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Relational Database Service
Service Overview
Issue 18
Date 2020-03-31
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2020. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without priorwritten consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Trademarks and Permissions
and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respectiveholders. NoticeThe purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei andthe customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not bewithin the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements,information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guaranteesor representations of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in thepreparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, andrecommendations in this document do not constitute a warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.Address: Huawei Industrial Base
Bantian, LonggangShenzhen 518129People's Republic of China
Website: https://e.huawei.com
Issue 18 (2020-03-31) Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. i
Contents
1 RDS..............................................................................................................................................1
2 Basic Concepts.......................................................................................................................... 3
3 Advantages............................................................................................................................... 63.1 Low Costs................................................................................................................................................................................... 63.2 High Performance................................................................................................................................................................... 73.3 High Security.............................................................................................................................................................................73.4 High Reliability......................................................................................................................................................................... 83.5 Comparison Between RDS and Self-Built Databases..................................................................................................9
4 Product Series.........................................................................................................................114.1 DB Instance Introduction....................................................................................................................................................114.2 Function Comparison...........................................................................................................................................................12
5 DB Instance Description.......................................................................................................155.1 DB Instance Types................................................................................................................................................................. 155.2 DB Instance Classes..............................................................................................................................................................165.3 DB Instance Storage Type.................................................................................................................................................. 205.4 DB Engines and Versions.................................................................................................................................................... 215.5 DB Instance Statuses........................................................................................................................................................... 22
6 Typical Applications..............................................................................................................266.1 Read/Write Splitting.............................................................................................................................................................266.2 Diversified Data Storage.....................................................................................................................................................26
7 Permissions Management................................................................................................... 28
8 Constraints.............................................................................................................................. 368.1 MySQL Constraints............................................................................................................................................................... 368.2 PostgreSQL Constraints.......................................................................................................................................................398.3 Microsoft SQL Server Constraints....................................................................................................................................40
9 Billing....................................................................................................................................... 42
10 Related Services...................................................................................................................44
11 RDS for MySQL Version Description............................................................................... 46
12 Function Differences of RDS for SQL Server DB Instances........................................51
Relational Database ServiceService Overview Contents
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A Change History...................................................................................................................... 57
Relational Database ServiceService Overview Contents
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1 RDS
HUAWEI CLOUD Relational Database Service (RDS) is a cloud-based web servicethat is reliable, scalable, easy to manage, and ready for immediate use. RDSsupports the following DB engines:
● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
HUAWEI CLOUD RDS provides a comprehensive performance monitoring system,multi-level security protection measures, and a professional databasemanagement platform, allowing you to easily set up and scale a relationaldatabase. On the RDS console, you can perform almost all necessary tasks and noprogramming is required. The console simplifies operation procedures and reducesroutine O&M workloads, so that you can focus on your application and servicedevelopment.
Using RDSYou can use RDS in either of the following ways:
● Management console: You can create and manage DB instances on themanagement console.
● API: You can invoke APIs to create and manage DB instances. For details, seethe Relational Database Service API Reference.
To help you better use RDS, see Basic Concepts and RDS
RDS for MySQLMySQL is one of the world's most popular open-source relational databases. Itworks with the Linux, Apache, and Perl/PHP/Python (LAMP) model to provideefficient web solutions. RDS for MySQL is reliable, secure, scalable, inexpensive,easy to manage, and immediately ready for use.
● It supports various web applications and is cost-effective, preferred by small-and medium-sized enterprises.
● A web-based console provides comprehensive monitoring information,making your operations easy and visual.
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● You can flexibly adjust the required resources based on your servicerequirements and pay for only what you use.
For details about the versions supported by RDS for MySQL, see section DBEngines and Versions.
RDS for PostgreSQLPostgreSQL is an open-source object-relational database management systemwith an emphasis on extensibility and standards compliance. It is known as themost advanced open-source database. RDS for PostgreSQL applies to business-oriented online transaction processing (OLTP) scenarios and supports NoSQL(JSON, XML, or hstore) and geographic information system (GIS) data types. It hasearned a reputation for reliability and data integrity, and applies to Internetwebsites, location-based applications, and complex data object processing.
● PostgreSQL supports the postgis plugin, which provides excellent spatialperformance at an international standard level. PostgreSQL offers functionssimilar to those of Oracle database systems, but is less expensive.
● PostgreSQL applies to various scenarios and is cost-effective. You can flexiblyscale resources based on your service requirements and pay for only what youuse.
For details about the versions supported by RDS for PostgreSQL, see section DBEngines and Versions.
RDS for SQL ServerMicrosoft SQL Server is a well-established commercial database with matureenterprise-class architecture. It supports one-stop deployment, ensuring key O&Mservices and lowering labor costs. With RDS for SQL Server, you can build a safeand stable database operation environment according to Huawei internationalsecurity standards. It is widely used in government, finance, medical care,education, and gaming. RDS for SQL Server is reliable, scalable, inexpensive, easyto manage, and immediately ready for use.
RDS for SQL Server provides the HA architecture, data security assurance, andbackup mechanism for fault recovery within seconds.
For details about the versions supported by RDS for SQL Server, see section DBEngines and Versions.
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2 Basic Concepts
DB Instances
DB instances are the smallest management units used by RDS. Each is an isolateddatabase environment on the cloud. You can use RDS to create and manage DBinstances running various DB engines. For details about DB instance types,specifications, engines, versions, and statuses, see DB Instance Description.
DB Engines
RDS supports the following DB engines:
● MySQL
● PostgreSQL
● Microsoft SQL Server
For details about the supported versions, see DB Engines and Versions.
DB Instance Types
RDS DB instances are classified into three types: single, primary/standby, andprimary/standby (1/2). Different types of DB instances support different DBengines and instance specifications.
For details about the product series, see DB Instance Introduction and FunctionComparison.
DB Instance Classes
For details about supported DB engines and instance classes, including thenumber of vCPUs and memory (GB), see DB Instance Classes.
Automated Backups
When you create a DB instance, an automated backup policy is enabled bydefault. After the DB instance is created, you can modify the policy. RDS willautomatically create full backups for DB instances based on your settings.
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Manual Backups
Manual backups are user-initiated full backups of DB instances. They are retaineduntil you delete them manually.
Finance Edition
The finance edition uses the three-node architecture with one master node andtwo slave nodes and ensures data consistency through the Paxos algorithm. It issuitable for core databases in the finance, securities, and insurance industries thathave high requirements on data security.
Figure 2-1 Finance edition structure
Regions and AZs
A region and availability zone (AZ) identify the location of a data center. You cancreate resources in a specific region and AZ.
● Regions are divided from the dimensions of geographical location andnetwork latency. Public services, such as Elastic Cloud Server (ECS), ElasticVolume Service (EVS), Object Storage Service (OBS), Virtual Private Cloud(VPC), Elastic IP (EIP), and Image Management Service (IMS), are sharedwithin the same region. Regions are classified as universal regions anddedicated regions. A universal region provides universal cloud services forcommon tenants. A dedicated region provides services of the same type onlyor for specific tenants.
● An AZ contains one or multiple physical data centers. Each AZ hasindependent cooling, fire extinguishing, moisture-proof, and electricityfacilities. Within an AZ, computing, network, storage, and other resources are
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logically divided into multiple clusters. AZs within a region are interconnectedusing high-speed optical fibers to allow you to build cross-AZ high-availabilitysystems.
Figure 2-2 shows the relationship between regions and AZs.
Figure 2-2 Regions and AZs
HUAWEI CLOUD provides services in many regions around the world. You canselect a region and AZ as needed. For more information, see HUAWEI CLOUDGlobal Regions.
ProjectsProjects are used to group and isolate OpenStack resources (computing resources,storage resources, and network resources). A project can be a department or aproject team. Multiple projects can be created for one account.
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3 Advantages
3.1 Low Costs
Instant AvailabilityYou can obtain a DB instance on the management console and access RDSthrough an ECS to reduce application response time and fees generated by publicnetwork traffic.
Elastic ScalingYou can flexibly adjust the required resources based on your service requirementsand pay for only what you use. Cloud Eye can monitor the changes of databasepressure and data storage space. You can adjust DB instance classes accordingly.
CompatibilityOperation methods of the database engines (DB engines) provided by RDS are thesame as those of the native engines. Additionally, RDS is also compatible withexisting programs and tools. With Data Replication Service (DRS), you can migratedata to RDS easily with low costs.
Easy O&MRoutine RDS maintenance and management operations, including hardware andsoftware fault handling and database patch updates, are easy to perform. Withthe management console, you can reboot DB instances, reset passwords, modifyparameters, view error or slow query logs, and restore data. Additionally, thesystem helps you monitor DB instances in real time and generates alarms if anerror occurs. You can check DB instance information at any time, including CPUusage, IOPS, database connections, and storage space usage.
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3.2 High Performance
Optimized PerformanceCombining its years of experience in database R&D, setup, and maintenance withthe cloud-based technology, HUAWEI CLOUD builds a database service that ishighly available, reliable, secure, scalable, instantly available, and easy to O&M.
Optimized HardwareRDS offers users stable and high-performance database services using servers thathave been developed and tested for many years by Huawei.
Optimized SQL SolutionsRDS can detect slowly-executed SQL statements. You can optimize the codesaccordingly.
High-end Hardware InvestmentAll servers used by RDS are evaluated by multiple parties, ensuring outstandingperformance and stability.
High-Speed AccessRDS can work with ECSs in the same region to communicate with each otherthrough the intranet. This shortens the response time of applications and reducesthe cost incurred by public network traffic.
Performance White Paper● RDS for MySQL Performance White Paper● RDS for PostgreSQL Performance White Paper● RDS for SQL Server Performance White Paper
3.3 High Security
Network IsolationRDS uses the Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) service and network security groups toisolate your DB instances. VPCs allow you to define IP addresses that are allowedto access RDS. You can run your DB instances in a VPC to improve security. Youcan configure subnets and security groups to control access to DB instances.
Access ControlRDS controls access through the account/IAM user and security groups. When youcreate an RDS DB instance, RDS will automatically create an account. You cancreate an IAM user as required and authorize database objects for the database
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IAM user for the separation of permissions. VPC security groups have rules thatgovern both inbound and outbound traffic of DB instances.
Transmission Encryption
RDS uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to offerencryption during transmission. You can download the Certificate Authority (CA)certificate from the RDS console and upload it when connecting to a database forauthentication.
Storage Encryption
RDS uses static encryption and tablespace encryption to encrypt the data to bestored. Encryption keys are managed by Key Management Service (KMS).
Data Deletion
When you delete an RDS DB instance, the disks it attaches, object storage spaceits backups occupy, and all data it stores will be deleted. The deleted data cannotbe viewed or restored.
Anti-DDoS
When you connect to an RDS DB instance through a public network, your DBinstance may be in a distributed denial-of-service attack. If the RDS securitysystem detects a DDoS attack, it will enable the anti-DDoS function. If thefunction cannot defend against the attack or the attack reaches the black holethreshold, black hole processing is triggered to ensure availability of the RDSservice.
Security Protection
RDS is protected by multiple layers of firewalls to defend against various maliciousattacks, such as DDoS attacks and SQL injections. You are advised to access RDSthrough a private network to protect RDS DB instances from DDoS attacks.
3.4 High Reliability
Dual-Host Hot Standby
RDS uses the hot standby architecture, in which failover upon fault occurrencetakes only some seconds.
Data Backup
RDS automatically backs up data every day and uploads backup files to ObjectStorage Service (OBS). The backup files can be stored for 732 days and can berestored with just a few clicks. You can set a custom backup policy and createmanual backups at any time.
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Data RestorationYou can restore data from backups or to any point in time during the backupretention period. In most scenarios, you can use backup files to restore data to anexisting or a new DB instance at any time point within 732 days. After the data isverified, data can be migrated back to the primary RDS DB instance.
3.5 Comparison Between RDS and Self-Built Databases
PerformanceItem Cloud Database RDS Self-Built Database Service
Serviceavailability
For more information, seethe Elastic Cloud Server UserGuide.
Requires device procurement,primary/standby relationshipsetup, and RAID setup.
Datareliability
For more information, seethe Elastic Volume ServiceUser Guide.
Requires device procurement,primary/standby relationshipsetup, and RAID setup.
Systemsecurity
Defends against Anti-DDoSattacks and promptly repairsdatabase securityvulnerabilities.
Requires procurement ofexpensive devices and software,as well as manual detection andrepair of security vulnerabilities.
Databasebackup
Supports automatedbackups, manual backups,and custom backup retentionperiods.
Requires device procurement,setup, and maintenance.
Hardwareandsoftwareinvestment
Supports on-demand pricingand scaling without requiringhardware and softwareinvestment.
Requires large investment indatabase servers. The SQL Serverlicense must be paid forseparately.
Systemhosting
Not required. If a 2U server and primary/standby DB instances arerequired, you need to purchaseand set up two servers.
Maintenance cost
Not required. Requires large manpowerinvestment and professionaldatabase administrator (DBA) formaintenance.
Deploymentand scaling
Supports elastic scaling, fastupgrade, and on-demandenabling.
Requires procurement,deployment, and coordination ofhardware that matches originaldevices.
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Item Cloud Database RDS Self-Built Database Service
Resourceutilization
Bills users based on theresources actually used,resulting in 100% resourceutilization.
Considers peak traffic, resultingin low resource utilization.
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4 Product Series
4.1 DB Instance IntroductionCurrently, RDS DB instances are classified into the following types:● Single● Primary/Standby● Primary/Standby (1/2)
Different series support different DB engines and instance specifications.
Table 4-1 DB instance types
DB InstanceType
Description Scenarios
Single Uses the single-nodearchitecture. More cost-effectivethan the mainstream primary/standby DB instances.
● Personal learning● Microsites● Development and
testing environment ofsmall- and medium-sized enterprises
Primary/Standby Uses the HA architecture withone master node and one slavenode.
● Production databasesof large- and medium-sized enterprises
● Applications for theInternet, Internet ofThings (IoT), retail e-commerce sales,logistics, gaming, andother industries
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DB InstanceType
Description Scenarios
Primary/Standby(1/2)
Uses the three-node architecturewith one master node and twoslave nodes and ensures dataconsistency through the Paxosalgorithm. It is suitable for coredatabases that have highrequirements on data security.
● Finance industry● Securities industry● Insurance industry
4.2 Function ComparisonSingle DB instances use the single-node architecture. In contrast to themainstream primary/standby DB instances, a single DB instance contains only onenode and has no slave node for fault recovery. Primary/standby DB instances use athree-node architecture with one master node and two slave nodes to ensure dataconsistency.
Advantage Comparison● Single DB instances: support the creation of read replicas and error or slow
query log queries. Different from primary/standby DB instances that have twodatabase nodes, a single DB instance has only one node, reducing the price tohalf of primary/standby DB instances. As a result, restoration after a nodefailure on the primary/standby DB instances will take a long time. Therefore,primary/standby DB instances are not recommended for sensitive services thathave high requirements on database availability.
● Primary/Standby DB instances: The slave database node is used only forfailover and restoration. It does not provide services. The performance ofsingle DB instances is similar to or even higher than the primary/standby DBinstances.
● Primary/Standby (1/2): uses the three-node architecture with one masternode and two slave nodes and ensures data consistency through the Paxosalgorithm. It is suitable for core databases in the finance, securities, andinsurance industries that have high requirements on data security.
Table 4-2 Function comparisons
DB Engine Single Primary/Standby Primary/Standby(1/2)
MySQL 8.05.75.6
8.05.75.6
5.7
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DB Engine Single Primary/Standby Primary/Standby(1/2)
PostgreSQL Enhanced Edition12, which isavailable only forusers with the openbeta test (OBT)permission. You cancontact customerservice to apply forthe permission.11109.69.5
Enhanced Edition12, which isavailable only forusers with the OBTpermission. You cancontact customerservice to apply forthe permission.11109.69.5
Not supported fornow
MicrosoftSQL Server
2017 StandardEdition2017 Web Edition2016 EnterpriseEdition2016 StandardEdition2016 Web Edition2014 StandardEdition2014 Web Edition2014 EnterpriseEdition2012 StandardEdition2012 Web Edition2012 EnterpriseEdition2008 R2 WebEdition
2017 EnterpriseEdition2017 StandardEdition2016 EnterpriseEdition2016 StandardEdition2014 EnterpriseEdition2014 StandardEdition2012 EnterpriseEdition2012 StandardEdition2008 R2 EnterpriseEdition
Not supported fornow
Number ofnodes
1 2 3
Specifications
vCPUs: a maximumof 60Memory: amaximum of 512 GBStorage space: amaximum of 4 TB
vCPUs: a maximumof 60Memory: amaximum of 512 GBStorage space: amaximum of 4 TB
vCPUs: a maximumof 60Memory: amaximum of 512GBStorage space: amaximum of 4 TB
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DB Engine Single Primary/Standby Primary/Standby(1/2)
Monitoringand alarms
Supported Supported Supported
Securitygroup
Supported Supported Supported
Backupsandrestorations
Supported Supported Supported
Parametersettings
Supported Supported Supported
SSL Supported Supported Supported
Logmanagement
Supported Supported Supported
Readreplicas(need to becreated)
Supported Supported Supported
High-frequencymonitoring
Supported Supported Supported
Primary/standbyswitchoveror failover
Not supported Supported Supported
Standby DBinstancemigration
Not supported Supported Supported
Manualprimary/standbyswitchover
Supported Supported Not supported
Instanceclasschange
Supported Supported Not supported
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5 DB Instance Description
5.1 DB Instance TypesDB instances are the smallest management units used by RDS. Each is an isolateddatabase environment on the cloud. A DB instance can contain multiple user-created databases, and you can access it by using the same tools and applicationsthat you use with a stand-alone DB instance. You can create and modify DBinstances using the management console or APIs. RDS does not have limits on thenumber of running DB instances. Each DB instance has a DB instance identifier.
DB instances are classified into the following types.
Table 5-1 DB instance types
DB Instance Type Description
Single Uses a single-node architecture. More cost-effective than primary/standby DB instances.
Primary/Standby Uses an HA architecture with one master node andone slave node.
Read replica Uses a single-node architecture (without a standbynode).
Primary/Standby (1/2) Uses a three-node architecture with one masternode and two slave nodes and ensures dataconsistency through the Paxos algorithm. Suitablefor core databases that have high requirements ondata security.
Only Microsoft SQL Server 2017 Enterprise Edition supports read replicas. Othereditions of Microsoft SQL Server do not support read replicas.
You can use RDS to create and manage DB instances running various DB engines.
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For details about differences and function comparison between different instancetypes, see DB Instance Introduction and Function Comparison.
5.2 DB Instance Classes
Table 5-2 DB instance classes
Instance Class vCPUs Memory(GB)
Supported DB Engine
General-enhanced 1 2 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
1 4 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
1 8 MySQL
2 4 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
(only supported forWeb Editions of 2017,2016, 2014, 2012, and2008 R2, 2008 R2Enterprise Edition, andStandard Editions of2012, 2014, and 2016)
2 8 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
(only supported forEnterprise Editions of2017, 2016, 2014,2012, and 2008 R2,and Standard Editionsof 2017, 2016, 2014,and 2012)
2 16 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
(only supported forEnterprise Editions of2017, 2016, 2014,2012, and 2008 R2,and Standard Editionsof 2017, 2016, 2014,and 2012)
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Instance Class vCPUs Memory(GB)
Supported DB Engine
4 8 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
4 16 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
4 32 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
8 16 ● MySQL● Microsoft SQL Server
8 32 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
8 64 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
16 32 ● MySQL● Microsoft SQL Server
16 64 ● MySQL● Microsoft SQL Server
16 128 ● MySQL● Microsoft SQL Server
(only supported forStandard Editions of2017, 2016, 2014, and2012, and EnterpriseEditions of 2016, 2014,2008 R2, and 2012)
32 64 MySQL
32 128 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
(only supported forEnterprise Editions of2017, 2016, 2014, and2012)
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Instance Class vCPUs Memory(GB)
Supported DB Engine
32 256 Microsoft SQL Server(only supported forEnterprise Editions of2017, 2016, 2014, 2008R2, and 2012)
60 128 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
60 256 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL● Microsoft SQL Server
(only supported forEnterprise Editions of2017, 2016, 2014, and2012)
60 512 ● MySQL● Microsoft SQL Server
(only supported forEnterprise Editions of2017, 2016, 2014, 2008R2, and 2012)
General-enhanced II 2 4 MySQL
2 8 MySQL
2 16 MySQL
4 8 MySQL
4 16 MySQL
4 32 MySQL
8 16 MySQL
8 32 MySQL
8 64 MySQL
16 32 MySQL
16 64 MySQL
16 128 MySQL
32 64 MySQL
32 128 MySQL
64 128 MySQL
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Instance Class vCPUs Memory(GB)
Supported DB Engine
64 256 MySQL
64 512 MySQL
Kunpeng general-enhancedNOTE
Kunpeng general-enhanced DB instancesare available only forusers with the OBTpermission. You cancontact customer serviceto apply for thepermission.
2 4 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
2 8 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
4 8 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
4 16 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
8 16 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
8 32 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
12 24 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
12 48 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
16 32 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
16 64 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
24 48 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
24 96 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
32 64 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
32 128 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
48 96 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
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Instance Class vCPUs Memory(GB)
Supported DB Engine
48 192 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
60 120 ● MySQL● PostgreSQL
Ultra-high performance(advanced)NOTE
1. The ultra-highperformance(advanced) isavailable only forusers with therequired permission.You can contactcustomer service toapply for thepermission.
2. This DB instance classonly supports thecreation of primary/standby DB instancesand read replicas.Single DB instancesand primary/standby(1/2) DB instances arenot supported.
4 32 MySQL
8 64 MySQL
16 128 MySQL
32 256 MySQL
The DB instance specifications vary according to site requirements.
5.3 DB Instance Storage TypeThe database system is generally an important system in the IT system and hashigh requirements on storage I/O performance. You can select a desired storagetype as required. You cannot change the storage type after the DB instance iscreated.
Table 5-3 Storage type
Storage Type Description
Ultra-high I/O The maximum throughput is 350 MB/s.
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Storage Type Description
Ultra-high I/O(advanced)
Considers both the local disk write speed and cloud disk datareliability. MySQL logs are written to local disks to improvedata write speed. Data is written to cloud disks to improvedata reliability.NOTE
The ultra-high I/O (advanced) storage type supports only ultra-highperformance (advanced) DB instances.
5.4 DB Engines and VersionsTable 5-4 lists the DB engines and versions supported by RDS.
For new applications, you are advised to use the latest major version of the DBengine, for example, MySQL 5.7. When you create a DB instance, you can select amajor DB engine version only (such as MySQL 5.7). The system will automaticallyselect an appropriate minor version (such as 5.7.23). After the DB instance iscreated, you can view the minor version in the DB Engine Version column on theInstance Management page. The DB engine and version vary according to siterequirements.
Figure 5-1 DB engine version
Table 5-4 DB engines and versions
DB Engine Version
MySQL ● 8.0● 5.7● 5.6
PostgreSQL ● Enhanced Edition. For more information, seeIntroduction to PostgreSQL Enhanced Edition.
● 12, which is available only for users with the OBTpermission. You can contact customer service toapply for the permission.
● 11● 10● 9.6● 9.5
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DB Engine Version
Microsoft SQL Server ● 2017 Enterprise Edition● 2017 Standard Edition● 2017 Web Edition, which supports single DB
instances only.● 2016 Enterprise Edition● 2016 Standard Edition● 2016 Web Edition, which supports single DB
instances only.● 2014 Enterprise Edition● 2014 Standard Edition● 2014 Web Edition, which supports single DB
instances only.● 2012 Enterprise Edition● 2012 Standard Edition● 2012 Web Edition, which supports single DB
instances only.● 2008 R2 Enterprise Edition, which supports primary/
standby DB instances only.● 2008 R2 Web Edition, which supports single DB
instances only.
5.5 DB Instance Statuses
DB Instance StatusesThe status of a DB instance indicates the health of the DB instance. You can usethe management console or API to view the status of a DB instance.
Table 5-5 DB instance statuses
Status Description
Available DB instance is available.
Abnormal DB instance is abnormal.
Creating DB instance or backup is being created.
Creation failed DB instance has failed to be created.
Switchover inprogress
Standby DB instance is being switched over to the primary DBinstance.
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Status Description
Changing typeto primary/standby
Single DB instance is being changed to primary/standby DBinstances.
Rebooting DB instance is rebooting because of a user request or amodification that requires a reboot for the changes to takeeffect.
Changing port DB instance port is being changed.
Changinginstance class
CPU or memory of a DB instance is being modified.
Scaling up Storage space of a DB instance is being scaled up.
Restoring DB instance is being restored from a backup.
Restore failed DB instance fails to be restored.
Frozen DB instance is frozen when the account balance is less thanor equal to ¥0. Retained frozen DB instances are unfrozenonly after your account is recharged and the overduepayments are cleared. For details, see Account Freezing andUnfreezing.
Storage full Storage space of the DB instance is full. Data cannot bewritten to databases.
Changing toyearly/monthly
Pay-per-use DB instance is being changed to a yearly/monthly DB instance.
Deleted DB instance has been deleted and will not be displayed in theinstance list.
Upgradingminor version
DB instance minor version is being upgraded.
Upgrading DB engine version is being upgraded.
Migratingstandby DBinstance
MySQL standby DB instance is being migrated to an AZ in thesame region.
Parameter Template Statuses
You can use the management console or API to view the status of a parametertemplate after parameters are modified.
Table 5-6 Parameter template statuses
Status Description
In-sync A database parameter has taken effect.
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Status Description
Applying A modification to a database parameter is being applied.
Pending reboot A modification to a database parameter is waiting for a DBinstance to reboot before it can take effect.
Account Freezing and UnfreezingAfter a settlement:
● If your account balance is greater than or equal to ¥0, your operations are notrestricted.
● If your account balance is less than ¥0, RDS will freeze your DB instances andremind you of charging the account. In this case, you cannot performoperations related to adding resources. If the account is not recharged withinthe DB instance retention period, the frozen DB instances will be deleted.Retained frozen DB instances are unfrozen only after your account isrecharged and the overdue payments are cleared. Related services arerestored after the unfreezing. For details about the DB instance retentionperiod, see the following table.
Table 5-7 DB instance retention period
Billing Type Yearly/Monthly Pay-per-Use
CustomerLevel
Grace Period(Days)
RetentionPeriod(Days)
Grace Period(Days)
RetentionPeriod(Days)
V5 7 15 1 15
V4
V3 7 7 1 7
V2 1 7 0 7
V1
V0 1 1 0 1
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● Operations related to adding resources include creating DB instances, expanding diskcapacity, changing instance classes, adding read replicas, migrating data, setting ormodifying automated backup policies, and creating or replicating backups.
● For yearly/monthly DB instances, if you delete them before the expiration date, allrelated resources will be released and RDS will not trigger the refund processautomatically. You need to contact customer service and apply for a refund followingthe unsubscription procedure.
● If a DB instance is frozen, its status is unknown. After it is unfrozen, its status may befaulty and is unavailable for a short period of time before the system restorationoperation is complete.
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6 Typical Applications
6.1 Read/Write SplittingMySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server 2017 Enterprise Edition DB instances supportread replicas to offload read traffic from primary DB instances.
Both primary DB instances and read replicas of RDS MySQL and PostgreSQLdatabases have independent connection addresses. A maximum of five readreplicas can be created for each primary MySQL or PostgreSQL DB instance. Fordetails about how to create a read replica, see Creating a Read Replica.
To improve the system processing capability, you can simply create read replicaswithout the need of changing your existing applications.
Figure 6-1 Read/Write splitting
6.2 Diversified Data StorageRDS supports diverse storage extension through Distributed Cache Service (DCS)for Memcached, DCS for Redis, and OBS.
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Figure 6-2 Diversified data storage
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7 Permissions Management
If you need to assign different permissions to employees in your enterprise toaccess your RDS resources, IAM is a good choice for fine-grained permissionsmanagement. IAM provides identity authentication, permissions management,and access control, helping you secure access to your HUAWEI CLOUD resources.
With IAM, you can use your HUAWEI CLOUD account to create IAM users for youremployees, and assign permissions to the users to control their access to specificresource types. For example, some software developers in your enterprise need touse RDS resources but must not delete them or perform any high-risk operations.To achieve this result, you can create IAM users for the software developers andgrant them only the permissions required for using RDS resources.
If your HUAWEI CLOUD account does not need individual IAM users forpermissions management, you may skip over this chapter.
IAM can be used free of charge. You pay only for the resources in your account.For more information about IAM, see the IAM Service Overview.
RDS PermissionBy default, new IAM users do not have permissions assigned. You need to add auser to one or more groups, and attach permissions policies or roles to thesegroups. Users inherit permissions from the groups to which they are added andcan perform specified operations on cloud services based on the permissions.
RDS is a project-level service deployed and accessed in specific physical regions. Toassign RDS permissions to a user group, specify the scope as region-specificprojects and select projects for the permissions to take effect. If All projects isselected, the permissions will take effect for the user group in all region-specificprojects. When accessing RDS, users need to switch to a region where they havebeen authorized to use RDS.
You can grant users permissions by using roles and policies.● Roles: A type of coarse-grained authorization mechanism that defines
permissions related to user responsibilities. This mechanism provides only alimited number of service-level roles for authorization. When using roles togrant permissions, you need to also assign other roles on which thepermissions depend to take effect. However, roles are not an ideal choice forfine-grained authorization and secure access control.
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● Policies: A type of fine-grained authorization mechanism that definespermissions required to perform operations on specific cloud resources undercertain conditions. This mechanism allows for more flexible policy-basedauthorization, meeting requirements for secure access control. For example,you can grant IAM users only the permissions for managing a certain type ofRDS resources. Most policies define permissions based on APIs. For the APIactions supported by RDS, see Permissions Policies and Supported Actions.
Table 7-1 lists all the system-defined roles and policies supported by RDS.
Table 7-1 System policy summary
Policy Name/System Role
Description Category Dependencies
RDS FullAccess All permissions System policy N/A
RDSReadOnlyAccess
Read-only permissions forRDS
System policy N/A
RDSAdministrator
Administrator permissionsfor RDS
System role The TenantGuest andServerAdministratorroles need tobe assigned inthe sameproject.
Table 7-2 lists the common operations supported by each system policy of RDS.Please choose proper system policies according to this table.
Table 7-2 Common operations supported by the RDS system policies
Operation RDS FullAccess RDSReadOnlyAccess
RDSAdministrator
Creating anRDS DBinstance
√ x √
Deleting anRDS DBinstance
√ x √
Querying anRDS DBinstance list
√ √ √
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Table 7-3 Common operations and supported actions
Operation Actions Remarks
Creating a DBinstance
rds:instance:createrds:param:list
To select a VPC,subnet, and securitygroup, configure thefollowing actions:vpc:vpcs:listvpc:vpcs:getvpc:subnets:getvpc:securityGroups:getTo create anencryption DBinstance, you need toconfigure the KMSAdministratorpermission in theproject.
Changing DBinstancespecifications
rds:instance:modifySpec N/A
Scaling up storagespace
rds:instance:extendSpace N/A
Changing a DBinstance type fromsingle to primary/standby
rds:instance:singleToHa If the original singleDB instance isencrypted, you need toconfigure the KMSAdministratorpermission in theproject.
Rebooting a DBinstance
rds:instance:restart N/A
Deleting a DBinstance
rds:instance:delete N/A
Querying detailsabout DB instances
rds:instance:list N/A
Viewing DB instancedetails
rds:instance:list If the VPC, subnet, andsecurity group aredisplayed in the DBinstance list, you needto configure vpc:*:getand vpc:*:list.
Changing a DBinstance password
rds:password:update N/A
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Operation Actions Remarks
Changing a port rds:instance:modifyPort N/A
Changing a floatingIP address
rds:instance:modifyIp To query the list ofunused IP addresses,configure the followingactions:vpc:subnets:getvpc:ports:get
Changing a DBinstance name
rds:instance:modify N/A
Changing themaintenancewindow
rds:instance:modify N/A
Performing a manualswitchover
rds:instance:switchover N/A
Changing thesynchronize model
rds:instance:modifySynchroni-zeModel
N/A
Changing thefailover priority
rds:instance:modifyStrategy N/A
Changing a securitygroup
rds:instance:modifySecurityGroup
N/A
Binding or unbindingan EIP
rds:instance:modifyPublicAccess
To query public IPaddresses, configurethe following actions:vpc:publicIps:getvpc:publicIps:list
Modifying therecycling policy
rds:instance:setRecycleBin N/A
Querying therecycling policy
rds:instance:list N/A
Enabling or disablingSSL
rds:instance:modifySSL N/A
Enabling or disablingevent scheduler
rds:instance:modifyEvent N/A
Configuring read/write splitting
rds:instance:modifyProxy N/A
Applying for aprivate domainname
rds:instance:createDns N/A
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Operation Actions Remarks
Migrating a standbyDB instance toanother AZ
rds:instance:create Standby DB instancemigration involvesoperations on the IPaddress in the subnet.For encrypted DBinstances, you need toconfigure the KMSAdministratorpermission in theproject.
Restoring tables to aspecified point intime
rds:instance:tableRestore N/A
Configuring TDEpermission
rds:instance:tde Only used forMicrosoft SQL ServerDB instances.
Changing hostpermission
rds:instance:modifyHost N/A
Querying hosts ofthe correspondingdatabase account
rds:instance:list N/A
Obtaining aparameter templatelist
rds:param:list N/A
Creating a parametertemplate
rds:param:create N/A
Modifyingparameters in aparameter template
rds:param:modify N/A
Applying aparameter template
rds:param:apply N/A
Modifyingparameters of aspecified DB instance
rds:param:modify N/A
Obtaining theparameter templateof a specified DBinstance
rds:param:list N/A
Obtainingparameters of aspecified parametertemplate
rds:param:list N/A
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Operation Actions Remarks
Deleting a parametertemplate
rds:param:delete N/A
Resetting aparameter template
rds:param:reset N/A
Comparingparameter templates
rds:param:list N/A
Saving parameters ina parametertemplate
rds:param:save N/A
Querying aparameter templatetype
rds:param:list N/A
Setting anautomated backuppolicy
rds:instance:modifyBackupPoli-cy
N/A
Querying anautomated backuppolicy
rds:instance:list N/A
Creating a manualbackup
rds:backup:create N/A
Obtaining a backuplist
rds:backup:list N/A
Obtaining the linkfor downloading abackup file
rds:backup:download N/A
Deleting a manualbackup
rds:backup:delete N/A
Replicating a backup rds:backup:create N/A
Querying therestoration timerange
rds:instance:list N/A
Restoring data to anew DB instance
rds:instance:create To select a VPC,subnet, and securitygroup, configure thefollowing actions:vpc:vpcs:listvpc:vpcs:getvpc:subnets:getvpc:securityGroups:get
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Operation Actions Remarks
Restoring data to anexisting or originalDB instance
rds:instance:restoreInPlace N/A
Obtaining the binlogclearing policy
rds:binlog:get N/A
Merging binlog files rds:binlog:merge N/A
Downloading abinlog file
rds:binlog:download N/A
Deleting a binlog file rds:binlog:delete N/A
Configuring a binlogclearing policy
rds:binlog:setPolicy N/A
Obtaining adatabase backup filelist
rds:backup:list N/A
Obtaining a backupdatabase list at aspecified time point
rds:backup:list N/A
Querying a databaseerror log
rds:log:list N/A
Querying a databaseslow log
rds:log:list N/A
Downloading adatabase error log
rds:log:download N/A
Downloading adatabase slow log
rds:log:download N/A
Enabling or disablingthe audit logfunction
rds:auditlog:operate N/A
Obtaining an auditlog list
rds:auditlog:list N/A
Querying the auditlog policy
rds:auditlog:list N/A
Obtaining the linkfor downloading anaudit log
rds:auditlog:download N/A
Obtaining aswitchover log
rds:log:list N/A
Creating a database rds:database:create N/A
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Operation Actions Remarks
Querying detailsabout databases
rds:database:list N/A
Querying authorizeddatabases of aspecified user
rds:database:list N/A
Dropping a database rds:database:drop N/A
Creating a databaseaccount
rds:databaseUser:create N/A
Querying detailsabout databaseaccounts
rds:databaseUser:list N/A
Querying authorizedaccounts of aspecified database
rds:databaseUser:list N/A
Deleting a databaseaccount
rds:databaseUser:drop N/A
Authorizing adatabase account
rds:databasePrivilege:grant N/A
Revokingpermissions of adatabase account
rds:databasePrivilege:revoke N/A
Viewing a taskcenter list
rds:task:list N/A
Deleting a task fromthe task center
rds:task:delete N/A
Submitting an orderfor a yearly/monthlyDB instance
bss:order:update N/A
Managing a tag rds:instance:modify N/A
Helpful Links● IAM Service Overview● Creating a User Group and User and Granting RDS Permissions● Permissions Policies and Supported Actions
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8 Constraints
8.1 MySQL ConstraintsTable 8-1 shows the constraints designed to ensure the stability and security ofRDS for MySQL.
Table 8-1 Function constraints
Function Item Constraints
Database access ● If DB instances are not bound with EIPs, theinstances must be in the same VPC subnet as theECS.
● RDS read replicas must be created in the samesubnet as the primary DB instance.
● The ECS must be allowed by the security group toaccess RDS DB instances.By default, RDS cannot be accessed through an ECSin a different security group. You need to add aninbound rule to the RDS security group.
● The default RDS port is 3306. You can change it ifyou want to access RDS through another port.
Deployment ECSs in which DB instances are deployed are not visibleto you. You can access the DB instances only throughan IP address and a port number.
Database rootpermissions
Only the root user permissions are provided on theinstance creation page. For more information aboutroot permissions, see Table 8-2.
Database parametermodification
Most parameters can be modified on the RDS console.
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Function Item Constraints
Data import ● Command-line interface (CLI) or graphical userinterface (GUI)
● DRS● MySQL CLI toolFor details, see Migrating MySQL Data Using DRS.
MySQL storage engine For details, see What Storage Engines Does the RDSfor MySQL Support?
Database replicationsetup
RDS for MySQL provides a dual-node cluster with theprimary/standby replication architecture. You do notneed to set up replication. The standby DB instance isnot visible to users and therefore you cannot access itdirectly.
DB instance reboot DB instances cannot be rebooted through commands.They must be rebooted on the RDS console.
RDS backup files RDS backup files are stored in OBS buckets and are notvisible to you.
Table 8-2 Root user permissions
Permission Level Description Supported
Select Table Query permissions Supported
Insert Table Insert permissions
Update Table Update permissions
Delete Table Delete permissions
Create Database,table, orindex
Permissions of creatingdatabases, tables, or indexes
Drop Databaseor table
Permissions of deletingdatabases or tables
Reload Servermanagement
Permissions of running thefollowing commands: flush-hosts, flush-logs, flush-privileges, flush-status, flush-tables, flush-threads, refresh,and reload
Process Servermanagement
Permissions of viewingprocesses
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Permission Level Description Supported
Grant Database,table, orstoredprogram
Permissions of granting accesscontrol
References Databaseor table
Foreign key operationpermissions
Index Table Index permissions
Alter Table Permissions of altering tables,such as adding fields or indexes
Show_db Servermanagement
Permissions of viewingdatabase connections
Create_tmp_table Servermanagement
Permissions of creatingtemporary tables
Lock_tables Servermanagement
Permissions of locking tables
Execute Storedprocedure
Permissions of executingstorage procedures
Repl_slave Servermanagement
Replication permissions
Repl_client Servermanagement
Replication permissions
Create_view View Permissions of creating views
Show_view View Permissions of viewing views
Create_routine Storedprocedure
Permissions of creating storageprocedures
Alter_routine Storedprocedure
Permissions of altering storageprocedures
Create_user Servermanagement
Permissions of creating users
Event Database Event triggers
Trigger Database Triggers
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Permission Level Description Supported
Super Servermanagement
Permissions of killing threads Notsupported
File File on theserver
Permissions of accessing fileson database server nodes
Shutdown Servermanagement
Permissions of shutting downdatabases
Create_tablespace Servermanagement
Permissions of creatingtablespaces
8.2 PostgreSQL ConstraintsTable 8-3 shows the constraints designed to ensure the stability and security ofRDS for PostgreSQL.
Table 8-3 Function constraints
Function Item Constraints
Database access ● If remote access is not enabled, RDS DBinstances must be in the same VPC subnet as theECS.
● RDS read replicas must be created in the samesubnet as the primary DB instance.
● The ECS must be allowed by the security groupto access RDS DB instances.By default, RDS cannot be accessed through anECS in a different security group. You need toadd an inbound rule to the RDS security group.
● The default RDS port is 5432. You can change itif you want to access RDS through another port.
Deployment ECSs in which DB instances are deployed are notvisible to you. You can access the DB instances onlythrough an IP address and a port number.
Database rootpermissions
Only the root user permissions are provided on theinstance creation page.NOTE
The root user has the following permissions: Create role,Create DB, and Replication.
Database parametermodification
Most parameters can be modified on the RDSconsole.
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Function Item Constraints
Data import ● Use the DRS service.● You can use the psql command line tool to
migrate data.
For details, see Migrating PostgreSQL Data UsingDRS.
Database replicationsetup
RDS for PostgreSQL provides a dual-node clusterwith the primary/standby replication architecture.You do not need to set up replication. The standbyDB instance is not visible to users and therefore youcannot access it directly.
DB instance reboot DB instances cannot be rebooted throughcommands. They must be rebooted on the RDSconsole.
RDS backup files RDS backup files are stored in OBS buckets and arenot visible to users.
8.3 Microsoft SQL Server ConstraintsRDS for SQL Server only supports DB instances under the License Included modeland does not support "bring your own license" (BYOL). After a DB instance iscreated, it contains the Microsoft SQL Server software license.
Table 8-4 shows the constraints designed to ensure the stability and security ofRDS for SQL Server.
Microsoft SQL Server DB instances are classified into two types: single andprimary/standby. DB instances of different series have different functionconstraints. For details, see DB Instance Introduction.
Table 8-4 Function constraints
Function Item Primary/Standby Single
Maximum number ofdatabases
100 (can be increased) 100 (can be increased)
Number of databaseaccounts
Unlimited Unlimited
Creation of user, LOGIN, ordatabase
Supported Supported
Database-level DDL trigger Supported Supported
Database permissionauthorization
Supported Supported
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Function Item Primary/Standby Single
KILL permission Supported Supported
LinkServer Supported Supported
Distributed transaction Supported Supported
SQL Profiler Supported Supported
Tuning Adviser Supported Supported
Change Data Capture (CDC) Supported Supported
Change tracking Supported Supported
Windows domain accountlogin
Supported Supported
Email Supported Supported
SQL Server IntegrationServices (SSIS)
Not supported Not supported
SQL Server Analysis Services(SSAS)
Not supported Not supported
SQL Server ReportingServices (SSRS)
Supported Supported
R Services Not supported Not supported
Common LanguageRuntime (CLR)
Support for SAFE mode Support for SAFEmode
Asynchronouscommunication
Not supported Not supported
Replication subscription Not supported Not supported
Policy management Not supported Not supported
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9 Billing
HUAWEI CLOUD RDS allows you to pay only for what you use. There is nominimum fee.
Billing Items
HUAWEI CLOUD RDS charges you for your DB instances, database storage, andbackup storage (optional).
Table 9-1 RDS billing
Billing Item Description
DB instance ● RDS charges for the specifications of your DB instances.(DB instances are classified as three types: primary DBinstances, primary/standby DB instances, and readreplicas).
● DB instances can be billed on a yearly/monthly basis orpay-per-use (hourly) basis.
Databasestorage
● RDS charges for your database storage.● DB instances can be billed on a yearly/monthly basis or
pay-per-use (hourly) basis.
Backup storage(optional)
RDS provides free backup storage space of almost the samesize as your purchased storage space. Tiered pricing initiatesafter the RDS backup storage usage exceeds 100% of yourpurchased database storage space.
Public networktraffic
RDS DB instances are publicly accessible and you are chargedfor the generated public network traffic. Private networktraffic is free of charge.
For pricing details, see Product Pricing Details. You can use the RDS pricecalculator to quickly calculate an estimate price of a DB instance with your desiredspecifications.
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Billing Modes
RDS provides two billing modes: pay-per-use and yearly/monthly. Pay-per-use isrecommended if you are unsure of your future service needs and want to avoidpaying for unused resources. However, if you are sure of your needs, yearly/monthly will be less expensive.
● Yearly/Monthly: This billing mode offers a larger discount than pay-per-useand is recommended for uses who can predict long-term resource usage.
● Pay-per-use (hourly): This billing mode is flexible, enabling you to start andstop services anytime. You pay only for what you use. The minimum time unitis one hour. Less than an hour is regarded as an hour.
● You can change the billing mode from pay-per-use to yearly/monthly or fromyearly/monthly to pay-per-use.
Changing Configurations● Modifying RDS DB instance specifications: You can modify RDS DB instance
specifications based on service requirements. After the modification, you arecharged based on the new instance specifications.
● Scaling up storage space: You can scale up storage space based on servicerequirements. After scaling the storage space, you are charged based on thenew storage space. Storage space can only be scaled up, not down. Theminimum increment for each scaling is 10 GB.
Renewal
Currently, RDS supports the yearly/monthly and pay-per-use billing modes. The DBinstance specifications depend on your processing power and memoryrequirements.
● Pay-per-use: You are charged based on the actual usage by hour. Partial hoursare billed as full hours. You can use the service as long as your accountbalance is sufficient. If your account balance is insufficient, it will be inarrears. Top up your account in a timely manner.
● Yearly/monthly: An upfront payment is required when you purchase theservice. No additional fees are incurred during your usage.
To renew the subscription, go to the Renewals page.
Expiration and Overdue Payment● Service Expiration
If your purchased DB instance has expired, see Stopping Services andReleasing Resources in the Billing Center User Guide.
● Overdue Payment
If your purchased DB instance is in arrears, see Repaying Arrears in theBilling Center User Guide.
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10 Related Services
The following figure shows the relationship between RDS and other services.
Figure 10-1 Relationship between RDS and other services
Table 10-1 Related services
Service Name Description
Elastic CloudService (ECS)
Enables you to access RDS DB instances through an ECS toreduce application response time and public network trafficfees.
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Service Name Description
Virtual PrivateCloud (VPC)
Isolates your networks and controls access to your RDS DBinstances.
Object StorageService (OBS)
Stores automated and manual backups of your RDS DBinstances.
Cloud Eye Acts as an open monitoring platform that monitors RDSresources in real time. It reports alarms and issues warningspromptly to ensure that services are running properly.
Cloud TraceService (CTS)
Provides records of operations on cloud service resources,enabling you to query, audit, and backtrack operations.
Database SecurityService (DBSS)
Prevents database attacks, ensuring database security onthe cloud.
Distributed CacheService (DCS)
Caches hot data to accelerate access to databases,improving user experience.
DistributedDatabaseMiddleware(DDM)
Connects to multiple RDS MySQL DB instances and allowsyou to access distributed databases.
Data ReplicationService (DRS)
Smoothly migrates databases to the cloud.
Data AdminService (DAS)
Provides a visualized GUI interface for you to connect andmanage cloud databases.
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11 RDS for MySQL Version Description
MySQL 8.020191215
New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 8.0.17.● Support parallel index builds.
20191015
Fixed bugs.
The replication delay is abnormal when SQL_MODE is set toPAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH.
20190915
New features
● Support thread pools.● Upgrade OpenSSL to 1.1.1a.● Support the Common Type System (CTS) syntax: create table xx select.● Support show full processlist queries for memory usage and CPU usage of
user threads.
MySQL 5.720191215
New features
● DDL operation progress: Obtain the progress of adding columns or indexesthrough information_schema.innodb_alter_table_progress.
● Long transactions: Obtain the transaction execution time Trx_Executed_Timethrough SHOW PROCESSLIST.
● Online extension of the String field length: Extend the VARCHAR field lengthfrom COPY to INPLACE.
20191015
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New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 5.7.27.● Instant add column: Columns are quickly added to a table without copying
data and without occupying disk space and disk I/Os. Data can be updated inreal time during peak hours.
● Logical read-ahead: During a full table scan query or range scan query, logicalread-ahead accelerates the execution speed and reduces disk I/Os.
● MDL lock view: Obtain the lock information of the MDL held or waiting bythe thread through information_schema.metadata_lock_info.
● SQL filtering: Set SQL statements to filter out the SQL statements that are notprocessed. This function ensures the stability of core services during peakhours.
20190815
New features
Jemalloc memory management: Replace the jlibc memory management moduleto reduce the memory usage and improve memory allocation efficiency.
20190615
New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 5.7.25.● Support implicit primary keys: If a user does not specify a primary key or
unique index when creating a table, the system automatically creates animplicit primary key to resolve the primary/standby replication delay causedby no primary keys.
20190515
● New featuresWhen sync_binlog and innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit are set to valuesother than 1, the crash safe data security of the standby database isguaranteed. In sysbench high-concurrent pure write request scenarios, thereplication delay between primary and standby DB instances is almost zero.
● Fixed bugs– When relay_log_recovery is set to ON, the standby database cannot be
rebooted after being killed in certain scenarios.– When SQL_MODE is set to PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH, data
replication between primary and standby DB instances is abnormal.– Errors occur on performance_schema statistics repeatedly.– When ORDER BY queries are performed on tables about information
replication in Performance_schema, the return value is empty.
20190115
Fixed bugs
● After the flush operation is performed on read replicas, data replication isinterrupted and data is inconsistent between primary and standby DBinstances.
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● The replication thread of the standby database is deadlocked due to theREPAIR or OPTIMIZE statements.
20181115
New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 5.7.23.● Support creation and deletion of temporary tables in transactions when GTID
is enabled.● Support table-level multi-threaded slaves (MTS) parallel playback.
20180715
New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 5.7.22.● Support thread pools.● Support the CTS syntax: create table xx select.● Operator pushdown: The aggregation operator is pushed down to the storage
engine layer to improve the execution speed of count() and sum().● Kill idle transactions: Transactions that have been idled for a long time are
automatically killed after the timeout threshold is reached.● Support show full processlist queries for memory usage and CPU usage of
user threads.
MySQL 5.6
20191215
New features
● Long transactions: Obtain the transaction execution time Trx_Executed_Timethrough SHOW PROCESSLIST.
● Online extension of the String field length: Extend the VARCHAR field lengthfrom COPY to INPLACE.
20191015
New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 5.6.45.● Support show full processlist queries for memory usage and CPU usage of
user threads.● Kill idle transactions: Transactions that have been idled for a long time are
automatically killed after the timeout threshold is reached.● SQL filtering: Set SQL statements to filter out the SQL statements that are not
processed. This function ensures the stability of core services during peakhours.
20190815
New features
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● Logical read-ahead: During a full table scan query or range scan query, logicalread-ahead accelerates the execution speed and reduces disk I/Os.
● Jemalloc memory management: Replace the jlibc memory managementmodule to reduce the memory usage and improve memory allocationefficiency.
20190615
New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 5.6.43.● Support the audit function.● Support implicit primary keys: If a user does not specify a primary key or
unique index when creating a table, the system automatically creates animplicit primary key to resolve the primary/standby replication delay causedby no primary keys.
20190515
Fixed bugs
● The replication delay second_behind_master is inaccurate in certainscenarios.
● The replication delay is abnormal when SQL_MODE is set toPAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH.
20190115
Fixed bugs
● After the flush operation is performed on read replicas, data replication isinterrupted and data is inconsistent between primary and standby DBinstances.
● The replication thread of the standby database is deadlocked due to theREPAIR or OPTIMIZE statements.
● Errors occur on the grant select(column_name) statement replicationthreshold.
20181115
New features
● Upgrade the minor version to 5.6.41.● Support creation and deletion of temporary tables in transactions when GTID
is enabled.● Support table-level MTS parallel playback.
20180715
● New features– Upgrade the minor version to 5.6.40.– Support thread pools.– Support the CTS syntax: create table xx select.
● Fixed bugs
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– Binlog and relay log names depend on the PID file names.– The relay_log_basename parameter is not specified, resulting in the
failure of primary/standby replication.– The force index syntax becomes invalid in the group_by xx order_by xx
limit n1,n2 scenario.
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12 Function Differences of RDS for SQLServer DB Instances
This section describes function differences between single and primary/standby DBinstances as well as function differences among SQL Server editions.
● For details about differences of basic functions, see Table 12-1.● For details about differences of product functions, see DB Instance
Introduction.● For details about differences of database migration functions, see Table 12-2.● For details about differences of database security functions, see Table 12-3.
Table 12-1 Differences of basic functions
Module Function Item Primary/Standby Single
Life cycle Create a DBinstance
Supported Supported
Reboot a DBinstance
Supported Supported
Auto-renewal Supported Supported
Change the billingmode
Supported Supported
Change theinstance class
Supported Supported
Delete a DBinstance
Supported Supported
Upgrade the DBengine version
Supported Supported
Restore to a newDB instance
Supported Supported
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Module Function Item Primary/Standby Single
Create a readreplica
Supported (for2017 EE only)
Not supported
DB instanceproperties
View the DBinstance list
Supported Supported
View DB instancedetails
Supported Supported
Modify the DBinstancedescription
Supported Supported
Change themaintenancewindow
Supported Supported
Manage tags Supported Supported
Manage AZs Not supported Not supported
Databaseconnection
Internal accessthrough a VPC
Supported Supported
Public accessibility Supported Supported
Read/write splittingaddress
Not supported Not supported
Serviceavailability
Disaster recovery inan AZ
Supported Supported
Disaster recovery inthe same city
Supported Not supported
Remote disasterrecovery
Not supported Not supported
Disaster recoverydrill
Not supported Not supported
Backups andrestorations
Full backup Supported Supported
Log backup Supported Supported
Customize abackup policy
Supported Supported
Restore fromautomated backups
Supported Supported
Point in timerecovery
Supported Supported
Partial backup Supported Supported
Partial restore Supported Supported
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Module Function Item Primary/Standby Single
Monitoringand alarms
Resourcemonitoring
Supported Supported
DB enginemonitoring
Not supported Not supported
Customizemonitoring policies
Supported Supported
Aggregatemonitoring items
Supported Supported
Parametermanagement
Parameter update Supported Supported
Parametertemplate
Supported Supported
Logmanagement
Error logs Supported Supported
System runninglogs
Supported Supported
Table 12-2 Differences of database migration
Function Item Primary/Standby Single
Homogeneousdata migration
Supported Supported
Heterogeneousdata migration
Not supported Not supported
Datasynchronization
Supported Supported
Table 12-3 Differences of database security
Function Item Primary/Standby Single
IP addresswhitelist
Not supported Not supported
Managementaudit
Supported Supported
Firewall Supported (DBSS) Supported (DBSS)
Database audit Supported (DBSS) Supported (DBSS)
Storageencryption
Supported Supported
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Function Item Primary/Standby Single
Networkencryption
Supported Supported
Security groupmanagement
Supported Supported
TransparentData Encryption(TDE)encryption
Supported (Enterprise Edition) Supported (EnterpriseEdition)
Table 12-4 lists the major differences of the official Microsoft SQL Server editions.
For more information about function differences among Microsoft SQL Server2014 official editions, see official documents.
For more information about function differences among Microsoft SQL Server2016 official editions, see official documents.
Table 12-4 Differences of Microsoft SQL Server editions
Function Item Web Edition Standard Edition EnterpriseEdition
Instance class 16 vCPUs | 64GB
16 vCPUs | 128 GB(Microsoft SQL Server2012 and 2014)24 vCPUs | 128 GB(Microsoft SQL Server2016 and 2017)
60 vCPUs | 512GB
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Function Item Web Edition Standard Edition EnterpriseEdition
High availability Not supported Mirror HA ● MicrosoftSQLServer2008(Mirror)
● MicrosoftSQLServer2012(Mirror)
● MicrosoftSQLServer2014(Mirror)
● MicrosoftSQLServer2016(Mirror)
● MicrosoftSQLServer2017(AlwaysOn)
Data compression Supported Supported Supported
SQL Profiler Supported Supported Supported
Column index Not supported Supported Supported
Table/indexpartitioning
Supported ● Microsoft SQL Server2014
● Microsoft SQL Server2016
● Microsoft SQL Server2012
● Not supported forMicrosoft SQL Server2008
Supported
Change DataCapture (CDC)
Not supported ● Microsoft SQL Server2016
● Microsoft SQL Server2012
Supported
Online DDL Not supported Not supported Supported
Parallel searches Not supported Not supported Supported
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Function Item Web Edition Standard Edition EnterpriseEdition
Adjustment ofpartitioned tableparallelism
Not supported Not supported Supported
TDE Not supported Not supported Supported
Advanced Rintegration
Not supported Not supported Supported
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A Change History
Released On Description
2020-03-31 This issue is the eighteenth officialrelease, which incorporates thefollowing change:Added Billing.
2020-03-06 This issue is the seventeenth officialrelease, which incorporates thefollowing change:Supported PostgreSQL 12.
2019-12-30 This issue is the sixteenth officialrelease, which incorporates thefollowing change:Added section DamengDB Constraints.
2019-12-15 This issue is the fifteenth officialrelease, which incorporates thefollowing change:Added the MySQL minor versiondescription from 20191015 to20191215.
2019-10-31 This issue is the thirteenth officialrelease, which incorporates thefollowing change:Added section DB Instance StorageType.
2019-10-12 This issue is the twelfth official release,which incorporates the followingchange:Added section RDS for MySQLVersion Description.
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Released On Description
2019-09-12 This issue is the eleventh officialrelease, which incorporates thefollowing change:Supported Kunpeng generalcomputing-plus DB instancespecifications.Supported General-enhanced II DBinstance specifications.Supported MySQL 8.0.Supported Microsoft SQL Server 2017Standard Edition and 2017 WebEdition.
2019-06-12 This issue is the tenth official release,which incorporates the followingchange:Added Permissions Management.
2019-01-08 This issue is the ninth official release,which incorporates the followingchanges:SQL Server 2012 is added.
2018-11-20 This issue is the eighth official release,which incorporates the followingchange:Supported I3 specifications forPostgreSQL.
2018-10-15 This issue is the seventh officialrelease, which incorporates thefollowing changes:● Supported finance edition of
MySQL DB instances.● Supported "Always On" primary/
standby DB instances for MicrosoftSQL Server.
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Released On Description
2018-08-15 This issue is the sixth official release,which incorporates the followingchanges:● Added the I3 DB instance
specifications.● Supported 2 vCPUs | 4 GB
specifications for three MicrosoftSQL Server Web Editions.
● Supported the following MicrosoftSQL Server 2008 Enterprise Editionspecifications: 2 vCPUs | 4 GB, 16vCPUs | 64 GB, 32 vCPUs | 256 GB,and 60 vCPUs | 512 GB.
2018-07-13 This issue is the fifth official release,which incorporates the followingchange:● Supported SQL Server 2016 Web.● Supported SQL Server 2014 SP2
Web.● Supported SQL Server 2008 R2 SP3
Web.
2018-06-30 This issue is the fourth official release,which incorporates the followingchange:Added descriptions of RDS DB engines.
2018-06-15 This issue is the third official release,which incorporates the followingchanges:● Increased the backup retention
period to 732 days.● Supported 1 vCPU | 2 GB and 1
vCPU | 4 GB instance classes forPostgreSQL DB instances.
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Released On Description
2018-06-01 This issue is the second official release,which incorporates the followingchanges:● Supported DSS.● Supported a maximum of 4000 GB
of storage space when you createor scale up a DB instance.
● Supported creating yearly/monthlyDB instances in batches.
● Supported PostgreSQL 10.● Supported Microsoft SQL Server
2008 R2 SP3 Enterprise Edition.
2018-05-15 This issue is the first official release.
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