Did You Know...

For more information, circle #1on the reader service card.

…that HEIDENHAIN METRO length gaugesare critical components of many high-precisionmicroscopic image analysis systems forthe medical research community? MBFBioscience (www.mbfbioscience.com) inVermont manufactures microscopic imageanalysis systems and solutions usingHEIDENHAIN. The gauges are included insystems for MBF Bioscience‘s StereoInvestigator (for stereology) and Neurolucida (forneuroanatomical analysis).

“The HEIDENHAIN gauges are used anytimewe need to accurately detect precise focalchanges in our microscope systems,” said PaulAngstman, MBF Bioscience vice president.“Over the last three years, we‘ve chosen toinclude HEIDENHAIN gauges in almost everysystem we sell.” Angstman explained that theHEIDENHAIN METRO MT 1271 gaugesinterface very easily with their stage controllerand are an extremely reliable source ofmeasurement. “In the over eight years thatwe‘ve used the HEIDENHAIN gauges, we‘vevirtually had no failures in the field! I‘d say thatis ‘Tried and True’.”

With their high system accuracy and smallsignal period, the HEIDENHAIN METROlength gauges are ideal for precision measuringstations and testing equipment. They featureball-bush guided plungers and therefore permithigh radial forces. �

MBF Bioscience Stereo Investigator

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Contents…Cover story continued

HEIDENHAIN’s New High

Accuracy Angle Encoders

HEIDENHAIN’s New LS Linear Scales

HEIDENHAIN’s Redesigned

Absolute Linear Encoder Program

Tiny Targets, Massive Results

Visit HEIDENHAIN on the Road

Dear Abbé:“Short wave error…”;what does that mean?

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Simply Digital:The New Hardware Design for Controls

For many years now, controls from

HEIDENHAIN have been proving themselves indaily use in the workshop. Along with theirsuitability for the workshop, they are alsocharacterized by the robust and reliable designof their hardware. At this year's EMO trade fairin Hannover, HEIDENHAIN presented its visionfor the controls of tomorrow.

Uniformly digital is more than just a buzzword. Allcomponents are connected to each other viapurely digital interfaces: the control componentsare connected via HSCI, the new real-timeprotocol from HEIDENHAIN for Fast Ethernet,and the encoders are connected via EnDat 2.2,the bidirectional interface from HEIDENHAIN. Theadvantages for both the machine manufacturerand the end user are obvious: immune to noise,diagnosable, and high availability of the entiresystem. So we’ve got a green light for theuniformly digital control design from HEIDENHAIN.

continued on page 2

Machine ToolVolume 1 • 2007

Controls of Tomorrow illustration

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Serial Interface for Control Components—HSCI

(HEIDENHAIN Serial Controller Interface)

The previous, proven hardware design:

The MC main computer and CC controller unit arecontained in the electrical cabinet. The operating panelincludes only the screen and keyboard. The componentsof the operating panel are connected to the MC maincomputer via separate cables.

The new hardware design:

The MC main computer is located behind the screen.The electrical cabinet contains only the CC controller unit.The MC and CC are connected via a real-time Ethernetcable, specifically a 100BaseT Ethernet Physical Layerdevice. The protocol was developed by HEIDENHAIN,and carries the designation HSCI (HEIDENHAIN SerialController Interface). Together with the new, purely digitalEnDat 2.2 encoder interface, there is a uniformly digitaldesign from the main computer to the encoder.

The advantages of this new design:

• Simpler wiring

• Simpler commissioning

• Extensive possibilities for diagnostics

• Greater noise immunity

Up to eight CC controller units with up to 32 axes, aswell as external input/output modules, can beconnected to the serial HSCI bus.

In a future version, it will also be possible to attachaccessory components such as handwheels and themachine operating panel. The bus coupling requiresthe physical Ethernet interface as well as a moduledeveloped by HEIDENHAIN to make the brief cycletimes possible for transmitting the nominal values.Thanks to the excellent synchronization of the HSCI,the transmission jitter is only several nanoseconds.

Naturally, no collision occurs during data transmission.These outstanding properties of the new, uniformlydigital design from HEIDENHAIN guarantee not justvery high accuracy and surface quality, but alsorapid traverse speeds as well as high availability ofthe entire system.

The hardware design of the future:

Uniformly digital connection of the various controlcomponents.

Simply Digitalcontinued from cover

Hardware Design of the Future

3

EnDat 2.2

Purely Serial Transmission of Encoder Data

In the same manner as HSCI for controls, EnDat 2.2 offers a series of advantagesfor encoders:

Simpler and fewer cables required

EnDat 2.2 encoders feature a high internal resolution of the measuring signals.Thereforeadditional incremental signals do not need to be transmitted.Thanks to the purely digitaltransmission, single shielded cables with just a few wires suffice. This means that theconnecting elements are smaller.They can be put into place more easily, and the reducedcable diameters permit smaller bending radii. In addition to the positionvalues, the EnDat 2.2 interface also transmits further information, such as the motortemperature. Separate lines are no longer required.

Increased noise immunity

The purely digital transmission of the position values is definitive in increasing thenoise immunity. Electromagnetic influences on the connecting cable between theencoder and control no longer have an effect on the positioning accuracy.

Simpler commissioning

Encoders with the EnDat interface have an electronic ID label—a significantrequirement for simplified commissioning. All important information is stored in theencoder itself, and can be interrogated via the EnDat interface. This informationincludes:

• The encoder type (linear/angular, singleturn /multiturn, etc.) • Signal periods • Position values per revolution • Transmission format of position values• Direction of rotation• Maximum speed• Accuracy dependent on shaft speeds• Warnings and alarms• Part number and serial number

In a freely definable memory area, the OEM can store his information, e.g., theelectronic ID label of the motor in which the encoder is integrated, indicating themotor model, maximum current rating, etc.

Monitoring and diagnostics

The EnDat interface enables comprehensive monitoring and diagnosis of theencoder without requiring an additional transmission line. These are significantrequirements for the high availability of the entire system.

The diagnostics contain cyclic information about the encoder's operation, as wellas additional diagnostic values.

An error message is output when a malfunction of the encoder could lead toincorrect position values.

Errors include:• Light source failed• Signal amplitude too low• Incorrect position value• Supply voltage too high/low• Excessive current consumption

A warning appears when certain tolerance limits of the encoder have been reachedor exceeded, such as the shaft speed or control reserve of the light source, withoutfear that the position value will be incorrect. This function makes it possible to issuepreventive warnings in order to minimize idle time.

Encoders with EnDat 2.2 interface

As a matter of course, HEIDENHAIN offers encoders for various applications inpractice-oriented versions, in order to bring this new control design to life due tothe advantages of the uniformly digital design cannot be ignored. The encodersin the table will be added to the product program over time. �

For more information, circle #2 on the reader service card.

Fewer cables

Simple cables and small connectors

High noise immunity through purely digital transmission

Simple commissioning

4

In order to meet the needs of various industries for angleencoders without bearing that feature higher accuraciesand large hollow shafts, HEIDENHAIN Corporation nowintroduces its expanded series of new ERA 4000 angleencoders.Perfect for use on a wide range of rotary motionsystems, spindles, and other motors, this family ofencoders boasts legitimate incredibly high accuracies,multiple unique easy and stable mounting methods andreference marks that can be distance-coded to providesemi-absolute positioning.

The newest family member, the ERA 4x80 version, ismounted using a centering collar method. This low-profileencoder system does not require centering methods asthe precision-machined centering collar mates with theprecision-machined shaft of the motion system. Withseven standardized diameters, system accuracies areoffered with the 20 µm grating period version from +/- 6.1arc seconds on the smallest diameter to +/- 2.8 arcseconds on the largest diameter.

The second family member, the ERA 4x81 version, is theweight reduced T profile version which is mounted usingthe three-point centering method. Three centering marksare placed on the ring at 120-degree intervals to point tothe exact center of the ring while it is on the ultra-preciseHEIDENHAIN manufacturing device, and then the encodergratings are written onto the ring so that when thecentering marks are used during installation, noncirculargeometries of the ring and gratings are eliminated.Encoder system accuracies of +/- 8.6 arc seconds areoffered with the smallest diameter of the series using20µm grating period and +/-2.8 arc seconds for the largestdiameter in this group.

The third family member, the ERA 4x82, uses the three-point centering method for installation and has the highestaccuracy of the series. This version with the same inertiaas the ERA 4x80, but without the centering collar, offerssystem accuracies from +/- 5.1 arc seconds to +/- 2 arcseconds for the largest diameter.

All three family members use the same scanning unit perdiameter and have a movable faceplate, thus allowing forthe best signal possible to be obtained via small, easyadjustments. The faceplate will maintain position evenunder the toughest machine vibrations.

The ERA 4000 series is available in seven differentdiameters, ranging from an outer diameter of 52.65 mm to331.31 mm and grating periods of 20, 40 or 80 microns.The electrical output is available in 1-Volt Peak to Peakanalog interface. �

HEIDENHAIN’s New High Accuracy Angle Encoders:A new family of bearingless feedback

Updated ERA 4000

For more information, circle #3 on the reader service card.

Technical Tidbit:

Calculating a Virtual Signal PeriodVirtual Signal Period - Projection of the measuring system grating period to the edge ofa rotary table and the effect on interpolation error.

To explain virtual signal period, it is important to understand that with any angularmeasuring device, there is an associated signal period (line count). Furthermore, thediameter of the grating and line count have a direct influence on the system’smeasuring accuracy. To show how this works, look at a rotary table with a 1,000 mmdiameter using two different measuring devices: the RCN 729 optical angle encoderand the ERM 280 magnetic encoder. While both choices may seem logical, there aresome things to watch out for:

Influence of interpolation error at outer table radius (±1 % of virtual signal period),which means for the RCN 729, interpolation error of only +/- 0.96 µm while for theERM 280, interpolation error of +/- 7.1 µm (and remember, electronic multiplying ofencoder lines will not typically improve interpolation error). �

Technical Tidbit:

What Is an IP Rating?An IP rating number is often used when specifying the environmentalprotection afforded by enclosures around electronic equipment.

The first number in this rating refers to the protection against solidobjects and the second number against liquids. So, what does a BOXwith an IP65 rating mean?

It means this BOX provides a level of protection that has total protectionagainst dust (no ingress) and it can be immersed in water (to a depth of15cm—1m at this rating).

Note: All HEIDENHAIN product catalogs specify the IP rating for anygiven product.

For more information, circle #4 on the reader service card.

Equipped with advanced Single-Field Scanning technology andincorporating all the latest developments in linear measurementtechnology, HEIDENHAIN is now making available their latest sealedlinear encoders called the LS XX7 Series. These new scales areavailable up to 3m in length, come in two different mechanical profilesand offer unparalleled resistance to contamination and vibration,making them particularly useful in dynamic machine tool applications.

This new single-field scanning technology provides significantencoder advantages regarding the tolerance to contamination and toelectromagnetic noise sources. Along with this improved signalstability, single-field scanning also has proven to improve signal quality,providing a typical output signal error of ±1% within one signal period.

Along with offering an improved encoder, simple mounting methodsare standard with these HEIDENHAIN LS linear encoders in order toincorporate them into a wide variety of applications. Encoders of the LS400 series can now utilize a universal mounting spar when required,which allows for a cable outlet to the left or right. Available accessoriesalso include clamps, as an alternative that are mounted at fixed intervalsalong the measuring length to provide additional support.

Encoders of the LS 100 series have left and right cable outlets directlyon the scanning unit. The unused socket connector is protectedby a cap, and both encoders of the new series utilize the samecable assembly. �

HEIDENHAIN’s New LS Linear ScalesOffer High Level Scanning Technology

LS with Single-Field Scanning

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Technical Tidbit:

Mounting Tolerance FlexibilitiesThe mounting tolerances of linear scaleshave an influence on output signals.

First, it is important to note that very smallsignal periods usually come with very narrowmounting tolerances for the gap between thescanning head and scale graduation. This is theresult of diffraction caused by the gratingstructures. They can lead to a signal attenuationof 50% with a gap change of only ±0.1 mm.Thanks to the interferential scanning principleand innovative index gratings in encoders withthe imaging measuring principle, it has becomepossible to provide ample mounting tolerancesin spite of the small signal periods.

The mounting tolerances of exposed linearencoders from HEIDENHAIN have only a slightinfluence on these output signals. In particular,the specified gap tolerance between the scaleand scanning head (scanning gap) causes onlynegligible change in the signal amplitude. Thisbehavior is substantially responsible for thehigh reliability of exposed linear encoders fromHEIDENHAIN. The two diagrams illustrate thecorrelation between the scanning gap andsignal amplitude for the encoders of the LIDA400 and LIF 400 series.

HEIDENHAIN Corporation announces updates and enhancements toits well-known, high quality linear encoder program. The mechanicsand electronics of HEIDENHAIN’s LC Series absolute linear encodershave been fundamentally redesigned from the ground up to bettermeet today’s measurement requirements in machine tools, and nowincludes two interfaces—HEIDENHAIN’s EnDat 2.2 and FANUC 02.

HEIDENHAIN’s new encoders are the LC 183 and 483 series withEnDat interface and LC 193 and 493 with FANUC interface. Theseencoders offer more electrical advantages than ever before, includingmaking purely serial axis-control possible. The resolution of theabsolute position value is 5 nm for encoders with an accuracy gradeof ±3 µm,and 10 nm for encoders with an accuracy grade ±5 µm withthe EnDat versions. Also regardless of the measuring length, the dataword length is 32 bits and with a clock frequency of 8 MHz, theformation of the position value and transfer takes approximately 20 µs.Both output formats also incorporate the single-field scanningtechnique, ensuring optimum signal quality, high traversing speed andcontamination resistance. Maximum cable runs have also increasedwith the new interfaces.

HEIDENHAIN’s Redesigned Absolute Linear Encoder ProgramOffers Many New Features and Benefits for Machine Tools

The lower–cost EnDat connection technology and common cableassemblies (LC 1XX / 4XX) further reduce costs and decreaseinventory requirements. Encoder diagnostics take place via additionalinformation in the serial protocol.

Along with the new interfaces, changes to mounting methods havebeen made with these HEIDENHAIN absolute linear encoders inorder to simplify their installation in a wide variety of applications.Encoders of the 400 series can now utilize a universal mounting sparwhen required, which allows for a cable outlet to the left or right.Available accessories also include clamps as an alternative that aremounted at fixed intervals along the measuring length to provideadditional support.

Encoders of the 100 series have left and right cable outletsdirectly on the scanning unit. The unused socket connector isprotected by a cap. �

LC Linear Encoder

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6

IS INTERESTED IN YOUR FEEDBACK

©2007 HEIDENHAIN CORPORATION

333 E. State Parkway, Schaumburg, IL 60173Phone: 847/490-1191 FAX: 847/490-3931

333 E. State Parkway, Schaumburg, IL 60173Phone: 847/490-1191 FAX: 847/490-3931

Please send me HEIDENHAIN’s most current catalog:

� General � NC Linear � Digital Readout � METRO/CERTO Gauges

� Measurement Inspection � Angular Rotary � Incremental Rotary � Absolute Rotary

� Contouring Controls � Point-to-Point Controls � Servo Drive

Your comments about topics addressed in this issue and topics you’d like to see in future issues:

Name CompanyTitleAddressCity State ZipPhone ( ) FAX ( )

E-mail

� Please add me to your mailing list. (Provide address above.)

IS INTERESTED IN YOUR FEEDBACK

Your comments about topics addressed in this issue and topics you’d like to see in future issues:

Name CompanyTitleAddressCity State ZipPhone ( ) FAX ( )

E-mail

� Please add me to your mailing list. (Provide address above.)

©2007 HEIDENHAIN CORPORATION

Please send me HEIDENHAIN’s most current catalog:

� General � NC Linear � Digital Readout � METRO/CERTO Gauges

� Measurement Inspection � Angular Rotary � Incremental Rotary � Absolute Rotary

� Contouring Controls � Point-to-Point Controls � Servo Drive

MACHINE TOOL VOLUME 1

MACHINE TOOL VOLUME 1

For further information, circle the appropriate number:Article #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7

For further information, circle the appropriate number:Article #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7

The development of small hydrogen targets totest thermonuclear ignition is like a science initself. Or so says Ken Abbott, the owner of thecompany that manufactured the custom air-bearing motion system that builds thosetargets. This new custom machine from hiscompany, ABTech (www.abtechmfg.com) inNew Hampshire, is now in place at theNational Ignition Facility (NIF) at LawrenceLivermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and hasrecently passed inspection to begin its work.

LLNL is at the University of California(employing 8,000 people) and is federallyfunded to do research in a variety of areas,including nuclear power, national defense andthe environment. The NIF lab is currentlyon track to house the world's largest laser,which will involve 192 individual laser beamsthat will be repeatedly trained onto highprecision tiny hydrogen targets. With eachtest, a double shell implosion target will beplaced in a 30-foot diameter chamber with thelaser beams fired simultaneously to explodeit, demonstrating thermonuclear ignition. Itsoutput will be measured for use in a varietyof ways.

The manufactured hydrogen targetsthemselves each use capsules of fusionfuel, and are heated to thermonuclear ignition.The targets are made of a silica-based innersphere, and the manufacturing requirementsfor surface finish and shell concentricity of thetargets are essential to successful explosion.The shell halves are assembled on ABTech'scustom 5-axis air bearing assembly station inorder to achieve acceptable concentricity.

Weighing about 150 pounds, this air-bearingmachine system includes mechanical armsthat can slide, without friction, into position,with accuracy as little as 4 millionths of aninch.“Each target is 28 thousandths of an inchin size, smaller than the top of a ballpointpen,” said Abbott.

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Tiny Targets, Massive ResultsUltra-precise HEIDENHAIN linear scales aid in manufactureof hydrogen targets for thermonuclear testing

Custom 5-Axis Air Bearing Assembly Stationcontinued on page 8

The overall components of this unique machine include three linear air bearings and two rotary air bearings, a motion controller,a host PC and application software. The system is capable of positioning the target shell halves to locations within 0.1 µm. “Theonly way this is now possible is with the use of today's ultra-precise linear scales for use on the linear slides,” explained Abbott,“and because of the strict accuracies required in NIF's specifications, our only choice was the extremely high accuracy LIP 481scales from HEIDENHAIN Corporation. It's really amazing what they can accomplish today.”

The HEIDENHAIN LIP scales are exposed linear encoders characterized by high accuracy together with measuring steps as smallas 0.005 µm, depending on the model. Their measuring standard is a phase grating applied to a substrate of glass, and they aretypically used in the highest precision machines, such as diamond lathes for optical components, facing lathes for magneticstorage disks and measuring microscopes and semiconductor equipment machines.

The ABTech air-bearing system at NIF includes three of these ultra-precise HEIDENHAIN scales, one on each of the X, Y and Zlinear axes. The entire system is completed with a high resolution camera and surgical microscope that provide views of themating components.

The new system's bearings produce a thin film of air similar to the layer of air that allows a puck to move smoothly across anair hockey table. Precision manufacturing takes place from there.

“This ABTech machine is a significant improvement from what NIF was using to develop early stage targets,” continued Abbott.“Our project is a complicated device, having taken about eight months to develop. Because of the high accuracies, it was crucialthat we received assistance from the HEIDENHAIN representative. His highly technical expertise was instrumental in helpingwith the installation alignments. This machine is now truly like no other.“

With the new hydrogen targets, NIF's experiments promise to produce temperatures and densities like those present on the sunor in an exploding nuclear weapon. These experiments will help scientists sustain confidence in nuclear energy without doingactual nuclear weapons testing (stopped in the United States during the 1970s), as well as produce additional benefits in basicscience and fusion energy research. �

Tiny Targets, Massive Resultscontinued from pg. 7

LIP 481 Scale

For more information, circle #6 on the reader service card.

8

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Dear Abbé…This column promises to answer questions related to accuracy issues inmeasurement. HEIDENHAIN welcomes your questions.

Dear Abbé,

I keep hearing about this term”short wave error“; what does that mean?Sincerely,Curious

Dear Curious,

Short wave error, otherwise known as interpolation error, is inherent inevery measurement encoder. This is the error that is found within onesignal period, and for standard HEIDENHAIN encoders, the value of thiserror is typically 1% of the signal period.

A signal period of a typical linear motor encoder is 4µm and is representedby one cycle of the sine or cosine wave output and equals one count.Interpolation of the signal period is required if higher resolution is neededfor positioning and speed control. Interpolation simply means that the 4µmsignal period can be divided electronically into smaller counts. Typicalinterpolation values are anywhere from 2 to 4,096 times and higher.Interpolation requires a digitization of the analog sine and cosine wavescoming from the scanning unit.

A graphical representation of this can be realized by displaying the analogsine and cosine signals on an oscilloscope. The resulting figure on theoscilloscope is a circle (when the encoder is moving and generating counts)and is called the Lissajous figure. Interpolation works by dividing up thiscircle by the same number of interpolation, i.e.,100 fold interpolation dividesthe circle into 100 separate pieces. Electronics calculate an angle along thiscircle, and when the encoder is scanning and the correct angle is achieved,an edge of a digital square wave is output.The final output is a square wavesignal for sine and cosine, typically TTL or a serial word.

If the Lissajous figure is not perfectly circular (See Figure 1), then the arctangent calculation used to calculate the angle will be erroneous due to thenon circular Lissajous figure. This affects the edge-to-edge spacing in thedigital signal and results in position error, or short wave error. Somephenomena that cause a noncircular Lissajous figure are poor alignment ofthe encoder, contaminations on the encoder scale, and local environmentaleffects like electromagnetic noise. As stated before, if the Lissajous figureis circular, then the expected error is 1%. Special encoders exist withupgraded encoder electronics to enhance the signal quality, and error canbe reduced to 0.1% of the signal period. �

In the XY representation on an oscilloscopethe signals form a Lissajous figure. Ideal outputsignals appear as a concentric inner circle.Deviations in circular form and position arecaused by position error within one signalperiod and therefore go directly into the resultof measurement. The size of the circle, whichcorresponds with the amplitude of the outputsignal, can vary within certain limits withoutinfluencing the measuring accuracy.

Figure 1.

Visit HEIDENHAIN on the Road

HEIDENAIN will host exhibits at the following upcoming 2007 tradeshows. Please stop by! �

Lab AutomationJanuary 28–30Palm Springs Convention CenterPalm Springs, California

Motor & Drive Systems ConferenceFebruary 7–8Fairmont HotelDallas, Texas

Medical Design & Manufacturing ShowFebruary 13–15Anaheim Convention CenterAnaheim, California

WESTECMarch 26–29Los Angeles Convention CenterLos Angeles, California

EASTECMay 22–24Eastern States ExpositionSpringfield, Massachusetts

SEMICONJuly 17–19Moscone Center—NorthSan Francisco, California

National Manufacturing WeekSeptember 25–27Donald E. Stephens Convention CenterRosemont, Illinois

Quality ExpoSeptember 25–27Donald E. Stephens Convention CenterRosemont, Illinois

For more information, circle #7 on the reader service card.

HEIDENHAIN CORPORATION 333 E. State Parkway, Schaumburg, IL 601731-800-233-0388 | www.heidenhain.com

On behalf of all of HEIDENHAIN Corporation, I want to thank all of ourcustomers and associates for their business during HEIDENHAIN’sfirst year of a positive corporate restructuring. January 1, 2006 saw theintroduction of an internally market-segmented HEIDENHAIN, and thisJanuary 1, 2007 completes the restructuring with the announcement ofthree National Sales Managers.

As many of you know, the division of activities by Market Segment atHEIDENHAIN was done to better meet the needs of those we serve.Those Market Segments are Machine Tool (which includes metalworking),Electronics (which includes semiconductor, medical and metrology) andAutomation (which includes drive technology). Each area also covers itsrelevant aftermarket and re-seller needs. Any machine that needs motioncontrol will fall into one of these market categories.

And when they do, our customers can rest assured that one of our threerecently promoted Sales Managers will help to service their needs. Eachof these three managers have a high degree of product and marketknowledge, as well as application experience, in their respective areas.Their extensive knowledge of motion control applications andHEIDENHAIN products was instrumental in their selection as the SalesDivision heads for their respective markets.

Each of these managers has been with HEIDENHAIN for many years, andall were most recently product managers. They are now responsible foreach division's sales segments as well, and will report directly to me.

It is also important to note that each of these managers is a direct liaisonto HEIDENHAIN’s development departments in Germany, thus giving ourcustomers a direct voice to the R&D group.

We believe all of this will continue to benefit our customers, and we'reworking hard to make sure it does. Please feel free to contact any of ournew Sales Managers if you need any assistance. �

The new Sales Managers are:

Chris WeberNational Sales and Product ManagerMachine Tool Division

Tom WyattNational Sales and Product ManagerAutomation Division

Kevin KaufenbergNational Sales and Product ManagerElectronics, Semiconductor & Metrology Division

By Rick Korte President, HEIDENHAIN Corporation

Market Segment Sales Structure