RIFA Rope Ops - RI Firefighter Instructors Associationrifireinstructors.org/wp-content/uploads/RIFA-Rope-1-NOTE-TAKING... · RHODE ISLAND FIRE ACADEMY - OFFICIAL USE ONLY 7 NFPA 1006

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Technical Rescuer Rope Technical Rescuer: Level INFPA 1006 - Pro Board Course

Rhode Island Fire Academy

RhodeIslandFireAcademy

RHODEISLANDFIREACADEMY-OFFICIALUSEONLY

Technical Rescue StandardsNFPA 1983• Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for

Emergency Services 2017 ed. NFPA 1670• Standard on Operations and Training for Technical

Search and Rescue Incidents 2017 ed. NFPA 1006• Standard for Technical Rescuer Personnel Professional

Qualifications 2017 ed.

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NFPA 1983 – 2017 edition• Chapter 3 – Definition • Chapter 4 – Certification • Chapter 5 – Labeling and Information • Chapter 6 – Design & Construction Requirements • Chapter 7 – Performance Requirements • Chapter 8 – Test Methods

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NFPA 1670 - Operational LevelsAwareness level - minimum capability of organizations who provide response to technical search and rescue incidents.

Operations level - capability of organizations to respond to technical search and rescue incidents and to identify hazards, use equipment, and apply limited techniques specified in this standard to support and participate in technical search and rescue incidents.

Technician level - capability of organizations to respond to technical search and rescue incidents and to identify hazards, use equipment, and apply advanced techniques specified in this standard necessary to coordinate, perform, and supervise technical search and rescue incidents.

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NFPA 1006The 2017 edition was released 12/1/16. To keep you informed on the most recent updates we will go over the newest edition. • Levels are now Awareness, Operations and Technician • Chapters coincide with NFPA 1670

This program has been granted ProBoard accreditation to the 2013 edition. • Technical Rescuer Level I, • Technical Rescuer Level II, • Technical Rescuer Level I/II

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RHODEISLANDFIREACADEMY-OFFICIALUSEONLY7

NFPA 1006 - 2017 editionChapter 5.1 – Rope Rescue Awareness Level • Recognize the need for support resources • Recognize incident hazards & isolate • Recognize needed resources for a rescue incident • Initiate a disciple-specific

search • Helicopter ground support

operations • Initiate triage of victims • Assist a team in operation

of the haul line of a rope mechanical advantage system raising operation


Chapter 5.2 – Rope Rescue Operations Level • Size Up • Inspect & maintain PPE • Inspect & maintain equipment • Tie knots • Single point anchors • Multipoint anchors • Perform a system safety check • Place edge protection • Construct and operate a belay system • Belay a falling load in high angle • Ascend a fixed rope in a high-angle environment • Descend a fixed rope in a high-angle environment • Escape from a jammed device during rappel

NFPA 1006 - 2017 edition


Chapter 5.2 cont. – Rope Rescue Operational Level • Construct a lowering system • Direct a lowering operation in high-angle • Simple mechanical advantage • Direct the operation of a simple MA in high-angle • Construct a compound rope mechanical advantage system • Direct a lowering operation in a high angle environment • Negotiate an edge while attached to rope • Access, assess, stabilize, package and transfer • Direct a litter-lowering and litter raising operation in low-angle • Operate as a litter tender in low angle • Direct a litter-lowering and litter raising operation in high-

angle • Terminate a technical rescue incident

NFPA 1006 - 2017 edition


Definitions• Low angle rescue – More than half of the weight

is supported by the ground (floor, beam, structure, etc.)

• High angle rescue – More than half of the weight is supported by the rope system.

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Definitions• Vertical rescue – The movement is at right

angles to the horizon. All the weight is supported by the rope system.

• Slope rescue – There is continual contact with the ground, usually low angle rescue, but could include some high angle.

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Why Use Rope?• Areas inaccessible to ladder trucks, or height

greater than a ladder truck’s aerial device. • The need to raise a person from an excavation,

trench, construction site, or other rescue scenes.

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Size Up A Rescue Incident• What type of incident is it? • Rescue vs. Recovery Mode • How many victims? Location? • Witnesses • Scope and Magnitude • Additional Resources • Incident action plan • Risk Benefit Analysis

Hazards?(Utilities,mechanical,hazmat,etc…)Sceneaccess?EnvironmentalFactors?WitnessManagement?

Considerations


Risk vs. Benefit AnalysisGordon Graham Model

Frequency

Risk

HighFrequencyHighRisk

EmergencyVehicleOperations

HighFrequencyLowRisk

Medicalcalls

LowFrequencyLowRisk

LockOuts

LowFrequencyHighRisk

TechnicalRescue


Rescue vs. Recovery Determination

• Based on Risk/Benefit Analysis • Duration • Mechanism of Injury • Environmental Conditions • Victim Access • Golden Hour


Identify Needed Support Resources• Equipment cache • organization and tracking

• Scene lighting • Environmental concerns • Personnel • rotations • rehab criteria • shelter and thermal

protection


Managing Incidents Hazards

• Scene control barriers • PPE • Specialized equipment and resources • Hazard identification and control • Minimize risks to rescuers and victims


Technical Rescue Positions


Conducting a SearchPPE for Search • Hearing protection, fall

protection & PFD • Pertinent search equipment • GPS, helicopters, ATV’s Victim information • Age, LSP, Number of victims, Accountability • Personnel assignments match

their expertise


Helicopter

• 100’ X 100’ Landing Zone • Slope of ground & type of

ground • Obstructions/Hazards –

Trees, wires, light poles, and antennas.

• Hazardous Materials • Establish scene control • Communication • Facilitate victim transfer

GROUNDSUPPORTOPERATIONS


Termination of Operations• Release of scene control • Follow local protocols with PD

• Status of hazard control • Accountability • Readiness of apparatus and equipment • Documentation and record keeping • Critical Incident Stress Management • Safety precautions left in place.

Most Dangerous Point


Patient Care

• Follow local EMS protocols… • How long for EMS to arrive? • Level of EMS? • FF/EMT? • Consider - “Suspension Trauma” • Still dealing with the Golden Hour


EMS• Access - how to approach to the victim? • Assess - protection from airborne and blood

borne pathogens delivering basic first aid • Stabilize – basic first aid or EMS level


EMS• Package - securing a victim in a

transfer device, with regard to existing and potential injuries or illness, so as to prevent further harm during movement.

• Transfer victims - given local medical protocols, so all pertinent information is passed from rescuer to EMS, and the victim can be transported to a medical care facility”

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EMS• Triage – “The sorting of casualties at an

emergency according to the nature and severity of their injuries.”


Personal Protective Equipment• Helmet • Gloves • Eye Protection • Ear Protection • For both Rescuer and

Victim • Footwear


Inspection and Maintenance of PPE• Personal Protective

Equipment (Including respiratory equipment)

• Clean, Inspection • Maintenance records • Identify wear & damage • Preventative maintenance

★Follow manufacturer guidelines


Inspection and Maintenance of Equipment• Rescue Equipment • Wash or dry equipment • Proper inspection after each

use (Identify wear and damage) • Log equipment use • Record time and date of usage • Replace equipment when

needed • Report deficiencies per local

protocol • Proper disposal methods


Rope – Inspection and MaintenanceDO NOT • Step on the rope • Drag rope on ground • Leave rope under tension • Smoke around ropes • Store a rope in a poorly vented

area • Store in direct sunlight • Expose a rope to high

temperature • Run nylon over nylon • Subject rope to chemicals, oils,

acids, etc • Use life safety rope for towing • Cause undo abrasion to rope • Shock load the rope

DO: • Inspect a rope for damage • Clean a rope after each use • Use edge protection • Bag rope, ready for use • Remove knot as soon as

possible • Keep rope log • Treat equipment with respect


AnchorsAnchor Point

A single, structural component used either alone or in combination with other components to create an anchor system capable of sustaining the actual and potential load on the rope rescue system


Single Point Anchors

• Solid • Bomb proof • Critical angle (degrees)

✴ Less than 120 ✴ Under 90 preferred


Anchors = Good

Bollard’s

Live, Solid Tree

Manufactured anchor

Structural Components


Anchors = Bad

Shallow Roots

Girth HitchRoof Vents

Mortar, Chimney

Cast Iron


Other Anchor Examples

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Rock

Pickets

Building

Vehicle

Tree


Software as Edge Protection• Protects rope and webbing from sharp or abrasive

edges • Used when rope is NOT moving under load • Canvas, fire hose, carpet, rope bag etc


Hardware as Edge Protection• Protects rope and webbing from sharp or abrasive

edges • Used when rope is moving under load • Roof roller, pulley etc. Not a hose roller!


Rope FailureUnprotected Edges • At exit point • At anchor

• Shock Load - prevent by keeping taught

UnprotectedEdges


Belay a Falling Load w/ TWTP• Only have 8-12” of slack in system at a time • Bubble or Omega turn • Maintain tension in anchor

IF A SHOCK LOAD SHOULD HAPPEN, the short prusik will grab, let go and set the second prusik!


Conducting a systems safety check• Physical/visual check • Proof load entire system • Acronym - ABCDE • Never check something you built • Start at the anchor end • Check all knots • Check all carabiners • Check edge protection


Rope Rescue• The ability to move up

and down the rope • To move side to side • Engineering lowering/

hauling systems • Descending • Ascending


Things to Consider • Anchoring • Lowering and Hauling lines • Rescuers • Patient Packaging • Other equipment • Time constraints


NFPA 1983 Standard• SOFTWARE • Ropes – General or Technical use • Accessory Cord • Emergency Escape • Webbing • Harnesses • Etriers (8-tree-A)


ALL ABOUT ROPE


ROPE PROPERTIES

Different combinations make one kind of rope more suitable than another for rescue operations. Rescuers must determine the material a rope is made of and the way it is constructed.

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FIBERS USED TO MAKE ROPESNylon • About 10% stronger than polyester • Good shock loading capability • Loses approximately 10-15% when wet (will

regain the strength back when dry) • Susceptible to certain strong acids

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FIBERS USED TO MAKE ROPESPolyester • High tensile strength • Good abrasion • Cannot handle shock loading as well as nylon • Susceptible to damage from alkalis • Resistant to damage from acid

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FIBERS USED TO MAKE ROPESPolyethylene / Polypropylene • Designed usually for water rescue activities • Not designed for direct loading in life safety

operations • Floats • Does not absorb water • Relatively low tensile strength • Good Chemical Resistance

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FIBERS USED TO MAKE ROPESKevlar • Generally considered unsuitable for rescue

activities • Resistant to high temperature • High tensile strength • Easily damaged by abrasion • Poor shock loading capacity

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FIBERS USED TO MAKE ROPESSpectra • VERY STRONG • Very static • Also very expensive • Easily damaged by abrasion • Low shock absorption

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FIBERS USED TO MAKE ROPESNatural fibers • Manila • Hemp • Sisal • Cotton

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FIBERS USED TO MAKE ROPESNatural fibers • Are not used in rescue due to • Random length fibers • Susceptible to chemicals • Susceptible to environmental conditions • Deteriorate in time • Low tensile strength

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ROPE CONSTRUCTIONLaid • Fibers untwist

✴Spin ✴Kink

• Fibers exposed to abrasion • Stretchy • Second weakest in tensile strength

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ROPE CONSTRUCTIONBraid • Solid braid • 100% of the fibers come to the surface • Fiber bundles vulnerable to destruction

• Hollow braid • Essentially a sheath • Not for life safety

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION Double Braided ropes • Solid braid covered with a hollow braid • Soft and Flexible • Susceptible to contamination, picking, and

abrasion.

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ROPE CONSTRUCTIONEight-stranded plaited rope • Soft and pliable • Prone to “picking” • Built-in stretch due to its construction • No spin

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION

Kernmantle • Kern = Core • Mantle = Sheath • Continuous core fibers (Block Creel

Construction)

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ROPE CONSTRUCTIONKernmantle cont. ★Kernmantle (Static) • Used mostly in rescue • Parallel core fibers possessing low stretch &

no spin • Tightly braided protective sheath • Not designed for lead climbing due to its low

stretch compared to dynamic kern-mantle • No greater than 20% at break

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION★Kernmantle (Static)

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION★Kernmantle (Dynamic) • Stretches - as much as 60% at failure • Used in lead climbing, mountain climbing,

etc. • Stretch is built into rope by twisting the

core fibers & braiding the sheath

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ROPE CONSTRUCTION★Kernmantle (Dynamic)

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Rope StrengthMajor factors affecting rope strength: • Type of Construction • Material used • Diameter of rope • History

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Rope StandardsProviding standards on rope & equipment

• ANSI – American National Standard Institute • IAFF - International Association of Fire Fighters • NASAR – National Association for Search & Rescue • NFPA – National Fire Protection Association • NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety

Rope and System Components 2012 Edition • NCRC – National Cave Rescue Commission • OSHA – Occupational Safety & Health Administration • ATSM – American Society of Testing Materials • UIAA – International Union of Alpine Association

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Classification of Rope• Life Safety Rope • Technical Use • General Use

• Escape Rope • Escape Webbing • Fire Escape Rope • Fire Escape Webbing • Throwlines • Manufacturer Supplied

Eye Termination

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Life Safety Rope Basics• NFPA 1983 – performance based standard • Implied 15:1 safety factor • 1 – Person Working Load 300 lbs. • 2 – Person Working Load 600 lbs. • Virgin fiber • Marking systems


Classification of Life Safety Rope

Technical Use life safety rope • 4496 lbs. minimum breaking strength • 3/8” Diameter minimum • ½” Diameter maximum • Rope Inspection

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Classification of Life Safety RopeGeneral Use life safety rope • 8.992 lbs. minimum breaking strength • ½ ” Diameter minimum • 5/8 ” Diameter maximum • Rope Inspection

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NFPA CLASSIFICATIONSEscape Rope • Single-purpose for emergency self-rescue

rope; not classified as a life safety rope • 3034 lbs. minimum breaking strength • 7.5mm to 9.5mm diameter minimum • Rope Inspection

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NFPA CLASSIFICATIONSThrow-line • Used for water rescue • 2923 lbs. minimum breaking strength • 7mm to 9.5mm diameter

minimum • Rope Inspection • Must float ex. polypropylene • Not for vertical ops

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CordageAccessory/Prusik Cord • Static Kern-mantle • 9mm or less • Average around 3000 pounds • Usages


Webbing Usages

• Anchors • Packaging • Emergency Harness • Load release hitch


Webbing construction

• 1 inch tubular: average 4000 lbs tensile strength • 1 inch flat: average 6000 lbs tensile strength • 2 inch tubular: average 6000 lbs tensile strength


WEBBING CONSTRUCTION• Types of webbing • Tubular – • Shuttle Loom • Edge Stitched

• Chain Stitched • Solid

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WEBBING Slings • Commercial • Know your ratings • Read the label

• Tied

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HarnessesClass II • fastens around waist and

thighs • design load of 600 lbs, for

rescue Class III • fastens around waist, thighs

and over shoulders • design load of 600 lbs, for

rescue ★Gear loops are not rated! ★Side mount positioning tabs ★No longer Class I


NFPA 1983 StandardHARDWARE • Carabiners • Pulleys • Swivels • Ascenders • Descenders – 8 Plates &

Rappel Racks • Edge rollers, roof rollers • Load Cells


HardwareCarabiner • Steel & Aluminum • Different styles • Pay attention to side loading • General use – 40 kN (8992 lbs) • Technical use – 27 kN (4496 lbs)

kN = 225 lbs


CARABINERS

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HingeGate

LatchNose

Spine


HardwarePulleys • Double Sheath becketed • Knot Passing • Different Ratings • 4:1 Rule • Fixed side plates • Open side plates


HardwareAscender • Gibbs • Rescucenders • Open faced Handled Ascenders


HardwareDescent Control Devices • Figure 8 • Bar Rack • Petzl ID • CMC –MPD (Multi-purpose Device) • Various personal escape devices


DESCENDERSFigure “8” descender with or without “ears”

• Aluminum/steel • Puts a lot of twist in the rope • Limited means of adjusting friction • Limited to short drops of 150’ or less

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DESCENDERSBrake Bar Rack • Stainless Steel or

aluminum bars • Bent or straight rack • Friction can be changed

will under load • Rope doesn’t twist • Requires more training

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Hardware

Edge Protection • Edge Rollers • Roof Rollers • Edge plate


Screw LinksTypes • Triangular (Delta) • Oval • Semi-circle • Square

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RIGGING PLATESKeeps various system components organized.

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RiggingorAnchorPlate


FAILURE✴ F - Failure to understand or underestimating the

environment ✴ A - Additional medical implications not

considered ✴ I - Inadequate rescue skills ✴ L - Lack of team work and experience ✴ U - Underestimating the logistical need of the

operation ✴ R - Rescue versus recovery mode not considered ✴ E - Equipment not mastered


Main LineThis rope carries the weight of and controls the load during rappelling, lowering, and hauling operations

Load: The total weight of persons and equipment being lowered or raised on a rope system

Proof load the main line system before putting a life load on the system


Belay The second rope in the two rope system

This rope is our safety. It is in place in the event of a failure in the Main Line or any components of the main line system

Thefunctionofusingaropetoarrestthefallofaperson.DOESNOTPREVENTAFALL

Allrescueoperationsshouldbebelayed.Situationsfornotusingabelayarerare.


BelayTandemprusikbelay-Tandemprusikw/prusikmindingpulleyandloadreleasinghitch-SLP:startingatcarabinerspine-shortprusik,longprusik,thenpulley.


Other Belay Devices

90

540Belay

CMC-MPD

PetzliD


Main Line & Belay

MainLine

BelayLine


Main Line & Belay

Mainline

Belayline


DescendingMOVING DOWN • Rappelling – Advantages and Disadvantages • Lowering - Advantages


AscendingMOVING UP • Ascending: Climbing up the rope • Hauling: Using a hauling system


HAUL SYSTEMS

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Mechanical AdvantageDefinition – A force created through mechanical means, including but not limited to, a system of ropes and pulleys usually creating an output force greater than the input force.

• Simple • Compound • Complex


Simple Mechanical Advantage

• One or more moving pulleys

• Both traveling at the same speed and direction

• Forces are evenly distributed throughout the system


3:1 Z RIG

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3:1 ATTACHED


4:1 SIMPLE SYSTEM BLOCK & TACKLE


Compound Mechanical Advantage

• One single pulley system pulling another single pulley system

• Analyze at the end with moving pulleys by multiplying the mechanical advantage of each pulley system

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4:1 Compound


Haul System Safety Rules• If any increase in resistance, haulers stop and

call “stop” • People powered systems and not mechanical

systems • Generally not more than 5:1 mechanical

advantage • Generally not more than 4 haulers

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Commands• Stop - anyone can call out for safety concern • On belay? Belay on! • On rappel? Rappel away! • SLACK: Give on rope • UP ROPE: Take up • TENSION: Make the rope taught • Stop “as a rescuer” - to give a message to edge • Why stop? - edge to rescuer to receive message • Locking off/Unlocking - while rappelling • Main/Belay safe - when device is secured


Course Overview• All practical skills for the rest of the program • Read the book for the exam on day 5 • Practical skills exam will follow the written exam • Take notes after class on the skills you learned • Pay attention to the weather • Personal protective equipment • Leather work gloves (non-fire, clean) • Boots (over the ankle) • Helmet, rescue style preferred, if not then FD

★Water for rehydration


Very Important!!!!!

BESAFE&HAVEFUN!!!


Questions?

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Comments?

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RIFA Rope Ops - RI Firefighter Instructors Associationrifireinstructors.org/wp-content/uploads/RIFA-Rope-1-NOTE-TAKING... · RHODE ISLAND FIRE ACADEMY - OFFICIAL USE ONLY 7 NFPA 1006