skripta ver.1.pdf

7/25/2019 skripta ver.1.pdf

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Ver.1

Dr. Radoslav D. Mii, doc


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:

1.- ........................................................................................ 8

......................................................................................................... 8

, ............................................................. 8

?.............................................................................................................................................. 9

2. ......................................................................................................... 10

2.1. ..................................................................... 10

2.2 .......................................................................................................... 11

2.3. ...................................................................................................... 11

2.3.1. ............................................... 11

:.............................................................................................................. 11

................................................... 12 ....................................................... ............. 13x ......................................................... ........................................... 14 .................................................................................................... 14 ............................................................................................ 14

2.3.2. ....................................................... 15

:.............................................................................................................. 15

- .............................................................. 16 - ........................................................ .. 18 - ....................................................................... 18 ................................................................................ 19 ............................................................................................................................... 22 .............................................................. ................................ 24 .............................................................. ........................................... 25

3. ( )............................................... 27

3.1. ,

................................................................................................................................................................... 273.1.1................................................................................................................................................ 29

, ....................................................................................................................................... 29

........................................................................................................................................ 29

....................................................................................................................................... 29

3.1.1.1. ............................................................................................................ 30

3.1.1.2. ..................................................................................................................... 31

TypeI: Sapropelic .................................................................................................................................. 33

TypeII: Planktonic ................................................................................................................................. 34

TypeII: Sulfurous................................................................................................................................... 34

Type III: Humic ...................................................................................................................................... 34

Type IV: Residue ................................................................................................................................... 35


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........................................................................................................................................... 35

3.1.1.3. ()....................................................................................... 36

3.1.1.4. ....................................................... ........................................... 37

3.1.1.5. .................................................................................................. 38

3.2. .............................................................................................. 39

3.3. ....................................................................................................................... 40

3.3.1. ................................................................................................................................... 41

3.3.2. .................................................................................................... 41

3.3.3............................................................................................................................................ 42

..................................................................................................................................................... 42

............................................................................................................. 42

.......................................................................................................................................... 42

- ........................................................................................................... 42

3.4. ................................................................................................................. 43

.......................................................................................................................... 44

....................................................................................................................... 45

3.5. ......................................................... 47

(. - ),............................................................................................................................ 47

3.6. .......................................................................................... 49

:....................................................................................................................................... 49

:- ................................................................................................................................ 49

: - ,.............................................................. ..................... 50

4. ....................................................................................................................... 51

4.1. ....................................................................................................................... 514.1.1. ........................................................................................................................................... 52

4.1.2.................................................................................................................................. 52

4.1.3. Aromati ............................................................................................................................................... 53

4.1.4. ................................................................................................................. 53

4.1.5. na ......................................................................................................................... 53

4.1.6. .............................................................................................................................. 54

4.1.7. ........................................................................................................................ 54

4.1.8. ............................................................................................................................................... 55

4.2. ........................................................................................................ 56

4.2.1. ............................................................................................................................................... 564.2.2. ......................................................................................................................................... 56

....................................................................................................................... 56

...................................................................................................................... 56

............................................................................................................................ 56

4.2.3. .................................................................................................... 57

............................................................................................................................. 57

............................................................................................................................... 57

4.2.4. ........................................................... ...................................................... 57

4.2.4.1. .................................................................................. 57

. .............................................................................................................................. 57

. ( )..................................................................................................... 57

. ............................................................................................................................ 57


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. ............................................................................................................................... 57

4.2.4.2. ................................................................................. 57

. ................................................................................................................................... 57

. ................................................................................................................................. 58

. .................................................................................................................................. 58

4.2.4.3. ............................................................ .............................................................. .. 584.2.4.4. .................................................................................................................... 58

4.2.5. ............................................................................................................................... 58

. ......................................................................................................................... 58

. ............................................................................................................... 58

. ................................................................................................................ 59

4.3. ........................................................................................ 59

4.3.1. .................................................................................................. 59

. ()............................................................................................................ 59

. (I)................................................................................................................... 59

4.3.2. - ........................................................ ...................................................... 594.3.3. ....................................................................................... 60

5. .............................................................................................................. 61

............................................................................................................................................................. 61

................................................................................................... 62

......................................................................................................... 62

, ........................................................ ........................................... 62

.............................................................. ..................... 63

................................................................................................................. 63

- ................................................................. ...................................................... 63

- ............................................................................................................. 64............................................................................................................................................ 64

.............................................................. ........................................... 65

................................................................ ..................... 65

................................................................................ 65

- ................................................................ ............ 68

............................................................................................. 68

............................................................................................. 68

..................................................................................................................................... 68

..................................................................................................................................................... 68

.............................................................................................................................. 69

................................................................................................................................... 69

.............................................................. ................................................................. .......... 70

.................................................................................................................................... 70

.................................................................................................................................................... 70

...................................................................................................................................................... 70

. ............................................................................................................................. 70

.......................................................................................... 70

...................................................................................................................... 70

................................................................................................... 70

................................................................ ................................ 71

............................................................................................... 71

........................................................................................................................................... 71


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.................................................................................................................... 71

.......................................................................................... 71

1982/1992 .................................................... 72

............................................................. ................................ 75

................................................................................................................ 75

6. ............................................. 79

6.1. , .................................................. 79

6.2. ( )................................................. 82

6. 4. ........................................................................... 83

6. 4.1. ................................................................................................... 83

6. 4.2. ......................................................................................... 84

6. 4.3. ......................................................................................... 84

6. 4.5. .............................................................. 856. 4.5.1. The Oil Industry of Medieval Persia (Azerbaijan and Baku) ........................................................... 85

6. 4.5.1.1. ........................................................... .. 866. 4.5.2. The Early Oil Industry of Poland and Romania ............................................................................... 87

6.4.5.3. ................................................................................ 88

6. 4.5.4. .............................................................. .. 91

6. 4.5.4. ............................................................................................ 92

6.4.5.5. The Early Oil Industry of Pennsylvania ............................................................................................ 93

6.4.5.6. Spindletop, Texas ............................................................................................................................ 96

7. ........................................................................... 100

7.1. ........................................................................................ 100

7.2. ( ), cable tool rig ................................................................. 102

:............................................................................................................................. 102

:............................................................................................................................................ 102

, "spudding" ........................................................................................................... 105

7.2.1. , ................................... 106

Drillingderrick, , ......................................................... ................... 106

, (Walking Beam) .......................................................................... 107

7.2.2. , ...................................... 108

Drillingbit................................................................................................................. 108

(drillstem, AugerStem)................................................................................ 110

(jar) ........................................................................................................................... 110

(The sinker bar) ............................................................................................. 112

() (rope socket)......................................................................... 112

(Rope) ........................................................................................................................................ 113

(emper screw) ................................................................ .............................. 115

(emper screw) ............................................................................... 116

(emper screw) ............................................................................. 116

7.2.3. , ....................... 117

, (bailer)................................................................................................ 117

............................................................................................................................................ 117 .............................................................................. 119


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7.3. ............................................................................................................ 121

.......................................................... .............................. 121

......................................................................................................... 121

........................................................................................................................ 123

....................................................... ......................................... 124

, 1865..................................................... ........... 125 ..................................................................................................................... 125

.......................................................................................................................... 126

....................................................................................................................................... 128

............................................................................. 128

1. Buaa postrojenja................................................................................................................................. 128

Tehnoloki proces buenja................................................................................................................. 128

............................................................................................................................... 130

...................................................................................................................... 130

()....................................................... .............................. 130

.......................................................................................................................... 130

................................................................................................................................................ 131

................................................................................................................................ 132

....................................................................................................................................... 132

................................................................................................... 133

........................................................................................................................................... 133

............................................................................................................................... 134

....................................................................................................................................... 134

................................................................ .................................................... 135

................................................................................................................................. 135

......................................................................................................... 135

.......................................................... ................................................................. ........ 136e.................................................................................................................................................. 137

......................................................................................................................... 137

()......................................................................................................... 138

......................................................... .................................................... 138

................................................................ .............................................................. 139

....................................................... ......................................... 139

....................................................................................................................... 139

Koomey .............................................................................................................................. 140

(Choke)............................................................................................................ 140

.................................................................................................................................... 140

............................................................................................................................ 141

8. ........................................... 142

8.1. .................................................................................................................... 142

8.2. 1918. ................................................................................................................... 143

8.2.1. .............................................................. ................... 143

8.1.2. ................................................................................. 148

, , ........................................................... ......................................... 149

; , .................................................. 150

: ................................................................................. 151

, .......................................................... 153 , ................................................................................................ 154


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............................................................................................................................ 154

..................................................................................................... 155

............................................................................. 155

I ................................................................................................ 156

II ................................................................................. 156

:.................................................................................................................................. 156 II ............................................................................................ 158

:.................................................................................................................................. 158

:......................................................................................................................... 159

.......................................................................................... 161

.............................................................................................................................. 162

........................................................................................................... 163

- ......................................................................................................... 164

............................................................................................................................................. 165

- .................................................................................................................................... 166

............................................................................................................ 171


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1.-

It is a miracle that curiosity survives formal education.AlbertEinstein

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, () 1866. . . . (

), , .


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(1852-1907). --( - ),- - (-)- (y)

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(diatoms) , (Neogene periodand extends from about 23.03 to 5.332 million years ago (Ma), ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogenehttp://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=23.03%E2%80%935.332http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_agohttp://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=23.03%E2%80%935.332http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene


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, , , , ). 1916 (Clarke),

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(1938) 23- 34.

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3. , , , ( 0,05 -2%).

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(1757-1763), (1778),

(1834), W (1860, , , (1865), , (1873), (1875). (1881), (1882), (1893), , (1895), (1896), (1899), (1916), (1919), (1925), (1929).

: (1725), q (1794), (1843), (1859), (1863), (1865), (1877), , \ (1883),, (1888), (1889), (1898), (1903), (1906), (1907), (1908),(1916, 1932), , , , (1953), (1954).

.


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3. ( )

3.1. ,

, , . , a . , . , , . , .

. .

. , . : , . ( ), . pH o 1, , . -. .

, , , . , , (Hydraulicfracturing, orfracking) , .

(Diagenesis), .

Diagenesis " ", (lithification), [1] , , , , e (lithification). () (metamorphism). . , .

, ( ) , , , . , , (geopolymers). .

.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithification


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, . , , . , , .

, , . . , , . , , , . , (5-25 ) , ( 5 ), . 7 8 , , , .

, , . (25 ) , 7 8

.

(fulvic acid), , ( ) , , . , . (pH = 1) C135H182O95N5S2. --, 1:1 (., ), -- 0.5:1 ( , , ).

(COOH) , , . , Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+, .

, , .

(Humic acid) , (), ,

, . . ; , ,

, . . (

.: , Example of a typical humicacid, having a variety of components including quinone,

phenol, catechol and sugar moieties[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acid#cite_note-FJS-1


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) , , , . . - , . ,

9-propenylpyranobenzopyran, 2-methylsulphinylmethyl 1,3-dione. [2]

3.1.1.

. , . , . , , .

(diagenetic) .

(catagenesis and metagenesis) . Subsurface . , .

, . :

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,

, .

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(Diagenetic catagenetic) , , . . , , ,

.

, . , , (thermal dissolution).

, . . , .

. , . (boghead) , . , , . .

3.1.1.1.

, .

( , ) , ; () , .

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, ( - , ), . . (=) , . , , , . -.

.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dissolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dissolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_dissolution


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. , . , . ; , , . (),

, , , , .

, . , , .

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- (Nonclastic) , .

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3.1.1.2.

, . , . . .

, , , , . (: I, II, III). .

TIV .


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I (Sapropelic) , - . ( 5 ).

(the Green River Shale),

(Eoceneage), , . , , . , I . I .

II (Planktonic) , , , . - II , , . , , , .

II , , . II . .

III (Humic) (terrestrial), . . III II, II.

IV

. .

.- IV (Residue) , . , , , - III , . III, .

( H/C) . I () . II () , . III

() , , . IV , .

. IV . III , , , , . I II, , , .

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. , .

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VanKrevelen ( ) .

:

( ) : ( ). : () - TOC () - TOC.

, -, . (. 1, H , , 3, , H, .) .

.

TypeI: Sapropelic

1 , , . , , 1 , [10]

alginite, , cyanobacteria, ,

H: > 1.25 O: < 0.15
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginite


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TypeII: Planktonic

II . , . . I III. II I, , , II

Plankton (marine) H:< 1.25 O:0.03 o 0.18 . :

o Sporinite: o Cutinite: o Resinite: ,

o Liptinite: (

)

,

TypeII: Sulfurous

II,

Type III: Humic

() H:< 1 O:0.03 o 0.3 M , . ( III a,

) ,

III , . , , , , - - , . III ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen


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Type IV: Residue

H: < 0.5

IV

. .

, . ,, . . , . , . , . ( ).

I-IV, (transmitted-lightmicroscopy). . , . , . .

(macerals), .

. , , , .

; , . ,, . .

, , , . - ICCP (1963, 1971, 1975, 1998, 2001;.

, 2005) : , / .

, (spores, cuticles, suberine), , /(). , , (Tissot and Welte, 1984;Taylor et al., 1998; Wilkins and George, 2002).

, (Taylor et al., 1998; ICCP, 2001).

.
http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomahttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomahttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomahttp://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0http://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BAhttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BChttp://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0


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/ , , (ICCP, 1971, 1998; Skorov etal.,2005). / .

/ , , (Stachetal., 1982; van Krevelen, 1993; ICCP, 1998, 2001; Tayloretal., 1998; Skorov etal.,2005, andSurez-RuizandCrelling, 2008 ).

. , . Type III . (Type III ) Type II Type III , .

3.1.1.3. ()

, , . , , (catagenesis metagenesis) , . .

. , , -. , "." , .

, . , . , . , . , . , , . . (, )

.

. , , . , , , , . , , 70 . , 20 -30 , , , , .

,

. , , .


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, . .

, ( , ,source rocks),

(). ( immature, ), - ( ), ( ) ( ).

, , . , -, , .

3.1.1.4.

.

, . , , . , , , . , .

, . , . , , ,

. ( / ) , , .

,, . , . , , ,- , (Monterey Formation of southern California). , , (Kern County), ,

- . , . , , .

, . , .

. . , I, II,

III .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_rock


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, . . , , . , . -

, . , , . . , , . , , .

.

.

."" . "". .

, ,, (vitrinite reflectance), .

, , . , , .

. - (electron-spinresonance).

. .

. , - - . , : , , .

3.1.1.5.

, . , . . .

; . , , . , . () .


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, . .

(, ) . ( ) , . - .

, , (C5H8). , .

(mevalonic acid, C6H12O4), (isopentenylpyrophosphate), . .

(C5H8) : (C10H16) ; (C15H24), ; (C20H32), ; (C30H48), ; (C40H64), . 1,000-5,000 . , : , . . , -, . .

, , . . .

. , - .

. (overpressuring),

. . . .

3.2.

, , . , . . , ,

(reservoir rock).


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40

. 5.

, (cap rock), .

. 500C. 600C

. 650C 1500C. , 2130 5500 . , , .

, 150 2200C, , . , .

, ,

. , . , . , .

3.3.

, , .

, . - , .

/ , , . :

, - / , .

- , , .

.

/ , .


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3.3.1.

. . , .

80 99 . , () . - . .

3.3.2.

( ) :

, .

85 90 . , .

. 6.

( . =) , , : .

, . , ,

. .


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, : , , . , , , . .

- , , . . , .

3.3.2.1.

, .

. , , .

() , . 30 , 5 . , .

3.3.2.2.

, . , , (

), . , . . , (, ) () . , . , . , , . .

, . , , , .

3.4. -

. , . .

, . , , ,


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. , . .

3.5.

, .

, , , , .

, . , .

.

, , .

- . . , , . . , , .

.

( ) .

, , , .

, .

:

() . , , , , , .

,

, ,

,


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44

, , ( ),

,

,

, - -, ,

; ; .

, . ,

.

, . .

() . , . , , , , .

, ,

, : , . , - .

. , . . .

, ., , - . ,

, , - .

, , . .
http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5


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( ) ( , ) , .

.

o . ovo , . , , , . ,

, , .

( , , ), . ,

. . .

- , . .


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46

, .

.

.

. , , , , . , . - , , .

:

,

. ( ) ,

,. , .

. 9.

, ,

. , .

, - . . , .

, o , .

, , 50 .


47/172

47

, , .

: .

.

, . . , . 100 . . llins(20) .

3.6.

. . , , .

(. - ), . . , . . ,

. :

(Folding) , .

(Faulting)- , .

(Pinching out)- (squeezed) .

, .

, , , . . .

, . , , .

. . .


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48

/.

, , : , , , , .

. 10.

, dijapira, . ,

. , 2 . ,

5 10 . , () ,

. .

(anti- + :), , , . ,

.
http://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=15111http://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=15111http://enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=15111


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(. : ), , , . , , ; .

. 11. :-, - , ,-

3.7.

, . .. (1967) : , .

: - , , - , - , .

:- , - ,


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, - () , , , , .

: - ,- , - , , .

, :

, , ,

. . , :

,

,

,

:

,

- .


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4.

, , ( ), , , () ()," ".

. . , , , (H), , . - - .

, , , , - -. , - . , XIX , . . 200 C , 240 C , 340 , , , , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , , -.

, . , .

1940. 1970. , II , .

, . , ,

. ( , , ) ( , ). , , , (, , , .).

4.1.

( , , crude oil) , , .

,

(, ). ,


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. , . , .

, , . 80 %, 30 %. . , .

(%):

C 83-87H 11-14

S 0.5-6

N 0.1-2.0

O 0.05-1.5

: ~ 40 . : Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Ni, V.

4.1.1.

: CnH2n+2(), (, -) (). , C1C4, 95 %, ,, , , 2,2-. , 517, , . , ( 6...5 , 12.. .355 ,18.. .60532 ) -.

, 1678, , , 5 %, 7, 12 % 50 % -.

4.1.2.

CnH2n (, ). , 25 75%. , ( 30 4 ).

1.


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4.1.3. Aromati

,

10 20 % ( 30 %). , ,, o-, m-, -, ( 3 %).

+ H3 A + H3

4.1.4.

. - - .

1,2,3,4

4.1.5. na

0.1 2 % ( 7 %). 200 , , (), , , .

1. (): : R-SH, (,C2H5SH, 0.6-0.02 /)

2. ()

3.

(3,3,0)

(4,3,0)

(4,4,0)

(2,2,1)

10H16


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2. : : R-S-R, : R-S-S-R,

: R-Sn-R

3.:

4.1.6.

0.02 1.5 %, ( H2SO4) .

(.30%)

(.70%)

+

V, Ni, Fe

4.1.7.

2%. , , Pb, Zn, Cu.

K

+


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}18%

4.1.8.

V, Ni, Fe, Mo, Cu, Na, Si, Al, Zn 0.02 0.03% . ,

, . :

, , , / . .

, , . . .

Ponca City (SAD):

1.

- CH3CH2R 14%

- CH3CH (CH3)R

CH3CH2CH (CH3)nR

2.

-10%

-6%

5%

3.

-18%

17%

+ 4%

. .5%

3%

= 100%


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56

4.2.

4.2.1.

,

/3 /3.

, . . (I, American Petroleum Institute), :

0.8 (45.3 ) 1.0 (10 ) . . . ( ) . . , (21 ), (15.56 ).

. 30 40 , 1,0 / . , 12 , .

4.2.2.

, .

.

(poise) (centipoise), (Pascal , Pas), (mPas).

. , .

. (Dean i Davis) 0 100 i(Pennsylvanije), 0 100

:


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L H o 0 100, a U je , 38C.

4.2.3.

, , ()

.

. 24 38 dyn/cm.

.

4.2.4.

4.2.4.1.

. (CP) a a , , . .

. ( )(PP) , .

. (FP) . ( ) . , , . (w) .

.

. (CFPP) , .

4.2.4.2.

. . , , . , , , , , .


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. .

.

.

, , . . 40 . 60 , .

4.2.4.3.

. . , -.

4.2.4.4. a

. a

. , .

4.2.5.

. . , . .

,

. .

. . 656.3 nm(C, ) 486.1 nm (F, ) . :


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: , , .

. :

C

n , d C . , .

4.3.

4.3.1.

. () (Universal Oil Products Company , UOP Characterisation Factor), : .

= s1/3/ d (, R) = 1.22 s1/3/ d (, K)

. (I)

( (Bureau of Mines), :

I = 473.7 d -456.8 + 48640 /

d ().

2.1. I :

I

12.5-13.0 0-15

( ) 10.5-12.5 15-50

9.0-10.5 >50

4.3.2. -

n - d M - 1947.

(SGA), . :

- (%CA), (%CN) (%CP) .


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- (RT), (RA)

(RN) .

(d), (n)

().

4.3.3.

( , ) :

1. ( 75% ), , , 2. ( 70% ), , , , , , 3. - (60-70% 20% ), ,

4. --,

5. - ( 35% 35% ), , , 6. ( 60% ), 7. --, ,


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5.

, (CH4) (C2H6), (C3H8) (C4H10). , . , , . ().

, , , , . , . , , . ,

. . (, ),() , .

, . , , , . , .

, . , . , . . , () , .

8 ,

- .

(Natural gas NG), , , -- ().

. .

- - - (Liquefied Petroleum Gas LPG),

; .


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20 (Liquefied Natural GasLNG). - , , . .

. . . , .

, , , - . ,

. , , , , , , , , . . , , , , .

, ., , .

. , .

, . .

, , . , , 19. , . 1884. -.

23 . 20. , . 1929. 93,5 %. 20. 30%. , , .

,

, , , () . , , , .

, . .


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, , .

, ( ) , , , . . , . .

, , . - , - , . ,

. : , - - , , ., - , . .

. . . . , , ,

. 100 (10 ).- . , , . "", .

- : . , . . , , .

. . ( S3) ( ) S3/3.(S3 15 C).

, . 900 18.000 S3/3 - , 5 500 S3/3 - 20 3/3 .

, . .


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- ( 3 x 107 P = 30 P, = 300 = 306 ), (80 - 100C ). 5 .

,

- . , ( C5 C10), ( C5 C35.)

100 500 c3/3 . . , ; .

11. ,

1983. . ,

. , , , . (Natural Gas) .

, , , . .:

Natural Gas (NG) - () - , , ( ) , . . , , .

Non Associated Gas - , .

Associated GasGas Cap Solution Gas- , .

Raw Natural Gas - ,

-, ,

.

Marketable natural Gas- .

Wet (Rich) Gas- "" , , .

Dry (Lean) Gas - " "i , .

Sweet Natural Gas - .

Sour Natural Gas - .


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Liquefield Natural Gas (LNG)- ( - ), () . - .

Liquefield Petroleum Gas (LPG)- -. , , . , * .

Condensate - - . -. . , , .

() . ,

. .

-. (CH4), (CH3CH3), (CH3CH2CH3),-(CH3CH2CH2CH3) - ((CH3)2CHCH3). , , , , ( 1-3, 6).

, . (CO2) (N2), (H2S),(RSH), , (He),(Ne) (Ar), (Hg). , , , ( 1-3, 5,6).

1 (s %)

. : , , 1989.

- -

(CH4) 994,50 85,00 70,30

(C2H6) 11,44 4,10 7,40

(C3H8) 00,34 3,37 6,20

(C4H10) 00,20 1,40 4,10

(C5H12) 0,14 0,80 3,20

(C6H14) 00,08 0,60 3,00

(C7+) 00,40 3,40 2,00

(N2) 00,30 0,81 1,79

(CO2) 22,60 0,50 1,90

(H2S) - 0,02 0,11


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. , .

, . ,

, , .

2. - (. . %

., y, 5 . 1986 . 702, 1

3.. ( %)

:, ., , , 1967. . 49

4. . , , , , . 5 .

CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5 N2 C2

91-98 0,6-2,5 0,3-1,1 0,5 0,2 1,0-4,5 -

() 90-95 2,3-6,4 0,9-1,1 1,5-1,8 0,5 -

(.) 57-79 8,0-14,0 6,0-12,0 3-7 1,5-3,0 1,9-2,0 4,5

() 72-86 5,0-8,0 4,0-7,0 2,5-5,5 1,2-2,0 1,3-4,0 0,6-1

75- 89 4,5- 8,0 1,5-5,0 1,0-2,5 0,4-1,0 2,0-6,0 0,5-2,2

. () 70,3 14,5 6,5 4,3 1,6 2,8 -

79-89 5,0-8,0 1,2-4,0 1,0-2,0 0,4-1,0 3,0-5,0 0,2-0,8

80-86 1,4-4,0 - - - 12-16 -

CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5 N2 C2 H2S

-/.W. 85,30 5,80 2,00 0,80 1,90 1,00 3,2

- -' 83,50 7,00 2,00 0,80 0,40 6,10 0,20

- 46,20 5,20 2.00 0,60 0,10 1,00 44,90

-W 94,30 3,10 0,50 0,20 0,20 1,20 0,50

-

- 72,00 13,90 6,50 2,60 1,40 0,70 2,30 0,6

- 46,50 13,20 19,80 10,60 8,00 1,20 0,70


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4. - (.. / S3

: -, , , 1989.

5 .

, ppm 1 -3 50- 100

, ppm 3 3

, / 3 10 10

C -15 -25 -70

C -2 -2. ,, , 1987.

6

*1 = 100KPa = 0,1 MPa; x 0,1 = MPa; (46,04 = 4,604 MPa). 0C = 273,15 ; 20C +273,15 =

293,15 . : , , - , , 1989. , y,5 . 1986 . 705.

39,5 35-42 36,2

39-43 34,8 37,0

39,4 38,0 34,9

38,9 33,1 40,0 35-44 31,7 40,2

34,1 39,9 35,1-38,3

34,6

. ..C . /3

()*

CH4 16,043 -161,50 0,6785 0,5537 37,71 -82,6 46,04

C2H6 30,070 -88,60 1,2718 1,0378 66,35 32,3 48,80C3H8 44,097 -42,10 1,8650 1,5219 93,94 96,7 42,50

n-C4 58,121 -0,48 2,4583 2,0059 121,80 152,0 37,97

i -C4 58,121 -11,73 2,4583 2,0059 121,44 135,0 36,48

n-C5 72,151 36,04 3,0515 2,4900 149,66 196,5 33,69

i- C5 72,151 27,87 3,0315 2,4900 149,36 187,2 33,81

neo C5 > 72,151 9,48 3,0515 2,4900 148,74 160,6 31,99

n-C6 86,178 68,74 3,6448 2,9741 107,55 234,2 29,70

n-C7 100,206 98,43 4,2382 3,4584 205,43 267,0 27,36

n-C8 114,233 125,68 4,8312 3,9422 233,29 296,6 24,87n-C9 128,260 150,82 5,4145 3,4264 261,18 321,4 23,10

n-C10 142,287 174,15 6,0179 4,9106 289,06 344,3 20,99

CO 44,010 -78,50 1,8613 1,5188 - 31,0 73,80

He 4,003 -268,96 0,1693 0,1381 - -267,96 2,27

H2 2,016 -252,80 0,0853 0,0696 12,10 -240,20 12,93

H2S 34,080 -60,30 1,4414 1,1762 23,79 100,00 89,40

N2 28,013 -195,80 1,1848 0,9668 - 147,00 33,90


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-

, ; . , , .

. . . 30 -70%, 30-50%, 5-30%.

- . .

, . 30 60%, , : 5-14%, 3 - 18%, 2-8%, 1 - 6%. .

, 50 -100 g/m3, 750 g/m3.

. . , . ,

CO2 N2.

j . .

.

, , .

, , 2,5%., 10-15%, .

., 80% . , .

, . . , 65C.

. . , :


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CO2 + H2O H2CO3

Fe + H2CO3 FeCO3+ H2

, ,

. 10 15 m/s 0,2 P.

. pH, :

CaCl2+ H2CO3 CaCO3+ 2HCl

2HCl + Fe FeCl2+ H2

FeCl2+ H2CO3 FeCO3+ 2HCl

. 2,5% H2S, . . () . .

0,01%. , H2S 45%. , , .

.

( )} - .

CO2 H2S . :

COSO4+ CH4 CaS + CO2+ 2H2O

CaS + H2O + CO2 CaCO3+ H2S

CO2 H2S C1C5 .

:

1. ,

2. ,

3. .

. pH 6.0. pH 6.0 9,5 , pH 9,5 .

80C .


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70

. H2S , , . . . 100C, .

, . / . 150C . , 220C . . , .

. .

. , . .

(CH3CH2SH) 0,03 - 0,07 ppm. .

. (0,075 /3). (Groningen) (1,18 /3), Salzwedel-Peckenzen (2 /3). 1973-75. . (0,2 -2.0 /3),1983. 0,55 0,80 /3.

. . , 0 12%. , .

., 0,005 0,1%, 1,2% . , .

8, ( ), , .

3 , 15C 1 ( 1,01325 ).

(15, 1 ),


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(1,00). 0,560 0,650, () .

31 - 44/3 (7.400 - 10.500 cal/3),

46-50 /, , 11.000 - 12.000 cal/3. , , 33,5 - 46/3 (8.000 - 11.000 cal/3) .- .

. . : - .

( ), 13 .

1 3 . (Rv) (Ppvp) (Ppzvp) :

Rv = Ppvp / Ppzvp

. , , .

. .

- C2 . CO2 H2S, , .

1986. ., 270 x1012 3, , 3,5 . .

giga 3 ( , , 3.

- ; 3 x10123( 3 3- 3000 3)

- (Hassi RMel), 2x10123.

- (Groningen) 1,9 x10123.

-(Pazanun) 1,4 x1012

3

. - (Panhandle-Hugoton) 4x10123.


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72

, 1998. , , 1

1: , , 1998. , 1093( 3)

: & ., . y - y '99

1982/1992

, . 2.

1989 / 90 ., , , , . 1998. , ( -), , , , , , , . ( 3).

1998. 26 130.927 3 , , 90,89% , 13.123 3 9,11%.

, , .

1998. ., 144x1012 3.

(109 ), 140x109 .

/ .

/ 100.600 8.600 47.000 45.000

77.900 2.100 44.300 31.500

38.200 22.400 4.600 11.200

23.700 2.000 8.300 13.400

- 23.100 1.100 9.600 12.400

j j 20.200 2.900 10.700 6.600

15.300 4.100 5.400 5.800

15.600 2.600 2.700 10.300

13.200 1.800 5.500 5.900

9.500 500 1.700 7.300

7.200 800 2.000 4.400

23.700 2.000 8.300 13.400

344.100 48.900 141.800 153.400


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120x109 . , 131x1012 3 91% 26 , 33,42 % .

2, , 1093 ( 3)

. & . .25. 1993 , , . 62, * - -

1982 1988 1992 %

2.747 2.775 2.711 2,0

2.148 2.167 2.008 1,5

5.707 5.302 4.731 3,4

3.136 4.252 5.340 3,9

: 13.738 14.496 14.790 10,7

1.470 1.815 1.950 1,4. 719 623 540 0,4

2.265 3.741 2.941 2,1

: 4.454 6.179 5.431 3,9

* 35.118 41.065 55.007 39,8

396 830 595 0,4

: 35.514 41.895 55.602 40,2

3.151 2.999 3.625 2,6

2.214 4.042 6,198 4,5

: 5.365 7.041 9.823 7,1

13.668 13.860 19.802 14,3

3.318 3.962 5.171 3,7

. . 809 5.763 5.794 4,2

3.993 7.115 12.284 8,9

: 21.784 30.700 43.051 31,1

-

838 2.067 1.824 1,3

4.147 5.168 7.834 5,7

: 4.985 7.235 9.658 7,0

: 85.840 107.546 138.355 100,0


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74

4, 1998. . .

3. 1998. ., 10 9 3 ( 3)

:GJ Special, .26.,1994, .42/43, OGJ Special, .29. 1998, .38/39

4. - (109/3)

1998. % 1998. %

48.145,00 33,422 1.840,83 1,280

2.860,38 1,986 1.121,28 0,778

1.874,82 1,302 124,61 0,087

: 55.966,92 38,852

: , .29. 1998, .38/39

5 1998. . , -.

5. 1998. . , 10 123 . 3

.Oil & Gas .U.S. Geolocical Survey-Encyclopedi Britanica 94-99

% %

1.* 55.981 38,86 14. 1.810 1,252. 22.940 15,93 15. 1.736 1,21

3. 8.496 5,90 16. 1.484 1,03

4. 5.381 3,73 17. 1.481 1,03

5. 5.353 3,72 18. 1.311 0,91

6. 4.715 3,27 19. 1.161 0,81

7. 4.052 2,81 20. 777 0,53

8. 3.699 2,57 21... 760 0,52

9. 3.252 2,26 22. 688 0,48

10. 3.110 2,16 23. 595 0,41

11. 2.260 1,57 24. 550 0,38

12. 2.047 1,42 25. 492 0,34

13. 1.841 1,28 26. 308 0,21

144.050, 61,602

14,662 x 10123 10,2 %

56,731 x 10123 39,4

48,883 x 10123 33,9

9,872 x 10123 6,8

- 9,078 x 10123 6,3

4,824 x 1012 3 3,4

129,388 x10123 89,8

144,050 x10123 100,0


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75

. , , .

. . 20. 21. .

, 6.

6. 1950-1998, 10123

1950. . 8,8 x10 123 1988. . 107,5 x10 123

1960. . 17,0 x10 123 1992. 138,4 x10 123

1980. . 72.0x10 123 1993. . 142,1 x10 123

1981. . 82,4x10 123 1994. . 141,0 x10 123

1982. . 85,8 x10 123 1997 .. 140,0 x10 123

1986. 102,0x1012

3

1998. 144,0x1012

3

.Oil & Gas .U.S. Geolocical Survey-Encyclopedi Britanica 94-99

, . , , . . 21.

1950 - 1985. ., . , -, , . , 20 .

1. - 1981. .

. w W y-1981. * 3 -

()

*S3 %,

1. 499,2 554,6 36,2

2.. 411,8 457,5 29,93. 68,0 75,6 4,94. 66,3 73,3 4,85. 65,0 72,2 4,76. 46,3 51,4 3,47. 38,0 42,2 2,88. 31,9 35,4 2,39. 25,0 27,8 1,810. 22,7 25,2 1,611.. 16,7 18,6 1,212.O 87,6 97,3 6,4: 1.378,5 1.531,5 100,0 100


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76

. 60% . , ,, , 82%.

2: - (1093)

: British Petroleum Oil & Gas .ct 25. 1993. .58, 3-Year Forecast

1950 -1985. - ,

1960 1985. . .

1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992

73,8 71,5 71,4 90,7 99,0 105,0 115,0

28,5 27,6 24,7 26,0 28,3 28,2 27,8

506,6 497,6 457,2 484,1 504,2 502,6 502,1

38,7 46,5 54,4 58,8 65,3 68,0 68,8

: 647,6 643,2 607,7 659,7 697,9 704,0 713,7

64,7 68,2 62,4 55,4 60,5 68,9 69,4. 33,9 36,9 43,3 43,6 47,2 52,5 52,9

66,6 69,4 71,0 73,9 74,2 73,9 74,2

: 165,2 174,5 176,7 178,9 181,9 195,3 196,5

() 460,0 539,0 639,5 717,7 759,5 755,7 727,5

42,0 45,5 46,8 40,9 34,2 31,3 28,7

: 502,0 584,5 686,3 758,6 793,7 787,0 756,2

26,6 53,9 34,5 41,6 47,2 50,0 51,5

7,5 10,8 14,1 17,2 19,8 21,0 22,5

: 34,1 44,7 48,6 58,8 67,0 71,0 74,0

6,6 9,3 14,3 16,3 17,2 19,2 20,6

7,2 13,5 15,2 20,0 23,8 25,7 26,3

12,4 18,2 25,5 29,1 30,5 33,2 34,2

14,4 16,0 20,0 29,0 31,7 27,0 35,3

: 40,6 57,0 75,0 94,4 103,2 105,1 116,4

-

19,6 29,0 35,5 38,0 47,4 50,7 53,4

56,5 73,0 87,4 100,1 113,0 120,4 130,3

: 76,1 102,0 122,9 138,1 160,4 171,1 183,7

: 1.465,0 1.606,0 1.666,0 1.882,0 2.004,0 2.033,0 2.041,0


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- 1981. 1., , , 2.

2. 1984. - . 1982-1990.. 460 759,5 . 3, , 299,5 . 3

65,10%, 37,9%.

, . . - .

1992. 727,5 . 3 35,64% .

1982. . 506,6 . 3 . 1982-1992. . , 1992. ., 502,1. 3, 1982. . , 24,6% ,

.

. 1982. 1992. 73,8 115 . 3.

1992. . 69,4 . 3 , 53,4 ., 52,9 ., 51,5, ., 34,2 . 3, .

- :, , 107 . 3 (76,1 183,1 . 3) .

: . 75,8 3( 40,6 116,4 . 3).

: , 40 . 3,, 34 74 . 3.

: , 165,2 196,5 . 3, 31,3 .3.

. , 28,32 . 3.

1982. 1992. ( 2) 1.465 (3), 2.041 3( 574 3 39,2%). 13.5%, 15,2%.

3, 1997..22 2.141,04 . 3 93,03%, 160,45 3 6,97%


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1997. , 2.041 . 3 1992. . 2.301,48..3. 3. . , , , , , , .

OPEC , . OPEC-

, , . , ,

3 1997 ( 1093)

: & . 9. 1998., . 84

* : CISCommonwelt of Independent States FSUFormer Soviet Union - .

% %

1. (CIS-FSU) * 675,17 29,34 12. 30,10 1,31

2. 563,50 24,50 13. 28,31 1,23

3. 183,31 7,97 14. 27,43 1,19

4.. 91,76 3,99 15. 24,79 1,08

5. 84,37 3,67 16... 24,03 1,04

6. 66,14 2,87 17. 22,36 0,97

7. 59,37 2,58 18. 21,38 0,93

8. 46,14 2,00 19. 20,97 0,91

9. 42,63 1,85 20. 20,34 0,88

10. 36,86 1,60 21. 20,28 0,88

11. 33,53 1,46 22. 18,34 0,80

1-22: 2.141,04 93,03 %

: 160,45 6,97 %

: 2.301,48 100,00%


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79

6.

, , , , .. , .

. , " / ".

6.1. ,

, , ,

6000 . , , , . , .

, , . . () , , (2500. . 538. . . .), , . 11. .

.

, , . ( ( ) , V (...) ,

, . " " .

. . "" " " .

(Robert Koldewey) 1898. . , , . . () 2600. .... , , .

500. . . . , .


80/172

80

XIX .

(ustinHenryLayard), 1845. , . (HormuzdRassam) ,

. . - 600 150 .

, , (Noeh), . . - . , . , .

( ) 3000. . ... , , . 3.800. 3.700. .... , 4.000..... , 4.000 ... ?

A (IV-V ) , . : " ,

, . , ( ), ". .

,, , , , . - .

, .

, .

. .

( 60. .... 20. ...)

.


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q . , . ,

. 220.

. ... . . .

, , . , ,

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