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CSci 210 -- Advanced Software Paradigms Exam Review

A. Bellaachia

Department of Computer Science

School of Engineering and Applied Science

The George Washington University

Washington, DC 20052

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Csci 210 -- A. Bellaachia

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Introduction

Software Development Process Language and Computer Architecture Language paradigms Language Evaluation Criteria:

ReadabilityExamples: Data type, data structures, and control statements

Writability Reliability

Type checkingException handlingAliasing

Maintainability Cost

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Software Paradigms Five Software Paradigms

AP: Algorithmic Paradigm AP assumes problem is well structured application = program to map input to output finite number of steps, no errors

ASE: Analysis-Synthesis-Evaluation like Waterfall Model assumes problem is well structured It uses problem decomposition

FD: Formal Design FD assumes problem is well structured It is a refinement of ASE, but uses abstractionproblem becomes a mathematical proposition

AI: Artificial Intelligence It is explicitly founded on the concepts ofsearch, knowledge and heuristics It does not assume problem is well structured

TED: Theory of Evolutionary Design It uses the fast that software design is an evolutionary process It does not assume problem is well structured

Nothing is fixed, everything can evolve

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Software Architecture Paradigms

Architectural ElementsProcessing elementsConnecting elementsData ElementsConfiguration file

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Software Architecture Paradigms (Cont.) Architectural Styles (major ones)

Dataflow Systems Pipelines

Each layer is client for layer below it output of one stage = input to next Example: Compilers

Call & Return Systems Layered

Each layer is client for layer below it advantages: incremental, extendable N-tier / Client-Server layers can be developed independently Examples: Operating Systems, Web-based applications

Independent-Process Communicating Processes:

Using CSP to describe different process topologies Repository

Blackboard central repository for shared info 3 components knowledge source, controller, repository (blackboard) Example: no one single answer fingerprints

Architecture Evaluation: Good Structure Cohesion Coupling

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DSSA

Requirement analysis and software architecture of a domain ofapplications.

Examples: Wed browsers, Web servers, Word processors, etc. There are three main elements of a DSSA:

Domain ModelComplete description of the domainAchieved by experts in the domain, users, developers who have experience

in the domain, etc.

Reference RequirementsStable (or Fix)Variable (or optional)Requirements can also be broken into:

Functional, Non-functional, Design, ImplementationList a reference of each requirement of the domain.

Reference ArchitectureMake sure to state the right architecture style for the domain.List a reference of each architectural element.

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Components

Why use components? Major elements of a component: Specification

One or more implementations Component Model:

Each of these component models addresses the following issues: How a component makes its services available to others? How component are named? How new components and their services are discovered at runtime.

A packaging approach: Example: 2EE application is packaged as an Enterprise ARchive (EAR) file, a

standard Java JAR file with an .ear extension.

A deployment approach: J2EE uses deployment descriptors that are defined as in XML files named ejb-

jar.xml.

Component Architecture Blackbox vs. Whitebox Components vs. Objects Components in industry verses in-house solutions Component disadvantages

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Design Patterns

Definitions What is a Pattern? Categories of Patterns Pattern Characteristics Essential Elements of a Design Pattern Examples of design patterns:

SingletonAdapterStrategy

Design Pattern Selection How to Use a Design Pattern? Idioms

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Frameworks

DefinitionsFrameworksClassificationFrameworks EvaluationExamples

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Basic of Programming Languages

Built-in Types and Primitive Types Data Aggregates and Type Constructors Constructors User-defined Types and Abstract Data Types Strong Typing & Type Checking Type Compatibility Type Conversion Type and Subtypes Generic Types Monomorphic versus Polymorphic The Type Structure of Representative languages Implementation Models Implementation of Structured Types

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Object-Oriented Programming

Object-oriented characteristics: Object Definition and instance creation Encapsulation

Inheritance Polymorphism: Polymorphism (Greek for many

forms) means that the same operation can bedefined for many different classes, and each can beimplemented in their different way.

Binding in OOP: Static vs. Dynamics

Implementation of OO constructs

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Functional Programming

Functional programming characteristics Functions in FP: composition, Apply-to-all, etc. Performance

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Logic Programming

Logic programming characteristics:based on relations. Horn clause

User query processing: Resolution Unification

Performance

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Concurrency

Concurrency requirements Problems with concurrency: Deadlock Starvation Etc.

Process Interactions Syntax for parallel processes Independent processes Competing processes (Critical sections) Communicating processes (May need to communicate)

Low-level Concurrency Primitives Process creation and control: Event: Event-wait(e) and Event-signal(e) Messages: Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs)

Synchronization Semaphores, Monitors, etc.

Concurrency in Java.

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Sample Question

Problem :In this problem, we would like to define a DSSA for web serverapplications such as Apache and Internet Information Server (IIS).The major operations of a web server include the following:

A resource handler to determine the type of operation requested by a browser. Interpretation of a request protocol such as the HTTP protocol. An operation, called Access Control, to enforce access rule employed by the

server.

A request analysis operation to translate the location of the resource (URL)from a network location to a local file name.

A web server has also the ability to gather information (log) about all therequests and their results.

Provide a complete DSSA for this type of applications.

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Sample Question

Problem:State the major software paradigms that can be

examined during the steps of the software life

cycle of an application and explain why.

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Sample Question

Problem:Component-based software development greatly

depends on an efficient component integration

strategy. You have been hired by a company and

you are asked to develop a component-based

system.

(a) What are the issues that you need to

address in your design?

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Sample Question

Problem:Give an architectural description in CSP for the

following architecture:

M0

F3 F4

M3

F1 F2 O1

M2 M5

M4M1

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Sample Question

Problem:(a) Describe why you would use design patterns

in your application.

(b) Give an example of a design pattern and show

how you would use it for a specific application.

State clearly your application.

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Sample Questions: Different Paradigms

What the major design decisions you need to consider for: Object-oriented programming

Requirements of OOPPolymorphismClass Instance Record (CIR)

FPRequirements of FPBe familiar with Scheme: be able to understand scheme code

LP:Requirements of LPResolution algorithmUnificationQuery processing

ConcurrencyRequirements of concurrency.

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Sample Question Problem:

class A {

public:

int a;

virtual void what(){ }

virtual void who() { }

};

class B{

public:int b

virtual void what{ }

};

class C: public A, public B {

public:

int c;

virtual void what(){ }virtual void who() { }

virtual void dud() { }

};

Draw the Class Instance Record (CIR) of each class.

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Sample Question

Problem:One of the programming language paradigms we havecovered is logic programming.

1. Describe this paradigm and compare it to

a programming language paradigm of yourchoice.

2. Give detailed description of the different

parts of a logic program.

3. One of the drawbacks of logic programming is

low performance. How would your enhance theefficiency of a logic programming compiler?

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Sample Question

Problem:You are asked to extend a procedural language to

become an object-oriented (OO) language.

(1) State the OO features that you need to

add to your procedural language

(2) Explain how you would implement

each of the features in (1)

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Sample Question

Problem:Consider the following logic program: mother (mary, sue). mother (mary, bill). mother (sue, nancy). mother (sue, jeff). mother (jane, ron). father (john, sue). father (john, bill). father (bob, nancy). father (bob, jeff). Father(bill,ron). Parent(A,B) :- father(A,B). Parent (A,B) :- mother(A,B). Grandparent(C,D) :- parent(C,E), parent(E,D).

Show the trace of the processing of the following queries:?- grandparent(Who, ron).

Add a sibling relationship to the above program and answer the following question:

?- sibling(sue, X).

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Review 210.Ppt