Roux 2003 (Standardization and Specialization)

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Society for American Archaeology

Ceramic Standardization and Intensity of Production: Quantifying Degrees of SpecializationAuthor(s): Valentine RouxSource: American Antiquity, Vol. 68, No. 4 (Oct., 2003), pp. 768-782Published by: Society for American ArchaeologyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557072

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CERAMIC STANDARDIZATIONAND INTENSITY OF PRODUCTION:QUANTIFYING DEGREES OF SPECIALIZATIONValentineRoux

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between metric variability of ceramic vessels of a single type and inten-sity of production. This relationship is examined on the basis of vessels made by Indian and Spanish potters whose rates ofproduction vary from low to high. Results are compared with Filipino data to embrace different cultures and therefore pos-sibly different emic conceptions of standardization. We conclude that rate of production affects the degree of standardiza-tion. However, only in a high-rate production situation do we have motor habits that transcend emic conceptions ofstandardization. Indeed, factors like size classes, emic conception of size classes, and skill may induce a certain variabil-ity despite similar rates of production. Indexing degrees of standardization needs, in other respects, to take into account thecumulative effect of production events that play on the CV (Coefficient of Variation) values. Applied to Mesopotamian data,our results suggest that third millennium ceramic production can be compared to low-rate production observed ethno-graphically.El prop6sito de este estudio es analizar la relacion entre la variabilidad metrica de las vasijas de un solo tipo cerdmico y laintensidad de la produccion. Esta relacion se estudia a partir de una serie de piezas manufacturadas por alfareros de la Indiay de Espana cuya produccion puede variar en cantide de baja a alta. Los resultados se comparan con datos de los filipinospara abarcar diferentes culturas y, por lo tanto, posibles diferencias en conceptos emicos de estandarizaci6n. Concluimos quela tasa de produccion incide en el nivel de estandarizacion. Sin embargo, solamente en caso de una tasa alta de producci6nhay habitos de manufactura que transcienden los conceptos emicos de estandarizacion. En efecto, factores como las clases dedimensiones, los conceptos emicos del tamaiio y la destreza del artesano producen cierta variabilidad a pesar de que hayatasas similares de produccion. Para medir los grados de estandarizacion se requiere, entre otros aspectos, tomar en cuentael efecto acumulativo de los eventos de producci6n sobre los valores del CV (coeficiente de variaci6n). Al aplicar estos resul-tados a los datos de Mesopotamia, se cuenta con bases para plantear que la produccion de ceramica en el tercer mileniopuede ser comparada con una produccion de nivel bajo tal como se lo ha observado en contextos etnogrdficos.

In archaeology,the degree of ceramic stan-dardizations taken o reflect ntensityof pro-duction and degree of specialization. Thestandardizationhypothesis (e.g., Costin 1991,2000; Costin and Hagstrum1995) proposesthatmoreuniformitys due to a higherrateof produc-tion. The latter s correlatedwith economic spe-cialization, which encompasses many ways toorganize raftproductiondomesticvs.specializedproduction, art-time s. full-timepotters,attachedvs. independentpotters, ndividualvs. workshop,etc.) (e.g.,Arnold and Nieves 1992;Blackmanetal. 1993;Costin1991,2000;CostinandHagstrum1995; Feinman et al. 1981; London 1991; Lon-gacre 1991;Longacreetal.1988;Rice 1989,1991;

Sinopoli 1988;Stark1995). Degreeof standard-izationmaybe assessed hrough awmaterial om-position, manufacturing techniques, form anddimensions,and surfacedecoration.Twotypesofattributes may be distinguished (Costin andHagstrum 1995): intentional and mechanical.Intentionalattributes re controlledby the artisanand nclude echnological,morphological,ndstyl-istic properties.Mechanical attributesare those"which the potterunintentionallyntroduces ntohis orherworks"CostinandHagstrum 995:622).Theyrelate o motorhabitsandskill, and,becausetheyareunconscious,heymoredirectly eflect heorganization f production. n thisregard,metricvariabilityhouldreflect henumber f workunits,

Valentine Roux * Laboratoirede Pr6histoire t Technologie,CNRS, 92023 Nanterre edex, FranceAmericanAntiquity,68(4), 2003, pp. 768-782CopyrightO2003 by the Society for AmericanArchaeology

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"on the assumption hatthe amountof variabilityin these mechanicalattributes orrelateddirectlywith the numberof independentpottersor workgroups"(CostinandHagstrum1995:622).For alargequantity f pottery,he ess thevariability,hefewerthenumberof full-timepotters.The inverse correlationbetween metricvari-abilityandrateofproduction asbeenpartly estedby ethnoarchaeologicaltudies(e.g., Kvammeetal. 1996;Longacre1999). Statisticalresultshaveenabled he authors odifferentiate,oraperturendheight,between householdpottersandpart-timeand/or ull-timepotters,and for aperture etweenpart-timeand full-timepotters.The authorscon-clude that numerousfactors(e.g., differences nrawmaterials,potters' evels of expertise,marketdemand,manufacturingechniques,local tradi-tions, and types of measurement aids) affectceramic standardization(see also Arnold andNieves 1992), and that more effective means ofmeasuringand assessing variability n ceramicswouldhelp "untangle elationshipsbetweenpro-duction intensity and productstandardization"(Kvammeet al. 1996:125).With this purposein mind, we conductedanethnoarchaeologicaltudy o isolate heparametersinvolved n standardization,s well as to quantifythe relationshipbetweenintensityof productionanddegreeof standardization.We examinevesselsmadeby IndianandSpanishpotterswithdifferentratesofproduction.Wethencompare esults oFil-ipino datato proposeregularities Gallay 1986)between rateof production ndmetricvariability,takinginto accountdifferentpossible emic con-ceptionsof standardization.esultsareapplied oarchaeologicaldatafromMesopotamia.

Ethnographic Case StudiesThreeethnographicituations reconsidered.Twoof them arein India, n ruraland urbancontexts.They are characterizedespectivelyby low- andhigh-rateeramicproduction. hese wosituations,becausethey pertain o the same cultural ontext,will enableustoeasily solate heparameterinten-sity of production" nd assess its effects on stan-dardization. hethird ase,inSpain, s inanurbancontext. This enables us to compare high-rateceramicproductionwithin two differentculturalcontexts.Moreover, he Spanishexampleenablesus to comparehigh-rateproduction singdifferent

fashioning techniques:without rotative kineticenergyandwith rotativekineticenergy(here,pad-dle-and-anvil nd wheel throwing).Low-Rate CeramicProduction(India)Low-rateceramicproductionwas studiedin thesouthernpartof AndhraPradesh A.P.).Four vil-lages, next to Tirupati,were visited within theframeworkof an ethnoarchaeological survey1(ChavaramBekam, Alapakam,Kota Aruru andChapakam).Thesevillages areseparatedby only3-10 km. Each of them contains 1,200-2,000inhabitants nd2-5 potters.Pottersworkwithin hedomestic space, in the courtyardor under anawning.There s no warehouse;potsarestored nthe house. The firingareais generally ocated atthe outskirtsof the village.Pottersworkthrough-outtheyearaccording o different hythms.Festi-valmonths ikeJanuary ndFebruary epresenthepeakseason,while monsoonmonthsrepresentheslack season. In most cases, potteryis the onlysource of incomeof the potters.Pots aresold bypotters'wives, eitherthroughpatron-clientinks(thejajmani system) or throughbarteror trade,withina 3-4 km radius.

Threetypesof vessels representhelargerpartof productionandconsumption:kuracatti, rallacattiandpeddabana.Kura attiarevessels forcookingvegetablesfordishes like kura, samba, rasam).Ralla catti arevessels for cookinglentils(dal) andspinach hat,oncecooked,aregroundagainst he bottomof thevessel with a woodenpestle.Pedda bana arebigstorage arswheremainlycereals are stored.All in all,around6,000potsareproduced achyearperpotter, utof which,roughly peaking,essthan50 percentare kura catti and ralla catti,and5 percentarepedda bana. The otherproductsarevarious ooking, ransport,ndstoragepotsof sev-eral sizes. Thedemand s notforstrictly tandard-ized vessels,butfor a volume thatmayvaryfromone familyto anotherdependingonthesizeof thefamily.Vesselsare ashionedbyacombinationfwheelthrowingandpaddling.Pots are first thrownon apivoted-spokedwheel.Dependingon theirdimen-sions,theyarethrownoff thehump(kuracatti)orfroma massof claywhosequantity orrespondsothe pot to be thrown (pedda bana). They aredetached romthehumpor from the wheel witha

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string n such a way thata hole is left at thebot-tom.Neckandshoulderdimensionsdo notusuallychangeafter hispoint.The lowerpartof thebodyis athickwall, shapedby subsequent addling;hepaddlingprocessstartswhen theclay hasreacheda leather-hardonsistency,using stone anvils andwoodenpaddles.Thefirst ask s to close the holeby paddling hepotin a downward irection.Oncethe bottom s closed,ash s added o the nner owerpartof thebodythat s shapedwitha smalleranvilanda lighterpaddle.For rallacatti,sand s addedto the bottomas an abrasive gainstwhichvegeta-bles will be ground.Paddlingollows. Thebig jarsarepaddled wice.Ash is addedduring he secondpaddling.Ash prevents he anvil fromstickingtotheclay.Thepotsreceive ittledecoration.Whilepotsarestill on thewheel,horizontalines are ncised withapieceof wood.Once heyhavedried,potsarecov-ered with a redslip.High-RateCeramicProductionHigh-rate eramicproductionwas studied nNorthIndiaandin Spain.In North India, the study was conducted inUttamNagar,a suburbof New Delhi with about200 potterhouseholds.Everyhouse has a nuclearor extendedfamilythat owns one or two wheels,placedunderopenshelters,andone kilnlocated nthecourtyard. heclay,conveyedbytruck,s storedin thecourtyard rin thestreet,dependingonspa-tialconstraints.Potterymanufactures a full-timeactivity hat akesplaceevenduring hemonsoon;rainsrestrict henumberof firingsbut do notstopproduction.The differentpotters nterviewed pecializeinthe manufacture f waterjars (ghada or matka)made n threesizes:small(ghadiya),medium bichkaghada)and arge baraghada).All inall,around15,000pots areproducedeachyear per potter,ofwhich,roughlyspeaking,30 percentareghadiya,60 percentare bichka ghada,and 10 percentarebaraghada.Pots are ashioned ccordingothethrowing ndpaddle-and-anvilechniquedescribed or AndhraPradesh ots.However, s is common nNorthwestIndia(Saraswati nd Behura1964),no hole is leftat the bottom whenthe pot is detachedfrom thewheel, whichis apivotedblockwheel.Spanishceramicworkshopshavebeen studied

by Arcellin-Pradelle and Laubenheimer(1982,1985). Theseworkshopsaremadeup of special-ized areas,which include themanufacturingrea,the dryingarea,the kiln, and the warehouse.Insomecases,the house is partof theworkshoparea.Two to fourpotterscan worktogether.Most assis-tants are not membersof the household.Theproductionfoneworkshop asbeenexam-ined n detailandpublished xtensively.t s locatedin Vall de Uxo, a village in theprovinceof Castel-lon. It is runby a single potterwho carriesout thewhole manufacturingprocess. He works inten-sively (10 hoursa day), 11 monthsa year.Vesselsare sold mainly throughmiddlemen.Productionincludes table andcookingvessels.Pitcherswith flat bottoms are consideredhere.Theyarewheel thrownon a kick-wheel.Whentheclay has reacheda leather-hard onsistency,thebottom s turned scraped)on the wheel.The han-dle is fixed withslurry.Thepottermakes about50pitchersaday.Annualproductions approximately14,000pitchers.According o the craftsman,his intention s tomakeverysimilarpots;standardization,nhisview,indexesthedegreeof skill.

Analytical ProcedureTostudyhow rateofproduction ffectsmetricvari-abilityon series of vessels representinga singleceramictype,we examineseries of vessels fash-ioned within ow-ratevs.high-rate roductionon-texts. Series of vessels made by one potteris aproductionevent and representa "group."Thehypothesiss asfollows: f rateofproductionffectsmotorhabits, hen vessels madeby high-ratepro-ducerswillpresentess intra-and nter-groupari-ability han ow-rateproducers.Metric ndicesthatmay revealmotor habits remain o be definedonthe basis of empiricaldata.A wide rangeof mea-sures s therefore onsidered.MeasurementsMeasurements fAndhraPradesh eramicsnclude(Figure 1) height, maximumdiameter,aperture(rimdiameter),hicknessof the wall andof thelip,andwidthof the ip.For hethickness,we took hreemeasures n each side of thepot: wo of themrelateto the wheel-thrownpart,one relates to the pad-dledpart.Thicknessandwidthof the ipweremea-suredon each side of theaperture. hesemeasures

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Figure 1. Measurements taken on Andra Pradesh vessels(rallacatti).enable us to calculate ndexes of regularityn thefashioningof the wallsandthelip.2Measurement f New Delhi ceramics includeheight,maximumdiameter ndaperturerimdiam-eter).ForSpanishceramics,measurementsakenbyArcellin-PradellendLaubenheimernclude(Fig-ure2) (1)maximumdiameter,2)aperture,3)neckdiameter, 4) base diameter, 5) total height, (6)heightof the maximumdiameter,7) lip height,(8)lip thickness, 9) handlewidth,(10) handlethick-ness, (11) height of the decoration (distancebetweenthe bottom andan incisedgroove),(12)height of the zone that has not been turned(scraped), 13) capacity,and(14) weight.DataIn AndhraPradesh,dimensionswere measuredon166 rallacatti, 186 kuracatti and 85pedda banamadeby, respectively, , 7, and 6 potters.Threepotters(A, B, andG) live in ChavaramBekam.Theyarerespectively45, 35, and 32 yearsold. Two of them(A andB) are brothers-in-law.Theylive in thesamecompound.Twopotters(C andD) live in Alapakam.Sonandfather, hey arerespectively30 and 60 yearsold, andlive in the samecompound.Onepotter E) ives n KotaAruru. eis45yearsold.

Onepotter F)lives nChapakam.He is 65yearsold.Exceptfortwo seriesof kuracatti,the ceramicvessels were not fired,havingbeen made the day

Figure 2. Measurements taken on Spanish vessels. (1)Maximum diameter, (2) aperture, (3) neck diameter, (4)base diameter, (5) total height, (6) maximum diameterheight, (7) lip height, (8) lip thickness, (9) handle width,(10) handle thickness, (11) height of the decor (distancebetween the bottom and an incised groove), and (12)height of the zone which has not been turned.theyweremeasured, rthedaybefore.Thefactthatvessels werenot firedand notmeasuredhe samedaydoesnot affect theresults.Indeed,all the ves-sels weremeasured eatherhard, hat s tosaywhenthe drying shrinkage affecting the volume of aceramichadalreadyoccurred.Moreover,hekuracatti datadidnotrevealany significantdifferenceof values between the firedand unfired eries.In New Delhi, measurements f 180 ghariyaweremade.Thesepotsare firedanddistributedy6 potterswho are,on average,46 yearsold (theyoungest s 30 and the oldest is 65).In Spain, 100 firedpitcherswere measured.These weremade n the course of twodaysby onepotter.Dependingonthedayof manufacture,heybelongto seriesA or B. SeriesC includesseriesAandB.Indexesof StandardizationVariabilitybetween low-rate and high-ratepro-duction s examinedby comparingheinter-groupvariabilityresented ythetwoIndian ssemblages(AndhraPradesh s. New Delhi).Let us recallthatagroupcorrespondsoapotter'sproduction.Com-parison s justifiablesince the fashioningprocessis the same in bothsituations.

Inter-group ariability asbeencomputed singANOVA(analysisof variance).As underlined yKvamme et al. (1996), results obtainedby an F-test aredependenton an assumptionof normalitythatdoes not hold mostof thetime.For hisreason,

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we proceeded with a posteriori tests (LSD3[Scheffe]andGames-Howell)hatareveryrobustwith populationsthat are not normally distrib-uted andare useful for comparingheterogeneousvarianceson smallsamples.Variability etween ow-rateandhigh-ratepro-duction s also examinedby comparing he intra-groupvariability resentedby the Indian AndhraPradeshandNew Delhi)andtheSpanishsamples.TheSpanishmaterialwill enableus to test whethertherangeof values,asobservedntheIndianhigh-rateproductionontext, ariesaccordingothetech-nique(frompaddle-and-anvilo wheel throwing).Moreover, he Spanishexamplewill enable us totestthevariabilityf ceramicsmadeover he courseof two days by the samepotter.Intra-group ariabilityhas been calculatedonthe basis of Coefficientof Variation CV). CVisdefinedas the samplestandarddeviationdividedby the sample mean, multiplied by 100 andexpressedas apercentage. tmaybe consideredasthe standard tatisticin studies of variationandthereforeas an excellentmeasureof standardiza-tion(EerkensandBettinger2001).

ResultsThe results of these analysesenable us to assesshow rateof production ffectsthe metricvariabil-ity forpaddledandwheel-thrown ots.Inter-GroupVariabilityn Low-RateProductionContextsInter-groupariabilityxists nlow-rateproductioncontexts;ANOVA howssignificantdifferences p< .001)betweenthe seriesof vesselsproducedbythe different ndianpotters rom AndhraPradesh(Figures , 4, and5).Statisticalests(LSD[Scheffe]andGames-Howell)confirm hese differences(p< .05).These differencesholdforheight, aperture,andmaximumdiameter.4 heydo not hold for theindexes of regularity f wall andof lip (widthandthickness).Pedda bana areproduced ess frequently hanralla catti and kura catti. However,they are notcharacterized by inter-individual differencesstronger hantheones displayedby the two otherclassesof vessels.Apertures establishedduringwheel throwingand s not modified aterbypaddling,asare vesselheightandmaximumdiameter.However, ontrary

Kura c.19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -

' 13 -= 12

23 -j 22-m 21 -| 20 -0: 19-

18 -17 -

: 16

19 -18 -17 -16 -

E15-- 14 -| 13 -

12

atti

TT TTi TT1 1I I

I I I I I I IA B C D E F G

- T T

T 11111A B C D E F G

T TTT Ti- II I I I I I I

A B C D E F GFigure 3. Inter-groupdifferences among Andhra Pradeshpotters (A-G) as shown by means and standard deviationsof measurements taken on kura catti.to whatwe expected,wheelthrowingdoes notpro-duce essvariabilityhan hepaddle-and-anvilech-nique.Inter-GroupVariabilityn High-RateProduction ContextsNorth Indianvessels display nter-group ariabil-ity as attestedon the basis of ANOVA hat showssignificantdifferences p< .001)betweenghariya

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Pedda Bana

T T TTT TTi D 1TII I I I I IA B D EF G

46 -44 -42 -40 -38-

. 36 -E 34 -

*o= 32

46 -j 44-;42 -| 40-* 38-| 36 -

. 34 -S 32

TlTTIll

I I I I I IA BD EF G

24 -22 -20 -18-/~

= 16 -14

A I I I IFA B D E F G

T

I I I I I IA B D E F G

TT , T

I iiI I I I I I

A B D E F G

Tl vT T 1

I I I I I IA BD EF G

Figure 4. Inter-group differences among Andhra Pradeshpotters (A-G) as shown by means and standard deviationsof measurements taken on ralla catti.

producedby Delhi potters (Figure6). Statisticaltests(LSD [Scheffe]andGames-Howell) onfirmthese differences p < .05).These differencesholdforheight, aperture, nd maximumdiameter.5Intra-GroupVariabilityn Low-RateProductionContextsThe AndhraPradesh eramicsyield thefollowing

Figure 5. Inter-group differencesamong Andhra Pradeshpotters (A-G) as shown by means and standard deviationsof measurementstaken onpeddabana.

results:variability n CVsfor height, maximumdiameter,andapertures highestforpeddabana.Forpedda bana, CV values range from 1.43 to7.81 percent. For ralla catti, CV values rangemainlyfrom 2.01 to 4.70 percent,exceptfor onepotterwhose CVvalues ange rom6.61to 7.15per-cent.Thispotter F)is the oldest(65yearsold).Forkuracatti, CVvalues range mainlyfrom2.50 to

Ralla catti19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -

I 14 -13 -12

24 -23-22 -21-

*20-E 19 -* 18-S 17

19 -18 -17 -16 -15-

X 14 -13-12

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31.5-31-

30.5 -30-

29.5-29-

28. 5-28 -

27.5 -27 .

potteri potter2 potter3 potter4 potter5 potter6

1413.5 -

13-

2.11 12.5-

1 23 T

29.8 -29.66-

3 29.4-E 29.2-

28.2 -

28.8-

228 p p 4 p ppotter1 potter2 potter3 potter4 potter5 potter6

Potters of New Delhi

Figure 6. Inter-group differences among New Delhi pot-ters (1-6) as shown by means and standard deviations ofmeasurements taken on ghariya.

5.54 percent,exceptforonepotterwhose CV val-ues rangefrom 5.98 to 9.71 percent (Figure7).Thispotter(B), who is 35 yearsold, is acknowl-edgedto not be as good a potteras his brother-in-law (A).Whatever the absolute dimensions, whetherheight,maximumdiameter,or aperture, tandarddeviationsSD)andCVvarywithin he samerange.Sinceapertures obtainedby throwing,maximumdiameter ypaddling,andheightbya combinationof throwingandpaddling, t followsthatvariation

Kura Catti- 10-8-o 8-

V0

i 6-4-

C. 0 AI I I I IAB C D E F GRalla Catti

- 10-8-o 8-i 6-

4-

E 2-0U 0 I I I I IA B D E F G

0ec

0c

E=

U

PeddaBana10-8-6-4-2--rxv I I I I I 1A B D E F G

--- Height.....M....... Max. Diam..--.-.- Aperture

Figure 7. Coefficients of variations (CV) of measurementstaken on series of kuracatti,ralla cattiandpeddabana pro-duced by Andhra Pradesh potters (A-G).

32 ' I

I I I I I , I

I

II I ..

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Table 1. MeasurementsTakenon the Series of Ralla Catti Producedby Six PottersfromAndhraPradesh.Max. Wall Wall Wall Lip LipPotters Height Diameter Aperture Thickl Thick2 Thick3 Width Thickness

PotterA (n = 31)Mean (cm) 13.13 20.8 17.42 .41 .46 .39 1.32SD .62 .68 .64 .07 .06 .09 .19CV(%) 4.7 3.29 3.68 16.22 13.54 22.76 14.57Potter B (n = 30)Mean (cm) 13.64 20.39 14.82 .25 .34 .52 1.83 .65SD .57 .54 .58 .06 .08 .11 .11 .17CV(%) 4.19 2.62 3.91 23.93 24.41 21.75 6.26 25.65PotterD (n = 30)Mean (cm) 14.78 22.38 18.05 .40 .49 .54 1.76 1.4SD .55 .56 .36 .06 .07 .07 .11 .15CV (%) 3.75 2.51 2.01 14.9 13.58 13.48 6.44 10.5PotterE (n = 30)Mean (cm) 14.47 22.79 17.02 .26 .31 .44 1.73 .53SD .6 .56 .61 .05 .04 .06 .09 .07CV(%) 4.16 2.45 3.58 21.01 13.66 14.08 5.47 12.39Potter F (n = 18)Mean (cm) 13.84 22.23 17.06 .34 .38 .56 1.72 .94SD .91 1.5 1.22 .05 .06 .07 .09 .14CV(%) 6.61 6.73 7.15 13.98 16.95 12.38 5.38 14.68Potter G (n = 27)Mean (cm) 14.68 22.11 17.25 .41 .39 .47 1.7 .74SD .64 .84 .67 .08 .06 .07 .09 .13CV (%) 4.37 3.79 3.87 18.55 15.46 14.19 5.16 17.21

in dimensiondoes not seem todependon the fash-ioning technique.Amplitudeof CVvaries, or somepotters, romone categoryof vessel to the next. The samepot-ter canpresent ow CVvalues onpeddabana,andhigherCV valueson kuracatti,or low CVvalueson kuracatti andhigherCVvalues on ralla catti.Forthe three ypesof vessels,thicknessof wallsshowsvery highintra-groupariations,eflectednCVvalues hatcanreach25percentTables1,2, 3).CV values for lip thickness and width rangemostlyfrom 4 to 8 percent.However, omevesselgroups howhigh ntra-individualariationTables1,2,3).Whenconsidering he standard eviationsandCVvaluesof eachtypeof vessel,allpotterspooled,it appearshat, orheight,maximumdiameterandaperture,CVvalues ange rom5 to9percent Table4). There s acumulative ffect,also called"cumu-lativeblurring"Blackman t al. 1993)thatmakes

thesepooledCVvalueshigher han hose for eachpotter.Intra-GroupVariabilityn High-RateProduction ContextsIn UttamNagar(New Delhi), variabilitywithinpotters'productions less than nAndhraPradesh.Exceptfor onevariable heightof the arsmadebypotter5), all the CV values are less than 3 percent(Table5). Maximumdiameterpresents helowestvalues,ranging rom.87 to 1.40percent.CV val-ues of aperture ange rom1.19to 2.83percent.CVvalues of heightrangefrom 1.40 to 3.19 percent.When pooling the potters,height, maximumdiameter ndaperture resentCVs hatrange rom1 to 5 percent Table6). Once againthe cumula-tive effect resultsin CV valueshigherthanthoseforeach individualpotter.InSpain,whatever he seriesconsidered A, Bor C), the dimensions thatvaryleast are height,

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Table2. MeasurementsTakenon the Series of Kura Catti Producedby Seven Potters fromAndhraPradesh.Max. Wall Wall Wall Lip LipPotters Height Diameter Aperture Thickl Thick2 Thick3 Width Thickness

PotterA (n = 30)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)

14.11 19.82.55 .783.87 3.94

13.7.574.19

.3.0825.95

.53.1018.06

.4 2.73.08 .2420.85 8.66

PotterB (n = 30)Mean (cm)SDCV %)PotterC (n = 11)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)PotterD (n = 31)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)PotterE (n = 30)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)PotterF (n = 24)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)Potter G (n = 30)Mean (cm)SDCV (%)

14.66 20.01.88 1.94

5.98 9.71

15.48 21.17.45 .86

2.88 4.06

15.34 20.49.47 .51

3.08 2.5

15.03 20.96.56 .68

3.71 3.26

14.37 21.09.63 .964.38 4.55

15.27 20.85.65 .70

4.26 3.35

14.04.87

6.21

14.82.55

3.68

14.3.43

3.0

15.23.59

3.9

15.28.855.54

.37 .38

.07 .0718.0 18.23

.30 .55

.07 .0922.59 16.49

.30 .52

.04 .0714.66 14.12

.21 .36

.06 .0529.48 12.84

.27 .34.06 .0823.24 22.62

15.22 .29.58 .05

3.82 18.05.48.08

16.17

.44 2.98

.06 .2413.9 7.88

.45 2.77

.06 .1813.1 6.41

.52 2.58

.07 .1114.12 4.13

.39 2.74

.04 .1110.15 4.14

.37 2.25.06 .1315.39 5.85

.49 2.14

.06 .1511.74 7.01

maximumdiameter,and aperture rim and neckdiameter). Their CV values range from 1.4 to2.9 percent Table7). Such a variationn thepre-cision of the dimensionshas been observed ortheproductionof six otherworkshopsocated in dis-tantvillages.Theotherdimensions resent greaterdegreeof variabilityhigherCV).Thestandard eviation f seriesA is smaller hanthatof seriesB, which meansthat hepottermadevessels witha higherdegreeof variabilityon dayB thanondayA. Whenstatistically omparinghemeans AspinWelsh est), tappearshatmeansdis-tinguish he two groups or thefollowing parame-ters: apacity,weight,heightof maximumdiameter,andheight of the decoration.They are the para-meterswiththehigherCV.

DiscussionWe can now examinewhetherrateof productionaffects motorhabits and consequentlydegreeofstandardization.Ourresultssuggest that the series of vesselsconsideredherepresentdifferentdegreesof stan-dardization esultingfrom differingrates of pro-duction. High-rate ceramic production is lessvariable han ow-rateproductionTables4, 6, and7). However,even with highratesof production,work unitsmay be distinguished hroughmetricvariablesas exemplifiedby theinter-group naly-sis of New Delhipotters Figure6).Variability of ceramic assemblages is bestexpressedby CVs hatareplacedherealonga con-tinuum of variation rom .87 to 25 percent.The

1.0.1413.81

1.18.110

9.39

1.1.10

9.5

1.07.12

11.44

1.01.08

7.95

1.12.097.88

.89

.077.44

AMERICANANTIQUITY [Vol. 68, No. 4, 2003]76


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Table3. MeasurementsTakenon Series of Pedda BanaProducedby Six Pottersfrom AndhraPradesh.

PottersPotterA (n = 12)Mean(cm)SDCV(%)PotterB (n = 16)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)PotterD (n = 16)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)

Max Wall Wall Wall Lip LipHeiPht Diameter Aperture Thickl Thick2 Thick3 Width Thickness

39.092.456.27

40.081.904.75

38.58.84

2.17

35.68 16.94 .40 .48 .42 4.12 1.692.34 .77 .08 .08 .09 .25 .146.56 4.55 20.06 15.7 21.77 6.11 8.15

37.48 16.56 .44 .69 .52 4.35 1.781.17 .70 .07 .11 .08 .21 .213.11 4.20 15.06 16.13 15.72 4.85 12.02

36.74 17.91 .55 .80 .69 1.83 1.141.24 .71 .08 .08 .08 .10 .103.38 3.96 14.19 10.21 11.11 5.54 8.43

PotterE (n = 15)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)

42.582.255.29

40.11 19.15 .43 .551.55 1.35 .09 .073.86 7.04 21.18 11.9

.55 3.58 1.46

.05 .16 .109.94 4.50 6.75

PotterF (n = 13)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)Potter G (n = 13)Mean (cm)SDCV(%)

37.182.97.81

38.21.55

1.43

35.61 15.35 .48 .51 .46 4.44 1.782.16 .77 .09 .07 .11 .33 .136.05 5.04 17.96 13.33 23.05 7.33 7.18

35.93 15.8 .47 .73 .53 3.44 1.44.77 .74 .06 .08 .07 .17 .09

2.14 4.7 13.44 10.28 12.48 4.97 6.05

minimumCVis below 1.7percent,which s theCV beenobserved(e.g., Benco 1988) although omevalue derivedfromthe Weberfraction6Eerkens ethnographiccases tend to show the oppositeand Bettinger2001), althoughno automationor (Arnoldand Nieves 1992). It can be consideredindependent tandardwas usedin thiscase. Here, robustsince we couldisolate the technical actorwe assumethat it is possibleto obtainsuchhigh by analyzing pots made according to differentdegrees of standardizationgiven a high degree ofdegreesofstann n a hh d e of Table 4. MeasurementsTakenon the Series of Vesselsmotor expertise acquired through an optimal per- ProducedythePottersromAndhraPradesh.ception-action ngoing cycle (Brilet al. 2000).Height, maximum diameter, and aperture are Type of vessel Height Max. Diameter Aperturethe variables most likely to vary according to motor Ralla catti (n = 166)habits. Lips are stylistic features that allow potters Mean cm) 14.1 21.74 16.93to express themselves as they please. In Spain, the SD .88 1.19 1.24variationn thebase diametercouldbe related o cv(%) 6.27 5.46 7.35

the absence of visual reference when manufactur- Kura catti n = 174)ing the base in the course of the hollowing opera- Mean cm) 14.81 20.52 14.61tion. Variation in height of decoration and turning SD .78 1.13 .91zone correspondsto the fact thatthey aresecondary CV %) 5.23 5.52 6.24attributes hat do not contributeto the general shape dd b 84)_ ~c ~_1 .... V~~~~~~Pedda bana (n = 84)ot tmepot.Theforming echniquedoesnot affectvariabil-ityof ceramicassemblages.This resulthasalready

Mean(cm) 39.37 37.032.58 2.216.56 5.97

17.021.549.07

----~~~~~~--IIt-, - -r -- I- --___

-

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AMERICANNTIQUITYTable5. MeasurementsTakenon the Series of VesselsProducedby the Six Potters rom UttamNagar(NewDelhi).

MaximumPotters Height Diameter AperturePotter 1 (n = 30)Mean (cm) 30.36 29.49 11.9SD .58 .36 .22CV(%) 1.9 1.22 1.87Potter2 (n = 30)Mean (cm) 30.51 29.19 12.36SD .48 .32 .15CV(%) 1.56 1.08 1.19Potter 3 (n = 30)Mean (cm) 30.3 28.82 11.64SD .61 .40 .26CV(%) 2.01 1.40 2.25Potter 4 (n = 30)Mean (cm) 28.72 29.3 13.09SD .69 .36 .31CV(%) 2.41 1.24 2.34Potter 5 (n = 30)Mean (cm) 28.19 28.74 11.52SD .90 .37 .33CV(%) 3.19 1.30 2.83Potter 6 (n = 30)Mean (cm) 30.37 28.69 12.14SD .42 .25 .29CV (%) 1.40 .87 2.41

techniques wheelthrowingvs.paddle-and-anvil).In AndraPradesh, here is a tendencyfor thebiggest pots to be less standardized hansmallerpots. This tendencyhas been observedelsewhere(seeinparticular enco1988).Itmaybe thaterrorsin estimatingobjectsize increase inearlywith themagnitude r sizeof the ntended ndproduct e.g.,Corenet al. 1994 cited in EerkensandBettinger2001:494).Anotherexplanation ouldbe thatthebiggestpotsareproducednsmallerquantities nd,therefore,hatmotorhabitsare ess practiced hanthose for smallerpots.Therefore,metriccompar-isons should take size classes into account (asunderlined lsoby Stark1995).Skillmayaffect therangeof variability.A skillmay be defined as the capacityto reach a goalthroughuse of theresources n one'senvironment(Briletal.2000).Thiscapacitymayvary romoneperson o theother, s shownbytheAndhraPradesh

Table6. MeasurementsTakenon the Series of VesselsProducedby the Potters from UttamNagar(New Delhi).

Ghariya (n = 180) Height Max. Diameter ApertureMean (cm) 29.74 29.04 12.11SD 1.12 .47 .59CV (%) 3.77 1.61 4.85

potters,amongwhomsome,of the sameage,havethe same amountof experience.MetricdatafromSan Nicolasin the northernPhilippines Longacre1999)supporthisresult.Potsproduced ythe ess-skilledpottershowgreatermetricalvariation.The differentresults obtainedfor IndianandSpanishpotterycan be comparedwith those fromthe Philippines.The hypothesis is that if motorhabitsdetermine egreeof standardization,henweshouldhave, orthe threedifferent ultures Indian,Spanish,Filipino),the samerangeof metricvari-ability for series of vessels producedwithin thesame rangeof production low-ratevs. high-rateproduction).notherwords, nterculturalompar-ison shouldenableus to assess how ceramicvari-ability may be affected by different emicconceptionsof standardization.nAndhra radesh,the size-classdefinition s a functionof thesize ofthe familythat will use the vessels. In the Philip-pines,thesizeclasses arebasedon vessel volume,reckonedhroughhechupa ca.100ml)(Kvammeet al. 1996). In Spain, standardizationndexesdegreeof skillandthepotter'sntentions to makeverysimilarpots, ncontrast oUttamNagar'spot-ters,whose vessel measurementsespond o mar-ket-orientednorms. In the Indian and Spanishcontexts,all potterspooled, high-rateproductionyieldedceramicassemblageswhose CVvaluesareless than 5 percent,whereaslow-rateproductionyielded ceramicassemblages whose CV valuesrange rom5 to9 percent.Theseresultsareslightlydifferent romthe onesobtained n thePhilippines(Kvammeet al. 1996). In thePhilippines,all pot-ters pooled, the high-rateproduction Paradijon,full-timepotter pecialists)presentsCVvalues hatrangefrom4.3 to 6.92 percent,whereas ow-rateproduction Dalupa, part-timepotterspecialists)presentsCVs angingrom4.06to5.56percent.Theleast-specializedpotters (Dangtalan,householduse, and restrictedexchange) produceceramicswhose CVvaluesrangefrom6.27 to 8.34percent.Paradijonand Dalupa ceramicsdifferentiateonaperture nly(B-Ftest,p = .0482)whereasDalupa

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REPORTSTable 7. MeasurementsTakenon the Series of Pitchers

Producedby One Potter n the Courseof Two Days.MeasurementsMaximum diameter

Aperture

Neck diameter

Base diameter

Totalheight

Maximum diam.height

Lip height

Lip thickness

Handle width

Handle thickness

Height of the decor

Height of thenon-turned oneCapacity

Weight

SeriesABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABCABC

Mean (mm)121.1120.2121.098.9

100.1100.182.780.982.149.650.450.078.880.479.340.340.641.113.914.414.45.05.95.0

17.517.217.410.59.8

10.246.945.946.156.451.855.2

489.6490.2492.1353.2348.5352.5

SD1.72.42.12.12.42.61.92.22.22.62.22.32.12.22.41.82.11.9.9.6.7.1.3.2.7.5.8.5.5.6

2.33.12.95.25.86.0

25.118.528.314.517.416.8

CV(%)1.42.01.72.22.42.52.32.62.75.74.44.62.62.62.94.45.13.76.44.34.92.06.04.84.03.02.84.75.16.04.96.86.19.2

11.210.05.16.2

15.74.15.04.7

Note: SeriesA (n = 50) andB (n = 50) were made over twodays. Series C pools seriesA andB. Data from Arcellin-Pradelle and Laubenheimer 1985).andDangtalanceramicsdifferentiate n apertureandheight(B-Ftest,p= .008,p= .0003) (Kvammeetal. 1996).The threecommunities mploya com-binationof coil-and-scrape ndpaddle-and-anviltechniques o fashiontheirpots.These observationssuggest, first, that small-scale productiondoes developmotorhabits thatenable pottersto producestandardized eries of

vesselscomparableothosemadeby high-rate ro-ducers.Thispoint s supported y theSan Nicolasdatapublishedby Longacre 1999).Seriesofwaterjars(62, 36, 25, and20 potsmaderespectivelybyfourpotters)varybetween about3 and4 percentmetrically.Theirannualproductions comparableto that achievedby the AndhraPradeshpotters(Longacre ndicatesthatthey make 100 pots perweek when it is not raining).Small-scaleproduc-tion refershere o annualproduction f a few thou-sandspots. It has to be distinguished romverysmall-scaleproductionwhose metricvariabilitysmuchhigher.TheKalingapotteryvariesabout12percent (Longacre1999). Such variation s com-parableo thevariation bservednPapua ndAma-zonia forverylow productionStark1995).Second, emic conceptionsof class sizes mayinduce a certainvariability,which is why CVval-ues do notrange hesamewayfrom one culture othe other,despite similar rates of production asobservedalsoby Longacre1999).Third,n a cumulative-effectituation, osmall-scaleceramicassemblagepresents t east wo vari-ables withCVvalueslower than3 percent.Tosummarize,heethnographicatapresentedheresuggestthatceramicassemblagespresentingCVvalues from 3 to 6 percentarequite ambigu-ous. They may result fromlarge-scaleas well assmall-scaleproduction.Ceramicassemblagespre-sentingCVvaluesfrom6 to 9 percentmaybelongto small-scaleas well as verysmall-scaleproduc-tion.Ceramicassemblagespresentingatleasttwovariableswith CV values below3 percentpointtohigh-scaleproductionFigure8).These ceramic assemblages are made up offewer than10production vents(i.e., let us recallthat a production ventcorrespondso a potter'sproduction).nthe future,moreassemblagesrep-resentingmorenumerous roductionventsshouldbe analyzed.Indeed,we have seen that the morewe pool potters ogether, he greater he cumula-tive effect thatplayson theCVvalues.This cumu-lativeeffect shouldbeamplifiedf assemblagesaremadeupof production ventsachievedover a fewcenturies,or else multipleproduction vents.Finally, et us recall that arge-scaleproductionis achievedby full-timespecialists,whereas ow-scale productionmay be achieved eitherby full-time or part-time specialists, or even by theleast-specializedpotters n a community.

779


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AMERICANANTIQUITY

Large-scaleproduction Large-scaleproduction Small-scaleproductionor(14,000potsayearperpotter) or small-scaleproduction verysmall-scaleproduction(between14,000and4,000pots (6,000potsayearor lessayearperpotter) perpotter)6%9%

(|)CV Andhraradesh6% Cr^v i ~Delhi)i V JAndhra Pradesh3% (Z)r^v^ ~DelhiSpainG " ?

Figure 8. Quantifyingrate of productionby referenceto ceramic assemblagesmade up of less than 10 productionevents.

Application ToArchaeological DataLetus nowapplyourresults oarchaeological ata.Weconsiderhe"open-simple-rim"inewarebowlsthat had become one of the most characteristicceramicforms by 2200 B.C. at Tell Leilan andnumerousother sites in NorthernMesopotamia.As outlinedby Blackmanet al. (1993), theyofferthe rareopportunityoexamine henotionof stan-dardization ince large waster stacks have beenrecovered n the easternpartof the Leilan lowertown (PeriodIIb).A portionof the stacks,con-taining27 whole bowls and bowl fragments,wasbrought o United Statesand examinedby Black-manet al. (1993).According o theirresults,stan-dardized rocedureswerefollowed ateverystepofthebowl-productionrocess.Chemicalanalysisofthe bowls in thewasterstack showsa remarkablyhigh degreeof homogeneity n thechemicalcom-positionof theconstituent lays. Concerning es-seldimensions, ive measurements eremade: imdiameter,wall thickness1 cm belowtherim,ves-sel height, base diameter,and maximumbasalthickness.Accordingto Blackman et al. (1993),thesebowls show ahighdegreeof standardizationsince CVvaluesare essthan10percent.From his,they concludethat "metricdata from the Leilanwasters show a level of homogeneityconsistentwithexpectationsorspecializedmassproductionof utilitarian oods"(Blackman t al. 1993:73).

Tell Leilan bowls are supposedto be a singleproductionvent.If we compareTellLeilanbowlswithIndian,Spanish,andFilipinovesselsintermsof standarddeviationand CV,it appears hatweare dealingwith a weakly standardized roduc-tion system: CV values of rim diameters are9.19percentand CVvaluesof heightsare4.4 per-cent. These CVvalues,whichare not affectedbyany cumulativeeffect, arehigh compared o ourethnographiceferencepoints.Theydo not corre-spondto so-called large-scale production.Theymayreflect small-scaleproduction,which meansthat, even if they were made by specialists (asattestedby theskillsrequiredor their ashioning;see Roux and Corbetta1989), the rate of produc-tionmaynothave beenso high (Figure8).The low degreeof standardizationhatappearsin thisproductions quiteconsistentwiththevari-abilitymeasuredon a second series of open-sim-ple-rim bowls recovered from domestic refusecontexts(Leilan,PeriodIIb).This second seriescouldhave beenproduced ver200 years.CVval-ues reach18percent.Blackman t al. (1993)inter-pret this variability in terms of noncentralizedproduction;.e.,multipleworkshopsduringperiodIIb.According oourethnographicata, hecumu-lative effect of intra- and inter-groupvariabilityshould notbe underestimatedas underlined lsoby Blackmanet al. 1993). In the case of the sec-ond series of bowls from Tell Leilan, the 18

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REPORTS

percentCVvalues could be the resultof a cumula-tive effect over 200 yearsandcorrespondo ves-sels whose degree of variability, for a singleproduction vent,couldnothaveexceeded 9 per-cent.Thevariability f the two seriesof bowlsmaythereforebe highly comparableassuggestedalsoby Blackmanet al. 1993:74) and interpretedntermsof similarratesof production.

ConclusionIn this paper,we have examined he standardiza-tionhypothesis hrough he metricvariabilitypre-sentedby series of vessels produced n differenteconomic contexts.By comparingdifferenteco-nomic situationsbelonging to the same culture(Indian),we have been able to isolatetheparame-ter "intensityof production"n orderto test thehypothesisaccording o which rateof productionplayson motorhabits hat, nturn,affect hedegreeof standardization.urresults how hat ateofpro-ductiondoes affect the degreeof standardization.However,when comparingceramicassemblagesfrom differentcultures(Filipino),it appears hatemic conceptionsof standardizationlso play onmetricvariability.Only in a high-rateproductionsituationdo we have motor habits thattranscendemicconceptionsof standardization.t enables ustoquantify,ven fhypothetically,herelative angeof variability xpectedon vesselsmadewithindif-ferent contexts of production.When applied toarchaeologicaldata,theseresults showthat someceramicproductiononsidereduptonow ashighlystandardizedmay correspond,n fact,to relativelysmall-scaleproduction.By way of conclusion, let us emphasizethatarchaeologicaldataneed to be interpreted y ref-erence to quantified thnographicdata.Quantifi-cation has to be cross-cultural o that it can beapplied n anycultural ontext. In order o elabo-ratecross-culturaleferentsorregularities,echni-cal factshave to be studied n termsof resourcesand constraintsRoux 1999).The constraints on-sidered here are the motor habitsunderlying heproductionof standardized eries of vessels. Theculturalaspectis taken into accountthrough heemic conceptionsof standardization.One of theaims of ethnoarchaeologicaltudy s alsoto assessthe context nto whichconstraintsranscend micconceptions.Ultimately, uch anapproachnablesus to testour nterpretationsgainst mpiricaldata.

Acknowledgments.This research was supportedby a grantfrom the French Institute of Pondicherry (Ministry ofForeignAffairs).A firstversion of thepaperwas presentedatthe 1994 World Archaeological Congress in New Delhi,India. I thankJ. Pouchepadass or supportof theprojectandM.L.K. Murty for his precious collaborationin the field.Comments on earlier drafts of this paper by Patricia L.Crown and anonymousreviewers are especially acknowl-edged. I also kindly thankTim Kohler for critique, sugges-tions, and editorial comments. I am grateful to JehanneFeblot-Augustinsand Carol Kramer or theirhelp in improv-ing my English. Figures were draftedby GerardMonthel(CNRS, UMR7055). The Spanishabstractwas kindlytrans-latedby Jean-FrancoisBouchard.

References CitedArcelin-Pradelle,C., andF.Laubenheimer

1982 Une Mission d'Archeo-Ethnologie:es Ateliers dePotiersTraditionnels ans es Provincesde Valencia t deCastellen Espagne).TechniquestTechnologies. ourcesDocumentaires :27-52. Institutde RecherchesMediter-raneennes,Universit6de Provence.1985 La Notion de Serie de Production en CeramiqueTournme. echniquest Technologies. ourcesDocumen-taires 7:129-139. Institut de Recherches Mediter-ran6ennes,Universitede Provence.Arnold,D., andA. L. Nieves1992 Factors Affecting Ceramic Standardization. InCeramic Production and Distribution: an IntegratedApproach, edited by G.J. Bey III and C.A. Pool, pp.113-214. WestviewPress, Boulder,Colorado.

Benco,N.1988 MorphologicalStandardization:nApproach o theStudyof CraftSpecialization. n A Pot or All Reasons:CeramicEcology Revisited,edited by C. Kolb and L.Lackey,pp. 57-72. TempleUniversity,Philadelphia.Blackman,M. J., G. J. Stein,and P. B. Vandiver1993 The Standardization ypothesisandCeramicMassProduction:Technological,Compositionaland MetricIndexesof CraftSpecialization tTellLeilan,Syria.Amer-icanAntiquity 8:60-8.Bril, B., V.Roux,andG. Dietrich2000 SkillsInvolvedntheKnapping fChalcedonyBeads:Motor andCognitiveCharacteristics f a ComplexSitu-ated Action. In Cornalinede lInde: Des pratiques ech-niquesde Cambayauxtechno-systemes e lIndus,editedbyV.Roux,pp.207-332. Editionsde laMSH,Paris Eng-lish CD-Romenclosed).Coren,S., L. M. Ward,and J. T. Enns1994 Sensationand Perception.4th ed. HarcourtBrace,FortWorth,Texas.Costin,C. L.1991 CraftSpecialization: ssues in Defining,Document-ing and Explainingthe Organizationof Production. nAdvances nArchaeologicalMethodand Theory,Vol. 3,editedby M. B. Schiffer,pp. 1-56. Universityof ArizonaPress,Tucson.2000 TheUse of Ethnoarchaeologyor theArchaeologicalStudyof CeramicProduction. ournalofArchaeologicalMethodandTheory7:377-403.Costin,C. L., andM. B. Hagstrum1995 Standardization,LaborInvestment,Skill, and theOrganization f CeramicProduction n LatePrehispanicHighlandPeru.AmericanAntiquity 0:619-639.

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AMERICANANTIQUITYEerkens,J.W.,and R. L. Bettinger2001 TechniquesorAssessingStandardizationnArtifactAssemblages:Can We Scale MaterialVariability?Amer-icanAntiquity 6:493-504.Feinman,G. M., S. Upham,andK. G. Lightfoot1981 The ProductionStepMeasure:An Ordinal ndex of

Labor nput nCeramicManufacture. mericanAntiquity46:871-884.Gallay,A.1986 L'archeologieDemain.Belfond,Paris.Kvamme,K. L., M. T. Stark,andW. A. Longacre1996 Alternative roceduresorAssessingStandardizationinCeramicAssemblages.AmericanAntiquity1:116-126.London,G.A.1991 Standardizationnd Variation n the Work of Craft

Specialists. nCeramicEthnoarchaeology,ditedbyW.A.Longacre,pp. 182-204. UniversityofArizonaPress,Tuc-son.Longacre,W. A.1991 Sourcesof CeramicVariabilitymong heKalingaof

NorthernLuzon.InCeramicEthnoarchaeology,ditedbyW.A. Longacre,pp. 95-11. Universityof ArizonaPress,Tucson.1999 StandardizationndSpecialization:What's heLink?InPotteryandPeople,editedbyJ. SkiboandG. Feinman,pp. 231-267. Universityof UtahPress,Salt LakeCity.Longacre,W.A., K. L. Kvamme,andM. Kobayashi1988 SouthwesternPotteryStandardization:n Ethnoar-chaeologicalView from hePhilippines.Kiva53:101-112.Rice, P.1989 CeramicDiversity,Production ndUse. InQuantify-ing Diversity nArchaeology, ditedbyR.D. LeonardandG. T. Jones,pp. 109-117. CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge.1991 Specialization,StandardizationndDiversity:a Ret-rospective.In TheCeramicLegacy ofAnna 0. Shepard,editedbyR.L.BishopandF.W.Lange,pp.257-279. Uni-versityPressof Colorado,Boulder,Colorado.Roux, V.,and D. Corbetta1989 ThePotter'sWheel:CraftSpecialization ndTechni-cal competence.OxfordandIBHPublishing,New Delhi.Roux,V.1999 Ethnoarcheology nd the Generation f ReferentialModels:The CaseofHarappan arelian Beads.InEthno-AnalogyandtheReconstructionfPrehistoricArtefact seand Production, edited by L. Owen and M. Porr,pp.153-17. MoVinceVerlag,Ttibingen.Saraswati,B., andN. K. Behura1964 PotteryTechniquesn Peasant India.Anthropologi-cal Surveyof India,Vol. 13, Calcutta.Sinopoli,C.1988 The Organization f Craft Productionat Vijayana-gara,SouthIndia.AmericanAnthropologist 0:580-597.Stark,B. L.1995 ProblemsntheAnalysisof StandardizationndSpe-

cialization nPottery.nCeramicProduction n theAmer-ican Southwest,edited by B. Mills and P. Crown,pp.231-267. Universityof ArizonaPress,Tucson.Notes

1. The ethnoarchaeologicalsurvey was carried out inAndhra Pradesh, in February1991, in collaborationwithProf. M.L.K.Murty(Universityof Hyderabad).2. Index of regularity f walls = (Thickl/L-Thickl/R)2+(Thick2/L-Thick2/R)2+ (Thick3/L-Thick3/R)2. L = left, R= right).Likewisefor thickness and widthof the lip.3. The Least SignificantDifference (LSD) is the mini-mum differencebetween the two groupsthat can be consid-eredstatisticallysignificant.4. Forkuracatti (Figure3), heightdifferentiates etweenpotterA andpottersC, D, E, G, potterF andpotterC, D, E,G, andpotterB andpottersC, D, G. Maximumdiameterdif-ferentiatesbetweenpotterA and pottersC, D, E, F, G, andpottersD andE.AperturedifferentiatesbetweenpotterA andpottersC, D, E, F, G, pottersB andC, E, F, G, andpottersDand E, F, G (Games-Howelltest). For ralla catti (Figure4),heightdifferentiatespotterA andpottersB, D, E, G, potterBand potters D, E, G, and potter F and potters D and G.MaximumdiameterdifferentiatesbetweenpotterB andpot-tersD, E, F, G, potterA andpottersD, E, F,G, andpottersGand E.Aperturedifferentiates etweenpotterB andpottersA,D, E, F, G, and potterD and pottersA, E, F, G (Games-Howell test).Forpeddabana (Figure5), heightdifferentiatesbetweenpotterF andpottersB, E, potterG andpottersB, E,andpotterE andpottersA, B, D. Maximumdiameterdiffer-entiatesbetweenpotterE andpotterA, B, D, F, G, andpot-ters G and B. Aperturedifferentiatesbetween potterF andpottersA, B, D, E, potterG andpottersA, D, E, potterB andpottersD, E, potterA andpottersD, E, andpottersD andE(Games-Howell est).5. Height differentiatesbetweenpotters5 and 1, 2, 4, 6,potters3 and 1, 2, 4, 6, potters1 and2, 4, 6, potters6 and4,andpotters2 and4. Aperturedifferentiates ach potterfromeach other.Maximum diameter differentiatesbetween twogroupsof potters:potters3, 5, 6 andpotters1, 2, 4 (Games-Howell test).6. "Unlike mechanical scales that determine weightwithinaninvariant nit of error,humanappreciation f heav-iness is scaled relative o object weight.This value(2 percent)has come to be called the Weber's fractionfor heaviness"(EerkensandBettinger2001:495).Received March25, 2002; Revised October31, 2002;AcceptedApril 17, 2003.

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Roux 2003 (Standardization and Specialization)