1. What traps particles before they reach the alveoli?
2. mucus
3. What moves the mucus upward?
4. cilia
5. What do we call this moving mucus system?
6. Mucus escalator
7. What paralyzes the mucus escalator?
8. nicotene
9. What detects when the lungs are full?
10. Stretch receptors
11. Falling oxygen, rising CO2, falling pH
12. ischemia
13. What detects ischemia?
14. chemoreceptors
15. Which feature of ischemia is easiest to detect?
16. The CO2
17. Dangerous gas produced by combustion
18. Carbon monoxide
19. What does carbon monoxide bind to ?
20. hemoglobin
21. What makes hemoglobin dissociate from oxygen more
easily?
22. Low pH (ischemia)
23. How are pathogens/irritants in the air prevented from
reaching the alveoli?
24. Constriction of bronchioles
25. What if the bronchioles constrict in response to irritants
which present no threat to you?
26. You have asthma
27. What is really good at making constricted bronchioles relax
and open up?
28. adrenalin/epinephrine, such as is found in an epi-pen
29. Loss of alveolar walls due to mechanical stress or
bacterial action
30. emphysema
31. How does emphysema decrease your ability to absorb
oxygen?
32. Decreases surface area
33. Emphysema destroys capillaries in the lung, forcing a
person to pump blood through fewer capillaries. Which organ is most
directly affected by this?
34. Right side of heart.
35. In a successful immune response to tuberculosis, how is the
bacterium kept from spreading?
36. It is walled off by a capsule of fibrous tissue in the
lungs.
37. What happens if the infection spreads before this immune
response?
38. The entire lung becomes thick and fibrous. Less able to
diffuse gases.
39. Why is tuberculosis increasingly scary?
40. Antibiotic resistant strains have developed.
41. What does a positive tb skin test prove?
42. That you've been exposed to tb and had an immune
response.
43. What causes the blister in a positive tb skin test?
44. Your antibodies are attacking the tb proteins they
scratched into your skin.
45. What's a pneumothorax?
46. Air in the chest (where it doesn't belong, in the
interpleural cavity.) It can cause a collapsed lung.
47. What else can cause a collapsed lung?
48. Lack of surfactant, common in premies.
49. What do surfactants do?
50. Reduce surface tension, and the tendency of your lungs to
stick together like a steamy wet bread sack.
51. Why doesn't hyperventilating increase your blood
oxygen?
52. Your blood is nearly oxygen saturated already.
53. Why is hyperventilating before going underwater
dangerous?
54. Drives down CO2, making you feel too comfortable while
you're running out of oxygen.
55. What happens to the gases dissolved in your blood when you
rise to quickly from deep under water?
56. They become bubbles.
57. What's an embolus?
58. A bloodstream obstruction.
59. Fluid buildup in the lungs.
60. Pulmonary edema.
61. How does your blood adapt to the low oxygen concentration
at high altitudes?
62. Makes more red cells.
63. How do you divert blood flow to the better ventilated parts
of your lung?
64. Constrict blood flow to the poorly ventilated parts.
Vasospasticity.
65. What happens if your blood becomes sludgy because it has
too many red cells, and your lungs are entirely vasospastic because
of low atmospheric oxygen?
66. Your right heart overworks, enlarges, dies. Mountain
sickness.
67. What's tidal volume?
68. The amount of air you move in a normal breath.
69. What's the largest volume of air you can move in a single
breath?