CSULA Hydrogen Microgrid Project

2016 HYDROGEN STUDENT

DESIGN CONTEST

DEVELOPMENT OF A

HYDROGEN POWERED MICROGRID FOR GRID SERVICES AND BACKUP

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Executive Summary. …..…………………………………………………………………..3 Chapter 2: Introduction. .………………………………………………………………………..……….4

Insufficient Power Quality and Reliability…………………………………………………….. 6 Historic college campus disaster events. ……………………………………………………..7 Campus Description………………………………………………………………………… 11

CH 3. Microgrid System Design. ……………………………………………………………………...14 Photovoltaic System Design and Analysis. ………………………………………………....15 Wind Power System Design and Analysis. ………………………………………………….16 Fuel Cell System Design and Analysis……………………………………………………... 21

Chapter 4. Economic Analysis…………………………………………………..……………………. 31 Hydrogen……………………………………………………………………………………….. 31 Solar ……………………………………………………………………………………………..33 Wind Power …………………………………………………………………………………….33

Chapter 5. System Safety....…………………………………………………………………………...39 Common Failures and FMEA………………………………………………………………... 40 Regular Maintenance Procedures. …………………………………………………………..40 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Safety. ………………………………………………………….41 Photovoltaic System Safety. ………………………………………………………………….42 Hydrogen System Safety. ……………………………………………………………………..42

Chapter 6. Regulatory Compliance…………………………………………..………………………. 42 Chapter 7. Environmental Impact….……………………………………………………………….... 46 Chapter 8. Education Plan……..……………………………………………………………………... 47 CH 9. References…………………………………………………………………………………..….. 51 CH 10. Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………….. 52

2

Chapter 1: Executive Summary

As our world enters a new age of technological advancement, we must strive to

produce cleaner and more sustainable energy sources to power our everyday needs.

Establishing a system of hydrogen fuel cell powered microgrids that can sustainably

provide power to a small town or military base, is one such way to accomplish this goal.

Not only is this idea better suited for the environment, it could also be a way to alleviate

power costs during peak hours, help provide energy during a crisis or natural disaster,

and reduce our nation’s dependence on foreign fossil fuels. We chose to use the

CSULA campus as a model because its population is relative to the size of a small town

and because of its current hydrogen producing capabilities. In response to the

Hydrogen contest, our goal is to create an adaptable modular system that utilizes solar,

wind, and methane steam reformation to sustainably produce hydrogen. This hydrogen

can then be used as a fuel source to energize a series of fuel cell generators. Our

current campus infrastructure includes a state of the art hydrogen producing facility, a

small array of solar panels, and a wind powered generator. Our plan will provide a

detailed cost analysis of the components necessary to expand and further develop our

existing energy generating capabilities as well as provide a blueprint for others

interested in creating a microgrid system.

In order to achieve the objective of powering our campus for up to 3 days using only

energy generated on site, we plan to expand our solar P.V. array to a total of 4,760

panels utilizing building roofs and solar canopies, create a wind farm either on campus

or nearby that totals in 42 number of wind turbines, implement the use of absorption

chillers, and finally to add a methane steam reformation plant either on site or nearby to

take the bio waste produced by the campus along with nearby communities and turn it

into clean and usable hydrogen gas. We would also need to expand the hydrogen

storage capabilities with a Titan storage system in order to fulfill the required power

output capabilities.

3

Chapter 2: Introduction

New technologies in the Power Distribution and Energy Systems arena are

constantly being developed throughout Southern California. These new technologies

are proving to be a feasible alternative to traditional power generation. Multiple

technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells, wind generation, solar cells, and flywheel

storage will become more affordable to implement into the grid. Applying the various

technologies to increase the reliability and decrease outage time is beneficial for the

customers, power utility, and grid systems overall.

Microgrids are localized grids that can disconnect from the traditional grid to

operate autonomously and help mitigate grid disturbances to strengthen grid reliability.

Microgrids help mitigate grid disturbances because they are able to continue operating

while the main grid is down, and they can function as a grid resource for faster system

response and recovery. Renewable energy sources can be interconnected into

microgrids making them flexible and efficient for connecting to the electric grid. By

implementing the various sources of renewable energy locally, a reduction in energy

losses for distribution and transmission can help local service loads.

The development of a microgrid system for universities and schools would be

very beneficial considering how much power is being provided from the local utility and

the possibility of power outages. This report focuses on the development of a Hydrogen

Powered Microgrid system with renewable sources for Grid Services and Back up on

the campus of Cal State LA. The renewable energy sources consist of hydrogen fuel

cells, wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, battery storage systems. Our design will be a

modular and scalable system that can be reproduced on­site for other entities such as

hospitals, schools, airports, military bases, businesses, and small communities. Safety

is a priority, therefore, all systems have been selected to meet or exceed existing safety

codes and standards.

4

The primary renewable source for the microgrid system is a Molten Carbonate

Fuel Cell system that produces hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas would be stored until

converted back into usable electricity via a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell. Our system will

be integrated into the existing Hydrogen Fuel Cell Station currently in full service.

The supporting renewable source are a wind turbine system can be roof,

building, mounted, and ground mounted to maximize space conditions and would be

designed to generate electricity during high wind conditions. The photovoltaic system

would be roof mounted and also utilized as solar canopies in the parking lots for the

maximization of solar gain and space.

Cal State LA is a leader in the development infrastructure and advancement of

Hydrogen technologies. Cal State LA has a Hydrogen Research and Fueling Facility

that is the first station in California to be certified to sell fuel to the public. The facility is

also the winner of the 2015 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Best Practice Award in

the sustainable transportation category. It produces 60 ks/day, storage of 60 kg,

pressures of 5000 psi and 10000 psi, and has the capacity to fuel 15­20 Fuel Cell

vehicles per day.

5

Other renewable technologies on campus include a Photovoltaic system

consisting of 77 solar modules reducing the carbon footprint and helping to eliminate

about 250 tons of greenhouse gas emissions while generating up to 300 kilowatts of

solar­power energy. And Electric Vehicle parking for 15 vehicles campus wide.

Insufficient Power Quality and Reliability

Power reliability is extremely important to operations at Cal State LA. Cal State

LA’s ultimate goal is to deliver uninterrupted power for all loads. The numerous

electronic systems that Cal State LA relies upon are susceptible to failure if the

electrical distribution system experiences power quality issues. The microgrid project

would resolve power quality problems, such as voltage dips and swells caused by large

loads starting up or shutting down, that can cause damage to computers, electronic

6

controls and lamps. Transients cause sharp voltage increases caused by equipment

switching on and off that can cause damage to circuit boards and electrical insulation.

And flickering caused by cyclic voltage dips, which can lead to decrease in employee

productivity.

Historic college campus disaster events

In 1994, Southern California experienced one of the biggest natural disasters in

past half century. The City of Northridge experienced a 6.7 earthquake. The tremors

from this event caused damage throughout most of southern California. Structures and

power sources were damaged. Although we can’t predict the occurrence of these

events, we can stay prepared (micro­grid) for future ones to come. Those locations

stated are very closer to the CSULA geo­location.

Other than earthquakes, Los Angeles region also has weather issues such that

could pose a threat to our college campus. With extreme heat and rain, California State

Los Angeles is no stranger to campus disasters, and this microgrid would definitely

improve backup options for our school.

In the past, there was a power outage at the university. The microgrid system

could have provided the back­up it needed in place of the repairs the Department Water

and Power repairs needed.

7

8

On Sep 12th 2013, UC Berkeley experienced a power outage that was followed

by an explosion. The Power outage was caused by the theft of underground copper

grounding wires. It is not known if the explosion and the power outages have any

relation. A couple of weeks later, another power outage occurred and a three story

fireball soon followed the outage. This time the outage was due to workers. Although

they thought they had fixed the missing copper issue, the workers had underestimated

the problem and failed to actually repair the system, thus causing a second outage.

These incidents resulted with students being stuck in elevators and a couple of them

having to get treatment for burns. If UC Berkeley would have had a backup micro­grid to

support the outage of their macro­grid this incident wouldn't have happened.

On March 7th, 2016 LAX experienced a power outage. Although some sections

of the airport had no power, most of them had backup generators. No flights were

delayed or cancelled. This shows how valuable a backup plan is for situations where

power goes out.

Storm Knocks Out Power To 8,200 LADWP Customers­ September 15, 2015

9:59 AM LOS ANGELES (CBSLA.com) — More than 8,000 homes were without power

Tuesday as heavy rain and winds caused outages in several neighborhoods, according

to the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. As of 9:30 a.m., about 8,200

LADWP customers were without power, officials said, with the Van Nuys area the

hardest hit, with 1,982 customers in the dark.

9

Next hardest hit was South Los Angeles with 1,636, then the Del Rey area with

1,518 in the dark, and Glassell Park with 1,390 customers without power. LADWP

officials say power outages are common in early season rain and wind storms as

severely dried­out palm fronds, tree branches and other debris fall and make contact

with power lines.“Crews are working to restore power as quickly and safely as possible”,

officials said. The current estimate for outage restoration is 10 hours from the time of

the start of an outage, but LADWP says crews often beat those estimates.

SOUTH LOS ANGELES (CBSLA.com) —February 15, 2016 11:16 PM

Wayward balloons are blamed for triggering a power outage Monday, leaving

more than 5,000 Southern California Edison customers in South Los Angeles without

electricity.SCE spokesman Paul Griffo said the outage happened around 4:30 p.m.

when metallic balloons got tangled in some elevated distribution lines.Crews were still

working to return power to 5,059 homes as of 9 p.m. Power is expected to be restored

by 6 a.m. Tuesday, Griffo estimated.Metallic balloons caused 924 power outages last

year for SCE, according to the utility.Metallic balloons always need to be tied to a

weight, as required by California law.Edison warns never tie a metallic balloon to a

child’s wrist. If the balloon comes in contact with the service drop to a home or other

source of electricity, it can travel through the balloon and into the child, causing serious

injury or death. SCE suggests disposing a metallic balloon by puncturing it several times

and throwing it in the trash. Do not release it.

10

Campus Description

The California State University of Los Angeles campus is located near the heart

of Downtown Los Angeles. The university is directly near the axis by two major arteries

of the interstate freeway, the 10 East & West and the 710 North & South. The college

foundation is built on top of a hill area. It has more than 78,000 square footage of area.

There is also public transportation that enters into the campus, such as buses and

trains.

The university is a self­efficient running community with about 20,000 to 30,000

students on campus. There are multiple of shipments of trucking that goes through the

school. On campus there are buildings like dormitories, food cafeteria, gym, health

center and other administrative buildings.

The area is prone to earthquakes and if there is an earthquake or other disaster

as such to occur, there will be blackouts and outages. Circled in yellow is the area we

believe the hydrogen project should be built. It is a flat surface area with wide enough

space.

There will be rough terrains for emergency responders were to arrive. This can

cause a serious concern for the residents of CSULA and the community. Therefore, it

needs to sustain a backup power system obtained from hydrogen.

11

(Siting & Location)

The siting location where the hydrogen station can be built on campus in the

highlighted area. This is a flat surface area with wide amount of space enough for the

hydrogen microgrid infrastructure. Locating the hydrogen in the middle of the campus is

an ideal location. It is close to the engineering building for closer monitoring and more of

a centralized area.

Hydrogen in the near future will be a nationwide successor to fossil fuel. The

infrastructure for hydrogen produces zero emissions and therefore it can be located just

about anywhere.

Close to the existing hydrogen fueling station, blocked in orange is where the current

station is and yellow is where the projected hydrogen station will be.

The windmills will be mounted along the building’s edge. Utilizing the center flat

rooftop area will be accompanied by solar panels. The DFC­3000 will be located in the

12

specified in the YELLOW. The BLUE line indicates the low pressure pipelines will be

located underground to the current hydrogen fuel cell station. The wasted produced by

the fuel cell can be used to heat the swimming pool.

As far as the natural gas storage, it will be specified in the ORANGE color area.

We can eliminate the faculty/staff parking of about 16 spaces or as in option 2,

removing the student’s parking lot 7 area of about 70 spaces.

Indicated in the ORANGE area is option 2 of locating the natural gas storage. As

for the solar canopies, we will place them in the student's parking lot 7. In this area,

there is plenty of potential capture of solar power. Currently, there are no charging

stations in this student’s lot. With installing these solar canopies we may add a charging

station with the solar energy.

This open area will have a no shading concern for the PV solar panels. Another

benefit is the canopy will provide shading for the vehicles parked under them.

13

This will be our University campus setup for the fuel cell energy system. This is

the diagram that will show our setup to how fuel cell energy power will be distributed

throughout the buildings. There will be a centralized energy management control

system to manage any interruptions that may occur, from increasingly losses to long

startup times. It will control the energy flow to the different buildings we have.

Chapter 3. Microgrid System Design

For the Hydrogen Fuel cell project, we will be using renewable energy sources to power our micro grid. Our micro grid will be working together with the main macro grid and will be supporting 10% of energy usage during peak hour energy consumption. Our system will also be able to support our facility for two complete days on its own in the case of a micro grid failure. Seeing as how we are attempting to support our system entirely with renewable energy sources wind was one of the main sources.

A microgrid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources

within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid which can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid­connected or island­mode. In order to develop an effective micro grid system for the CSULA campus, it is important to first consider the amount of energy necessary to effectively sustain our power needs on a day by day basis. After a careful analysis of our school energy consumption rates, we determined that the CSULA campus uses about 7.5 MW/h per day. This figure is on the upper end of our calculations but we felt it was important to slightly oversize our figures in order to establish an effective base load to provide power to essential campus electrical systems in case of an emergency situation. Having a strong base load would also be able to help offset power costs during peak usage hours.

14

Photovoltaic System Design and Analysis

Of the highest 7.5MW consumed per day the photovoltaic portion our microgrid

will be responsible for 75% of that or 5.625MW. To be mindful of weather conditions and

the possibility of shading the system has been purposefully oversized.

The implementation of Photovoltaics on Cal State L.A.’s campus by using our

ample parking lots and structures. The design using the structures and lots also ensures

the mobility and modularity of this design for use in other places such as an airport or

hospital that has similar population or infrastructure.

On average in Southern California we get 5 very good hours of sun, depending

on the month, and being that our largest months of consumption are those with the best

sun as well, our design will compliment our location. Per hour our arrangement will

produce approximately 1.125MW of electricity during peak sun hours.

The design will consist of 17 separate CL 55.5 delta inverters manufactured by

Fronius that will run 20 parallel strings of 14 KD245GX­LPB modules manufactured by

Kyocera Solar , resulting in 280 modules per inverter. By running this many inverters it

will cut down on the shading loss that would be incurred by having only one large

15

inverter, and the monetary cost that would result in using micro­inverters. All together

there will be a total of 4,760 solar modules.

To most efficiently use the space given in the parking lot on campus we will use

carports to house the solar modules. Pictured below is the modular carport by Orion.

One inverter and 280 panels will be moved to the building specified by the fuel cell

section and will help to aid in electricity production during the day.

Wind Power System Design and Analysis

Wind energy is one of the most fruitful renewable energy sources because unlike

photovoltaics panels wind turbines are not restrained with the absence, overcast, or

even rainy days to continue operating. Seeing how wind turbines don’t share the same

flaws as its other renewable energy sources. Wind turbines are the perfect compliment

to Photovoltaics, because when the sun goes down the wind picks up.

We have decided to go with our university (California State University Los

Angeles) and in our geographical area we don’t have an extensive amount of wind. In

the year 2015 the city of Los Angeles averaged the speed of 9mph for the entire year

which not enough to even get an industrial sized wind turbine to generate any power. It

16

was also discovered that there is a ban placed in the Los Angeles area prohibiting the

placement of industrial sized wind turbines in densely populated areas. This was

passed because out in rural areas there was a complaint by the public stating that the

wind turbines where to loud that they made too much noise and they were disrupting the

wildlife around the area, it was also stated that they were very hazardous for birds

because in occasion they would fly into the wind foils and get injured. There is a

possibility of installing wind turbines in the city but they must be urban wind turbines

following the regulations of the county. This turbines seem to be the only way to go for

the wind energy generation in our microgrid seeing the regulations of the county, and

they also generate energy with a lower wind speed than industrial sized wind turbines.

These smaller urban sized wind turbines seem the better choice however even these

aren’t without their flaws. Urban sized wind turbines generate energy with speeds as

low as 6 mph however they are very expensive.

With wind turbines we will be producing a constant supply of energy that will very

beneficial to the microgrid. As stated before wind turbines are not constrained by the

time of day and will operate at all times producing energy that can be very beneficial for

the system seeing as how the wind turbines will help produce energy during the night

while the PV modules won’t. These wind turbines being smaller that the industrial sized

turbines have the benefit of being placed almost anywhere around the facility.

17

Using these wind turbines alongside the roof of the buildings in our campus

would be the ideal spot to get the most energy from the wind turbines. Being as small as

they are we also have the opportunities to put up more turbines to make up for the lack

of power that they can generate to be able to produce a decent amount of energy which

will be necessary since the PV panels won’t be able to produce energy during the night

while the turbines will be able to continuously produce energy. This is the most effective

way to take advantage of the wind that is in our university and use it to produce energy

to help power our microgrid in case there’s a failure in the macrogrid and we need to be

able to produce a full 48hrs. worth of energy. Our system will also provide an additional

10% worth of energy while the macrogrid is running to help it out during the peak hour

of energy consumption.

This was the average wind speed for Los Angeles during 2015. This graph gives

a good visual representation of the wind speed we get and also shows the constraints

we have with finding a good turbine that can be capable of generating a good amount of

energy.

18

In the following image we will also show a wind rose which will also contain the direction

in which the wind blows in our current location.

We decided to go with the Aerovironment AVX 1000 turbine because it is the most

compact of the others we found and it proved to be the easier one to position on the

edges of the roofs of buildings round campus to get the greatest efficiencies out of the

wind turbines. These turbines will be giving a better regale elegance to the university

while at the same time proveing power to the facilities which can then be used to power

the air conditioning, provide power to the lights, and other uses.

Turbine Specs in Appendix: 1­1

19

1 ­ 12kW system with 1,000 watt turbines – without canopies: $134,400*

1 ­ 12kW system with 1,000 watt turbines – with canopies: $172,800*

The following is an example of a system installed by the company known as

Aerovironment where they set up a wind turbine system at an airport and they show

how much energy was generated.

Fuel Cell System Design and Analysis

The traditional and most popular ways of generating energy in a renewable fashion is

through the utilization of Photovoltaics and/or wind generation systems. However, the

main drawbacks from these types of systems are as follows:

1) They are highly dependent on weather conditions

2) These types of systems have relatively low efficiency

3) Require expensive battery systems to store energy that is not immediately

used.

As future technology develops, it is clear that hydrogen is becoming a revolutionary new

fuel in the push for clean green energy generation because it can be stored in large

20

amounts for future use, and because it can be used to power fuel cells which yield

significantly higher power outputs and efficiency than most other available green

technologies. Fuel cells as a power generation source are highly durable, can use a

variety of fuels to create power, and, most importantly, will generate power no matter

the weather conditions. For the purpose of the National Hydrogen Project and for the

most efficient use of school resources, it was determined that the use of fuel cells in

conjunction with wind and solar would be the best fit for our microgrid system. The fuel

cell system in particular would be used to provide a reliable base load to power vital

computer and electronic systems during the course of a grid failure.

There were many factors taken into account when choosing a fuel cell type for our

campus microgrid system. The most important of those factors being durability,

availability and cost of fuel sources, power output, and overall system cost. The Molten

Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) was determined to fit all of these needs due to its proven

durability in world wide applications, flexibility of fuel types, and overall low carbon

footprint. The MCFC also has an overall system efficiency OSE of about 50% (which

can go all the way up to 80% when used in a combined heat and power (chp) system).

The company Fuel Cell Energies produces a MCFC system, called the DFC 3000

series, capable of producing a reliable base load of 2.8 MW.

Figure 1: MCFC Specification

21

DFC 3000 Advantages

This type of system has many advantages over conventional green energy systems.

These advantages are as follows:

1) Zero dependency on weather conditions

2) High efficiencies (especially when used in CHP system)

3) Fuel flexibility

4) Reliable power generation

22

5) Quiet operation

In addition to providing a high power output in a small relative size, the (MCFC)

has on­board fuel refining capabilities which allow it to produce hydrogen from a variety

of gases. Methane, landfill gas, and other types of biogas produced as a byproduct from

food and water processing can be used as a fuel source in a MCFC system.

Figure 2: this is a basic diagram to illustrate how waste gas is converted into energy.

Just one of these DFC 3000’s would be more than enough power to establish a

reliable base load of 2800KW to fulfill our Micro grid needs, especially in conjunction

with solar and wind power when they are available. This system in particular was

chosen for our campus because we could use natural gas as a fuel source rather than

hydrogen gas. Natural gas is cheap, abundant in large quantities throughout most of the

world, and the infrastructure already exists to provide a constant flow to our facility.

However, in the event of an emergency situation, if the Natural gas flow were to be

stopped, it would become necessary to have enough onsite storage of a fuel source to

keep the fuel cell running for a period of 48 hours. The decision was made to store pure

23

methane as our backup fuel source rather than natural or biogas because it has a

higher energy density than the other fuel types.

Figure 3: This is similar to the type and amount of methane storage our facility would

require which is about 1,045,000 scfm @ 200 bar. This is more than enough for a 48

hour period. The particular system we plan to use is produced by Titan. Specs for the

system are listed below in Appendix 1­2.

Fuel Cell used in (CHP system)

An advantage of the MCFC is that it requires high temperatures to operate

effectively. The high temperatures are necessary in both the refining of the fuel as well

as the chemical process within the fuel cell to create electricity. This heat along with

water vapor, CO2, and some H2 gas are the main byproducts from the reactions within

this type of fuel cell. Although this may not seem advantageous at first glance, the

exhaust heat exits the system at around 600 Degrees Celsius, making it perfect for use

in heating applications. The CSULA campus pool, showers, and classes could be

heated by the fuel cell exhaust. Absorption chillers could also be run off of this exhaust

heat which can be utilized in refrigeration and to cool buildings. This technology would

be especially necessary in the summer months when energy costs and consumption

24

are at their highest. In addition, excess heat and water vapors could potentially be used

to run a steam turbine which would be used to generate extra power if needed. CO2

that is not redirected back into the system could be pumped over to the biology

department’s greenhouse to help the plant life flourish. Excess hydrogen gas that is not

used for power generation can be piped over to our hydrogen fueling station at low

pressure where it can be compressed and used to fuel incoming vehicles. This would

help to sustain campus mobility as well, especially since our campus is investing in fuel

cell powered vehicles for maintenance and security staff. Having an excess of hydrogen

would not only be able to keep these vehicles going during an emergency situation, it

would help to offset the power costs involved with producing hydrogen in normal

everyday functions as well. All things considered this system is more efficient and

affordable than any other power generation system on the market. CSULA would be

smart to incorporate this technology in the microgrid system as both an investment for in

house power generation as well as a tool to promote the engineering department and

the campus as a whole.

Figure 4: Absorption Chiller being installed at the University of Minnesota Morris.

25

Figure 5: Schematic of how Absorption Chiller functions.

Figure 6: Illustrates how a MCFC works to create electricity.

Figure 1. Fuel Cell Power Plant

As illustrated by Figure 1, fuel is being supplied to the fuel processor where methane

(CH4) from the fuel is internally reformed to create hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide

(CO2). Spent fuel exits the anode and is consumed to supply oxygen (O2) and CO2 to

the cathode. Heat and water vapor (H2O) exit the cathode. The resulting

electrochemical reactions in the fuel cell produce direct current (DC) power, which is

then converted to alternating current (AC) power by the electrical balance of plant. The

cathode exhaust supplies heat to warm the incoming fuel and externally to the customer

for facility heating and cooling or for making steam.

26

Figure 2. Photovoltaic Solar Canopy Parking Lot Project

Solar canopies can produce an great amount of electricity, all clean energy. All it

requires is an everyday parking lot that turns into a modern day power plant but it is

more expensive to say the least. It works great when space becomes an issue and roof

or ground mounts just aren't an option. With California's warm and sunny weather, rain

and snow during the winter isn't an issue. As an added bonus it will provide shade for

the parked automobiles throughout the day to keep them cool when getting back in. The

parking lot will still be used as a parking lot while at the same time functioning as a solar

power plant. Transformers could be used at the back of each array to step up the low

voltage to medium voltage when interconnecting between the canopy structure to the

campus buildings.

27

Figure 3. Cal State LA Hydrogen Station

Here is our hydrogen station which could also utilize the design of a small scale solar

canopy to power its infrastructure.

Figure 4. Photovoltaic Rooftop Campus Facility

Of course, traditional ways of implementing solar power still exists and very much a

viable option for our campus with rooftops of tall buildings. We also have a huge

parking lot rooftop (parking lot adjacent to Salazar Hall) that is mostly unused space and

could be the perfect spot to utilize traditional PV panel structures.

28

Figure 5. Wind turbines project along the edge of campus building roofs

Here is one place in our campus where it would be ideal to have wind turbines along the

edge of campus buildings. Due to their size and shape, it is easy to install quite a few of

them to produce a substantial amount of electrical energy needed.

Figure 6. A Hydrogen Community Figure 6 shows the layout of a typical hydrogen community such as our campus utilizing

most of the aforementioned technologies of renewable power and energy for all of its

29

daily operational infrastructures. Hydrogen is being produced through electrolysis and

stored which then can be used to supply FC vehicles as well as a fuel cell power

generator adding to the total energy output through a power control system and various

other methods of power generation for the whole community.

Chapter 4. Economic Analysis

This section will analyze the estimated cost of building a micro­grid at CSULA.

The cost analysis will be divided into different sections. These sections will include

construction, components and operational cost. The majority of the construction will be

composed of the structure built to house the fuel cell and control center and the

construction of the solar canopies. The estimated cost of the components includes any

necessary installation. The operational cost and economic savings will also be

evaluated.

Hydrogen

The cost of hydrogen production is an important issue. Hydrogen produced by

steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of

energy produced. This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen

will be $18/million BTU. Also, producing hydrogen from electrolysis with electricity at 5

cents/kWh will cost $28/million BTU — slightly less than two times the cost of hydrogen

from natural gas. Note that the cost of hydrogen production from electricity is a linear

function of electricity costs, so electricity at 10 cents/kWh means that hydrogen will cost

$56/million BTU. (3)

30

Life of the power plant:

A cash flow economic model can be generated using the utility costs developed

for the hydrogen production station, the capital cost required for the station, as well as a

number of other economic factors. These other economic factors, along with their

associated values, are listed in Appendix 1­4: (2)

∙ New plant construction length: two years.

∙ Escalation rate 1.5% for all feed, product and utilities.

∙ Labor: two operators per shift.

∙ Overhead: 50% of labor.

∙ Maintenance: 2% of plant cost per year.

∙ Miscellaneous: 1% of plant cost per year.

∙ Catalyst costs accrued in year of change out.

∙ Reformer tube replacement: every 10 years.

∙ Onstream time: 98.5%.

∙ Working capital: 45 days.

∙ Debt level: borrow 75% for new plant.

∙ Cost of capital: 8%.

∙ Debt length: seven years.

∙ Depreciation life (of capital cost): 10 years.

∙ Tax rate: 34%.

∙ Project life: 25 years (includes two years of

∙ construction).

∙ Internal rate of return: 0% to obtain actual cost of

∙ hydrogen production.

31

Solar

Based on the prices given our project all together would run at approximately 1.8 million

dollars, completed with installation.

Wind Power

Based on local wind averaging 8mph/yr, the wind turbines are expected to

reduce consumption during the year. We will need 42 wind turbines with the following

specifications:

Turbines Needed 42

42 x $9000 $378,000

Economic Justifications:

The hydrogen station design attempts to provide 10% operating load of the

macrogrid and two days electrical demand through harnessing a combination of natural

gas and renewable resources, but the associated systems will require regular

maintenance, repairs, and monthly safety inspections. Based on the calculations of

energy production, the building will produce more electricity than it requires during the

32

all months of the year. This excess production can be used to produce hydrogen, which

will be stored and used to generate electricity by means of a fuel cell. Most energy

stored in hydrogen will be drawn during peak hours of the winter months to reduce

microgrid power dependency during peak hours.

Natural Gas:

Prices paid by Los Angeles area consumers for utility (piped) gas, commonly

referred to as natural gas, were $1.153 per therm, or 29.3 percent more compared to

the national average in December 2015 ($0.892 per therm). A year earlier, area

consumers paid 17.2 percent more per therm for natural gas compared to the nation. In

the Los Angeles area over the past five years, the per therm cost for natural gas in

November has varied between 3.9 percent below and 29.3 percent above the U.S.

average. The cost of natural gas is compared to the national average in Table 1. (1)

Operational Costs:

The building will require regular maintenance in the form of cleaning services,

safety inspections, general systems repairs, control systems maintenance, and

maintenance salaries. A general rule of thumb for large­scale commercial buildings is

that operations and maintenance costs will be 5% of its fixed capital investment

(Chalmers University of Technology, 2001). Based on this approximation the

operations and maintenance costs for the building will be $429,390. Other potential

expenses may be incurred during unexpected breakdowns in the form of specialty labor

and replacement parts and lost energy production causing a draw from the grid.

Life Cycle Analysis:

The costs and benefits associated with renewable resource and the hydrogen

storage systems will not stray considerably with appropriate attention to maintenance

and detail. The PEM membranes have to be changed periodically, but otherwise the

33

hydrogen system is fairly robust. The solar cells may begin to lose solar conversion on

the order of 1% per year after the fifth year of operation. The wind turbines will require

occasional maintenance and provide the greatest possibility for a large investment due

to an unexpected failure.

Economic/Business Plan Analysis:

The economic plan analysis includes the cost of equipment, installation,

operating cost, and maintenance for the installation of a microgrid at California State

University, Los Angeles. PV’s, wind turbines, absorption chillers, and solar canopies will

be the main focus of the design. The cost of kWh of electricity, BTU of heat and kg of

Hydrogen is estimated. Since the Campus already has a Hydrogen Fueling Station it is

considered part of the current infrastructure and thus we will only include additions to

the current hydrogen fueling station.

Wind Turbine 750,000

Solar Canopy 20 mil

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 10 mil

Overall annual expenses

The overall annual expenses includes all of the cost it takes to keep the Microgrid

system operational and working. Such as maintenance, administration, and

miscellaneous expenses.

Mobile App and System Communications Description:

In order to monitor and promote the California State University, Los Angeles

(CSULA) microgrid, an application is going to be created. The application will be able to

34

monitor and control the microgrid system. This application will transform the micro­grid

into a smart grid. The application will be able to monitor energy production in real time

by all the different sources used. It should be able to read how much energy the

photovoltaic cells are producing, how much energy the wind turbines are producing, and

how much energy the fuel cell is producing. It will also monitor energy storage levels

and power consumption by the micro­grid. It will be able to control different sectors of

the microgrid individually. That way buildings or sectors with low energy consumption

can be isolated and the energy diverted to sectors with higher energy demand.

This application will serve as the foundation for communications between the

smart micro­grid and the technicians that control, monitor and service the smart grid.

With this application a technician will be able to monitor every micro­grid sector

individually. Every sector will have sensors and cameras working in conjunction to

allow technicians to monitor and spot any possible issues with critical components. This

application besides being hardwired into the micro­grid it will also be capable of wireless

communication so that technicians can have a mobile device which they can use to

access the grid controls during possible emergencies when they see them instead of

having to go to the control room. Using this application will allow technicians to monitor

energy storage and control power generation. The benefit of monitoring energy storage

is being able to determine how much power you need to generate. For example if the

energy demand is low and the energy storage is full, the fuel cell can be shot down and

only use the power generated by the solar canopies and wind turbines which is

essentially free energy. It will also work the other way around, if the hydrogen storage

is low it will signal the electrolyzer along with the fuel cell to start operating until the

hydrogen storage has been replenished.

In turn, to promote the idea of green energy, a restricted version of this

application will be made public for anyone to download to their smart devices. This

public version of the application will be limited to only displaying information about the

micro­grid. In essence a real time information display. It will display the energy

production rate of the different sources and energy consumption rate of the microgrid.

35

To get an idea of the application that would be designed for the micro­grid we can look

at the nest application. The nest is a smart thermostat that connects to your home

network and smart devices. The thermostat can be programmed and controlled using

the nest application, which can be downloaded to your smart devices. Using your smart

device along with the application allows you control the HVAC system and to review its

performance. Screen­shots of the nest thermostat application are shown below. These

are examples of what the application designed for the microgrid should resemble.

Figure 1(droid­life.com) shows a screenshot of the application used for a nest

thermostat. The screenshot displays the energy consumption throughout a week.

Knowing how much energy is used can help regulate how much energy is produced for

the micro grid and to fine tune the HVAC system schedule.

Figure 2 (splunkbase.splunk.com) shows an example of how a household HVAC

system is schedule is programmed using the nest application. A similar application

would allow us to modify the schedule to best suit the university's energy needs. This

36

would allow the HVAC system to be completely turned off when not needed saving

energy and money.

Figure 3(splunkbase.splunk.com) is also a nest application screenshot that displays

data for one thermostat. It displays the current temperature in the room, the time the

HVAC system was used, and the temperature difference. A similar application can be

used for the public application which can help teach people about the technology being

used and the efficiency of the system.

Utilities Rebates and Incentives:

Southern California Edison (SCE), Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), San Diego

Gas and Electric (SDG&E), Southern California Gas (SoCalGas) , and Southwest Gas

Company (SWG) offer a host of programs aimed at a reduction of energy consumption.

According to the Department of Energy website, California has incentives created

through a non bypassable Public Goods Charge (PGC) which were established in 1996

and, while they officially ran out in 2012, have allotted $1.7 billion through the new

Electric Program Investment Charge (EPIC) in 2014.

37

Non­residential customers are encouraged to design, build, and renovate

incorporating energy­efficient smart systems, "green" materials, and simple building

layouts. One program is Savings by Design where assistance is provided through the

above mentioned utilities and Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) promoting

energy efficient building design, energy efficient systems, free design consultation, and

the creation of zero net energy buildings. PG&E offers LED streetlights to those

businesses who own and maintain their own form of lighting in front of their stores.

Government agencies can arrange funding for projects through SDG&E where the loans

are paid back from the result of the savings in their energy bill.

SoCalGas offers rebates for new equipment, improving existing processes, and

the implementation of new energy efficient processes, equipment, or construction.

Among the various business rebates offered are food service, lighting, chillers, solar,

and electric vehicle chargers by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power

(LADWP).

Individual cities, as well as city public utilities, also participate in energy saving

incentives to local businesses. These include Lompoc, Palo Alto, Alameda Public

Utilities, Burbank Water and Power, Glendale Water and Power, and Silicon Valley

Power. Their programs are similar to those of the public utilities.

Other programs which SCE, PG&E and SDG&E offer include the Automated

Demand Response (Auto­DR). This enables the customer to adjust energy consumption

at peak periods through system software, lighting controls, thermostats, and motors.

The Base Interruptible Program allows the customer to be paid to select an electric load

below their average usage. The Capacity Bidding Program allows businesses to reduce

their energy use by participating in a CBP event or choosing a day in advance which

occurs between May and October on any weekday from 11am to 7pm. Some

time­of­use or demand response programs which are specific to certain California

utilities include Critical Peak Pricing, Peak Day Pricing, and Summer Discount Plans.

38

The public utilities offer rebates for renewable energy solutions to businesses.

These include PV, fuel cells, wind, solar thermal, biomass, and geothermal. SCE,

SDG&E, and PG&E are required to purchase electricity from grid tied systems between

3MW and 20 MW under the Renewable Auction Mechanism program established by the

California Public Utilities Commission. Utilities bid on the lowest price until auction

capacity is met.

Chapter 5. System Safety

Common Failures and FMEA

Safety is a top priority for this project. CSULA is using a hydrogen fuel station, wind turbines, solar modules, and molten carbonate fuel cells. These systems all have their own risks involved. An FMEA (failure mode effects analysis) was done in order to classify each necessary component for every system and determine how great of a risk it could have on the overall system. An FMEA for the hydrogen system is shown below in Table 1. Common failures for a hydrogen producing station is the hydrogen being highly flammable. As such, the storage system must be able to safely store hydrogen even during emergencies such as earthquakes. The transportation tubes must also be able to hold the hydrogen without exceeding their allowed pressure rating. Oxygen must also be constantly vented to not overload the electrolyzer. The electrolyzer must also be checked for flooding. Flooding of the electrolyzer could cause an electrical short and ignite the hydrogen. CSULA’s hydrogen station also dispense hydrogen and there points of failure there as well. The dispenser has regular maintenance to check for any mechanical or electrical failures to make sure the hydrogen is being vended correctly. Table 1 FMEA for Hydrogen System:

39

Regular Maintenance Procedures

A wind turbine is constantly exposed to weather patterns. At CSULA the biggest

concern is the heat. Heat could cause the lubrication in the system to dry up which

would cause the gearbox to fail, as well as any other components that require

lubrication. Regular maintenance is a key player in the operation of a turbine, and the

other systems installed. Every 3­5 months would be ideal to check the lubrication,

depending on temperature during the previous months. The person(s) doing the

recommended maintenance need to follow safety precautions. Blades would ideally be

under constant wind. Because of that, the debris that comes along with the wind

damages the blades. The blades will have to be rigorously checked every 2 months to

ensure they are not damaged too badly. If they are then the sooner they can be

replaced, the least amount of energy is lost.

Design Mitigation:

The wind turbine that CSULA chose is the Windpower Skystream 3.7. The

average height of an industrial wind turbine is 328 feet because of the large rotor

diameter. The Skystream has a diameter of 12 feet. This results in a smaller height. The

smaller height allows the maintenance person(s) to climb the tower with less risk. The

small diameter is because of the low wind speeds it is rated for. Less debris is present

in these lower speeds and lessens the damage on the blades. Lower speeds is also

good for the rotor assembly. The shaft and bearing will no longer be under high stress.

The nacelle also benefits from the lower wind speeds. Less debris will hit the housing

and will lessen the damage.

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Safety

Molten Carbonate fuel cells operate at very high temperatures. Because of this

the materials need to be chosen carefully. The anode is typically made of a porous

40

Nickel based alloy. This prevents sintering at high temperatures. The cathode side is

usually composed of a porous nickel oxide. The electrolyte used in a MCFC is a molten

carbonate that, at high temperatures, is a liquid. This liquid is a potassium and sodium

composite mixture.

The major risk with MCFC is the high operating temperature. The system is most

efficient at the high temperature but it also carries a risk if the insulation fails. Regular

maintenance from the outside can be performed on a regular basis approximately every

2­5 months. The anode, cathode and electrolyzer configuration would be more difficult.

The system would have to be cooled off in order to perform a more thorough job of

inspecting and replacing any necessary components.

Photovoltaic System Safety

The PV system consists of modules mounted on a building or over a parking

structure. The system is constantly under the sun with a few exceptions. The biggest

concern is insulation of the system. Thermal cracking and moisture buildup could cause

a short in the electrical system. The modules would no longer operate at optimal

efficiency and poses a safety hazard. A FMEA can be found in the appendix.

Hydrogen System Safety

Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas that a person is unable to detect by

themselves. A sensor is necessary in order to detect any leaks in the system. Oxygen

that is unused in a reaction has to be vented to as to not over pressurize the system.

The hydrogen should also be properly stored. If stored as a liquid, the container will

have to be rated for that pressure.

41

Chapter 6. Regulatory Compliance

There are an abundance of regulations we need to be aware of for the design

concept of our system. Not only are we utilizing fuel cells, we also have photovoltaic

modules as well as wind turbines. Because we are located in Los Angeles, CA, we need

to take precautions for photovoltaic and wind turbine systems. A couple of examples

include: Maximum tower height. Tower height shall be measured from the ground to the

top of the tower, excluding the wind turbine generator, blades, and wind­measuring

devices, as applicable.

a. The tower shall not exceed a height of 35 feet above grade for lots or

parcels less than one acre in size.

b. The tower shall not exceed a height of 65 feet above grade for lots or

parcels from one acre to less than two acres in size.

c. The tower shall not exceed a height of 85 feet above grade for lots or

parcels two acres or greater in size.

SEC. 9. OVERHEAD ARRAYS ON ROOFTOPS (e.g. trellis systems).

A. Minimum Requirements:

1. Overhead arrays shall comply with the same marking, labeling,

and warning signs as required of roof­mounted systems.

2. There shall be an unobstructed clearance of seven feet or

more between the roof deck surface and the underside of the overhead

array.

3. The regulations in 57.12.03, and 57.138.04 of the Los Angeles

Fire Code shall be complied with.

4. An uninterrupted section of solar photovoltaic panels shall

not exceed 150 feet by 150 feet in dimension in either axis.

5. The overhead clear width between arrays or subarrays shall

42

be four feet or greater extending from the edge of the array(s) to the roof

deck surface, thereby, maintaining an unobstructed access pathway, and

providing for emergency ventilation procedures.

6. The use of the area below arrays is prohibited.

Diagram 1:

Cross Gable Roof

http://www.lafd.org/fire­prevention/fire­development­services/solar­power­uses­and­plac

ement­requirements

The International Fire Code (IFC), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA),

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM) are many of the regulations we must abide by. As many

of the codes are interrelated, the specific codes that pertain to Hydrogen Fuel Cell

system are listed as follows:

NFPA Codes:

NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Technical Committee

NFPA 52 Vehicle Fuel Systems Code

43

NFPA 55 Storage, Use and

Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable in

Portable and

Stationary Containers, Cylinders and Tanks

NFPA 70 Article

692 ­ National Electrical Code ­ Fuel Cell Systems

NFPA 110 Article

692 ­ National Electrical Code ­ Fuel Cell Systems

NFPA 853 Installation of

Stationary Fuel Cell Power Plants

Hydrogen Industry Panel on

Codes (HIPOC)

Coordinating Hydrogen Standards between ICC

and NFPA

Coordinating committee

The following codes pertain to that of a grid­tied system:

International Electrotechnical Commission, Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers, American National Standards Institute Codes

ANSI/IEEE

1547

Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power

Systems

IEC/PAS

63547

IEEE Standard

for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power

Systems

IEEE 1547.1a Standard for Conformance Test Procedures for equipment

44

Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power

Systems

IEEE 1547.2 Application Guide for IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting

Distributed

Resources with Electric Power Systems

IEEE 1547.3 Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of

Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power

Systems

IEEE 1547.4 Guide for Design, Operation and Integration of Distributed

Resources Island Systems with Electric Power Systems

IEEE 1547.6 Recommended Practices for Interconnecting Distributed

Resources

with Electric Power Distribution Secondary Networks

IEEE 1547.7 Guide to Conducting Distribution Impact Studies for Distributed

Resource Interconnection

Proper fire extinguishers will be placed in logical strategic locations for ease of

access in case of emergency. Use of safety valves and other safety equipment are

outlined with the design of the system.

Chapter 7. Environmental Impact

Hydrogen’s attractiveness as a fuel has never gained more momentum than now.

Even though the infrastructure for reliable Hydrogen is in the beginning stages of

development. By producing hydrogen in a large scale process, the overall emissions will

45

be changed. We believe that through the implementation of our onsite hydrogen making

process will significantly decrease CO2 emissions. In our design we will be producing

over 120 kg of hydrogen. With the implementation of photovoltaics and low impact wind

turbines we will impact our environment, however over many years of implementing our

system it will have a less impactful result on our immediate environment. Total CO2

emission levels could be reduced if our system worked in tangent with the macrogrid.

Doing so would reduce the environmental impact via the production and use of

hydrogen. At the same time the design would look even more attractive in terms of less

environmental impact.

Hydrogen is very attractive as a fuel because it’s renewable, emits only heat and

water, is very safe, and is cheap! It’s not readily available yet, but as more hydrogen

systems become designed and the need becomes increasingly wanted we will begin to

work harder on the hydrogen infrastructure. A major aspect of this project and its

success is within education. Education is the key to the success of the hydrogen

infrastructure. The environmental impact of the structure will have an immediate

negative impact on the direct environment. For this reason, on campus we will

implement intense measures to minimize our impact. however, due to the small wind

turbines and the electrolysis process noise alone there will be a major issue in the

decibel range.

Chapter 8. Education Plan

Our education plan will be targeted towards energy customers, students, energy and power industry, and the general public. The goal is to educate the audience about how our microgrid works, and why it is not only possible, but also a very effective system. Our education plan will include a presentation, a video, and a tour. The presentation will cover all aspects of the microgrid design including background info, purpose statement, the system design, economic analysis, and safety analysis. This presentation will give insight into all the details so that the audience may fully understand the costs of the system as well as the capabilities. The video will give the audience a detailed overview of the system design. The video will include footage of the actual infrastructure that our system may be implemented into. The tour is an important part of our education plan because it allows people to get a real life look at our design. The tour will bring the audience up close to the technology, and give them a chance to see the

46

system working live. This education plan will not only inform the audience about our design, but it will also aid in publicity and advertisement of our system and the technology behind it. We will also have a poster that will cause public interest in the renewable hydrogen microgrid idea.

Video

Video will have information that will act as a summary of the hydrogen project.

This video may act as an introduction/standalone summary or a supplement to the

viewer’s education of our microgrid technology. The video may be used as part of the

tour, or in place of it in the event that an interested person or group is not able to

personally come to the campus. All important aspects of the microgrid will be covered in

the video. The purpose of showing the campus during active hours is to demonstrate

the infrastructure that the microgrid is responsible for powering.

Tour:

The tour has to take the participants to the primary parts of the microgrid system.

While the system will have an affect on the entire campus, there are key specific points

that the tour will visit in the interest of keeping it time effective and light on resources.

Since the inner parts of campus may not be accessed via motorized tour vehicle, it must

be done on foot. While the campus is not very large, the tour will not be enjoyable for

the participants or the guides to walk all over to see less important things. Key points

will include the most busy parts of campus, and also the most power hungry parts of

campus. This will include the main buildings required for running the school, such as the

administration building, student union, the stores, the computer labs, library, health

center, food court, gymnasium, dorms, hydrogen fueling station and education

buildings. Education, fuel, food, stores, internet access, etc will all be shown. These will

cover all the main functions of not only our university, but also show the tour participants

47

that our microgrid is capable of functioning in all aspects of other communities and

complexes.

The tour will also include the different systems of our microgrid. The solar

photovoltaics in the parking lots, the wind turbines placed in various places around

campus, and the fuel cell station. There we can further explain and demonstrate what

the different systems do.

This will educate people on how the technology is useful, and how it may be

applied to other communities. Further, it will also interest people in the technology and

add more publicity. This will add to the public support of this type of technology which

will allow for further expansion in the future.

CHALLENGES

Hydrogen is sold worldwide. Although hydrogen fuel cells are an effective and

safe product, people still stay reluctant to wanting to use/be around it. We need to

educate them that it is safe and assure them that it is efficient. Our main challenge is to

convince the masses that this is the future. Although they may not be used to seeing

anything other than what we currently use for our macrogrid, it is necessary for them to

have an understanding of our vision. We will assure them that we have performed the

maximum amount of safety tests for our facility and that their concerns should be no

worry. Another thing that could be done is to have different language options as well as

different age appropriate versions of information for the people.

As mentioned above,hydrogen sells itself on emissions and energy dependence.

However, the main issue is safety. If people are not comfortable with hydrogen

distribution stations in their communities, these projects will have a more difficult time

succeeding. This advertising campaign has to convince the majority of the public across

all demographics and age groups that hydrogen energy is safe and reliable. Helping the

public understand the facts of hydrogen distribution is crucial. To this end, much of our

advertising campaign should be focused on why hydrogen is safe, and how Liberty’s

48

design addresses safety concerns. This also underlines why safe designs are

paramount to successful market performance, and why the Liberty Fuels design’s focus

on safety is so important to communities and investors.

Video link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1actvu_aInQ

49

CH 9. References

­ http://www.avinc.com/downloads/ArchWindFAQs.pdf­ http://www.windfinder.com/windstatistics/los_angeles_airport

­ http://www.avinc.com/downloads/AVX1000_online.pdf

­http://www.wind­works.org/cms/index.php?id=64&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=122&cHash=cbbca4dfeebd12cbeea51940331592d9 ­https://www.municode.com/library/ca/los_angeles_county/codes/code_of_ordinances?searchRequest=%7B%22searchText%22:%22wind%20turbine%22,%22pageNum%22:1,%22resultsPerPage%22:25,%22booleanSearch%22:false,%22stemming%22:true,%22fuzzy%22:false,%22synonym%22:false,%22contentTypes%22:%5B%22CODES%22%5D,%22productIds%22:%5B%5D%7D&nodeId=TIT22PLZO_DIV1PLZO_CH22.52GERE_PT15NMMWIENCOSYTEMETO_22.52.1620DESTstyle="margin:0in;margin­bottom:.0001pt;background:#FFFFFF;vertical­align:baseline;">

­http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/products­services/products/2­8­mw­dfc3000/

­http://mits­dfc.weebly.com/

­http://www.hexagonlincoln.com/product­lines/titan ­http://blog.nwf.org/2010/01/green­energy­on­campus/ ­https://www.trane.com/Commercial/Uploads/Pdf/1036/ABS­PRC007­EN_10012004.pdf

­http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/technologies/mcfc

­http://www.thinktheearth.net/thinkdaily/report/2010/08/rpt­53.html#page­2) ­https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_hybrid_power_systems ­http://www.lafd.org/fire­prevention/fire­development­services/solar­power­uses­and­placement­requirements

50

CH 10. Appendix

1­1: Specifications for wind turbines

TURBINE SPECIFICATIONS

• Weight: 130 lbs

• Height and width: 8.5’x 6’

• Number of blades: 5

• Rated power: 1000 W

• Start up wind speed: 2.2m/s (5 mph )

• Output voltage: 250 VDC

• Designed for installation on concrete tilt­up or pre­cast building construction

• Designed to withstand 120 mph winds

1­2: Table of specifications for Titan methane storage system. TITAN® Module and Trailer

TITAN® SIZE 30 FT MODULE 40 FT MODULE 40 FT XL TRAILER

Number of

TITAN® Tanks 4 x 30 ft 4 x 40 ft 4 x 40 ft, 1 x 30 ft

Number of

MAGNUM™

Tanks

0 0 7 all­carbon tanks

51

Water Volume 6,475 G / 24,512

L

8,993 G / 34,047

L

13,010 G / 49,250

L

Operating

Pressure

3,600 psi / 248

bar

3,600 psi / 248

bar

3,600 psi / 248

bar

Gas Volume 262,105 scf /

7,422 scm*

364,059 scf /

10,309 scm*

526,612 scf

/14,912 scm**

Gas Mass 11,781 lb / 5,344

kg*

16,363 lb / 7,422

kg*

24,524 lb / 11,124

kg**

Gasoline

Equivalent 1,947 G / 7,370 L

2,705 G / 10,240

L

3,913 G / 14,812

L

Diesel Equivalent 1,812 G / 6,859 L 2,517 G / 9,528 L 3,640 G / 13,780

L

Trailer Tare

Weight

28,892 lb / 13,105

kg

34,500 lb / 15,649

kg

42,415 lb / 19,280

kg

Loaded Weight 40,673 lb / 18,449

kg

50,860 lb / 23,070

kg

66,645 lb / 30,210

kg

Overall

Dimensions

Length 30 ft / 9.14 m 40 ft / 12.19 m 40 ft / 12.19 m

Width 8 ft / 2.44 m 8 ft / 2.44 m 8.5 ft / 2.59 m

Height 8 ft / 2.44 m 8 ft / 2.44 m 13.5 ft / 4.11 m

*CNG @ 0.72 kg/scm, 15 °C / 0.04578 lb/scf, 59 °F **CNG @ 0.75 kg/scm, 15 °C /

0.04682 lb/scf, 59 °F

52

1­3: Cal State Los Angeles 15 minute interval electricity consumption report

July 1 ­ August 27

CSUL

A ­

PMY2

V2026

­1013

­ kW

(64)

k

W

h

CSUL

A ­

PMY2

V2026

­1013

­ kVAr

(65)

kV

Ar

h

CSULA

CAPMY

V2026­

501 ­

kW

(349)

k

W

h

CSULA

CAPMY

V2026­

501 ­

kVar

(350)

kV

Ar

h

CSULA

CAPMY

V2026­

500 ­

kVar

(351)

kV

Ar

h

CSULA

CAPMY

V2026­

500 ­

kW

(352)

k

W

h

7/1/20

14

0:15

11

45

.6

7/1/20

14

0:15

66

5.

6

7/1/201

4 0:15

45

4.

08

7/1/201

4 0:15

23

4.

48

7/1/201

4 0:15

43

2.

24

7/1/201

4 0:15

68

9.

52

7/1/20

14

0:30

11

32

.8

7/1/20

14

0:30

66

5.

6

7/1/201

4 0:30

44

7.

36

7/1/201

4 0:30

23

2.

08

7/1/201

4 0:30

43

3.

44

7/1/201

4 0:30

68

5.

92

7/1/20

14

0:45

11

20

7/1/20

14

0:45

64

3.

2

7/1/201

4 0:45

43

8

7/1/201

4 0:45

22

1.

04

7/1/201

4 0:45

42

0.

96

7/1/201

4 0:45

68

1.

6

7/1/20

14

1:00

11

32

.8

7/1/20

14

1:00

64

6.

4

7/1/201

4 1:00

44

6.

88

7/1/201

4 1:00

22

5.

84

7/1/201

4 1:00

42

2.

4

7/1/201

4 1:00

68

6.

4

53

7/1/20

14

1:15

11

32

.8

7/1/20

14

1:15

64

9.

6

7/1/201

4 1:15

44

5.

68

7/1/201

4 1:15

22

5.

6

7/1/201

4 1:15

42

2.

88

7/1/201

4 1:15

68

6.

16

7/1/20

14

1:30

11

20

7/1/20

14

1:30

64

9.

6

7/1/201

4 1:30

43

9.

92

7/1/201

4 1:30

22

4.

16

7/1/201

4 1:30

42

4.

32

7/1/201

4 1:30

68

0.

88

7/1/20

14

1:45

11

20

7/1/20

14

1:45

65

2.

8

7/1/201

4 1:45

44

1.

84

7/1/201

4 1:45

22

6.

8

7/1/201

4 1:45

42

5.

52

7/1/201

4 1:45

67

8.

96

7/1/20

14

2:00

11

20

7/1/20

14

2:00

64

6.

4

7/1/201

4 2:00

43

9.

2

7/1/201

4 2:00

22

5.

36

7/1/201

4 2:00

42

2.

88

7/1/201

4 2:00

68

1.

12

7/1/20

14

2:15

11

16

.8

7/1/20

14

2:15

64

3.

2

7/1/201

4 2:15

43

7.

04

7/1/201

4 2:15

22

1.

76

7/1/201

4 2:15

42

1.

44

7/1/201

4 2:15

67

9.

68

7/1/20

14

2:30

11

16

.8

7/1/20

14

2:30

64

6.

4

7/1/201

4 2:30

43

9.

2

7/1/201

4 2:30

22

4.

4

7/1/201

4 2:30

42

0.

48

7/1/201

4 2:30

67

7.

04

7/1/20

14

2:45

11

13

.6

7/1/20

14

2:45

65

2.

8

7/1/201

4 2:45

43

9.

2

7/1/201

4 2:45

22

6.

56

7/1/201

4 2:45

42

7.

2

7/1/201

4 2:45

67

7.

28

7/1/20

14

3:00

11

32

.8

7/1/20

14

3:00

66

2.

4

7/1/201

4 3:00

44

0.

4

7/1/201

4 3:00

23

0.

16

7/1/201

4 3:00

43

4.

64

7/1/201

4 3:00

68

8.

32

7/1/20 11 7/1/20 66 7/1/201 43 7/1/201 22 7/1/201 43 7/1/201 69

54

14

3:15

29

.6

14

3:15

8.

8

4 3:15 7.

52

4 3:15 8.

24

4 3:15 8.

96

4 3:15 3.

6

7/1/20

14

3:30

11

42

.4

7/1/20

14

3:30

65

9.

2

7/1/201

4 3:30

44

2.

8

7/1/201

4 3:30

22

8.

24

7/1/201

4 3:30

43

0.

32

7/1/201

4 3:30

69

8.

4

7/1/20

14

3:45

11

48

.8

7/1/20

14

3:45

65

9.

2

7/1/201

4 3:45

44

4.

72

7/1/201

4 3:45

22

8.

72

7/1/201

4 3:45

43

0.

56

7/1/201

4 3:45

70

4.

88

7/1/20

14

4:00

11

52

7/1/20

14

4:00

65

9.

2

7/1/201

4 4:00

44

0.

64

7/1/201

4 4:00

22

7.

04

7/1/201

4 4:00

43

0.

32

7/1/201

4 4:00

71

0.

88

7/1/20

14

4:15

11

55

.2

7/1/20

14

4:15

65

6

7/1/201

4 4:15

44

0.

64

7/1/201

4 4:15

22

7.

28

7/1/201

4 4:15

42

9.

84

7/1/201

4 4:15

71

4.

48

7/1/20

14

4:30

11

58

.4

7/1/20

14

4:30

65

2.

8

7/1/201

4 4:30

43

9.

2

7/1/201

4 4:30

22

4.

16

7/1/201

4 4:30

42

8.

88

7/1/201

4 4:30

71

8.

8

7/1/20

14

4:45

11

55

.2

7/1/20

14

4:45

64

3.

2

7/1/201

4 4:45

44

1.

12

7/1/201

4 4:45

22

3.

44

7/1/201

4 4:45

42

1.

2

7/1/201

4 4:45

71

4

7/1/20

14

5:00

11

55

.2

7/1/20

14

5:00

64

3.

2

7/1/201

4 5:00

44

2.

32

7/1/201

4 5:00

22

0.

56

7/1/201

4 5:00

42

1.

68

7/1/201

4 5:00

71

4.

96

7/1/20

14

11

80

7/1/20

14

65

9.

7/1/201

4 5:15

44

3.

7/1/201

4 5:15

22

7.

7/1/201

4 5:15

43

2.

7/1/201

4 5:15

73

8.

55

5:15 .8 5:15 2 28 28 96 72

7/1/20

14

5:30

11

87

.2

7/1/20

14

5:30

65

2.

8

7/1/201

4 5:30

44

2.

56

7/1/201

4 5:30

22

4.

4

7/1/201

4 5:30

42

9.

36

7/1/201

4 5:30

74

0.

4

7/1/20

14

5:45

12

06

.4

7/1/20

14

5:45

65

6

7/1/201

4 5:45

44

3.

04

7/1/201

4 5:45

22

3.

44

7/1/201

4 5:45

43

1.

76

7/1/201

4 5:45

76

5.

12

7/1/20

14

6:00

12

06

.4

7/1/20

14

6:00

67

2

7/1/201

4 6:00

44

7.

6

7/1/201

4 6:00

23

2.

8

7/1/201

4 6:00

43

8.

24

7/1/201

4 6:00

75

8.

64

7/1/20

14

6:15

12

96

7/1/20

14

6:15

69

1.

2

7/1/201

4 6:15

46

1.

76

7/1/201

4 6:15

24

6.

72

7/1/201

4 6:15

44

5.

2

7/1/201

4 6:15

83

5.

2

7/1/20

14

6:30

12

89

.6

7/1/20

14

6:30

70

0.

8

7/1/201

4 6:30

46

2.

24

7/1/201

4 6:30

25

1.

04

7/1/201

4 6:30

44

9.

28

7/1/201

4 6:30

82

7.

76

7/1/20

14

6:45

12

83

.2

7/1/20

14

6:45

69

7.

6

7/1/201

4 6:45

46

3.

2

7/1/201

4 6:45

24

7.

44

7/1/201

4 6:45

44

8.

8

7/1/201

4 6:45

82

0.

8

7/1/20

14

7:00

13

47

.2

7/1/20

14

7:00

72

6.

4

7/1/201

4 7:00

49

3.

68

7/1/201

4 7:00

26

2.

56

7/1/201

4 7:00

46

4.

64

7/1/201

4 7:00

85

2.

72

7/1/20

14

7:15

13

79

.2

7/1/20

14

7:15

73

9.

2

7/1/201

4 7:15

50

1.

84

7/1/201

4 7:15

26

8.

08

7/1/201

4 7:15

47

0.

16

7/1/201

4 7:15

87

5.

04

56

7/1/20

14

7:30

13

60

7/1/20

14

7:30

72

9.

6

7/1/201

4 7:30

48

7.

2

7/1/201

4 7:30

26

0.

64

7/1/201

4 7:30

47

1.

12

7/1/201

4 7:30

87

5.

76

7/1/20

14

7:45

13

47

.2

7/1/20

14

7:45

72

3.

2

7/1/201

4 7:45

47

6.

4

7/1/201

4 7:45

25

0.

56

7/1/201

4 7:45

46

9.

68

7/1/201

4 7:45

87

0

7/1/20

14

8:00

13

50

.4

7/1/20

14

8:00

71

6.

8

7/1/201

4 8:00

48

3.

12

7/1/201

4 8:00

25

2.

96

7/1/201

4 8:00

46

6.

08

7/1/201

4 8:00

86

7.

12

Printer­friendly version

57