renewables and Storage • Microgrid Generation Optimization • Local HMI • Unit Commitment & Economic Dispatch • Fast Load Shedding (Optional) • Communications

D400 Gateway

DNP 3.0 to upstream systems

Benefits: • Increased Renewable penetration • Reduced CO2 and GHG emissions

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Microgrid Controller

Ethernet Switch

modem

Wireless

Radio

Bella Coola

Clayton Falls 2.12 MW Hydro

Bella Coola 2.1/1.5MW

6.2 MW Diesel

Hagensborg 2.6/1.7 MW

25 kV Distribution

Local HMI

Diesel Genset Interface Hydro Generator Interface

Remote Monitoring

Storage

Fuel Cell 125 kW

3.3 MW-hr

Electrolyzer 300 kW

Utility Service Vehicle

Battery Support 125 kW / 400 kW-hr

Ah Sin Heek Diesel / Energy Storage Site

Site Details: • 439 km north of Vancouver, off-grid

community • Ran on Diesel gensets and Hydro

generators at Clayton falls • 2 Hydro generators: 2.12MW • 8 Diesel Gen-sets: 6.2MW • Load profile: 4.7/3.2MW, Mostly

residential loads • Biggest challenge – Reduction of GHG

emissions and cost of diesel transportation

Case Study: Bella Coola

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Case Study: DoD – 29 Palms

• 29 Palms Base, CA, demonstration project

• Reduction in cost of energy and total cost of ownership

• Configurable for main (bulk) grid connected or islanded operation

• Capable of riding through grid disturbances without disconnecting

• Improved energy efficiency and optimal energy utilization

• Integration of renewable energy

Energy Efficiency & Management

An example of PPP to provide enhanced energy efficiency, renewable

energy and energy storage integration

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Global Electrification landscape

Number (Millions) and % of People without Electricity, 2008, Source: WHO & UNDP

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Evolution to smart grid

DMS

…

…

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Microgrid Barriers

Economics

• High cost of Microgrid Resources (e.g. Wind $3-4/W, Solar $7-8/W) causing longer payback periods (~8-10 years)

• Business Model for owners/utilities

Technical

• Technology maturity and exposure (e.g. sophisticated protection & control requirements, open architecture and interoperability)

• System Integration – Someone who understands all aspects of a Microgrid system -

generating sources, energy storage and control aspects

Political/Regulatory

• Who owns what? Utility vs. owner . . .

• Load aggregation. Energy Pricing structure . . .

• Education/awareness; dealing with remote communities; long Sales cycle

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Questions…..