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Travelling to and from work:
Risk of fatigue and sleepiness
Ir. Mohd Rasid bin Osman
Director
Vehicle Safety and Biomechanics Research Centre
Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research
MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH
INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN KESELAMATAN JALAN RAYA
MALAYSIA
Vision
World Leader in Road
Safety Research
Mission
Develop Science and Art of Road
Safety Interventions
Objectives
Relevant Research, New Knowledge &
Technology, Cost-Effective Interventions,
Management of Knowledge
Road Safety Status in Malaysia
In Malaysia,
About 477, 204 cases with 6, 915 deaths due to road crashes in 2013.
19 deaths occur everyday.
(Malaysia Road Safety Plan 2014 – 2020)
Statistic: Commuting Accidents
54,133 55,186 57,639 59,897 61,552 63,557
35,092 34,376 35,603 35,088 35,296 35,898
19,041 20,810 22,036 24,809 26,256 27,659
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Bilangan kemalangan dilaporkan
Bilangan kemalangan perusahaan dilaporkan
Bilangan kemalangan semasa perjalanan dilaporkan
Sumber : Laporan Tahunan PERKESO, 2013
1.71%
5.34%
Distribution by type of commuting
53.8
30.9
5.6
9.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
% o
f cr
ash
Travelling to work
Travelling from work
During lunch/rest hour
During working hour
Commuting accident cases, 2009-2010
Percentage of crash by time
8
9 3 5
91
56
20
30 29
42
53
18 16
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time of crash
Crash Risk Factor
RISK FACTOR: CRASH OCCURANCE
VEHICLE
HUMAN
ENVIRONMENT
CRASH RISK
FACTOR
Excessive speed
DUI
Fatigue
Young male
Vulnerable road
user in urban and
residential areas
Travelling in
darkness
Poor eyesight
Braking, handling
and maintenance
Defects in road
design, layout and
maintenance
Inadequate
visibility because
of environmental
factors
World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention (2004)
Crash investigation statistic
• Based on cases investigated by MIROS Crash-team for year 2007-2010,
• Data revealed that risky driving and fatigue among the highest causes of crash.
• Fatigue accounts for 7.7% of crashes involving passenger cars, 9.9% lorry and 7.9% bus.
What is Fatigue?
• A state of reduced physical or mental alertness which impairs performance of a range of cognitive and psychomotor tasks including riding (Moore-Ede et al, 1998; Haworth &Heffernan 1989).
Work-related factor
• Roster pattern
• Rotating/night shift
• Length & timing of shift
• Mentally/physically demanding work
• Recovery time between shift
• Meal & rest break
• Environmental condition
• Work demand placed on person
Other factor
• Inadequate/poor sleep
• Social life
• Family responsibilities
• Health
• Lifestyle (Diet, exercise)
• Part time job
• Travel time
Driving Performance Impairment
Fatigue decrease the physiological & psychological performance which includes slower the sensorimotor functions and impaired the information processing. (Babkoff et al, 1988; Dinges and Graeber, 1989; Monk and Folkard, 1985)
Hence, it can impair the driving ability to response effectively to unusual, unexpected or emergency situation (Babkoff et al, 1988; Dinges and Graeber, 1989; Monk and Folkard, 1985).
Fatigue increases and accumulated by time spent driving (Harris and Mackie, 1972).
Highlights on MIROS’ study
findings
Fatigue & Sleep Studies
Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS)
Fatigue among Commercial Bus Drivers in Malaysia :
Role of Driving Hours and Single versus Two-Driver
Approach
18
STUDY 1 : 2008
Objectives of the study
To establish the proportion of drivers experiencing fatigue based on the driving and working hours
To determine the optimum driving and working hours for commercial bus drivers with regard to fatigue status
To compare the proportion of drivers who experience fatigue with type of drivers
19
Study sample
• Cross-sectional study
• Samples were among express bus drivers plying short and long routes of Peninsular Malaysia
• Bus operators were selected based on one-man operation and two driver system.
Results
21
After 8 hours driving, more than a quarter of drivers experienced fatigue. It
increase to 84% after 11 hours.
After 8 hrs working, 18% of the drivers fatigue. It increase to 50% and 68%
after 11 and 12 hrs of working respectively.
22
Conclusion
• There is a need for establishing a good driver management
• Drivers should have a rest after 4 hours of continuous driving
• The ideal driving and working hours would be 6 and 8 hrs,but ;
• After consider practical aspect, 8 hrs driving and 10 hrs working still acceptable.
• Drivers need to be trained on the importance of fatigue-related crashes and how to manage fatigue.
23
STUDY 2: 2012
Driver Fatigue and Factors Associated among Commercial
Truck Drivers in Klang Valley
• Fatigue assessment based on CISQ questionnaire revealed that about 17.7% of drivers were fatigue; scores >76
• The fatigue status indicated that the drivers were fatigue; either having acute fatigue or prolonged fatigue.
• The level of fatigue indicated by the CISQ Q is reflecting the condition in two weeks before.
Results
STUDY 3: 2012
Sleep Quality Status among Commercial Truck Drivers in
Klang Valley
Results
34.67%
65.33
34.7% of truck drivers having poor
sleep quality
STUDY 4: 2014
Sleep Quality Status among Private Vehicle Drivers
Study location and samples
• Study was conducted at 4 rest areas along major expressway in Malaysia
• Total respondents = 1379 samples
Results
• 48.9% of drivers having poor sleep quality
• 58.8% of them were male, 66.4% were married
Initiatives to manage fatigue issues
• SHE COP
• ICOP
• Safety Star Grading Program
• SIRIM Standard : Good Practices in Implementing Commuting Safety Management
Recommended practice to prevent
sleepiness and fatigue
• Get enough rest at night, avoid part time job or unnecessary night life
• Go to bed earlier, recommended sleep at night= 7-8 hours.
• Avoid medicinal intake before go to work which may contribute to sleepiness
• Avoid heavy meals before driving/riding
• After finish work, take 5-10 min rest before started your journey
• Refresh yourself by doing light exercise, wash face and drink coffee or tea before travel back
• Healthy eating and diet
• Reduce/stop smoking
• Reduce/stop drink alcohol
