Report on the Development of Cost Optimal Calculations and

Report on the Development of Cost Optimal Calculations and Gap Analysis for Buildings in Ireland under Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance of Buildings (RECAST)

Section 1-Residential Buildings

Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government Final Report Revised 07/04/2020

05 April 2018

Irish Cost Optimal Report 2018 2

Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government

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Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4

2. Reference Buildings ...................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 New buildings ..................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Existing Buildings.............................................................................................................. 13

3. Measures and packages ............................................................................................................. 30

3.1 New buildings ................................................................................................................... 30

3.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental analysis ........................................................................... 32

3.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ....................................................................... 33

4. Calculation of primary energy demand for the measures ........................................................... 36

4.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 36

4.2 Existing Buildings.............................................................................................................. 40

5. Global cost calculation ................................................................................................................ 56

5.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 56

5.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ........................................................................... 76

5.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ..................................................................... 119

6. Cost Optimal Level for Reference Buildings ............................................................................. 152

6.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................. 152

6.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ......................................................................... 156


7. Comparison of Current Regulations and Cost Optimal Level ................................................... 168

7.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................. 168

7.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ......................................................................... 169


Appendix 1 – Current Regulations ...................................................................................................... 177

Appendix 2 – Cost Optimal Curves, Existing buildings – Elemental analysis ..................................... 180



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Executive Summary

This report details work undertaken for the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. It describes cost-optimal calculations and a gap analysis for residential buildings in accordance with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast) The report has been developed in accordance with Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings (hereinafter referred to as the Cost-Optimal Regulation) and the associated Guidelines accompanying Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012

The format of this report is based upon the reporting template provided in Annex 3 of the Cost-

Optimal Regulation. This report is in a similar format to the 2013 Cost Optimal Report for Ireland.

Energy Performance Assessment and modelling

The following reference buildings were selected for new and existing single-family buildings.

Bungalow

Detached house (2 storeys)

Semi-detached house (2 storeys)

Mid-floor flat

Top-floor flat

Mid-terrace (existing only)

In addition a new and existing apartment block building was modelled in accordance with the requirements of the EPBD.

The building models used are based upon typical dwellings agreed with the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government (DHPLG).

The selection of buildings and the baseline energy performance of the existing buildings were based on an analysis of Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland’s (SEAI) Energy Performance Certificate or Building Energy Rating database which contained 830,952 records in Q1 2018. This represents approximately 49% of occupied dwellings.

In order to model the energy performance of dwellings to a cost optimal level, the Dwelling Energy

Assessment Procedure (DEAP) as published by Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) was

used.

DEAP is Ireland’s calculation methodology and software for calculating the energy performance of

buildings and meets the requirements of the EPBD (recast) Annex I and EN 13790. The requirements

regarding the conservation of fuel and energy for dwellings are laid out in Part L of the Second Schedule

to the Building Regulations 1997 (Statutory Instrument No. 497 of 1997) as amended by the Building

Regulations (Part L Amendment) Regulations (Statutory .Instrument No. 259 of 2011 to S.I. 538 of

2017). Part L of the Building Regulations provides that the energy performance of the dwelling is such

as to limit the calculated primary energy consumption and related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions

insofar as is reasonably practicable, when both energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions are calculated using the Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP) published by the

Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. DEAP calculates whole dwelling energy and carbon emissions

performance compliance for the Irish Building Regulations Part L 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2018 for new

dwellings.

Capital Costs and Lifecycle Costs

Capital costs for measures were developed by independent economic consultants Currie and Brown.

New build cost data was based on current construction projects in the Dublin region. Existing build

cost data was validated against cost data from SEAI Better Energy Homes grant schemes.



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Discount rates used took account of public sector rates used by Department of Public Expenditure

and Reform and financial rates used by the financial sector. Future energy prices were based on

SEAI forecasts. Sensitivities were modelled to allow for different energy prices, discount rates and

capital and operational costs.

Models were run from both a societal and investor perspective. The societal model included the cost

of carbon and used lower discount rates. The investor model excluded the cost of carbon and used

higher discount rates.

Results and Gap Analysis

As the reduction of carbon emissions is a societal challenge, the societal perspective which includes

the price of carbon has been used to perform the gap analysis to inform the cost optimal level.

The results of the gap analysis for new and existing dwellings from a societal perspective are

described below. The results are based on a macro economic analysis, using a 5% discount rate and

a central energy price.

The 2018 cost optimal report compares the cost optimal level to the draft 2018 Part L of the Building

Regulations performance requirements which have completed public consultation and are due to be

signed into regulation at the end of September 2018. This 2018 Part L regulation introduces Nearly

Zero Energy Building performance requirements and Major Renovation provisions to a cost optimal

level into Ireland’s Building Regulations for Dwellings.

New Buildings

The 2018 Part L of the Building Regulations Conservation of Fuel and Energy performance

requirements for the majority of dwelling types meet the cost optimal level performance. The cost

optimal gap analysis for single family dwellings is shown in table 7.1 in the main body of the report.

There is no negative gap between the cost optimal levels and 2018 performance requirements for

the majority of dwellings. The average performance of all dwelling types is also better than the cost

optimal level.

As the average performance of all dwelling types is better than the cost optimal level and the

majority of single family dwellings and the apartment block when modelled to 2018 Part L Building

Regulations performance requirements achieve the cost optimal level there is no gap between

these performance requirements and the cost optimal level.

Existing Buildings - Major Renovation (Analysis of packages)

In the majority of dwellings modelled, the current requirement of 125kWh/m2/yr is within 15% of the

cost optimal primary energy level as required by the cost optimal guidance. The cost optimal levels

are set out in Tables 7.6 to 7.9 in the main body of the report. In some cases where the cost optimal

level is more than 15% lower than the 2018 Part L requirements, this is achieved through the

installation of photovoltaics as part of the major renovation package on specific dwelling types.

From an economic perspective, the installation of photovoltaics may present an unintended barrier

to the retrofit of dwellings and it may not be functionally feasible to install photovoltaics due to

available space.

The Part L 2018 performance requirements are within 15% of the cost optimal level for the major renovation of the majority of dwellings inso far as they are technically, functionally and economically feasible.

Existing Buildings - Elemental replacement

For the heating systems, window and hollow block/solid wall elements analysed, there is no gap

between 2018 Part L requirements and the cost optimal level. The cost optimal levels are set out in



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Tables 7.3 to 7.5 in the main body of the report. In the case of roofs with insulation between joists,

cavity walls and floors there are functional reasons why it may not be possible to install additional

insulation to achieve the cost optimal level such as available space in existing rooms or roof spaces,

or cavity widths in walls. The Part L 2018 requirements are at the cost optimal level for elemental

replacement insofar as they are technically, economically and functionally feasible.



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1. Introduction

This report details work undertaken for the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. It describes cost-optimal calculations and a gap analysis for residential buildings in accordance with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast) The report has been developed in accordance with Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings (hereinafter referred to as the Cost-Optimal Regulation) and the associated Guidelines accompanying Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012

The format of this report is based upon the reporting template provided in Annex 3 of the Cost-

Optimal Regulation. This report is in a similar format to the 2013 Cost Optimal Report for Ireland.

.



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2. Reference Buildings

2.1 New buildings

According to Annex 1 of Cost Optimal Regulation, member states should establish reference buildings

for the following two residential building categories: single-family buildings and apartment blocks/

multifamily buildings. For each building category, at least one reference building shall be established

for new build.

The following five reference buildings have been selected for single-family buildings.

Bungalow

Detached house (2 storeys)

Semi-detached house (2 storeys)

Mid-floor flat

Top-floor flat

The following reference building has been selected for apartment blocks/ multifamily buildings.

Apartment building: This is analysed as a whole apartment block1. It comprises three types of apartment units: the top and mid-floor apartments (as adopted for single-family buildings) and a ground floor apartment based on the same geometry. The apartment building comprises six floors with 4 apartment units on each floor. It is assumed that all communal spaces (e.g. corridors, stairways) are unheated.

The building models used are based upon typical dwellings agreed with the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government (DHPLG). The justification for adopting these dwellings is that they are based on a review undertaken of new build dwelling construction. Sources included the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government Housing Statistics, the Central Statistics Office Construction and Housing Statistics, DKM Economic Consultants Ltd Annual Review of the Construction Industry, and Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland’s Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in the Residential Sector.2

A summary of the floor areas for these buildings is shown in Table 2.1. The floor areas are calculated

by taking linear measurements between the finished internal faces of the walls. New buildings are

assumed to be of cavity wall construction. As per DHPLG advice, that this is the most common new

build construction type in Ireland.

Table 2.1: Reference Building Details – Floor Areas

Building Category Reference Building Floor Area

Single-family buildings

Bungalow 104m²

Detached house 160m²

Semi-detached house 126m²

Mid-floor flat 81m²

Top-floor flat 81m²

Apartment blocks and

multifamily buildings Apartment building

1944 m2

(total area for all apartments in the building)

1 The results for this building type aggregate the results for the individual apartment units. The results do not include energy use within communal spaces (e.g. corridors, stairways) as these are typically unheated spaces. National energy efficiency standards for communal spaces are determined by the national non-residential building regulations which are assessed separately within the cost-optimal studies. 2 UCD ERG Study for Department of Environment Heritage and Local Government, Energy Efficiency Regulations for New Dwellings and Options for Improvement, 2007.



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For the purpose of this work, it has been assumed that the buildings are constructed in Dublin. The

Greater Dublin area contributes to a significant proportion of newly constructed dwellings in the

Ireland and is also the focus of current construction activities. Hence, climate and cost data relevant

for the Dublin geographical area been taken into consideration for the analysis.

Table 2.2 provides a more detailed summary of the Reference Buildings using the template provided

with the Cost Optimal Regulations. The component level requirements that set the proposed minimum

performance standards under draft Building Regulations 2018 for new residential buildings are

outlined in Appendix 1.

Table 2.2: Reference Buildings for New Buildings

Reference Building

Building Geometry

Shares of window

area on the

building envelope

and windows with

no solar access

Floor area m2

Typical energy

performance

kWh/m2/yr

Component level

requirements

Area of N/W/S/E

exposed facade (m²)

Volume

(m³)

Ratio of window

area over total

facade area

separately for

N/W/S/E facades

Primary energy for

each building

model according

to Part L 2018

national

regulations

These are

minimum

requirements for

different elemental

components

Bungalow 20 / 33 / 20 / 33 264 0.1 / 0.4 / 0 / 0.3 104 52

See Appendix 1

Detached house 41 / 55 / 41 / 55 407 0.1 / 0.3 / 0.1 / 0.2 160 42

Semi-detached

house 46/ 36 / 0 / 36 321 0 / 0.4 / 0 / 0.4 126 42

Mid-floor flat 22 / 22 / 0 / 0 198 0.4 / 0.5 / 0 / 0 81 40

Top-floor flat 22 / 22 / 0 / 0 198 0.4 / 0.5 / 0 / 0 81 47

Apartment Building

22 / 22 / 0 / 0

(per unit, excludes

communal areas)

4,752

(total for

all

apartment

units)

0.4 / 0.5 / 0 / 0

(per unit, modelled

as E/W orientation

as average)

1,944

(total for all

apartment

units)

43

Table 2.3 to Table 2.8 provide a summary of the relevant energy performance data used in the

modelling for each of the reference buildings to meet the proposed draft Building Regulations 2018.



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Table 2.3: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Bungalow

Building: Bungalow Quantity Unit

Calculation

Method and tool(s) DEAP v4.1

Primary energy conversion factors

(averaged over calculation period):

Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

District heating 1.10

Grid Supplied Electricity 1.86

On-site Generated Electricity 1.86

Climate

Location Dublin

Climate data DEAP v4.1 climate data

Terrain location Suburban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.

Geometry Length x Width x Height 8 x 13 x 2.54 m

Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.13 W/m²K

Roof 0.11 W/m²K

Floor 0.14 W/m²K

Window 0.9 W/m²K

Glazing g-value Windows and glazed doors 0.6

Thermal Bridging y-value Thermal Bridging 0.05 W/m²K

Systems

Ventilation system Air permeability at 50Pa 5 m³/m².hr

Heat recovery efficiency - %

Heating system

Fuel Gas -

Generation 91.3 %

Distribution / Control 100 %

Secondary Heating Efficiency none %

Secondary Heating Proportion - %

DHW system Generation 91.3 %


Lighting Luminaire efficacy 94 Lumens/cW

Power 4 W/m2

Setpoints and

Schedules

Temperature setpoint Winter

21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by DEAP v4.1. The heating schedule is

07.00h to 09.00h and 17.00h to 23.00h daily, Oct. - May

Total water demand 125 litres/person/day

Hot water demand Based on 1 bath plus showers with 6 litres/min flow restrictor

Energy Use

Energy contribution of main

passive strategies Natural ventilation

These energy savings are not

reported separately.

Heating energy 33 kWh/m²/yr

Cooling energy - kWh/m²/yr

DHW energy 24 kWh/m²/yr

Lighting energy 2 kWh/m²/yr

Auxiliary energy 0.5 kWh/m²/yr

Energy

Generation Generated energy (photovoltaic panels) 9 kWh/m²/yr

Delivered energy

Fossil fuel 57 kWh/m²/yr

Electricity 3 kWh/m²/yr

Other (PVs) 9 kWh/m²/yr

Primary energy 52 kWh/m²/yr



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Table 2.4: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Detached House

Building: Detached Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10




Climate

Location Dublin



Geometry Length x Width x Height 9.75 x 8 x 5.1 m

Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.13 W/m²K

Roof 0.11 W/m²K

Floor 0.14 W/m²K

Window 0.9 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system

Fuel Gas -

Generation 91.3 %







Power 4 W/m2

Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by DEAP v4.1. The heating schedule is




Energy Use










Energy


Delivered energy







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Table 2.5: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Semi-Detached House

Building: Semi-Detached Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10




Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.13 W/m²K

Roof 0.11 W/m²K

Floor 0.14 W/m²K

Window 0.9 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system

Fuel Gas -

Generation 91.3 %







Power 4 W/m2

Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the DEAP v4.1. The heating schedule is




Energy Use










Energy


Delivered energy







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Table 2.6: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Mid-Floor Flat

Building: Mid Floor Flat Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10




Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.13 W/m²K

Roof 0.11 W/m²K

Floor 0.14 W/m²K

Window 0.9 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system

Fuel Gas -

Generation 91.3 %







Power 4 W/m2

Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC





Energy Use










Energy


Delivered energy







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Table 2.7: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Top Floor Flat

Building: Top Floor Flat Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10




Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.13 W/m²K

Roof 0.11 W/m²K

Floor 0.14 W/m²K

Window 0.9 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system

Fuel Gas -

Generation 91.3 %







Power 4 W/m2

Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC





Energy Use

Energy contribution of main passive

strategies Natural ventilation








Energy Generation Generated energy (photovoltaic panels) 9 kWh/m²/yr

Delivered energy







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Table 2.8: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Apartment Building

Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10




Climate

Location Dublin

Climate data DEAP v4.1 climate data file

Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.

Geometry Length x Width x Height (per unit)

9 x 9 x 2.45

6 stories, 4 units

per floor

m

Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.13 W/m²K

Roof 0.11 W/m²K

Floor 0.14 W/m²K

Window 0.9 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system

Fuel Gas -

Generation 91.3 %







Power 4 W/m2

Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC





Energy Use










Energy


Delivered energy







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2.2 Existing Buildings

According to Annex 1 of Cost Optimal Regulation, member states should establish at least two

reference buildings for each building category for existing buildings subject to major renovation -

taking into account the characteristics of the national building stock. Hence, two variations have been

considered for each of the dwelling types considered for new buildings in Section 2.1, plus a mid-

terraced building. Each of the reference buildings has been modelled with two different wall

constructions. Pre-1978 uninsulated cavity wall and uninsulated hollow block wall have been

considered for existing build, as representing two common construction types within Ireland which

would be expected to have significantly different baseline energy performances, and different options

available for energy efficiency upgrades.

The floor areas of the buildings are shown in Table 2.9. For those building types evaluated under new

buildings, we have chosen to adopt the same building models (i.e. same size and geometry). The

principal reason for this is that it provides a useful comparison with the new-build results.

Furthermore, it would be expected that the new-build floor areas selected are not significantly different

to existing building floor areas and that the floor area is much less significant in determining the cost

optimum level than the initial energy efficiency values assumed in the base case (i.e. current) existing

building models.

Table 2.9: Reference Building Details – Floor Areas

Building Category Reference Building Floor Area

Single-family buildings

Bungalow 104m2

Detached house 160m2

Semi-detached house 126m2

Mid-terrace 96m2

Mid-floor flat 81m2

Top-floor flat 81m2

Apartment blocks and

multifamily buildings Apartment building

1944 m2 (total area for all apartments in the

building)

Baseline energy performance for the existing buildings has been modelled based on Ireland’s energy performance certificate database, on the Irish data gathered as part of the Intelligent Energy Europe TABULA project (https://episcope.eu/fileadmin/tabula/public/docs/brochure/IE_TABULA_TypologyBrochure_EnergyAction.pdf), and on the NSAI SR 54:2014 Code of practice for the energy efficient retrofit of dwellings (https://www.nsai.ie/certification/agrement-certification/s.r-54-energy-efficiency-standard/).

The TABULA project ran from 2009-2012 and identified common residential building typologies for

participating member states. The energy performance certificate database contains the data used to

produce energy performance certificates for existing buildings required under Article 7 of the original

Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. There are currently c.831,000 records, with large datasets

for each of the building types considered for this study (https://ndber.seai.ie/pass/ber/search.aspx).

The Energy Performance Certificate database is analysed by the Central Statistics Office3 on a

quarterly basis. The majority (circa 80%) of Energy Performance Certificates analysed for dwellings

were for dwellings constructed between 1950-2009 and typical construction types for this period were

3https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/dber/domesticbuildingenergyratingsquarter32018/

https://episcope.eu/fileadmin/tabula/public/docs/brochure/IE_TABULA_TypologyBrochure_EnergyAction.pdf

https://episcope.eu/fileadmin/tabula/public/docs/brochure/IE_TABULA_TypologyBrochure_EnergyAction.pdf

https://www.nsai.ie/certification/agrement-certification/s.r-54-energy-efficiency-standard/

https://ndber.seai.ie/pass/ber/search.aspx

https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/dber/domesticbuildingenergyratingsquarter32018/



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cavity-wall or a hollow-block/ solid wall constructions. These are the wall types used in the reference

buildings.

TABULA provided some approximate baseline building specifications (fabric u-values) and aided the

identification of typical refurbishment options which were to be modelled for existing dwellings. The

EPC database also allowed us to identify approximate baseline building specifications (fabric u-

values, service efficiencies, fuel types). They were used to develop a full set of specifications which

could be modelled as the baseline for the different reference buildings.

Table 2.11 provides a summary of the reference buildings using the template provided in the Cost

Optimal Regulations. We have omitted information on the building technologies and base case

performance specifications in this table as these are provided in more detail in Table 2.12 to Table

2.25. Table 2.11 includes the primary energy associated with the base case reference buildings, and

with improvements to component specifications that comply with the proposed national regulations for

existing buildings (based on requirements under draft Technical Guidance Document Part L 2018).

Table 2.12 to Table 2.25 provide a summary of the energy performance data based on the base case

reference dwellings without improvements made. Information on the reference buildings are as

provided in Table 2.2. Additionally for existing building a mid-terrace option has been included as

shown in Table 2.10.

Table 2.10: Additional Reference Buildings for Existing Dwellings

Reference Building

Building Geometry

Shares of window

area on the

building envelope

and windows with

no solar access

Floor area m2 Component level

requirements

Area of N/W/S/E

exposed facade (m²)

Volume

(m³)

Ratio of window

area over total

facade area

separately for

N/W/S/E facades

These are minimum

requirements for different

elemental components

Mid-terrace house 0 / 31 / 0 / 31 245 0 / 0.4 / 0 / 0.4 96 See Appendix 1

Table 2.11: Primary energy performance for existing buildings

Building

Category

Construction

Type

Primary energy performance kWh/m2/yr

Primary

energy for

base case (no

improvements)

Wall to

current

standards

(u=0.55

cavity, 0.35

solid)

Roof

improved to

current

standards

(pitched

roof

u=0.16; flat

roof

u=0.25)

Floor

improved to

current

standards

(u=0.45)

Heating

system

improved to

current

standards

(gas or oil

boiler 90%

eff)

Windows

improved

to current

standards

(u=1.4)

Bungalow

Cavity 218 220 206 218 174 204

Hollow

Block 225 211 214 225 180 212

Detached

house

Cavity 181 184 175 181 143 165

Hollow

Block 192 171 186 192 151 176

Semi-

detached

house

Cavity 173 176 167 173 138 156

Hollow

Block 181 166 174 181 144 164

Cavity 180 182 174 180 143 162



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Mid-Terrace

house

Hollow

Block 187 174 181 187 148 169

Mid-floor flat

Cavity 197 199 197 197 116 164

Hollow

Block 203 192 203 203 119 170

Top-floor flat

Cavity 259 261 246 259 146 225

Hollow

Block 265 253 252 265 148 231

Apartment

building

Cavity 220 221 217 220 127 186

Hollow

Block 225 214 223 225 130 192

Table 2.12: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Bungalow, Cavity Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.50 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems

Ventilation system Air changes per hour 0.61 ac/h


Heating system

Main Heating Fuel Oil -

Main Heating Efficiency 79 %

Secondary Heating Fuel Smokeless fuel -

Secondary Heating Efficiency 42 %

Secondary Heating Proportion 10 %

DHW system Efficiency 79 %

Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


07.00h to 09.00h and 17.00h to 23.00h daily, Oct. -May

Energy Use





Main Heating energy 123 kWh/m²/yr

Secondary Heating energy 17 kWh/m²/yr



Auxiliary energy 2 kWh/m²/yr

Energy

Generation Generated energy 0 kWh/m²/yr

Delivered energy Fossil fuel 182 kWh/m²/yr



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Table 2.13: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Detached House, Cavity Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.50 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the DEAP v4.1. The heating schedule is 07.00h to 09.00h and 17.00h to 23.00h daily, Oct -May

Energy Use










Energy







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Table 2.14: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Semi-Detached House, Cavity Wall

Building: Semi-detached Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.50 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the DEAP v4.1. The heating schedule is 07.00h to 09.00h and 17.00h to 23.00h daily, Oct - May

Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.15: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Terraced House, Cavity Wall

Building: Terraced house Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.50 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.16: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Mid-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.50 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system

Main Heating Fuel Electricity -


Secondary Heating Fuel Electricity -




Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.17: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Top Floor Flat, Cavity Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.50 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the DEAP v4.1. The heating schedule is 07.00h to 09.00h and 17.00h to 23.00h daily, Oct.- May

Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.18: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Apartment Building, Cavity Wall

Building: Apartment Block Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin



Geometry Length x Width x Height (per unit) 9 x 9 x 2.45 m

Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.50 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC

Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the DEAP v4.1. The heating schedule is 07.00h to 09.00h and 17.00h to 23.00h daily., Oct - May

Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.19: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Bungalow, Hollow Block Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.66 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.20: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Detached House, Hollow Block Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.66 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.21: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Semi-Detached House, Hollow Block Wall

Building: Semi-detached Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.66 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.22: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Terraced House, Hollow block wall

Building: Terraced house Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.66 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.23: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Mid-Floor Flat, Hollow Block Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.66 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.24: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Top Floor Flat, Hollow Block Wall


Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin




Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.66 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

Table 2.25: Energy Performance Relevant Data – Apartment Building, Hollow Block Wall

Building: Apartment Block Quantity Unit

Calculation




Gas 1.10

kWh/kWh

Biomass 1.10

Oil 1.10

Smokeless fuel 1.20



Climate

Location Dublin



Geometry Length x Width x Height (per unit) 9 x 9 x 2.45 m

Fabric

Fabric u-values

Wall 0.66 W/m²K

Roof 0.35 W/m²K

Floor 0.45 W/m²K

Window 2.8 W/m²K



Systems



Heating system







Setpoints and

Schedules


21 (living area)

18 (rest of

dwelling)

ºC


Energy Use










Energy







AECOM

3. Measures and packages

3.1 New buildings

A list of potential measures has been compiled using the European Commission Cost Optimal

Guidelines document and design experience. Since it is impractical to evaluate every permutation of

the selected measures, we have grouped the measures into packages. These packages are listed in

Table 3.1. The packages represent five different components of a building design (fabric, heating

system, hot water demand, photovoltaics (PV), and lighting), so that selecting one package from each

component forms a complete building design. In total, 432 alternatives have been considered for each

reference building model. The values selected for each of the measures (e.g. the fabric u-values, type

of heating system or lamp efficacy) within the packages have been chosen to give a large spread of

primary energies and lifecycle costs. This helps to obtain a clear cost optimal curve and identification

of the optimum point. It includes solutions that together might comprise a building model that performs

more poorly than the primary energy target set by the current regulations.

It should be noted that some possible measures have been omitted from these packages. There are a number of reasons for this:

Site specific measures: Various measures are particularly dependant on site constraints. For example, building orientation and feasibility of wind turbines are all likely to depend on the site and the surrounding context. Our assumption is that the cost optimal point should be based on measures that any designer can typically adopt, if not the cost optimal point may be unrealistic to achieve in many real cases.

Design measures: Some measures impact on design constraints that are not incorporated in the building primary energy requirement. In particular, our concern is that by modifying the percentage of glazing or introducing shading to optimise primary energy, it may result in inadequate daylight levels. Furthermore, this is building dependent – a particular percentage of glazing may provide appropriate day lighting in one building design but not another. Therefore we have not considered these two measures in the list of packages.

Default measures: There are other measures that are likely to be included in new buildings by default, for example, thermostatic control for hot water cylinders. These have not been included in the packages - they will simply be added into the base building models assumed in all cases. Since these measures do not vary, there is no need to identify separate costs for them.

Table 3.1: Measures to be included in analysis – New Buildings



AECOM

Fabric (4 options) 1 2 3 4

Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.2 0.17 0.15 0.13

Sheltered Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.3 0.18 0.15 0.13

Roof U-value (W/m²K) House 0.16 0.13 0.10 0.10

Apartment unit 0.19 0.13 0.11 0.11

Floor U-value (W/m²K) House 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.13

Apartment unit 0.2 0.18 0.13 0.13

Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.8

Window g-value 0.65 0.65 0.55 0.55

Thermal Bridging y-

value

House 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.04

Apartment unit 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.05

Air Tightness (m³/m².hr @ 50 Pa) 5 5 3 1

Extract fans Yes Kitchen only Kitchen only Kitchen only

Ventilation type Natural ventilation Whole-house

extract ventilation

Whole-house

extract

ventilation

Balanced whole-

house mechanical

ventilation with heat

recovery

Specific Fan Power (W/l/s) - 0.2 0.2 0.7

Heat Exchanger Efficiency (%) - - - 85

Thermal Mass parameter Medium Medium Low Low

Heating (4 options) 1 2 3 4

Space Heating Source Gas boiler;

91%efficient

Biomass

boiler(bulk

pellets); 80%

efficient

Air source heat

pump; 396%

efficient

District heating

(waste fired co-

generation)

Communal option for flats (all

heating systems are individual for

houses)

No Yes No Yes

Controls

Time and

temperature

zone control;

weather

compensation;

boiler interlock

Time and

temperature

zone control;

weather

compensation;

boiler interlock

Time and

temperature

zone control

Time and

temperature

zone control;

charging linked

to use

Emitters Radiators Radiators Low temperature

radiators Radiators

Domestic Hot Water Source From main

system

From main

system

From main

system;

200% efficient

From main

system

DWH tank volume (L) 120 250 250 120

DWH tank losses (kWh/day) 1.6 2 2 1.6

PV (3 options) 1 2 3

PV Installation (percentage of foundation area) 0% 10% 20%

Installed kWp

Semi-detached 0 1.27 2.53

Bungalow 0 2.09 4.18

Detached 0 1.61 3.21

Apartment units 0 0.27 0.54

Orientation East/West

Tilt 30°

Overshading None

Lighting (3 options) 1 2 3



AECOM

Luminaire efficacy (lm/cW) 65 65 95

Power (W/m2) 8.6 4.0 2.0

Hot water (3 options) 1 2 3

Shower flow rate (l/min) 12 6 6

Waste Water Heat Recovery No No Yes

Waste Water Heat Recovery unit

Efficiency - - 45.3%

Utilisation

factor - - 0.93

3.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental analysis

A list of potential measures has been compiled using the EU Commission Cost Optimal Guidelines document and design experience. For the elemental analysis, each measure has been assessed separately. The measures which have been assessed are listed in Table 3.2. The measures selected are those most commonly applied when renovating the building fabric and heating system. The values selected for each of the measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and heating options) have been chosen to give a spread of primary energy values and lifecycle costs. It includes some fabric options which might perform more poorly than the limiting standards set for individual elements under the proposed Part L 2018.

Table 3.2: Measures included in analysis – Existing Buildings

Fabric - Cavity Walls Wall U-value

(W/m²K) Insulation

Option 1 0.31 Fully filled cavity (100mm)

Option 2 0.16 Fully filled cavity and 100mm external EPS

insulation

Option 3 0.11 Fully filled cavity and 200mm external EPS

insulation

Fabric – Hollow Block Walls Wall U-value

(W/m²K) Insulation

Option 1 (for houses only) 0.37 50mm internal PIR insulation

Option 2 0.22 100mm external EPS insulation

Option 3 0.13 200mm external EPS insulation

Fabric – Roof Roof U-value

(W/m²K) Insulation

Option 1 0.13

Pitched roof: 150mm mineral wool insulation

quilt between joists plus 150mm mineral wall

above joists

Flat roof: 160mm PIR insulation above

concrete slab

Option 2 0.11

Pitched roof: 150mm mineral wool insulation

quilt between joists plus 200mm mineral wall

above joists

Flat roof: 200mm PIR insulation above

concrete slab



AECOM

Fabric – Floor Floor U-value

(W/m²K) Insulation

Option 1 0.22 20mm of Vacuum insulated Panel (thermal

conductivity of 0.007)

Option 2 0.28 40mm PIR



Fabric – Windows

Window

U-value

(W/m²K)

Window

g-value Type

Option 1 1.6 0.65 Double glazed uPVC windows

Option 2 1.4 0.65 Double glazed uPVC windows

Option 3 0.9 0.55 Triple glazed uPVC windows

Heating (3 options)

Space heating source Gas boiler; 91%

efficient

as boiler; 91%

efficient

Air source heat

pump; 260%

efficient

Communal for flats No No No

Controls

Time and

temperature zone

controls; weather

compensation;

boiler interlock

Time and temperature

zone controls;

weather

compensation; boiler

interlock

Time and

temperature zone

control

Emitter Radiators Radiators

Larger replacement

radiators based on a

flow temperature of

55°C

DWH source From main system From main system From main system ;

200% efficient

DWH cylinder volume (L) 120 120 + 25 litres/m2 of

solar panel 250

DWH cylinder losses

(kWh/day)

As per existing

reference building

(25mm factory

insulation)

2 2

SWH No

Yes

60% of hot water

demand

No

3.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages

In addition to the elemental analysis, existing building measures were assessed on a package basis (i.e. with more than one measure implemented at a time). The analysis of packages is carried out in order to inform the cost optimal performance levels for Major Renovation works.

The measures which have been assessed for residential buildings are listed in Table 3.3. The measures selected are those most commonly applied when renovating the building fabric and heating system. The values selected for each of the measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and heating options)



AECOM

have been chosen to give a spread of primary energy values and lifecycle costs. Fabric, heating, PV, hot water and lighting packages have been tested in combination.

Table 3.3: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings Fabric (6 options)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Roof, wall and window improvement packages Roof and wall packages for houses

Wall and window packages for apartment units

Cavity Wall U-value

(W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16 0.31 0.31 0.16

Sheltered Wall U-value

(W/m²K) 0.59 0.32 0.32 0.59 0.32 0.32

Solid Wall U-value

(W/m²K) 0.37 0.22 0.13 0.37 0.22 0.13

Roof U-

value

(W/m²K)

Houses 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.10

Apartments 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.35 0.35 0.35

Window

U-value

(W/m²K)

Houses 1.4 1.0 0.8 2.8 2.8 2.8

Apartments 1.6 1.4 0.8 1.6 1.4 0.8

Window

– g-

value

Houses 0.65 0.65 0.55 0.72 0.72 0.72

Apartments 0.65 0.65 0.55 0.65 0.65 0.55

Air Tightness (m³/m².hr

@ 50 Pa) 10 5 3 10 5 3

Ventilation

type

Houses Natural

ventilation

Natural

ventilation

cMEV

(SFP = 0.2)

Natural

ventilation

Natural

ventilation

cMEV

(SFP = 0.2)

Apartmen

ts Natural

ventilation

Natural

ventilation

cMEV

(SFP = 0.2)

Natural

ventilation

Natural

ventilation

cMEV

(SFP = 0.2)

Thermal bridging Y-

value 0.15 0.11 0.08 0.15 0.11 0.08

Heating (3 options for houses and 4 options for apartment units)

1 2 3 4

Space

Heating

Houses gas boiler; 91% efficient

Air source heat pump;

396% efficient

biomass boiler; 80%

efficient -

Apartment

s gas boiler; 91% efficient

Air source heat pump;

396% efficient

biomass boiler; 80%

efficient

High heat retention

storage heaters

Communal for flats No No Yes No

Controls


zone controls; weather

compensation; boiler

interlock



compensation



compensation



and load

compensation

Emitter Radiators

Low temperature

radiators

Low temperature

radiators Panel radiators

DWH source From main system

From main system;

200% efficient From main system Electric immersion

DWH cylinder volume

As per existing

reference building

(25mm factory

insulation)

250 250

As per existing

reference building

(25mm factory

insulation)

DWH cylinder losses - 2 2 -

PV (3 options) 1 2 3

PV Installation (percentage of foundation area) 0% 10% 20%

Installed kWp

Semi-detached 0 1.27 2.53

Bungalow 0 2.09 4.18

Detached 0 1.61 3.21

Mid-terrace 0 0.96 1.93

Apartment units 0 0.27 0.54



AECOM

Orientation East/West

Tilt 30°

Overshading None

Hot water and lighting (3 options) 1 2 3

Luminaire efficacy (lm/cW) 65 95 95

Shower flow rate (l/min) 12 6 6

Waste Water Heat recovery (WWHR) No No Yes

WWHR unit

Efficiency - - 45.3%

Utilisation factor - - 0.93



AECOM

4. Calculation of primary energy demand for the measures

4.1 New Buildings

4.1.1 Energy Performance Assessment

This section outlines the procedure for determining the primary energy for each package of measures.

Each of the reference buildings was modelled in the DEAP calculation spreadsheet for the draft

Technical Guidance Document (TGD) L 2018 provided by SEAI that implements the Dwelling Energy

Assessment Procedure (DEAP). DEAP is Ireland’s response to the requirement of the EPBD to develop a methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings.

DEAP is Ireland’s calculation methodology and software to the requirements of the EPBD (recast)

Annex I and EN 13790 for calculating the energy performance of buildings. The requirements

regarding conservation of fuel and energy for dwellings are laid out in Part L of the Second Schedule

to the Building Regulations 1997 (Statutory. Instrument. No. 497 of 1997) as amended by the Building

Regulations (Part L Amendment) Regulations 2011 (Statutory. Instrument No. 259 of 2011 to S.I.

538 of 2017). Part L of the Building regulations provides that the energy performance of the dwelling

is such as to limit the calculated primary energy consumption and related carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions insofar as is reasonably practicable, when both energy consumption and carbon dioxide

(CO2) emissions are calculated using the Dwelling Energy Assessment Procedure (DEAP) published

by Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. DEAP calculates whole dwelling energy and carbon

emissions performance compliance for the Irish Building Regulations Part L 2005, 2008, 2011 and

2018 for new dwellings.

This cost-optimal study identifies the gap (if any) between current whole dwelling energy performance

as defined in Part L of the Building Regulations and the cost optimal level as calculated in DEAP.

To test each package of measures, the DEAP building model input files were updated accordingly

and run through the DEAP calculation spreadsheet. The energy end uses (e.g. space heating, water

heating, lighting, pumps and fans) were recorded directly from the DEAP output files. The end use

energy consumption values were then summed for each energy carrier to find the delivered energy

requirement. Any on-site generated energy was also determined at this stage. The primary energy

factors were then applied to the delivered energy and on-site generated energy. The latter was

subtracted from the former to give the net primary energy.

Annex 1 of the Cost Optimal Regulation state that “Member States shall use a calculation period of 30

years for residential and public buildings”. A calculation period of 30 years for all of the buildings has

therefore been used in this report.

All Residential reference buildings were designed to comply with mandatory overheating/ summer comfort criteria in line with the current version of TGD (Technical Guidance Document) L. This includes compliance with solar overheating requirements in Appendix P of DEAP and is in line with Paragraph 1.3.5 of TGD L 2019 Conservation of Fuel and Energy – Dwellings.

A separate study4 was carried out to assess the overheating risk in dwellings using dynamic thermal simulation software and future weather dataset. It concluded that reference buildings with current fabric standards do not present a high risk of summer overheating.

4 https://www.seai.ie/business-and-public-sector/standards/nearly-zero-energy-building-standard/Overheating-risk-in-new-

dwellings.pdf



AECOM

4.1.2 Energy demand calculation

Tables 4.1a – 4.1f summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-

optimal packages in each of the reference buildings5. These tables include the energy breakdown by

end use and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to

calculate the total primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference

case are listed in Table 2.3 to Table 2.8. The delivered energy per carrier has been incorporated into

Tables 4.1 as this allows the values to be seen alongside the primary energy figures rather than

producing separate tables.

Table 4.1a: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Bungalow

Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy

Fabric Heating PV Light DHW Heat

Sec

Heat Aux DHW Light Gas

Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass DH Total

Reduction

over

Reference

kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 0 3 11 2 0 19 -28 0 0 -17 132%

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 7 0 1 11 2 0 21 -28 0 0 -14 126%

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 12 0 0 12 2 0 26 -28 0 0 -5 109%

3 Gas 20% 3 2 31 0 1 25 2 56 3 -28 0 0 15 72%

2 Gas 20% 3 2 43 0 1 25 2 67 3 -28 0 0 27 48%

1 Gas 20% 3 2 50 0 0 25 2 75 3 -28 0 0 34 35%

1 Gas 10% 3 2 50 0 0 25 2 75 3 -14 0 0 60 -16%

1 Gas 10% 3 1 49 0 0 32 2 81 3 -14 0 0 67 -29%

1 Gas 0% 3 2 50 0 0 25 2 75 3 0 0 0 87 -67%

1 Gas 0% 3 1 49 0 0 32 2 81 3 0 0 0 94 -80%

Table 4.1b: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Detached



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.


Reduction

over

Reference


4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 0 2 7 2 0 14 -14 0 0 0 99%

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 1 7 2 0 16 -14 0 0 4 91%

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 10 0 0 8 2 0 20 -14 0 0 11 74%

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 0 1 17 2 44 3 -14 0 0 27 35%

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 0 1 17 2 53 3 -14 0 0 36 13%

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 0 0 17 2 60 2 -14 0 0 43 -3%

1 Gas 10% 3 2 43 0 0 17 2 60 2 -7 0 0 57 -35%

1 Gas 10% 3 1 43 0 0 22 2 64 2 -7 0 0 61 -46%

1 Gas 0% 3 2 43 0 0 17 2 60 2 0 0 0 70 -66%

1 Gas 0% 3 1 43 0 0 22 2 64 2 0 0 0 74 -78%

5 Note that the tables currently show the packages that deliver the highest primary energy savings. The tables will be updated once the cost optimal analysis is complete.



AECOM

Table 4.1c: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Semi-Detached



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.


Reduction

over

Reference


4 ASHP 20% 3 3 2 0 3 9 2 0 16 -14 0 0 3 93%

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 1 9 2 0 17 -14 0 0 6 86%

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 0 0 9 2 0 20 -14 0 0 11 74%

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 9 0 0 10 2 0 21 -14 0 0 13 69%

3 Gas 20% 3 2 24 0 1 21 2 45 3 -14 0 0 28 32%

2 Gas 20% 3 2 31 0 1 21 2 52 3 -14 0 0 36 13%

1 Gas 20% 3 2 38 0 0 21 2 59 2 -14 0 0 42 -1%

1 Gas 10% 3 2 38 0 0 21 2 59 2 -7 0 0 55 -33%

1 Gas 0% 3 2 38 0 0 21 2 59 2 0 0 0 69 -65%

1 Gas 0% 3 1 37 0 0 27 2 64 2 0 0 0 75 -79%

Table 4.1d: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Mid-floor Flat



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.


Reduction

over

Reference


4 ASHP 20% 3 3 1 0 3 13 2 0 19 -5 0 0 26 35%

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 0 1 13 2 0 20 -5 0 0 29 29%

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 1 13 2 0 22 -5 0 0 32 20%

4 Gas 20% 3 3 4 0 3 27 2 31 5 -5 0 0 34 14%

3 Gas 20% 3 2 16 0 1 30 2 46 3 -5 0 0 48 -20%

2 Gas 20% 3 2 19 0 1 30 2 49 3 -5 0 0 52 -29%

1 Gas 20% 3 2 27 0 1 30 2 57 3 -5 0 0 59 -48%

1 Gas 10% 3 2 27 0 1 30 2 57 3 -2 0 0 64 -59%

1 Gas 0% 3 2 27 0 1 30 2 57 3 0 0 0 68 -70%

1 Gas 0% 3 1 26 0 1 39 2 65 3 0 0 0 77 -91%



AECOM

Table 4.1e: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Top-floor Flat



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.


Reduction

over

Reference


4 ASHP 20% 3 3 2 0 3 13 2 0 20 -5 0 0 29 38%

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 1 13 2 0 22 -5 0 0 32 32%

4 Gas 20% 3 3 10 0 3 27 2 37 5 -5 0 0 41 12%

4 Gas 20% 3 2 10 0 3 30 2 40 5 -5 0 0 45 5%

3 Gas 20% 3 2 24 0 1 30 2 54 3 -5 0 0 57 -21%

2 Gas 20% 3 2 31 0 1 30 2 60 3 -5 0 0 64 -36%

1 Gas 20% 3 2 46 0 1 30 2 76 3 -5 0 0 80 -70%

1 Gas 10% 3 2 46 0 1 30 2 76 3 -2 0 0 84 -80%

1 Gas 0% 3 2 46 0 1 30 2 76 3 0 0 0 89 -89%

1 Gas 0% 3 1 45 0 1 39 2 83 3 0 0 0 97 -107%

Table 4.1f: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Apartment block



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.


Reduction

over

Reference


4 ASHP 20% 3 3 2 0 3 13 2 0 19 -5 0 0 27 36%

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 0 1 13 2 0 21 -5 0 0 30 30%

4 Gas 20% 3 3 6 0 3 27 2 33 5 -5 0 0 37 13%

4 Gas 20% 3 2 6 0 3 30 2 36 5 -5 0 0 40 6%

3 Gas 20% 3 2 19 0 1 30 2 49 3 -5 0 0 51 -20%

2 Gas 20% 3 2 23 0 1 30 2 53 3 -5 0 0 56 -32%

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 0 1 30 2 63 3 -5 0 0 66 -55%

1 Gas 10% 3 2 34 0 1 30 2 63 3 -2 0 0 71 -66%

1 Gas 0% 3 2 34 0 1 30 2 63 3 0 0 0 75 -76%

1 Gas 0% 3 1 32 0 1 39 2 71 3 0 0 0 84 -96%



AECOM

4.2 Existing Buildings

4.2.1 Energy Performance Assessment

The same process was followed as for new domestic buildings outlined in section 4.1.

4.2.2 Energy demand calculation – Elemental analysis

Tables 4.2a – 4.2n summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-optimal packages in each of the reference buildings. These tables include the energy breakdown by end use and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to calculate the total primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference cases are listed in Table 2.12 to Table 2.25. The delivered energy per carrier has been incorporated into Tables 4.2a – 4.2n as this allows the values to be seen alongside the primary energy figures rather than producing separate tables.

Table 4.2a: Energy Demand Output Table – Bungalow, Cavity Wall

Building: Bungalow, Cavity wall

Measure Value

Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy

Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.11 107 15 2 42 7 0 9 149 15 198 10%

Wall U-Value 0.16 109 15 2 42 7 0 9 151 15 201 9%

Wall U-Value 0.31 115 16 2 42 7 0 9 157 16 209 5%

Roof U-value 0.1 110 15 2 42 7 0 9 152 15 202 2%

Roof U-value 0.13 111 15 2 42 7 0 9 154 15 204 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 107 14 2 42 7 0 9 149 14 198 9%

Floor U-

value 0.22 111 15 2 42 7 0 9 153 15 203 7%

Floor U-

value 0.22 111 15 2 42 7 0 9 153 15 203 7%

Floor U-

value 0.28 114 15 2 42 7 0 9 156 15 207 5%

Window U-

value 0.9 108 15 2 42 7 0 9 151 15 200 2%

Window U-

value 1.4 111 15 2 42 7 0 9 153 15 204 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 113 15 2 42 7 0 9 155 15 206 -1%

Heating

Source ASHP 33 15 1 16 7 0 57 0 15 123 29%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 93 15 2 16 7 109 9 0 15 154 11%

Heating

Source Gas 91 15 1 36 7 127 8 0 15 173 1%



AECOM

Table 4.2b: Energy Demand Output Table – Bungalow, Solid Wall

Building: Bungalow, Solid Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.13 108 15 2 42 7 0 9 150 15 199 5%

Wall U-Value 0.22 111 15 2 42 7 0 9 154 15 204 3%

Wall U-Value 0.37 117 16 2 42 7 0 9 160 16 212 0%

Roof U-value 0.1 116 16 2 42 7 0 9 158 16 210 2%

Roof U-value 0.13 118 16 2 42 7 0 9 160 16 212 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 113 15 2 42 7 0 9 155 15 206 9%

Floor U-

value 0.22 117 16 2 42 7 0 9 159 16 211 6%

Floor U-

value 0.22 117 16 2 42 7 0 9 159 16 211 6%

Floor U-

value 0.28 120 16 2 42 7 0 9 163 16 215 5%

Window U-

value 0.9 115 16 2 42 7 0 9 157 16 208 2%

Window U-

value 1.4 117 16 2 42 7 0 9 160 16 212 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 119 16 2 42 7 0 9 162 16 214 -1%

Heating

Source ASHP 35 15 1 16 7 0 59 0 15 128 29%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 98 16 2 16 7 114 9 0 16 160 11%

Heating

Source Gas 96 15 1 36 7 132 8 0 15 179 1%

Table 4.2c: Energy Demand Output Table – Detached, Cavity Wall

Building: Detached, Cavity Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.11 87 12 1 28 6 0 7 116 12 154 16%

Wall U-Value 0.16 90 12 1 28 6 0 7 118 12 158 14%

Wall U-Value 0.31 98 13 1 28 6 0 7 127 13 168 9%

Roof U-value 0.1 102 14 1 28 6 0 7 131 14 173 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 103 14 1 28 6 0 7 131 14 174 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 100 14 1 28 6 0 7 128 14 170 6%

Floor U-

value 0.22 102 14 1 28 6 0 7 131 14 173 4%

Floor U-

value 0.22 102 14 1 28 6 0 7 131 14 173 4%



AECOM

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Floor U-

value 0.28 104 14 1 28 6 0 7 132 14 175 3%

Window U-

value 0.9 93 13 1 28 6 0 7 121 13 162 2%

Window U-

value 1.4 96 13 1 28 6 0 7 124 13 165 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 98 13 1 28 6 0 7 126 13 168 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 29 13 1 11 6 0 46 0 13 101 30%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 81 13 1 10 6 92 7 0 13 129 10%

Heating

Source Gas 80 13 1 24 6 104 6 0 13 142 1%

Table 4.2d: Energy Demand Output Table – Detached, Solid Wall

Building: Detached, Solid Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.13 88 12 1 28 6 0 7 117 12 156 9%

Wall U-Value 0.22 93 13 1 28 6 0 7 122 13 162 5%

Wall U-Value 0.37 101 14 1 28 6 0 7 130 14 172 -1%

Roof U-value 0.1 111 15 1 28 6 0 7 139 15 184 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 111 15 1 28 6 0 7 140 15 185 0%

Floor U-

value 0.14 108 15 1 28 6 0 7 137 15 181 5%

Floor U-

value 0.22 111 15 1 28 6 0 7 139 15 184 4%

Floor U-

value 0.22 111 15 1 28 6 0 7 139 15 184 4%

Floor U-

value 0.28 112 15 1 28 6 0 7 141 15 186 3%

Window U-

value 0.9 102 14 1 28 6 0 7 130 14 173 2%

Window U-

value 1.4 105 14 1 28 6 0 7 133 14 176 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 107 14 1 28 6 0 7 135 14 179 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 31 14 1 11 6 0 48 0 14 106 30%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 88 14 1 10 6 98 7 0 14 137 9%

Heating

Source Gas 87 14 1 24 6 111 6 0 14 150 1%



AECOM

Table 4.2e: Energy Demand Output Table – Semi-detached, Cavity Wall

Building: Semi-detached, Cavity Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.11 80 11 2 36 6 0 8 115 11 155 12%

Wall U-Value 0.16 82 11 2 36 6 0 8 117 11 157 10%

Wall U-Value 0.31 87 12 2 36 6 0 8 123 12 164 6%

Roof U-value 0.1 88 12 2 36 6 0 8 123 12 165 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 88 12 2 36 6 0 8 124 12 166 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 86 12 2 36 6 0 8 122 12 163 6%

Floor U-

value 0.22 88 12 2 36 6 0 8 124 12 165 5%

Floor U-

value 0.22 88 12 2 36 6 0 8 124 12 165 5%

Floor U-

value 0.28 90 12 2 36 6 0 8 125 12 167 3%

Window U-

value 0.9 77 10 2 36 6 0 8 113 10 152 3%

Window U-

value 1.4 81 11 2 36 6 0 8 116 11 156 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 83 11 2 36 6 0 8 119 11 159 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 25 11 1 13 6 0 46 0 11 99 28%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 71 11 2 13 6 84 8 0 11 121 12%

Heating

Source Gas 70 11 1 30 6 100 7 0 11 137 1%

Table 4.2f: Energy Demand Output Table – Semi-detached, Solid Wall

Building: Semi-detached, Solid Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.13 81 11 2 36 6 0 8 116 11 156 6%

Wall U-Value 0.22 84 11 2 36 6 0 8 120 11 160 4%

Wall U-Value 0.37 90 12 2 36 6 0 8 125 12 167 -1%

Roof U-value 0.1 93 13 2 36 6 0 8 129 13 172 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 94 13 2 36 6 0 8 130 13 173 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 92 12 2 36 6 0 8 127 12 170 6%

Floor U-

value 0.22 94 13 2 36 6 0 8 130 13 173 4%

Floor U-

value 0.22 94 13 2 36 6 0 8 130 13 173 4%



AECOM

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Floor U-

value 0.28 96 13 2 36 6 0 8 131 13 175 3%

Window U-

value 0.9 83 11 2 36 6 0 8 119 11 159 3%

Window U-

value 1.4 87 12 2 36 6 0 8 122 12 164 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 89 12 2 36 6 0 8 125 12 167 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 27 12 1 13 6 0 47 0 12 103 29%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 76 12 2 13 6 89 8 0 12 127 12%

Heating

Source Gas 75 12 1 30 6 105 7 0 12 143 1%

Table 4.2g: Energy Demand Output Table – Terraced, Cavity Wall

Building: Terraced, Cavity Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.11 76 10 2 45 7 0 9 122 10 163 10%

Wall U-Value 0.16 78 11 2 45 7 0 9 123 11 166 9%

Wall U-Value 0.31 83 11 2 45 7 0 9 128 11 172 6%

Roof U-value 0.1 83 11 2 45 7 0 9 128 11 172 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 84 11 2 45 7 0 9 129 11 173 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 81 11 2 45 7 0 9 127 11 170 6%

Floor U-

value 0.22 84 11 2 45 7 0 9 129 11 173 4%

Floor U-

value 0.22 84 11 2 45 7 0 9 129 11 173 4%

Floor U-

value 0.28 85 12 2 45 7 0 9 130 12 175 3%

Window U-

value 0.9 71 10 2 45 7 0 9 117 10 157 3%

Window U-

value 1.4 75 10 2 45 7 0 9 121 10 162 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 78 11 2 45 7 0 9 123 11 165 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 24 11 1 17 7 0 49 0 11 103 28%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 67 11 2 17 7 84 9 0 11 122 15%

Heating

Source Gas 65 10 1 38 7 104 8 0 10 142 1%



AECOM

Table 4.2h: Energy Demand Output Table – Terraced, Solid Wall

Building: Terraced, Solid Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.13 77 10 2 45 7 0 9 122 10 164 5%

Wall U-Value 0.22 80 11 2 45 7 0 9 125 11 168 3%

Wall U-Value 0.37 85 12 2 45 7 0 9 130 12 175 0%

Roof U-value 0.1 88 12 2 45 7 0 9 134 12 179 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 89 12 2 45 7 0 9 134 12 180 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 87 12 2 45 7 0 9 132 12 177 6%

Floor U-

value 0.22 89 12 2 45 7 0 9 134 12 179 4%

Floor U-

value 0.22 89 12 2 45 7 0 9 134 12 179 4%

Floor U-

value 0.28 90 12 2 45 7 0 9 136 12 181 3%

Window U-

value 0.9 77 10 2 45 7 0 9 122 10 164 3%

Window U-

value 1.4 81 11 2 45 7 0 9 126 11 169 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 83 11 2 45 7 0 9 128 11 172 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 25 11 1 17 7 0 50 0 11 107 28%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 71 11 2 17 7 88 9 0 11 127 14%

Heating

Source Gas 69 11 1 38 7 108 8 0 11 147 1%

Table 4.2i: Energy Demand Output Table – Mid-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall

Building: Mid-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.11 43 8 0 41 7 0 98 0 0 183 8%

Wall U-Value 0.16 44 8 0 41 7 0 99 0 0 185 7%

Wall U-Value 0.31 46 8 0 41 7 0 102 0 0 190 4%

Window U-

value 0.9 30 5 0 41 7 0 83 0 0 154 6%

Window U-

value 1.4 34 6 0 41 7 0 88 0 0 164 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 37 6 0 41 7 0 91 0 0 169 -3%

Heating

Source ASHP 17 0 2 19 7 0 45 0 0 84 28%



AECOM

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 49 0 3 19 7 68 10 0 0 93 20%

Heating

Source Gas 46 0 2 44 7 90 9 0 0 116 0%

Table 4.2j: Energy Demand Output Table – Mid-Floor Flat, Solid Wall

Building: Mid-Floor Flat, Solid Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.13 43 8 0 41 7 0 99 0 0 184 4%

Wall U-Value 0.22 45 8 0 41 7 0 100 0 0 187 2%

Wall U-Value 0.37 47 8 0 41 7 0 103 0 0 192 0%

Window U-

value 0.9 32 6 0 41 7 0 86 0 0 159 6%

Window U-

value 1.4 37 7 0 41 7 0 91 0 0 170 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 39 7 0 41 7 0 94 0 0 175 -3%

Heating

Source ASHP 18 0 2 19 7 0 46 0 0 85 28%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 51 0 3 19 7 70 10 0 0 96 20%

Heating

Source Gas 49 0 2 44 7 93 9 0 0 118 1%

Table 4.2k: Energy Demand Output Table – Top-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall

Building: Top-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.11 71 13 0 41 7 0 131 0 0 244 6%

Wall U-Value 0.16 72 13 0 41 7 0 132 0 0 246 6%

Wall U-Value 0.31 74 13 0 41 7 0 135 0 0 252 3%

Roof U-value 0.11 63 11 0 41 7 0 122 0 0 228 8%

Roof U-value 0.13 65 11 0 41 7 0 124 0 0 231 6%

Window U-

value 0.9 57 10 0 41 7 0 115 0 0 214 5%

Window U-

value 1.4 62 11 0 41 7 0 121 0 0 225 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 65 11 0 41 7 0 124 0 0 230 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 26 0 2 19 7 0 54 0 0 101 30%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 75 0 3 19 7 95 10 0 0 122 16%



AECOM

Heating

Source Gas 73 0 2 44 7 117 9 0 0 145 1%

Table 4.2l: Energy Demand Output Table – Top-Floor Flat, Solid Wall

Building: Top-Floor Flat, Solid Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.13 71 13 0 41 7 0 132 0 0 245 3%

Wall U-Value 0.22 73 13 0 41 7 0 133 0 0 248 2%

Wall U-Value 0.37 75 13 0 41 7 0 136 0 0 254 0%

Roof U-value 0.11 66 12 0 41 7 0 126 0 0 234 7%

Roof U-value 0.13 68 12 0 41 7 0 128 0 0 237 6%

Window U-

value 0.9 60 11 0 41 7 0 118 0 0 220 5%

Window U-

value 1.4 65 11 0 41 7 0 124 0 0 231 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 67 12 0 41 7 0 127 0 0 236 -2%

Heating

Source ASHP 27 0 2 19 7 0 55 0 0 103 31%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 78 0 3 19 7 97 10 0 0 125 16%

Heating

Source Gas 75 0 2 44 7 119 9 0 0 148 1%

Table 4.2m: Energy Demand Output Table – Apartment block, Cavity Wall

Building: Apartment block, Cavity Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.11 53 9 0 41 7 0 110 0 0 205 7%

Wall U-Value 0.16 54 10 0 41 7 0 111 0 0 207 6%

Wall U-Value 0.31 57 10 0 41 7 0 114 0 0 213 4%

Roof U-value 0.11 57 10 0 41 7 0 115 0 0 214 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 58 10 0 41 7 0 116 0 0 215 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 57 10 0 41 7 0 115 0 0 213 3%

Floor U-

value 0.22 58 10 0 41 7 0 115 0 0 215 2%

Floor U-

value 0.22 58 10 0 41 7 0 115 0 0 215 2%

Floor U-

value 0.28 58 10 0 41 7 0 116 0 0 216 2%

Window U-

value 0.9 40 7 0 41 7 0 95 0 0 176 6%



AECOM

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Window U-

value 1.4 45 8 0 41 7 0 100 0 0 186 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 47 8 0 41 7 0 103 0 0 192 -3%

Heating

Source ASHP 20 0 2 19 7 0 48 0 0 90 29%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 58 0 3 19 7 78 10 0 0 104 18%

Heating

Source Gas 56 0 2 44 7 100 9 0 0 126 1%

Table 4.2n: Energy Demand Output Table – Apartment block, Solid Wall

Building: Apartment block, Solid Wall

Measure Value


Heat Sec


Grid

Elec. Oil

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


Wall U-Value 0.13 53 9 0 41 7 0 111 0 0 206 4%

Wall U-Value 0.22 55 10 0 41 7 0 113 0 0 209 2%

Wall U-Value 0.37 58 10 0 41 7 0 115 0 0 215 0%

Roof U-value 0.11 60 11 0 41 7 0 118 0 0 220 1%

Roof U-value 0.13 60 11 0 41 7 0 119 0 0 221 1%

Floor U-

value 0.14 59 10 0 41 7 0 118 0 0 219 3%

Floor U-

value 0.22 60 11 0 41 7 0 119 0 0 221 2%

Floor U-

value 0.22 60 11 0 41 7 0 119 0 0 221 2%

Floor U-

value 0.28 61 11 0 41 7 0 119 0 0 222 2%

Window U-

value 0.9 42 7 0 41 7 0 98 0 0 182 5%

Window U-

value 1.4 47 8 0 41 7 0 103 0 0 192 0%

Window U-

value 1.6 50 9 0 41 7 0 106 0 0 197 -3%

Heating

Source ASHP 21 0 2 19 7 0 49 0 0 92 29%

Heating

Source

Gas +

SWH 61 0 3 19 7 80 10 0 0 106 18%

Heating

Source Gas 59 0 2 44 7 102 9 0 0 129 1%



AECOM

4.2.3 Energy Demand Calculation – Analysis of Packages

Table 4.3 (a–n) summarises the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-optimal packages in each of the seven reference buildings respectively. It includes the energy breakdown by end use and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to calculate the total primary energy requirement are listed in Table 2.12 to Table 2.25.

Table 4.3a: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Bungalow Cavity Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 8 2 11 2 0 26 -28 0 0 5 96%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 14 10 1 11 2 0 28 -28 0 0 11 91%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 17 12 1 12 2 0 33 -28 0 0 22 83%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 19 13 1 12 2 0 35 -28 0 0 28 78%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 9 1 28 2 87 3 -28 0 0 60 52%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 11 1 28 2 100 3 -28 0 0 77 38%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 82 13 1 28 2 110 3 -28 0 0 90 28%

4 Gas 10% 1 1 80 13 1 36 3 116 4 -14 0 0 125 0%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 82 13 1 28 2 110 3 0 0 0 143 -14%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 80 13 1 36 3 116 4 0 0 0 151 -21%

Table 4.3b: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Detached Cavity Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 8 6 1 7 2 0 19 -14 0 0 15 88%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 8 1 7 2 0 21 -14 0 0 22 82%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 15 10 1 8 2 0 25 -14 0 0 33 74%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 17 11 1 8 2 0 27 -14 0 0 38 70%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 48 8 1 19 2 67 2 -14 0 0 61 51%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 62 10 1 19 2 81 2 -14 0 0 79 37%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 70 11 1 19 2 89 2 -14 0 0 90 28%

4 Gas 10% 2 2 70 11 1 19 2 89 2 -7 0 0 103 18%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 70 11 1 19 2 89 2 0 0 0 116 7%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 69 11 1 24 2 93 3 0 0 0 122 3%



AECOM

Table 4.3c: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Semi-Detached Cavity Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 7 5 2 9 2 0 20 -14 0 0 16 87%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 6 1 9 2 0 22 -14 0 0 22 83%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 9 1 10 2 0 26 -14 0 0 33 74%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 15 10 1 10 2 0 28 -14 0 0 38 70%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 40 6 1 24 2 64 3 -14 0 0 57 55%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 55 9 1 24 2 79 3 -14 0 0 76 39%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 63 10 1 24 2 86 3 -14 0 0 86 31%

4 Gas 20% 1 1 61 10 1 30 3 92 4 -14 0 0 93 26%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 63 10 1 24 2 86 3 0 0 0 112 10%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 61 10 1 30 3 92 4 0 0 0 120 4%

Table 4.3d: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Terraced Cavity Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 4 2 12 2 0 22 -14 0 0 20 84%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 6 1 12 2 0 24 -14 0 0 25 80%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 12 8 1 13 2 0 29 -14 0 0 37 70%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 14 10 1 13 2 0 31 -14 0 0 42 67%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 36 6 1 30 2 66 3 -14 0 0 59 52%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 51 8 1 30 2 81 3 -14 0 0 79 36%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 59 9 1 30 2 89 3 -14 0 0 89 29%

4 Gas 10% 2 2 59 9 1 30 2 89 3 -7 0 0 102 18%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 59 9 1 30 2 89 3 0 0 0 116 7%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 57 9 1 38 3 96 4 0 0 0 125 0%



AECOM

Table 4.3e: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Mid-floor Flat Cavity Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 0 2 14 2 0 21 -5 0 0 31 75%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 2 14 2 0 24 -5 0 0 35 72%

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 6 0 2 15 2 0 25 -5 0 0 38 70%

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 9 0 2 15 2 0 28 -5 0 0 42 66%

3 Gas 20% 3 3 15 0 2 31 2 46 4 -5 0 0 50 60%

3 Gas 20% 2 2 15 0 2 34 2 49 4 -5 0 0 53 57%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 26 0 2 34 2 61 4 -5 0 0 65 48%

1 Gas 20% 2 2 37 0 2 34 2 71 4 -5 0 0 76 39%

1 Gas 0% 2 2 37 0 2 34 2 71 4 0 0 0 85 32%

1 Gas 0% 1 1 35 0 2 44 3 79 5 0 0 0 95 24%

Table 4.3f: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Top-floor Flat Cavity Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 2 14 2 0 24 -5 0 0 36 72%

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 0 2 14 2 0 27 -5 0 0 41 67%

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 12 0 2 14 2 0 30 -5 0 0 46 63%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 12 0 2 15 2 0 31 -5 0 0 49 61%

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 35 0 1 33 2 0 3 -5 68 0 72 42%

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 48 0 1 33 2 0 3 -5 81 0 85 32%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 52 0 2 34 2 86 4 -5 0 0 93 26%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 64 0 2 34 2 99 4 -5 0 0 107 15%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 64 0 2 34 2 99 4 0 0 0 116 8%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 62 0 2 44 3 106 5 0 0 0 125 0%



AECOM

Table 4.3g: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Apartment Block Cavity Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 0 2 14 2 0 23 -5 0 0 34 84%

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 0 2 14 2 0 26 -5 0 0 39 82%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 9 0 2 15 2 0 27 -5 0 0 42 81%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 11 0 2 15 2 0 30 -5 0 0 47 78%

3 Gas 20% 3 3 21 0 2 31 2 53 4 -5 0 0 57 74%

6 Gas 20% 2 2 24 0 2 34 2 58 4 -5 0 0 63 71%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 36 0 2 34 2 70 4 -5 0 0 75 65%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 47 0 2 34 2 81 4 -5 0 0 87 60%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 47 0 2 34 2 81 4 0 0 0 96 55%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 45 0 2 44 3 89 5 0 0 0 106 51%

Table 4.3h: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Bungalow Solid Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 8 2 11 2 0 26 -28 0 0 5 96%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 13 9 1 11 2 0 28 -28 0 0 9 92%

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 11 1 11 2 0 31 -28 0 0 18 86%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 20 13 1 12 2 0 35 -28 0 0 29 77%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 9 1 28 2 84 3 -28 0 0 56 55%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 69 11 1 28 2 97 3 -28 0 0 73 41%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 84 13 1 28 2 112 3 -28 0 0 92 26%

4 Gas 10% 1 1 82 13 1 36 3 118 4 -14 0 0 127 -2%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 84 13 1 28 2 112 3 0 0 0 145 -16%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 82 13 1 36 3 118 4 0 0 0 154 -23%



AECOM

Table 4.3i: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Detached Solid Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 8 5 1 7 2 0 19 -14 0 0 15 88%

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 10 7 1 8 2 0 21 -14 0 0 21 83%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 14 9 1 8 2 0 24 -14 0 0 30 76%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 17 12 1 8 2 0 28 -14 0 0 39 68%

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 17 12 1 8 2 0 28 -7 0 0 53 58%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 58 9 1 19 2 77 2 -14 0 0 74 41%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 73 12 1 19 2 92 2 -14 0 0 93 26%

4 Gas 20% 1 1 72 11 1 24 2 96 3 -14 0 0 99 21%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 73 12 1 19 2 92 2 0 0 0 119 5%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 72 11 1 24 2 96 3 0 0 0 125 0%

Table 4.3j: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Semi-Detached Solid Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 7 5 2 9 2 0 20 -14 0 0 16 88%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 6 1 9 2 0 21 -14 0 0 20 84%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 12 8 1 10 2 0 26 -14 0 0 31 75%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 15 10 1 10 2 0 28 -14 0 0 39 69%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 37 6 1 24 2 61 3 -14 0 0 53 58%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 52 8 1 24 2 76 3 -14 0 0 72 42%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 64 10 1 24 2 88 3 -14 0 0 88 29%

4 Gas 10% 2 2 64 10 1 24 2 88 3 -7 0 0 102 19%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 64 10 1 24 2 88 3 0 0 0 115 8%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 63 10 1 30 3 93 4 0 0 0 122 3%



AECOM

Table 4.3k: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Terraced Solid Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 4 2 12 2 0 22 -14 0 0 20 84%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 8 5 1 12 2 0 23 -14 0 0 23 81%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 12 8 1 13 2 0 28 -14 0 0 35 72%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 14 10 1 13 2 0 31 -14 0 0 43 66%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 33 5 1 30 2 64 3 -14 0 0 56 55%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 49 8 1 30 2 79 3 -14 0 0 76 39%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 61 10 1 30 2 91 3 -14 0 0 91 27%

4 Gas 10% 2 2 61 10 1 30 2 91 3 -7 0 0 105 16%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 61 10 1 30 2 91 3 0 0 0 118 6%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 59 9 1 38 3 97 4 0 0 0 127 -1%

Table 4.3l: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Mid-floor Flat Solid Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 0 2 14 2 0 21 -5 0 0 31 75%

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 2 14 2 0 23 -5 0 0 35 72%

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 6 0 2 15 2 0 25 -5 0 0 37 70%

3 Gas 20% 3 3 14 0 2 31 2 46 4 -5 0 0 50 60%

3 Gas 20% 2 2 14 0 2 34 2 49 4 -5 0 0 53 58%

2 Gas 20% 2 2 25 0 2 34 2 59 4 -5 0 0 64 49%

1 Gas 20% 2 2 38 0 2 34 2 72 4 -5 0 0 77 38%

1 Gas 10% 2 2 38 0 2 34 2 72 4 -2 0 0 82 34%

1 Gas 0% 2 2 38 0 2 34 2 72 4 0 0 0 86 31%

1 Gas 0% 1 1 36 0 2 44 3 80 5 0 0 0 96 23%



AECOM

Table 4.3m: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Top-floor Flat Solid Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 0 2 14 2 0 24 -5 0 0 35 72%

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 0 2 14 2 0 27 -5 0 0 41 67%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 12 0 2 15 2 0 31 -5 0 0 48 61%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 16 0 2 15 2 0 34 -5 0 0 55 56%

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 34 0 1 30 2 0 3 -5 65 0 69 45%

6 Gas 20% 2 2 38 0 2 34 2 72 4 -5 0 0 78 37%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 50 0 2 34 2 85 4 -5 0 0 91 27%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 65 0 2 34 2 100 4 -5 0 0 108 14%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 65 0 2 34 2 100 4 0 0 0 117 7%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 63 0 2 44 3 107 5 0 0 0 126 -1%

Table 4.3n: Energy Demand Output Table

Building: Apartment Block Solid Wall



Sec


Grid

Elec.

Gen.

Elec. Biomass

Smoke-

less

fuel

Total

Reduction

over

Reference


3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 0 2 14 2 0 23 -5 0 0 34 84%

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 8 0 2 14 2 0 26 -5 0 0 39 82%

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 8 0 2 15 2 0 27 -5 0 0 41 81%

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 11 0 2 15 2 0 30 -5 0 0 47 78%

6 Gas 20% 2 2 23 0 2 34 2 58 4 -5 0 0 62 71%

5 Gas 20% 2 2 34 0 2 34 2 69 4 -5 0 0 74 66%

4 Gas 20% 2 2 48 0 2 34 2 82 4 -5 0 0 89 59%

4 Gas 10% 2 2 48 0 2 34 2 82 4 -2 0 0 93 57%

4 Gas 0% 2 2 48 0 2 34 2 82 4 0 0 0 97 55%

4 Gas 0% 1 1 46 0 2 44 3 90 5 0 0 0 107 50%



AECOM

5. Global cost calculation

5.1 New Buildings

The following cost data and modelling variables have been used for the analysis.

The capital and maintenance cost data is based on 2018 prices. The costs for the various

measures considered to improve building energy performance are shown in Tables 5.1a – 5.1c.

The costs for each measure include both material and labour costs. For the purpose of this

work, no learning rates have been applied when any of the measures are replaced. In practice,

some of the newer technologies will reduce in cost over time. However, given that the

calculation period being considered is similar to the lifetime of the technologies, replacements

are limited and any benefits from learning are uncertain and will be significantly discounted in

the calculated Net Present Value (NPV). Where components have a lifetime of less than 30

years their replacement costs are included in the global cost calculation. Residual values are

accounted for in accordance with the Cost Optimal Guidance

A social discount rate of 5% has been assumed for the macroeconomics calculation (as used

for Government policy Impact Assessments in Ireland). A figure of 3% has been used for the

sensitivity analysis as required by the Commission.

A real discount rate of 7% has been used for the financial calculation with 10% for the

sensitivity analysis.

Energy prices used in the analysis are as shown in Table 5.2a. Sensitivity analysis has been

carried out using low and high values of +/- 30% of these prices for gas and biomass and +/-

20% for electricity. As gas is the most significant primary energy source for electricity, the low

scenario has been modelled to include both the low gas and electricity prices and the high

scenario to include both the high gas and electricity prices.

o The central energy prices for electricity and gas are derived from wholesale electricity

prices forecasted for the next 30 years by SEAI using difference between retail price

(SEAI, 2018) and wholesale price in 2018. Electricity retail prices for Band DC

(>=2,500 <5,000 kWh per annum) and gas retail prices for Band D2 (>=5,556

<55,556 kWh per annum) have been used for the analysis.

o To derive the energy price for heat supplied by district heating, a 90% efficient gas

boiler has been used as a proxy.

o The biomass price has been provided by SEAI based on a range of prices identified

in a study on the cost benefit analysis of district heating (AECOM and SEAI, 20156).

This is assumed as a fixed price over 30 years.

The primary energy (PE) and CO2 factors for grid supplied electricity are based on projections

provided by SEAI (SEAI, 2016). This gives an average PE factor of 1.86 over the next 30 years.

This has been developed based on future scenarios of electricity generation mix. A figure of 1.6

has been used for the sensitivity analysis assuming a move away from fossil fuel generation in

future years. For district heating, a PE factor of 1.1 and a CO2 factor of 0.11kgCO2/kWh have

been used as provided by SEAI. The PE and CO2 factors for all other fuels are from the DEAP

tool.

The social cost of carbon for the macroeconomic calculations is shown in Table 5.2b. These

values have been provided by SEAI and are based on projected emissions trading system

(ETS) carbon prices for the traded sector and on carbon taxes for the non-traded sector.

Sensitivity analysis assumes a 2% increase in carbon prices year on year.

In accordance with Annex I of Commission Delegated Regulation No. 244/2012 the global cost for the macroeconomic calculation of a measure/ package/ variant, i.e. the relevant prices which have been taken into account, exclude all applicable taxes, VAT, charges and subsidies.

6 SEAI, AECOM; Cost Benefit Analysis of the potential for High-Efficiency Cogeneration and Efficient District Heating & Cooling in Ireland; Dec 2015

https://www.seai.ie/resources/publications/Domestic-Fuel-Cost-Comparison.pdf



AECOM

The following tables summarise the results of the cost calculations for the most cost-optimal packages

in each of the five reference buildings. Tables 5.3 relate to the macroeconomic calculations and Tables

5.4 relate to the financial calculations.

Tables 5.3a/5.4a: Central energy price, central discount factors

Tables 5.3b/5.4b: Low energy price, central discount factors

Tables 5.3c/5.4c: High energy price, central discount factors

Tables 5.3d/5.4d: Central energy price, low discount factors.

Table 5.3e: Central energy price, central discount factors, alternative primary emission factors

(macro-economic calculation only)

Table 5.3f: Central energy price, central discount factors, alternative carbon price (macro-

economic calculation only)

The sensitivity analysis shows the following.

Discount rate and Energy Price: Low energy prices, reduce the cost of energy over the

calculation period. The main impact of this is that it makes solutions with higher primary

energy demand relatively more attractive. The reverse is true when increasing the energy

prices and reducing the discount rate. A key impact of this sensitivity analysis is that, in some

cases, it changes the amount of PV in the cost optimal solution.

Primary emission factor (PEF): The reduced PEF in the sensitivity case changes the cost

optimum primary energy without changing the optimum technology for the lowest cost

solution.

Price of carbon: The sensitivity case for the price of carbon has minimal impact on the overall

macroeconomic costs and does not impact on the cost optimal level.

Table 5.1a: Elemental Capital Costs per m² of Fabric – New build (varying components only)

(EUR/m²)

Building Part Value Cost (EUR/m²)

Cavity wall 0.20 €18.0




Semi exposed wall 0.30 -

Semi exposed wall 0.18 €14.0



Pitched roof 0.16 €14.1



Flat roof 0.19 €22.0



Solid Floor 0.20 €24.0




Window 1.6 €271.7

Window 1.4 €279.5

Window 1.1 €310.6

Window 0.8 €349.4



AECOM

Air Permeability (m³/m².hr) @50Pa

EUR/m2 floor area

Thermal Bridging (y-value)

EUR/linear m

5 3 1 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04

€5.4 €8.6 €13.7 €0.0 €2.9 €4.4 €5.0

Table 5.1b: Elemental Capital Costs per Building – Varying Elements Only (EUR) Heating system:

Building Type

Gas Boiler

with

radiators

(EUR/system)

Biomass

Boiler with

radiators

(EUR/system)

ASHP with low

temperature

radiators

(EUR/system)

District heating

with radiators

(EUR/system)

Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 4

Bungalow € 6,225 € 20,546 € 8,479 € 7,025

Detached € 7,375 € 24,924 € 10,277 € 8,225

Semi-detached € 6,375 € 22,161 € 8,691 € 7,025

Mid-Floor Flat € 5,085 € 11,976 € 7,399 € 5,825

Top-Floor Flat € 5,275 € 11,976 € 8,561 € 5,825

Apartment building

(costs per unit) € 5,148 € 11,976 € 7,786 € 5,825

Controls:

Time and

temperature

zone control,

weather

compensation,

interlock

Time and

temperature

zone control,

weather

compensation,,

interlock

Time and

temperature

zone control

Time and

temperature

zone control,

charging linked

to use


€ 1,000 € 1,000 € 650 € 700

Hot water cylinder:


€ 1,350 € 1,450 € 1,450 € 1,350

Ventilation:

Building Type Extract fans Whole house MEV MVHR

Bungalow € 350 € 1,928 € 1,928

Detached € 1,400 € 2,543 € 2,543

Semi € 700 € 2,236 € 2,236



AECOM

Mid-Floor Flat € 350 € 1,314 € 1,314

Top-Floor Flat € 350 € 1,314 € 1,314

Apartment building

(costs per unit) € 350 € 1,314 € 1,314

Lighting:

Building Type

Luminaire efficacy

65 l/W

Luminaire efficacy

95 l/W

Bungalow € 0 € 52

Detached € 0 € 80

Semi € 0 € 63

Mid-Floor Flat € 0 € 41

Top-Floor Flat € 0 € 41

Apartment building

(costs per unit) € 0 € 41

Hot water demand:

Building Type

Shower flow rate

of 12l/min

Shower flow rate of

6l/min

Waste Water heat

Recovery

Bungalow € 0 € 50 € 1,185

Detached € 0 € 150 € 1,380

Semi € 0 € 100 € 1,380

Mid-Floor Flat € 0 € 50 € 1,185

Top-Floor Flat € 0 € 50 € 1,185

Apartment building

(costs per unit) € 0 € 50 € 1,185

Photovoltaics:

PV

Building Type 0% 10%

20%

Bungalow - € 3,784 € 5,339

Detached - € 3,303 € 4,906

Semi - € 2,963 € 4,225

Mid-Floor Flat - € 329 € 657

Top-Floor Flat - € 329 € 657

Apartment building

(costs per unit) - € 329 € 657

Table 5.1c: Elemental Maintenance Costs per Building per Year (EUR)

Building services element EUR/yr per dwelling

Air to water source heat pump € 100

Biomass boiler (Communal ) € 17

Biomass boiler (Individual) € 250



AECOM

District heating € 120

High heat retention storage heaters € 0

Condensing gas boiler € 120

Whole House MEV € 0

MVHR € 30

Photovoltaic panels € 0

Solar thermal € 70

Table 5.2a: Retail energy Prices

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

Low Electricity c/kWh 19.2 19.3 19.0 18.1 19.2 19.9 21.3 23.2 20.8 23.6

Low Gas c/kWh 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1

Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9

Low District heating c/kWh 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6

Low Oil c/kWh 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.7

Low Manufactured

smokeless fuel c/kWh

3.6 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3

Central Electricity c/kWh 24.0 24.2 23.8 22.7 24.0 24.8 26.6 29.0 26.0 29.5

Central Gas c/kWh 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.9

Central Biomass c/kWh 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

Central District heating c/kWh 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.6

Central Oil c/kWh 8.0 8.5 8.6 8.8 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6

Central Manufactured

smokeless fuel c/kWh 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.2

High Electricity c/kWh 28.9 29.0 28.5 27.2 28.9 29.8 31.9 34.7 31.2 35.4

High Gas c/kWh 7.2 6.9 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.7

High Biomass c/kWh 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2

High District heating c/kWh 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.5

High Oil c/kWh 10.5 11 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12 12.1 12.3 12.5

High Manufactured


6.7 6.5 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0

2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038


Low Gas c/kWh 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9


Low Oil c/kWh 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4

Low Manufactured


4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4


Central Gas c/kWh 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8



Central Oil c/kWh 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6




High Gas c/kWh 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5



High Oil c/kWh 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7

High Manufactured


8.3 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1



AECOM

2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048


Low Gas c/kWh 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9


Low Oil c/kWh 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4

Low Manufactured


4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4


Central Gas c/kWh 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8



Central Oil c/kWh 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.6




High Gas c/kWh 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5



High Oil c/kWh 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7

High Manufactured


8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

Table 5.2b: Cost of carbon and sensitivity

Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028

Traded sector 13.5 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 24.7 26.9 29.1

Non-traded sector 18.0 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 24.7 26.9 29.1

Uplift in cost for sensitivity analysis (applied to values in row above)

2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%

Year 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038

Traded sector 31.3 33.5 35.2 36.9 38.6 40.3 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0

Non-traded sector 31.3 33.5 35.2 36.9 38.6 40.3 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0


22% 24% 26% 28% 30% 32% 34% 36% 38% 40%

Year 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048

Traded sector 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0

Non-traded sector 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0


42% 44% 46% 48% 50% 52% 54% 56% 58% 60%



AECOM

Table 5.3a: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost

Annual Costs Cost of

Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro

Cost Fabric Heating PV Light DHW Maintenance Energy

Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 459 18 23 -1 -27 472

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 416 14 30 -1 -24 436

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 347 14 51 0 -17 395

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 367 17 3 2 -33 357

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 338 17 14 3 -30 342

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 310 17 17 4 -27 320

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 290 17 49 6 -25 337

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 288 17 54 6 -25 341

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 240 17 80 8 -18 326

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 238 17 86 8 -18 331

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 370 12 32 0 -20 394

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 330 9 40 0 -17 362

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 280 9 57 1 -12 334

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 290 11 21 3 -23 302

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 266 11 29 4 -21 288

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 249 11 33 4 -20 277

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 235 11 48 5 -18 282

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 232 11 52 6 -18 283

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 207 11 64 6 -14 274

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 203 11 68 7 -14 275

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 383 15 38 0 -19 417

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 343 12 45 0 -16 384

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 298 12 57 1 -13 354

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 286 12 62 1 -12 349

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 301 14 23 3 -24 316

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 278 14 29 4 -22 303

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 255 14 33 4 -20 286

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 242 14 48 5 -18 291

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 209 14 64 6 -14 279

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 207 14 69 7 -14 282

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 359 24 72 2 -10 447

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 322 18 78 2 -7 412

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 285 18 86 2 -5 387

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 312 27 40 3 -21 361

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 260 22 47 4 -17 316

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 246 22 50 5 -17 306

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 223 22 55 5 -15 290

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 218 22 60 6 -14 291

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 212 22 65 6 -13 292

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 210 22 72 7 -13 298

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 416 24 79 2 -14 506

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 378 18 86 2 -12 473

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 350 27 46 4 -26 401

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 336 27 48 4 -25 391

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 298 22 54 5 -22 357



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 278 22 60 6 -20 346

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 249 22 72 7 -18 332

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 243 22 77 8 -17 333

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 238 22 82 8 -16 334

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 235 22 89 9 -16 339

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 378 24 74 2 -11 466

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 340 18 80 2 -9 432

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 324 27 42 3 -23 374

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 310 27 45 4 -22 364

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 272 22 49 5 -19 329

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 256 22 54 5 -18 319

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 232 22 60 6 -16 305

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 227 22 66 6 -15 306

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 221 22 71 7 -14 306

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 219 22 78 7 -14 312

Table 5.3b: Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 459 18 18 -1 -27 467

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 416 14 24 -1 -24 429

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 347 14 41 0 -17 384

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 367 17 -3 2 -33 351

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 338 17 5 3 -30 333

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 310 17 7 4 -27 310

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 290 17 32 6 -25 320

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 288 17 36 6 -25 323

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 240 17 57 8 -18 304

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 238 17 61 8 -18 307

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 370 12 26 0 -20 388

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 330 9 32 0 -17 354

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 280 9 45 1 -12 323

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 290 11 13 3 -23 293

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 266 11 18 4 -21 278

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 249 11 21 4 -20 265

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 235 11 33 5 -18 267

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 232 11 36 6 -18 266

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 207 11 46 6 -14 255

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 203 11 48 7 -14 255

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 383 15 31 0 -19 409

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 343 12 36 0 -16 375

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 298 12 45 1 -13 343

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 286 12 49 1 -12 337

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 301 14 14 3 -24 308

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 278 14 19 4 -22 293

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 255 14 21 4 -20 274



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 242 14 33 5 -18 276

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 209 14 46 6 -14 261

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 207 14 49 7 -14 262

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 359 24 58 2 -10 432

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 322 18 62 2 -7 397

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 285 18 69 2 -5 370

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 312 27 29 3 -21 350

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 260 22 33 4 -17 302

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 246 22 35 5 -17 292

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 223 22 38 5 -15 274

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 218 22 43 6 -14 274

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 212 22 47 6 -13 274

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 210 22 52 7 -13 277

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 416 24 63 2 -14 490

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 378 18 68 2 -12 455

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 350 27 33 4 -26 389

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 336 27 35 4 -25 377

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 298 22 38 5 -22 342

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 278 22 43 6 -20 328

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 249 22 50 7 -18 311

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 243 22 55 8 -17 310

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 238 22 59 8 -16 310

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 235 22 64 9 -16 314

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 378 24 59 2 -11 451

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 340 18 64 2 -9 416

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 324 27 30 3 -23 363

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 310 27 32 4 -22 351

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 272 22 35 5 -19 315

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 256 22 38 5 -18 304

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 232 22 42 6 -16 287

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 227 22 47 6 -15 287

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 221 22 51 7 -14 286

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 219 22 56 7 -14 290

Table 5.3c: Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 459 18 28 -1 -27 476

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 416 14 36 -1 -24 442

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 347 14 62 0 -17 405

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 367 17 9 2 -33 363

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 338 17 23 3 -30 351

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 310 17 28 4 -27 331

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 290 17 65 6 -25 353

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 288 17 73 6 -25 360

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 240 17 103 8 -18 349



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 238 17 110 8 -18 356

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 370 12 38 0 -20 401

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 330 9 48 0 -17 370

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 280 9 68 1 -12 345

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 290 11 29 3 -23 310

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 266 11 39 4 -21 299

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 249 11 45 4 -20 289

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 235 11 64 5 -18 297

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 232 11 69 6 -18 299

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 207 11 82 6 -14 292

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 203 11 87 7 -14 294

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 383 15 46 0 -19 425

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 343 12 54 0 -16 393

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 298 12 68 1 -13 366

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 286 12 74 1 -12 362

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 301 14 31 3 -24 325

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 278 14 40 4 -22 314

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 255 14 45 4 -20 298

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 242 14 63 5 -18 306

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 209 14 82 6 -14 298

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 207 14 88 7 -14 302

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 359 24 86 2 -10 461

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 322 18 93 2 -7 428

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 285 18 104 2 -5 405

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 312 27 50 3 -21 372

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 260 22 60 4 -17 329

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 246 22 64 5 -17 321

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 223 22 71 5 -15 307

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 218 22 77 6 -14 309

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 212 22 83 6 -13 310

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 210 22 92 7 -13 318

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 416 24 94 2 -14 521

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 378 18 103 2 -12 490

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 350 27 58 4 -26 414

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 336 27 62 4 -25 404

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 298 22 70 5 -22 373

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 278 22 78 6 -20 363

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 249 22 93 7 -18 353

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 243 22 99 8 -17 355

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 238 22 106 8 -16 357

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 235 22 115 9 -16 365

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 378 24 89 2 -11 481

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 340 18 97 2 -9 448

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 324 27 53 3 -23 386

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 310 27 57 4 -22 376

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 272 22 64 5 -19 344

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 256 22 69 5 -18 335

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 232 22 78 6 -16 323



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 227 22 85 6 -15 324

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 221 22 91 7 -14 326

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 219 22 100 7 -14 334

Table 5.3d: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 492 23 29 -2 -47 495

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 446 18 38 -1 -41 459

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 374 18 65 0 -30 426

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 396 22 4 3 -57 366

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 367 22 17 4 -52 357

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 335 22 22 5 -48 336

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 313 22 61 8 -43 360

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 311 22 68 8 -43 366

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 255 22 100 10 -31 356

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 253 22 108 11 -31 362

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 395 15 40 0 -35 416

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 352 12 50 0 -29 385

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 301 12 72 1 -21 363

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 311 14 26 4 -41 314

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 286 14 36 5 -37 304

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 268 14 41 6 -34 294

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 252 14 61 7 -31 303

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 248 14 66 7 -31 304

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 220 14 80 8 -25 297

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 216 14 85 9 -25 299

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 410 19 48 0 -34 443

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 367 15 57 1 -29 411

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 320 15 71 1 -22 385

4 Gas 20% 3 3 14 377 22 19 2 -49 371

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 323 18 28 4 -42 332

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 301 18 37 5 -39 322

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 276 18 41 5 -35 305

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 260 18 60 7 -32 313

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 223 18 80 8 -24 305

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 220 18 86 9 -24 308

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 386 30 91 3 -18 491

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 346 23 98 3 -13 456

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 307 23 109 3 -8 434

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 336 35 50 4 -37 387

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 281 28 59 6 -30 343

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 267 28 63 6 -29 335

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 242 28 68 7 -25 320

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 236 28 75 7 -24 322

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 230 28 82 8 -23 324



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 227 28 90 9 -23 331

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 444 30 99 3 -25 551

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 404 23 108 3 -20 518

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 375 35 57 5 -45 426

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 360 35 61 5 -43 417

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 320 28 68 7 -38 384

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 300 28 76 8 -36 375

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 268 28 90 9 -31 365

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 262 28 97 10 -29 367

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 256 28 103 10 -28 369

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 253 28 112 11 -28 376

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 405 30 94 3 -20 511

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 365 23 101 3 -15 477

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 348 35 53 4 -40 400

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 334 35 56 5 -38 391

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 293 28 62 6 -33 356

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 278 28 67 7 -31 348

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 251 28 76 8 -27 335

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 245 28 82 8 -26 337

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 239 28 89 9 -25 339

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 236 28 98 10 -25 347

Table 5.3e: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative PEF,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 459 18 23 -1 -27 472

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -12 416 14 30 -1 -24 436

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -4 347 14 51 0 -17 395

3 Gas 20% 2 3 19 378 17 2 2 -34 366

3 Gas 20% 3 2 21 367 17 3 3 -33 357

1 Gas 20% 3 3 38 321 17 15 4 -28 329

1 Gas 20% 3 2 41 310 17 17 4 -27 321

1 Gas 20% 3 1 48 308 17 23 5 -27 326

1 Gas 0% 3 2 86 240 17 80 8 -18 326

1 Gas 0% 3 1 93 238 17 86 8 -18 331

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 370 12 32 0 -20 394

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 330 9 40 0 -17 362

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 9 280 9 57 1 -12 334

3 Gas 20% 2 3 29 298 11 21 3 -24 308

3 Gas 20% 3 2 30 290 11 21 3 -23 302

1 Gas 20% 3 3 45 257 11 31 4 -20 284

1 Gas 20% 3 2 46 249 11 33 4 -20 277

1 Gas 20% 3 1 51 245 11 37 5 -20 278

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 207 11 64 6 -14 274

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 203 11 68 7 -14 275



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 383 15 38 0 -19 417

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 343 12 45 0 -16 384

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 287 12 61 1 -12 349

3 Gas 20% 2 3 29 311 14 22 3 -25 325

3 Gas 20% 3 2 31 301 14 23 3 -24 317

1 Gas 20% 3 3 43 266 14 31 4 -21 294

1 Gas 20% 3 2 45 255 14 33 4 -20 286

1 Gas 20% 3 1 51 253 14 38 5 -20 289

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 209 14 64 6 -14 279

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 207 14 69 7 -14 282

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 359 24 72 2 -10 447

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 322 18 78 2 -7 412

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 28 285 18 86 2 -5 387

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 312 27 40 3 -21 361

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 260 22 47 4 -17 316

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 246 22 50 5 -17 306

1 Gas 20% 3 2 60 223 22 55 5 -15 291

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 218 22 60 6 -14 291

1 Gas 0% 3 2 67 212 22 65 6 -13 292

1 Gas 0% 3 1 76 210 22 72 7 -13 298

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 416 24 79 2 -14 505

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 28 378 18 86 2 -12 472

2 ASHP 20% 2 3 30 358 18 93 2 -10 461

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 350 27 46 4 -26 401

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 298 22 54 5 -22 357

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 278 22 60 6 -20 346

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 249 22 72 7 -18 332

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 243 22 77 8 -17 333

1 Gas 0% 3 2 88 238 22 82 8 -16 333

1 Gas 0% 3 1 96 235 22 89 9 -16 339

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 378 24 74 2 -11 466

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 340 18 80 2 -9 432

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 324 27 42 3 -23 374

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 310 27 45 4 -22 364

3 Gas 20% 3 3 48 287 22 47 4 -20 340

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 272 22 49 5 -19 329

2 Gas 20% 3 2 57 256 22 54 5 -18 319

1 Gas 20% 3 2 67 232 22 60 6 -16 305

1 Gas 10% 2 2 71 226 22 67 6 -15 306

1 Gas 0% 3 2 74 221 22 71 7 -14 306



AECOM

Table 5.3f: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative Cost of Carbon, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 459 18 23 -2 -27 471

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 416 14 30 -1 -24 435

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 347 14 51 0 -17 394

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 367 17 3 3 -33 357

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 338 17 14 4 -30 343

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 310 17 17 5 -27 322

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 290 17 49 7 -25 338

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 288 17 54 8 -25 343

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 240 17 80 10 -18 329

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 238 17 86 11 -18 334

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 370 12 32 0 -20 394

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 330 9 40 0 -17 362

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 280 9 57 1 -12 334

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 290 11 21 4 -23 303

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 266 11 29 5 -21 289

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 249 11 33 5 -20 278

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 235 11 48 7 -18 283

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 232 11 52 7 -18 284

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 207 11 64 8 -14 275

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 203 11 68 9 -14 277

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 383 15 38 0 -19 417

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 343 12 45 1 -16 384

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 298 12 57 1 -13 355

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 286 12 62 1 -12 349

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 301 14 23 4 -24 317

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 278 14 29 5 -22 304

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 255 14 33 5 -20 287

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 242 14 48 7 -18 292

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 209 14 64 8 -14 281

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 207 14 69 9 -14 284

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 359 24 72 2 -10 447

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 322 18 78 3 -7 413

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 285 18 86 3 -5 388

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 312 27 40 4 -21 362

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 260 22 47 6 -17 317

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 246 22 50 6 -17 307

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 223 22 55 7 -15 292

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 218 22 60 7 -14 293

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 212 22 65 8 -13 294

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 210 22 72 9 -13 300

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 416 24 79 3 -14 506

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 378 18 86 3 -12 473

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 350 27 46 5 -26 402

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 336 27 48 5 -25 392

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 298 22 54 7 -22 359

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 278 22 60 7 -20 348



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 249 22 72 9 -18 334

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 243 22 77 10 -17 335

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 238 22 82 10 -16 336

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 235 22 89 11 -16 342

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 378 24 74 3 -11 467

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 340 18 80 3 -9 433

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 324 27 42 4 -23 375

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 310 27 45 5 -22 365

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 272 22 49 6 -19 331

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 256 22 54 7 -18 321

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 232 22 60 8 -16 306

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 227 22 66 8 -15 307

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 221 22 71 9 -14 308

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 219 22 78 10 -14 314

Table 5.4a: Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro

Cost Fabric Heating PV Light DHW Maintenanc

e Energy

Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 495 17 21 - -18 515

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 448 13 28 - -16 474

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 372 13 48 - -11 421

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 396 16 3 - -21 393

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 363 16 13 - -20 372

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 332 16 16 - -18 346

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 312 16 45 - -16 357

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 310 16 51 - -16 361

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 260 16 74 - -12 339

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 259 16 80 - -12 342

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 401 11 30 - -13 429

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 356 8 37 - -11 391

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 301 8 52 - -8 354

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 314 10 20 - -15 329

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 286 10 27 - -14 310

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 268 10 31 - -13 296

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 254 10 45 - -12 297

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 250 10 49 - -12 298

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 224 10 59 - -9 285

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 221 10 63 - -9 285

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 413 14 35 - -13 450

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 370 11 42 - -11 412

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 320 11 52 - -8 375

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 307 11 57 - -8 368

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 324 13 21 - -16 343

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 299 13 27 - -14 325

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 275 13 30 - -13 305

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 260 13 45 - -12 306



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


e Energy

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 227 13 59 - -9 290

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 224 13 64 - -9 292

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 387 22 67 - -7 468

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 346 17 72 - -5 429

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 306 17 80 - -3 399

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 336 25 37 - -14 385

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 279 20 44 - -11 331

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 263 20 46 - -11 319

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 239 20 51 - -10 300

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 233 20 56 - -9 300

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 228 20 60 - -9 300

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 226 20 67 - -9 304

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 448 22 73 - -9 533

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 408 17 79 - -8 496

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 379 25 42 - -17 430

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 363 25 45 - -16 417

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 322 20 50 - -14 378

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 300 20 56 - -13 362

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 267 20 67 - -12 343

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 262 20 72 - -11 343

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 256 20 76 - -11 342

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 254 20 83 - -11 347

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 407 22 69 - -8 490

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 366 17 74 - -6 451

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 350 25 39 - -15 399

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 333 25 41 - -14 386

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 293 20 46 - -12 346

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 275 20 50 - -12 333

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 249 20 56 - -10 315

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 243 20 61 - -10 315

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 238 20 66 - -9 314

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 235 20 72 - -9 319

Table 5.4b: Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 495 17 17 - -18 511

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 448 13 22 - -16 468

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 372 13 38 - -11 411

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 396 16 -2 - -21 388

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 363 16 5 - -20 364

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 332 16 7 - -18 337

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 312 16 30 - -16 341

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 310 16 34 - -16 344

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 260 16 53 - -12 317

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 259 16 57 - -12 319



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 401 11 24 - -13 423

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 356 8 30 - -11 384

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 301 8 42 - -8 343

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 314 10 12 - -15 321

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 286 10 17 - -14 300

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 268 10 19 - -13 285

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 254 10 31 - -12 283

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 250 10 33 - -12 282

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 224 10 42 - -9 268

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 221 10 45 - -9 267

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 413 14 28 - -13 443

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 370 11 34 - -11 404

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 320 11 42 - -8 365

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 307 11 46 - -8 356

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 324 13 13 - -16 335

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 299 13 18 - -14 315

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 275 13 19 - -13 294

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 260 13 31 - -12 292

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 227 13 42 - -9 273

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 224 13 46 - -9 274

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 387 22 53 - -7 455

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 346 17 57 - -5 415

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 306 17 64 - -3 383

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 336 25 27 - -14 374

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 279 20 31 - -11 319

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 263 20 33 - -11 306

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 239 20 36 - -10 285

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 233 20 40 - -9 284

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 228 20 43 - -9 283

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 226 20 48 - -9 285

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 448 22 58 - -9 519

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 408 17 63 - -8 480

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 379 25 31 - -17 418

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 363 25 32 - -16 404

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 322 20 36 - -14 364

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 300 20 40 - -13 346

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 267 20 47 - -12 323

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 262 20 51 - -11 322

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 256 20 55 - -11 320

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 254 20 59 - -11 323

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 407 22 55 - -8 476

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 366 17 60 - -6 436

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 350 25 28 - -15 389

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 333 25 30 - -14 375

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 293 20 33 - -12 333

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 275 20 35 - -12 319

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 249 20 39 - -10 298

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 243 20 43 - -10 297



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 238 20 47 - -9 296

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 235 20 52 - -9 298

Table 5.4c: Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 495 17 26 - -18 519

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 448 13 34 - -16 479

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 372 13 57 - -11 431

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 396 16 9 - -21 399

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 363 16 21 - -20 380

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 332 16 26 - -18 356

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 312 16 61 - -16 372

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 310 16 68 - -16 378

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 260 16 95 - -12 360

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 259 16 102 - -12 365

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 401 11 36 - -13 434

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 356 8 44 - -11 398

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 301 8 63 - -8 364

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 314 10 27 - -15 336

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 286 10 37 - -14 319

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 268 10 42 - -13 307

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 254 10 59 - -12 311

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 250 10 64 - -12 313

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 224 10 77 - -9 302

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 221 10 81 - -9 303

Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 413 14 42 - -13 457

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 370 11 50 - -11 420

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 320 11 63 - -8 386

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 307 11 69 - -8 379

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 324 13 29 - -16 351

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 299 13 37 - -14 335

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 275 13 42 - -13 316

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 260 13 59 - -12 320

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 227 13 76 - -9 307

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 224 13 82 - -9 310

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 387 22 80 - -7 482

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 346 17 86 - -5 444

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 306 17 96 - -3 415

4 Gas 20% 3 3 34 336 25 47 - -14 395

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 279 20 56 - -11 344

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 263 20 60 - -11 333

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 239 20 66 - -10 315

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 233 20 72 - -9 316

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 228 20 77 - -9 317

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 226 20 86 - -9 323



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 448 22 87 - -9 548

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 408 17 95 - -8 512

4 Gas 20% 3 3 41 379 25 54 - -17 442

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 363 25 57 - -16 429

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 322 20 65 - -14 393

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 300 20 72 - -13 379

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 267 20 87 - -12 363

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 262 20 92 - -11 363

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 256 20 98 - -11 364

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 254 20 107 - -11 370

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 407 22 83 - -8 503

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 366 17 89 - -6 466

4 Gas 20% 3 3 37 350 25 49 - -15 410

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 333 25 53 - -14 397

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 293 20 59 - -12 360

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 275 20 64 - -12 348

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 249 20 73 - -10 332

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 243 20 79 - -10 332

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 238 20 84 - -9 333

1 Gas 0% 3 1 84 235 20 93 - -9 339

Table 5.4d: Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 -17 470 13 16 - -8 491

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 -14 425 10 22 - -7 450

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 -5 351 10 37 - -5 392

3 Gas 20% 3 2 15 377 12 3 - -10 382

2 Gas 20% 3 2 27 344 12 10 - -9 357

1 Gas 20% 3 2 34 315 12 13 - -8 332

1 Gas 10% 3 2 60 296 12 35 - -7 336

1 Gas 10% 3 1 67 295 12 40 - -7 339

1 Gas 0% 3 2 87 249 12 58 - -5 314

1 Gas 0% 3 1 94 248 12 62 - -5 317

Detached –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 0 382 8 23 - -6 407

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 4 339 6 29 - -5 369

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 11 284 6 40 - -4 328

3 Gas 20% 3 2 27 300 8 15 - -7 316

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 272 8 21 - -6 295

1 Gas 20% 3 2 43 255 8 24 - -6 281

1 Gas 10% 3 2 57 242 8 35 - -5 279

1 Gas 10% 3 1 61 239 8 38 - -5 280

1 Gas 0% 3 2 70 215 8 46 - -4 265

1 Gas 0% 3 1 74 212 8 49 - -4 265

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 3 392 11 27 - -6 425

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 351 8 32 - -5 387



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Semi-

Detached –

30 year calc

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 303 8 40 - -4 348

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 13 290 8 44 - -3 339

3 Gas 20% 3 2 28 309 10 17 - -7 328

2 Gas 20% 3 2 36 283 10 21 - -6 308

1 Gas 20% 3 2 42 260 10 24 - -6 288

1 Gas 10% 3 2 55 248 10 35 - -5 287

1 Gas 0% 3 2 69 217 10 46 - -4 269

1 Gas 0% 3 1 75 215 10 50 - -4 270

Mid-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 26 365 17 51 - -3 430

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 326 13 55 - -2 392

1 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 288 13 62 - -1 361

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 270 13 67 - -1 349

3 Gas 20% 3 2 48 264 16 34 - -5 308

2 Gas 20% 3 2 52 249 16 36 - -5 295

1 Gas 20% 3 2 59 226 16 39 - -4 276

1 Gas 10% 3 2 64 220 16 43 - -4 275

1 Gas 0% 3 2 68 215 16 47 - -4 274

1 Gas 0% 3 1 77 214 16 52 - -4 277

Top-floor

Apartment –

30 year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 425 17 56 - -4 493

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 386 13 61 - -3 456

2 ASHP 20% 3 2 37 347 13 70 - -3 427

4 Gas 20% 3 2 45 346 19 35 - -7 393

3 Gas 20% 3 2 57 307 16 39 - -6 355

2 Gas 20% 3 2 64 285 16 43 - -6 337

1 Gas 20% 3 2 80 254 16 52 - -5 316

1 Gas 10% 3 2 84 249 16 56 - -5 315

1 Gas 0% 3 2 89 243 16 59 - -5 313

1 Gas 0% 3 1 97 242 16 64 - -5 317

Apartment

block – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 384 17 53 - -3 451

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 345 13 57 - -3 413

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 32 328 13 61 - -2 399

1 ASHP 20% 3 2 38 286 13 71 - -1 368

4 Gas 20% 3 2 40 317 19 32 - -6 362

3 Gas 20% 3 2 51 278 16 36 - -6 323

2 Gas 20% 3 2 56 260 16 39 - -5 309

1 Gas 20% 3 2 66 235 16 44 - -5 290

1 Gas 10% 3 2 71 230 16 47 - -4 289

1 Gas 0% 3 2 75 225 16 51 - -4 287



AECOM

5.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis

The capital costs for the various measures that we have considered in this work are shown in Tables

5.5a – 5.5b. Maintenance costs are as set out in Section 5.1. As for new build, the costs for each

measure include both material and labour costs. For the purpose of this work, no learning rates have

been applied when any of the measures are replaced. In practice, some of the newer technologies will

reduce in cost over time. However, given that the calculation period being considered is similar to the

lifetime of the technologies, replacements are limited and any benefits from learning are uncertain and

will be significantly discounted in the calculated Net Present Value (NPV). Note that these costs do

not include the total costs of measures, only the cost of the elements which vary between

measures/packages (e.g. removal costs are excluded).

The energy prices, cost of carbon, discount rates and other variables are the same as for new buildings,

set out in Section 5.1.

Table 5.5a: Elemental Capital Costs per m² of Fabric – Existing build, Elemental analysis

(varying components only) (EUR/m²)

Building Part Value Cost (EUR/m²)




Solid wall 0.37 €76.2






Flat roof 0.13 €131.0

Flat roof 0.11 €137.0

Solid floor 0.22 €202.5




Window 1.6 €298.9

Window 1.4 €307.5

Window 1.1 €337.7

Window 0.9 €364.9

Window 0.8 €384.3

Air Permeability (m³/m².hr) @50Pa

EUR/m2

Thermal Bridging (y-value)

EUR/linear m

5 3 1 0.15 0.11 0.08

External insulation €5.4 €8.6 €13.7

0 €2.5 €58.7

Internal insulation 0 €2.5 €4.5

Table 5.5b: Elemental Capital Costs per Building – Existing build, Elemental analysis (varying

components only) (EUR) Heating system:

Building Type

Gas Boiler with

radiators

(EUR/system)

Gas Boiler with

radiators, plus solar hot

water system

(EUR/system)

ASHP with low

temperature radiators

(EUR/system)



AECOM

Package 1 Package 2 Package 3

Bungalow €3,100 € 12,000 €8,314

Detached €3,525 € 13,025 €9,847

Semi-detached €3,250 € 12,750 €8,526

Terraced €3,100 € 12,000 €8,314

Mid-Floor Flat €2,685 € 10,985 €7,205

Top-Floor Flat €3,000 € 11,300 €8,102

Apartment building

(costs per unit)

€2,790 € 11,090 €7,504

Controls:


zone control,

weather compensation,

interlock


zone control,

weather compensation,

interlock


zone control


€1,000 €1,000 €650

Hot water cylinder:


€0 €1,450 €1,450

The following tables summarise the results of the cost calculations for the most cost-optimal packages in each of the seven reference buildings. Table 5.6 relates to the macroeconomic calculations and Table 5.7 relate to the financial calculations.

Table 5.6a / Table 5.7a: Central energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.6b / Table 5.7b: Low energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.6c / Table 5.7c: High energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.6d / Table 5.6d: Central energy price, alternative discount factors

Table 5.6e: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative primary energy factor Table 5.6e: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative cost of carbon





prices and reducing the discount rate. However, none of these changes affects the cost

optimal solution.



solution.




Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro

Cost Maintenance Energy

Bungalow Cavity Wall U-Value 0.11 198 123 0 286 24 -15 417



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-Value 0.16 201 101 0 289 24 -12 402

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 11 0 299 25 -1 334

Roof U-value 0.1 202 79 0 290 24 -10 384

Roof U-value 0.13 204 20 0 293 24 -2 335

Floor U-value 0.14 198 352 0 285 24 -43 617

Floor U-value 0.22 203 202 0 292 24 -25 494

Floor U-value 0.22 203 333 0 292 24 -40 608

Floor U-value 0.28 207 327 0 297 25 -40 609

Window U-value 0.9 200 79 0 288 24 0 390

Window U-value 1.4 204 66 0 292 24 0 383

Window U-value 1.6 206 64 0 296 25 0 385

Heating Source ASHP 123 138 14 263 11 -12 413

Heating Source Gas + SWH 154 191 27 153 15 -17 369

Heating Source Gas 173 54 17 166 16 -5 249

Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 99 0 287 24 -12 397

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 90 0 293 24 -11 397

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 59 0 303 25 -7 380

Roof U-value 0.1 210 79 0 301 25 -10 396

Roof U-value 0.13 212 20 0 303 25 -2 346

Floor U-value 0.14 206 352 0 296 25 -43 629

Floor U-value 0.22 211 202 0 303 25 -25 506

Floor U-value 0.22 211 333 0 303 25 -40 620

Floor U-value 0.28 215 327 0 308 26 -40 621

Window U-value 0.9 208 79 0 299 25 0 402

Window U-value 1.4 212 66 0 303 25 0 395

Window U-value 1.6 214 64 0 306 26 0 396




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 160 0 222 18 -19 381

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 132 0 226 19 -16 361

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 15 0 240 20 -2 273

Roof U-value 0.1 173 39 0 247 21 -5 302

Roof U-value 0.13 174 10 0 248 21 -1 278

Floor U-value 0.14 170 180 0 243 20 -22 422

Floor U-value 0.22 173 104 0 247 21 -13 359

Floor U-value 0.22 173 171 0 247 21 -21 417

Floor U-value 0.28 175 168 0 249 21 -20 418

Window U-value 0.9 162 82 0 231 19 0 333

Window U-value 1.4 165 69 0 236 20 0 325

Window U-value 1.6 168 67 0 240 20 0 327




Detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 129 0 224 19 -16 355

Wall U-Value 0.22 162 118 0 232 19 -14 355

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 77 0 246 21 -9 334

Roof U-value 0.1 184 39 0 261 22 -5 317



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 185 10 0 262 22 -1 293

Floor U-value 0.14 181 180 0 257 22 -22 437

Floor U-value 0.22 184 104 0 261 22 -13 374

Floor U-value 0.22 184 171 0 261 22 -21 433

Floor U-value 0.28 186 168 0 264 22 -20 433

Window U-value 0.9 173 82 0 246 21 0 349

Window U-value 1.4 176 69 0 251 21 0 341

Window U-value 1.6 179 67 0 254 21 0 343




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 108 0 225 18 -13 338

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 89 0 228 19 -11 325

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 10 0 238 20 -1 266

Roof U-value 0.1 165 40 0 238 20 -5 292

Roof U-value 0.13 166 10 0 239 20 -1 268

Floor U-value 0.14 163 176 0 235 19 -21 409

Floor U-value 0.22 165 101 0 239 20 -12 347

Floor U-value 0.22 165 166 0 239 20 -20 405

Floor U-value 0.28 167 163 0 242 20 -20 405

Window U-value 0.9 152 86 0 220 18 0 324

Window U-value 1.4 156 72 0 226 18 0 317

Window U-value 1.6 159 70 0 230 19 0 319




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 87 0 226 18 -11 321

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 79 0 232 19 -10 321

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 52 0 241 20 -6 307

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 248 20 -5 303

Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 249 21 -1 279

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 245 20 -21 420

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 249 21 -12 358

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 249 21 -20 416

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 252 21 -20 416

Window U-value 0.9 159 86 0 231 19 0 335

Window U-value 1.4 164 72 0 237 19 0 328

Window U-value 1.6 167 70 0 240 20 0 330




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 101 0 240 19 -12 347

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 83 0 243 19 -10 335

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 9 0 251 20 -1 280

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 251 20 -5 306

Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 252 20 -1 281

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 248 20 -21 423

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 252 20 -12 361



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 252 20 -20 418

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 254 21 -20 419

Window U-value 0.9 157 91 0 231 18 0 341

Window U-value 1.4 162 77 0 238 19 0 334

Window U-value 1.6 165 75 0 242 19 0 336




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 81 0 241 19 -10 331

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 74 0 246 20 -9 331

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 49 0 255 21 -6 318

Roof U-value 0.1 179 40 0 260 21 -5 316

Roof U-value 0.13 180 10 0 261 21 -1 291

Floor U-value 0.14 177 176 0 257 21 -21 433

Floor U-value 0.22 179 101 0 261 21 -12 371

Floor U-value 0.22 179 166 0 261 21 -20 428

Floor U-value 0.28 181 163 0 263 21 -20 429

Window U-value 0.9 164 91 0 241 19 0 351

Window U-value 1.4 169 77 0 247 20 0 344

Window U-value 1.6 172 75 0 251 20 0 346




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 47 0 430 13 -6 485

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 39 0 435 13 -5 483

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 4 0 447 14 -1 465

Window U-value 0.9 154 89 0 362 11 0 462

Window U-value 1.4 164 75 0 386 12 0 473

Window U-value 1.6 169 73 0 398 12 0 484




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 38 0 432 13 -5 479

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 35 0 440 14 -4 484

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 23 0 453 14 -3 487

Window U-value 0.9 159 89 0 375 12 0 476

Window U-value 1.4 170 75 0 399 12 0 487

Window U-value 1.6 175 73 0 412 13 0 498




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 47 0 575 18 -6 634

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 39 0 579 18 -5 631

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 4 0 592 18 -1 614

Roof U-value 0.11 228 137 0 536 17 -17 673

Roof U-value 0.13 231 131 0 544 17 -16 676

Window U-value 0.9 214 89 0 504 16 0 609

Window U-value 1.4 225 75 0 529 16 0 621



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Window U-value 1.6 230 73 0 542 17 0 632




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 38 0 576 18 -5 628

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 35 0 584 18 -4 633

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 23 0 597 19 -3 636

Roof U-value 0.11 234 137 0 550 17 -17 687

Roof U-value 0.13 237 131 0 558 17 -16 691

Window U-value 0.9 220 89 0 519 16 0 624

Window U-value 1.4 231 75 0 543 17 0 635

Window U-value 1.6 236 73 0 556 17 0 646




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 47 0 483 15 -6 540

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 39 0 487 15 -5 537

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 4 0 500 16 -1 520

Roof U-value 0.11 214 23 0 504 16 -3 540

Roof U-value 0.13 215 22 0 506 16 -3 541

Floor U-value 0.14 213 59 0 501 16 -7 568

Floor U-value 0.22 215 34 0 505 16 -4 551

Floor U-value 0.22 215 55 0 505 16 -7 570

Floor U-value 0.28 216 54 0 508 16 -7 572

Window U-value 0.9 176 89 0 414 13 0 516

Window U-value 1.4 186 75 0 438 14 0 527

Window U-value 1.6 192 73 0 451 14 0 538




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 38 0 485 15 -5 533

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 35 0 492 15 -4 538

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 23 0 505 16 -3 541

Roof U-value 0.11 220 23 0 518 16 -3 554

Roof U-value 0.13 221 22 0 520 16 -3 555

Floor U-value 0.14 219 59 0 515 16 -7 583

Floor U-value 0.22 221 34 0 519 16 -4 565

Floor U-value 0.22 221 55 0 519 16 -7 584

Floor U-value 0.28 222 54 0 522 16 -7 586

Window U-value 0.9 182 89 0 427 13 0 530

Window U-value 1.4 192 75 0 452 14 0 541

Window U-value 1.6 197 73 0 464 14 0 552






AECOM


Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 123 0 203 24 -15 335

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 101 0 206 24 -12 318

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 11 0 213 25 -1 248

Roof U-value 0.1 202 79 0 207 24 -10 300

Roof U-value 0.13 204 20 0 208 24 -2 250

Floor U-value 0.14 198 352 0 203 24 -43 535

Floor U-value 0.22 203 202 0 208 24 -25 410

Floor U-value 0.22 203 333 0 208 24 -40 524

Floor U-value 0.28 207 327 0 211 25 -40 523

Window U-value 0.9 200 79 0 205 24 0 307

Window U-value 1.4 204 66 0 208 24 0 299

Window U-value 1.6 206 64 0 210 25 0 299




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 99 0 204 24 -12 315

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 90 0 209 24 -11 312

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 59 0 216 25 -7 293

Roof U-value 0.1 210 79 0 214 25 -10 309

Roof U-value 0.13 212 20 0 216 25 -2 259

Floor U-value 0.14 206 352 0 210 25 -43 544

Floor U-value 0.22 211 202 0 215 25 -25 418

Floor U-value 0.22 211 333 0 215 25 -40 533

Floor U-value 0.28 215 327 0 219 26 -40 532

Window U-value 0.9 208 79 0 212 25 0 316

Window U-value 1.4 212 66 0 216 25 0 307

Window U-value 1.6 214 64 0 218 26 0 308




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 160 0 158 18 -19 317

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 132 0 161 19 -16 296

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 15 0 171 20 -2 204

Roof U-value 0.1 173 39 0 175 21 -5 230

Roof U-value 0.13 174 10 0 176 21 -1 206

Floor U-value 0.14 170 180 0 173 20 -22 351

Floor U-value 0.22 173 104 0 175 21 -13 287

Floor U-value 0.22 173 171 0 175 21 -21 346

Floor U-value 0.28 175 168 0 177 21 -20 345

Window U-value 0.9 162 82 0 165 19 0 266

Window U-value 1.4 165 69 0 168 20 0 257

Window U-value 1.6 168 67 0 171 20 0 258




Detached Solid Wall U-Value 0.13 156 129 0 159 19 -16 291



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-Value 0.22 162 118 0 165 19 -14 288

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 77 0 175 21 -9 263

Roof U-value 0.1 184 39 0 185 22 -5 242

Roof U-value 0.13 185 10 0 186 22 -1 217

Floor U-value 0.14 181 180 0 183 22 -22 363

Floor U-value 0.22 184 104 0 185 22 -13 299

Floor U-value 0.22 184 171 0 185 22 -21 357

Floor U-value 0.28 186 168 0 187 22 -20 357

Window U-value 0.9 173 82 0 175 21 0 278

Window U-value 1.4 176 69 0 178 21 0 269

Window U-value 1.6 179 67 0 181 21 0 270




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 108 0 161 18 -13 273

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 89 0 163 19 -11 259

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 10 0 169 20 -1 198

Roof U-value 0.1 165 40 0 170 20 -5 224

Roof U-value 0.13 166 10 0 171 20 -1 199

Floor U-value 0.14 163 176 0 168 19 -21 341

Floor U-value 0.22 165 101 0 170 20 -12 279

Floor U-value 0.22 165 166 0 170 20 -20 336

Floor U-value 0.28 167 163 0 172 20 -20 336

Window U-value 0.9 152 86 0 157 18 0 261

Window U-value 1.4 156 72 0 162 18 0 252

Window U-value 1.6 159 70 0 164 19 0 253




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 87 0 162 18 -11 256

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 79 0 165 19 -10 254

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 52 0 172 20 -6 237

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 177 20 -5 232

Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 178 21 -1 207

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 175 20 -21 349

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 177 21 -12 287

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 177 21 -20 344

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 179 21 -20 344

Window U-value 0.9 159 86 0 165 19 0 269

Window U-value 1.4 164 72 0 169 19 0 260

Window U-value 1.6 167 70 0 171 20 0 261




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 101 0 171 19 -12 279

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 83 0 173 19 -10 266

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 9 0 179 20 -1 208

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 179 20 -5 234



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 180 20 -1 209

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 177 20 -21 352

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 180 20 -12 289

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 180 20 -20 346

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 182 21 -20 346

Window U-value 0.9 157 91 0 166 18 0 275

Window U-value 1.4 162 77 0 170 19 0 266

Window U-value 1.6 165 75 0 173 19 0 267




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 81 0 172 19 -10 263

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 74 0 176 20 -9 261

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 49 0 182 21 -6 245

Roof U-value 0.1 179 40 0 186 21 -5 242

Roof U-value 0.13 180 10 0 186 21 -1 216

Floor U-value 0.14 177 176 0 184 21 -21 359

Floor U-value 0.22 179 101 0 186 21 -12 296

Floor U-value 0.22 179 166 0 186 21 -20 354

Floor U-value 0.28 181 163 0 188 21 -20 353

Window U-value 0.9 164 91 0 172 19 0 283

Window U-value 1.4 169 77 0 177 20 0 273

Window U-value 1.6 172 75 0 180 20 0 275




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 47 0 344 13 -6 399

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 39 0 348 13 -5 395

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 4 0 358 14 -1 375

Window U-value 0.9 154 89 0 289 11 0 390

Window U-value 1.4 164 75 0 309 12 0 396

Window U-value 1.6 169 73 0 318 12 0 404




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 38 0 346 13 -5 392

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 35 0 352 14 -4 396

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 23 0 362 14 -3 396

Window U-value 0.9 159 89 0 300 12 0 401

Window U-value 1.4 170 75 0 319 12 0 407

Window U-value 1.6 175 73 0 329 13 0 415




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 47 0 459 18 -6 519

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 39 0 463 18 -5 515

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 4 0 473 18 -1 496

Roof U-value 0.11 228 137 0 428 17 -17 565



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 231 131 0 435 17 -16 567

Window U-value 0.9 214 89 0 403 16 0 508

Window U-value 1.4 225 75 0 423 16 0 515

Window U-value 1.6 230 73 0 433 17 0 523




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 38 0 461 18 -5 512

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 35 0 467 18 -4 516

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 23 0 478 19 -3 516

Roof U-value 0.11 234 137 0 440 17 -17 577

Roof U-value 0.13 237 131 0 447 17 -16 579

Window U-value 0.9 220 89 0 415 16 0 520

Window U-value 1.4 231 75 0 434 17 0 526

Window U-value 1.6 236 73 0 444 17 0 535




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 47 0 386 15 -6 443

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 39 0 390 15 -5 439

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 4 0 400 16 -1 419

Roof U-value 0.11 214 23 0 403 16 -3 439

Roof U-value 0.13 215 22 0 404 16 -3 439

Floor U-value 0.14 213 59 0 401 16 -7 468

Floor U-value 0.22 215 34 0 404 16 -4 449

Floor U-value 0.22 215 55 0 404 16 -7 468

Floor U-value 0.28 216 54 0 406 16 -7 470

Window U-value 0.9 176 89 0 331 13 0 433

Window U-value 1.4 186 75 0 351 14 0 439

Window U-value 1.6 192 73 0 360 14 0 447




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 38 0 388 15 -5 436

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 35 0 394 15 -4 440

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 23 0 404 16 -3 440

Roof U-value 0.11 220 23 0 414 16 -3 451

Roof U-value 0.13 221 22 0 416 16 -3 451

Floor U-value 0.14 219 59 0 412 16 -7 479

Floor U-value 0.22 221 34 0 415 16 -4 461

Floor U-value 0.22 221 55 0 415 16 -7 480

Floor U-value 0.28 222 54 0 417 16 -7 482

Window U-value 0.9 182 89 0 342 13 0 444

Window U-value 1.4 192 75 0 361 14 0 451

Window U-value 1.6 197 73 0 371 14 0 459






AECOM


Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 123 0 367 24 -15 498

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 101 0 371 24 -12 484

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 11 0 384 25 -1 419

Roof U-value 0.1 202 79 0 373 24 -10 467

Roof U-value 0.13 204 20 0 376 24 -2 418

Floor U-value 0.14 198 352 0 366 24 -43 698

Floor U-value 0.22 203 202 0 375 24 -25 577

Floor U-value 0.22 203 333 0 375 24 -40 692

Floor U-value 0.28 207 327 0 382 25 -40 694

Window U-value 0.9 200 79 0 370 24 0 472

Window U-value 1.4 204 66 0 376 24 0 466

Window U-value 1.6 206 64 0 380 25 0 469




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 99 0 369 24 -12 479

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 90 0 376 24 -11 480

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 59 0 389 25 -7 467

Roof U-value 0.1 210 79 0 387 25 -10 482

Roof U-value 0.13 212 20 0 390 25 -2 433

Floor U-value 0.14 206 352 0 380 25 -43 713

Floor U-value 0.22 211 202 0 389 25 -25 592

Floor U-value 0.22 211 333 0 389 25 -40 707

Floor U-value 0.28 215 327 0 396 26 -40 709

Window U-value 0.9 208 79 0 384 25 0 487

Window U-value 1.4 212 66 0 390 25 0 481

Window U-value 1.6 214 64 0 394 26 0 484




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 160 0 285 18 -19 444

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 132 0 291 19 -16 425

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 15 0 309 20 -2 342

Roof U-value 0.1 173 39 0 318 21 -5 372

Roof U-value 0.13 174 10 0 319 21 -1 349

Floor U-value 0.14 170 180 0 313 20 -22 491

Floor U-value 0.22 173 104 0 317 21 -13 429

Floor U-value 0.22 173 171 0 317 21 -21 488

Floor U-value 0.28 175 168 0 321 21 -20 489

Window U-value 0.9 162 82 0 297 19 0 399

Window U-value 1.4 165 69 0 304 20 0 393

Window U-value 1.6 168 67 0 308 20 0 396







AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-Value 0.22 162 118 0 298 19 -14 421

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 77 0 316 21 -9 404

Roof U-value 0.1 184 39 0 336 22 -5 392

Roof U-value 0.13 185 10 0 338 22 -1 369

Floor U-value 0.14 181 180 0 331 22 -22 511

Floor U-value 0.22 184 104 0 336 22 -13 449

Floor U-value 0.22 184 171 0 336 22 -21 508

Floor U-value 0.28 186 168 0 339 22 -20 509

Window U-value 0.9 173 82 0 317 21 0 420

Window U-value 1.4 176 69 0 323 21 0 413

Window U-value 1.6 179 67 0 327 21 0 416




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 108 0 289 18 -13 402

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 89 0 293 19 -11 389

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 10 0 305 20 -1 333

Roof U-value 0.1 165 40 0 305 20 -5 360

Roof U-value 0.13 166 10 0 307 20 -1 336

Floor U-value 0.14 163 176 0 302 19 -21 476

Floor U-value 0.22 165 101 0 307 20 -12 415

Floor U-value 0.22 165 166 0 307 20 -20 473

Floor U-value 0.28 167 163 0 310 20 -20 474

Window U-value 0.9 152 86 0 283 18 0 386

Window U-value 1.4 156 72 0 291 18 0 381

Window U-value 1.6 159 70 0 296 19 0 385




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 87 0 290 18 -11 385

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 79 0 298 19 -10 386

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 52 0 310 20 -6 375

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 318 20 -5 374

Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 320 21 -1 350

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 315 20 -21 490

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 320 21 -12 429

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 320 21 -20 486

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 323 21 -20 488

Window U-value 0.9 159 86 0 296 19 0 401

Window U-value 1.4 164 72 0 304 19 0 395

Window U-value 1.6 167 70 0 309 20 0 399




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 101 0 307 19 -12 415

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 83 0 311 19 -10 403

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 9 0 322 20 -1 351

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 322 20 -5 377



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 323 20 -1 352

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 318 20 -21 493

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 323 20 -12 432

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 323 20 -20 489

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 326 21 -20 490

Window U-value 0.9 157 91 0 296 18 0 406

Window U-value 1.4 162 77 0 305 19 0 401

Window U-value 1.6 165 75 0 310 19 0 404




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 81 0 309 19 -10 399

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 74 0 315 20 -9 401

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 49 0 326 21 -6 390

Roof U-value 0.1 179 40 0 333 21 -5 389

Roof U-value 0.13 180 10 0 335 21 -1 365

Floor U-value 0.14 177 176 0 330 21 -21 505

Floor U-value 0.22 179 101 0 335 21 -12 445

Floor U-value 0.22 179 166 0 335 21 -20 502

Floor U-value 0.28 181 163 0 338 21 -20 503

Window U-value 0.9 164 91 0 309 19 0 419

Window U-value 1.4 169 77 0 317 20 0 414

Window U-value 1.6 172 75 0 322 20 0 417




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 47 0 517 13 -6 572

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 39 0 522 13 -5 570

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 4 0 537 14 -1 555

Window U-value 0.9 154 89 0 434 11 0 534

Window U-value 1.4 164 75 0 464 12 0 551

Window U-value 1.6 169 73 0 478 12 0 563




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 38 0 519 13 -5 566

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 35 0 528 14 -4 572

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 23 0 543 14 -3 577

Window U-value 0.9 159 89 0 450 12 0 551

Window U-value 1.4 170 75 0 479 12 0 567

Window U-value 1.6 175 73 0 494 13 0 580




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 47 0 690 18 -6 749

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 39 0 695 18 -5 747

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 4 0 711 18 -1 733

Roof U-value 0.11 228 137 0 643 17 -17 780



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 231 131 0 653 17 -16 785

Window U-value 0.9 214 89 0 605 16 0 710

Window U-value 1.4 225 75 0 635 16 0 727

Window U-value 1.6 230 73 0 650 17 0 740




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 38 0 692 18 -5 743

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 35 0 701 18 -4 750

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 23 0 717 19 -3 756

Roof U-value 0.11 234 137 0 660 17 -17 797

Roof U-value 0.13 237 131 0 670 17 -16 803

Window U-value 0.9 220 89 0 622 16 0 728

Window U-value 1.4 231 75 0 652 17 0 744

Window U-value 1.6 236 73 0 667 17 0 757




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 47 0 580 15 -6 636

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 39 0 585 15 -5 634

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 4 0 600 16 -1 620

Roof U-value 0.11 214 23 0 605 16 -3 641

Roof U-value 0.13 215 22 0 607 16 -3 642

Floor U-value 0.14 213 59 0 602 16 -7 669

Floor U-value 0.22 215 34 0 607 16 -4 652

Floor U-value 0.22 215 55 0 607 16 -7 671

Floor U-value 0.28 216 54 0 610 16 -7 674

Window U-value 0.9 176 89 0 497 13 0 599

Window U-value 1.4 186 75 0 526 14 0 615

Window U-value 1.6 192 73 0 541 14 0 628




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 38 0 582 15 -5 630

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 35 0 591 15 -4 637

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 23 0 607 16 -3 642

Roof U-value 0.11 220 23 0 622 16 -3 658

Roof U-value 0.13 221 22 0 624 16 -3 659

Floor U-value 0.14 219 59 0 618 16 -7 686

Floor U-value 0.22 221 34 0 623 16 -4 669

Floor U-value 0.22 221 55 0 623 16 -7 688

Floor U-value 0.28 222 54 0 627 16 -7 691

Window U-value 0.9 182 89 0 513 13 0 615

Window U-value 1.4 192 75 0 542 14 0 632

Window U-value 1.6 197 73 0 557 14 0 645






AECOM


Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 123 0 361 31 -26 489

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 101 0 366 31 -21 477

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 11 0 379 33 -2 420

Roof U-value 0.1 202 79 0 367 32 -17 461

Roof U-value 0.13 204 20 0 371 32 -4 418

Floor U-value 0.14 198 352 0 361 31 -75 669

Floor U-value 0.22 203 202 0 369 32 -43 561

Floor U-value 0.22 203 333 0 369 32 -71 664

Floor U-value 0.28 207 327 0 376 32 -69 666

Window U-value 0.9 200 79 0 364 31 0 474

Window U-value 1.4 204 66 0 370 32 0 468

Window U-value 1.6 206 64 0 374 32 0 471




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 99 0 363 31 -21 472

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 90 0 371 32 -19 474

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 59 0 384 33 -13 463

Roof U-value 0.1 210 79 0 381 33 -17 476

Roof U-value 0.13 212 20 0 384 33 -4 433

Floor U-value 0.14 206 352 0 374 32 -75 684

Floor U-value 0.22 211 202 0 383 33 -43 576

Floor U-value 0.22 211 333 0 383 33 -71 678

Floor U-value 0.28 215 327 0 390 34 -69 681

Window U-value 0.9 208 79 0 378 33 0 489

Window U-value 1.4 212 66 0 384 33 0 483

Window U-value 1.6 214 64 0 388 34 0 486




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 160 0 281 24 -34 431

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 132 0 287 25 -28 415

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 15 0 304 26 -3 342

Roof U-value 0.1 173 39 0 313 27 -8 370

Roof U-value 0.13 174 10 0 314 27 -2 349

Floor U-value 0.14 170 180 0 308 27 -38 477

Floor U-value 0.22 173 104 0 312 27 -22 421

Floor U-value 0.22 173 171 0 312 27 -36 474

Floor U-value 0.28 175 168 0 316 28 -36 476

Window U-value 0.9 162 82 0 293 25 0 400

Window U-value 1.4 165 69 0 299 26 0 394

Window U-value 1.6 168 67 0 304 26 0 398







AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-Value 0.22 162 118 0 294 25 -25 412

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 77 0 311 27 -16 399

Roof U-value 0.1 184 39 0 331 29 -8 390

Roof U-value 0.13 185 10 0 332 29 -2 369

Floor U-value 0.14 181 180 0 326 29 -38 497

Floor U-value 0.22 184 104 0 331 29 -22 441

Floor U-value 0.22 184 171 0 331 29 -36 494

Floor U-value 0.28 186 168 0 334 29 -36 495

Window U-value 0.9 173 82 0 312 27 0 421

Window U-value 1.4 176 69 0 318 28 0 415

Window U-value 1.6 179 67 0 322 28 0 418




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 108 0 285 24 -23 394

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 89 0 289 24 -19 383

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 10 0 301 26 -2 334

Roof U-value 0.1 165 40 0 301 26 -8 358

Roof U-value 0.13 166 10 0 303 26 -2 337

Floor U-value 0.14 163 176 0 298 25 -37 462

Floor U-value 0.22 165 101 0 302 26 -21 408

Floor U-value 0.22 165 166 0 302 26 -35 459

Floor U-value 0.28 167 163 0 306 26 -35 461

Window U-value 0.9 152 86 0 279 24 0 388

Window U-value 1.4 156 72 0 287 24 0 383

Window U-value 1.6 159 70 0 292 25 0 387




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 87 0 286 24 -18 379

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 79 0 294 25 -17 381

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 52 0 306 26 -11 372

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 314 27 -8 372

Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 316 27 -2 351

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 310 27 -37 476

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 315 27 -21 422

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 315 27 -35 473

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 318 27 -35 475

Window U-value 0.9 159 86 0 292 25 0 403

Window U-value 1.4 164 72 0 300 26 0 397

Window U-value 1.6 167 70 0 304 26 0 401




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 101 0 303 25 -21 408

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 83 0 307 26 -18 398

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 9 0 318 27 -2 352

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 317 27 -8 375



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 319 27 -2 354

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 314 26 -37 479

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 319 27 -21 425

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 319 27 -35 476

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 322 27 -35 478

Window U-value 0.9 157 91 0 293 24 0 408

Window U-value 1.4 162 77 0 301 25 0 403

Window U-value 1.6 165 75 0 306 26 0 407




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 81 0 305 25 -17 394

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 74 0 311 26 -16 396

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 49 0 322 27 -10 388

Roof U-value 0.1 179 40 0 329 28 -8 388

Roof U-value 0.13 180 10 0 331 28 -2 366

Floor U-value 0.14 177 176 0 326 27 -37 492

Floor U-value 0.22 179 101 0 330 28 -21 438

Floor U-value 0.22 179 166 0 330 28 -35 489

Floor U-value 0.28 181 163 0 334 28 -35 491

Window U-value 0.9 164 91 0 305 25 0 422

Window U-value 1.4 169 77 0 313 26 0 416

Window U-value 1.6 172 75 0 318 27 0 419




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 47 0 543 18 -10 598

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 39 0 548 18 -8 597

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 4 0 564 18 -1 586

Window U-value 0.9 154 89 0 456 15 0 560

Window U-value 1.4 164 75 0 487 16 0 578

Window U-value 1.6 169 73 0 502 16 0 591




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 38 0 545 18 -8 593

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 35 0 554 18 -7 600

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 23 0 571 18 -5 607

Window U-value 0.9 159 89 0 473 15 0 577

Window U-value 1.4 170 75 0 504 16 0 595

Window U-value 1.6 175 73 0 519 17 0 609




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 47 0 724 23 -10 785

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 39 0 730 24 -8 784

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 4 0 747 24 -1 774

Roof U-value 0.11 228 137 0 676 22 -29 805



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 231 131 0 687 22 -28 812

Window U-value 0.9 214 89 0 636 21 0 746

Window U-value 1.4 225 75 0 667 22 0 764

Window U-value 1.6 230 73 0 683 22 0 778




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 38 0 727 23 -8 780

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 35 0 737 24 -7 788

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 23 0 753 24 -5 796

Roof U-value 0.11 234 137 0 693 22 -29 823

Roof U-value 0.13 237 131 0 704 23 -28 830

Window U-value 0.9 220 89 0 654 21 0 764

Window U-value 1.4 231 75 0 685 22 0 782

Window U-value 1.6 236 73 0 701 23 0 797




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 47 0 609 20 -10 666

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 39 0 614 20 -8 665

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 4 0 631 20 -1 655

Roof U-value 0.11 214 23 0 636 21 -5 675

Roof U-value 0.13 215 22 0 638 21 -5 676

Floor U-value 0.14 213 59 0 632 20 -12 699

Floor U-value 0.22 215 34 0 637 21 -7 684

Floor U-value 0.22 215 55 0 637 21 -12 701

Floor U-value 0.28 216 54 0 641 21 -12 704

Window U-value 0.9 176 89 0 522 17 0 628

Window U-value 1.4 186 75 0 553 18 0 646

Window U-value 1.6 192 73 0 568 18 0 660




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 38 0 611 20 -8 661

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 35 0 621 20 -7 669

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 23 0 637 21 -5 676

Roof U-value 0.11 220 23 0 653 21 -5 693

Roof U-value 0.13 221 22 0 655 21 -5 694

Floor U-value 0.14 219 59 0 650 21 -12 717

Floor U-value 0.22 221 34 0 655 21 -7 702

Floor U-value 0.22 221 55 0 655 21 -12 719

Floor U-value 0.28 222 54 0 658 21 -12 723

Window U-value 0.9 182 89 0 539 17 0 645

Window U-value 1.4 192 75 0 570 18 0 663

Window U-value 1.6 197 73 0 585 19 0 677






AECOM

Table 5.6e: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative PEF, EUR/m²)

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 196 123 0 286 23 -15 417

Wall U-Value 0.16 199 101 0 289 24 -12 401

Wall U-Value 0.31 206 11 0 299 25 -1 334

Roof U-value 0.1 200 79 0 290 24 -10 384

Roof U-value 0.13 202 20 0 293 24 -2 334

Floor U-value 0.14 196 352 0 285 23 -43 617

Floor U-value 0.22 201 202 0 292 24 -25 494

Floor U-value 0.22 201 333 0 292 24 -40 608

Floor U-value 0.28 205 327 0 297 25 -40 609

Window U-value 0.9 198 79 0 288 24 0 390

Window U-value 1.4 201 66 0 292 24 0 383

Window U-value 1.6 204 64 0 296 24 0 384




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 197 99 0 287 24 -12 397

Wall U-Value 0.22 202 90 0 293 24 -11 397

Wall U-Value 0.37 209 59 0 303 25 -7 380

Roof U-value 0.1 208 79 0 301 25 -10 396

Roof U-value 0.13 210 20 0 303 25 -2 346

Floor U-value 0.14 204 352 0 296 24 -43 629

Floor U-value 0.22 209 202 0 303 25 -25 505

Floor U-value 0.22 209 333 0 303 25 -40 620

Floor U-value 0.28 213 327 0 308 26 -40 620

Window U-value 0.9 206 79 0 299 25 0 402

Window U-value 1.4 209 66 0 303 25 0 394

Window U-value 1.6 212 64 0 306 25 0 396




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 153 160 0 222 18 -19 380

Wall U-Value 0.16 156 132 0 226 19 -16 361

Wall U-Value 0.31 166 15 0 240 20 -2 273

Roof U-value 0.1 172 39 0 247 21 -5 302

Roof U-value 0.13 172 10 0 248 21 -1 277

Floor U-value 0.14 169 180 0 243 20 -22 422

Floor U-value 0.22 171 104 0 247 21 -13 359

Floor U-value 0.22 171 171 0 247 21 -21 417

Floor U-value 0.28 173 168 0 249 21 -20 418

Window U-value 0.9 160 82 0 231 19 0 333

Window U-value 1.4 163 69 0 236 20 0 325

Window U-value 1.6 166 67 0 240 20 0 327






AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 154 129 0 224 18 -16 355

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 118 0 232 19 -14 355

Wall U-Value 0.37 170 77 0 246 20 -9 334

Roof U-value 0.1 182 39 0 261 22 -5 317

Roof U-value 0.13 183 10 0 262 22 -1 293

Floor U-value 0.14 179 180 0 257 22 -22 437

Floor U-value 0.22 182 104 0 261 22 -13 374

Floor U-value 0.22 182 171 0 261 22 -21 433

Floor U-value 0.28 184 168 0 264 22 -20 433

Window U-value 0.9 171 82 0 246 21 0 349

Window U-value 1.4 174 69 0 251 21 0 341

Window U-value 1.6 177 67 0 254 21 0 343




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 153 108 0 225 18 -13 338

Wall U-Value 0.16 155 89 0 228 18 -11 325

Wall U-Value 0.31 162 10 0 238 19 -1 266

Roof U-value 0.1 163 40 0 238 19 -5 292

Roof U-value 0.13 164 10 0 239 20 -1 268

Floor U-value 0.14 161 176 0 235 19 -21 409

Floor U-value 0.22 163 101 0 239 19 -12 347

Floor U-value 0.22 163 166 0 239 19 -20 405

Floor U-value 0.28 165 163 0 242 20 -20 405

Window U-value 0.9 149 86 0 220 18 0 324

Window U-value 1.4 154 72 0 226 18 0 317

Window U-value 1.6 157 70 0 230 19 0 319




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 154 87 0 226 18 -11 321

Wall U-Value 0.22 158 79 0 232 19 -10 321

Wall U-Value 0.37 165 52 0 241 20 -6 307

Roof U-value 0.1 170 40 0 248 20 -5 303

Roof U-value 0.13 171 10 0 249 20 -1 279

Floor U-value 0.14 168 176 0 245 20 -21 420

Floor U-value 0.22 171 101 0 249 20 -12 358

Floor U-value 0.22 171 166 0 249 20 -20 415

Floor U-value 0.28 173 163 0 252 21 -20 416

Window U-value 0.9 157 86 0 231 19 0 335

Window U-value 1.4 162 72 0 237 19 0 328

Window U-value 1.6 164 70 0 240 20 0 330




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 161 101 0 240 19 -12 347

Wall U-Value 0.16 163 83 0 243 19 -10 335

Wall U-Value 0.31 170 9 0 251 20 -1 279



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.1 169 40 0 251 20 -5 306

Roof U-value 0.13 170 10 0 252 20 -1 281

Floor U-value 0.14 167 176 0 248 20 -21 422

Floor U-value 0.22 170 101 0 252 20 -12 361

Floor U-value 0.22 170 166 0 252 20 -20 418

Floor U-value 0.28 172 163 0 254 20 -20 418

Window U-value 0.9 155 91 0 231 18 0 341

Window U-value 1.4 160 77 0 238 19 0 334

Window U-value 1.6 163 75 0 242 19 0 336




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 162 81 0 241 19 -10 331

Wall U-Value 0.22 166 74 0 246 20 -9 331

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 49 0 255 20 -6 318

Roof U-value 0.1 176 40 0 260 21 -5 316

Roof U-value 0.13 177 10 0 261 21 -1 291

Floor U-value 0.14 174 176 0 257 21 -21 432

Floor U-value 0.22 177 101 0 261 21 -12 371

Floor U-value 0.22 177 166 0 261 21 -20 428

Floor U-value 0.28 179 163 0 263 21 -20 428

Window U-value 0.9 162 91 0 241 19 0 351

Window U-value 1.4 167 77 0 247 20 0 344

Window U-value 1.6 170 75 0 251 20 0 346




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 157 47 0 430 11 -6 484

Wall U-Value 0.16 159 39 0 435 12 -5 481

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 4 0 447 12 -1 463

Window U-value 0.9 132 89 0 362 10 0 460

Window U-value 1.4 141 75 0 386 10 0 472

Window U-value 1.6 146 73 0 398 11 0 482




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 158 38 0 432 12 -5 477

Wall U-Value 0.22 161 35 0 440 12 -4 482

Wall U-Value 0.37 165 23 0 453 12 -3 485

Window U-value 0.9 137 89 0 375 10 0 474

Window U-value 1.4 146 75 0 399 11 0 485

Window U-value 1.6 150 73 0 412 11 0 496




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 210 47 0 575 15 -6 632

Wall U-Value 0.16 212 39 0 579 15 -5 629

Wall U-Value 0.31 216 4 0 592 16 -1 612



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.11 196 137 0 536 14 -17 670

Roof U-value 0.13 199 131 0 544 15 -16 674

Window U-value 0.9 184 89 0 504 13 0 607

Window U-value 1.4 193 75 0 529 14 0 618

Window U-value 1.6 198 73 0 542 14 0 629




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 211 38 0 576 15 -5 625

Wall U-Value 0.22 214 35 0 584 16 -4 631

Wall U-Value 0.37 218 23 0 597 16 -3 633

Roof U-value 0.11 201 137 0 550 15 -17 685

Roof U-value 0.13 204 131 0 558 15 -16 688

Window U-value 0.9 190 89 0 519 14 0 622

Window U-value 1.4 199 75 0 543 15 0 633

Window U-value 1.6 203 73 0 556 15 0 644




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 177 47 0 483 13 -6 538

Wall U-Value 0.16 178 39 0 487 13 -5 535

Wall U-Value 0.31 183 4 0 500 13 -1 517

Roof U-value 0.11 184 23 0 504 13 -3 538

Roof U-value 0.13 185 22 0 506 14 -3 539

Floor U-value 0.14 183 59 0 501 13 -7 566

Floor U-value 0.22 185 34 0 505 13 -4 548

Floor U-value 0.22 185 55 0 505 13 -7 568

Floor U-value 0.28 186 54 0 508 14 -7 570

Window U-value 0.9 151 89 0 414 11 0 514

Window U-value 1.4 160 75 0 438 12 0 525

Window U-value 1.6 165 73 0 451 12 0 536




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 177 38 0 485 13 -5 531

Wall U-Value 0.22 180 35 0 492 13 -4 536

Wall U-Value 0.37 185 23 0 505 13 -3 539

Roof U-value 0.11 189 23 0 518 14 -3 552

Roof U-value 0.13 190 22 0 520 14 -3 553

Floor U-value 0.14 188 59 0 515 14 -7 581

Floor U-value 0.22 190 34 0 519 14 -4 563

Floor U-value 0.22 190 55 0 519 14 -7 582

Floor U-value 0.28 191 54 0 522 14 -7 584

Window U-value 0.9 156 89 0 427 11 0 528

Window U-value 1.4 165 75 0 452 12 0 539

Window U-value 1.6 170 73 0 464 12 0 550





AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



Table 5.6f: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative Cost of

Carbon, EUR/m²)

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 123 0 286 31 -15 424

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 101 0 289 31 -12 409

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 11 0 299 32 -1 341

Roof U-value 0.1 202 79 0 290 31 -10 391

Roof U-value 0.13 204 20 0 293 31 -2 342

Floor U-value 0.14 198 352 0 285 30 -43 624

Floor U-value 0.22 203 202 0 292 31 -25 501

Floor U-value 0.22 203 333 0 292 31 -40 616

Floor U-value 0.28 207 327 0 297 32 -40 616

Window U-value 0.9 200 79 0 288 31 0 397

Window U-value 1.4 204 66 0 292 31 0 390

Window U-value 1.6 206 64 0 296 32 0 392




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 99 0 287 31 -12 404

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 90 0 293 31 -11 404

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 59 0 303 33 -7 388

Roof U-value 0.1 210 79 0 301 32 -10 403

Roof U-value 0.13 212 20 0 303 33 -2 354

Floor U-value 0.14 206 352 0 296 32 -43 636

Floor U-value 0.22 211 202 0 303 33 -25 513

Floor U-value 0.22 211 333 0 303 33 -40 628

Floor U-value 0.28 215 327 0 308 33 -40 628

Window U-value 0.9 208 79 0 299 32 0 409

Window U-value 1.4 212 66 0 303 33 0 402

Window U-value 1.6 214 64 0 306 33 0 404




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 160 0 222 24 -19 386

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 132 0 226 24 -16 366

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 15 0 240 26 -2 279

Roof U-value 0.1 173 39 0 247 27 -5 308

Roof U-value 0.13 174 10 0 248 27 -1 284

Floor U-value 0.14 170 180 0 243 26 -22 428

Floor U-value 0.22 173 104 0 247 27 -13 365

Floor U-value 0.22 173 171 0 247 27 -21 423

Floor U-value 0.28 175 168 0 249 27 -20 424



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Window U-value 0.9 162 82 0 231 25 0 339

Window U-value 1.4 165 69 0 236 26 0 331

Window U-value 1.6 168 67 0 240 26 0 333




Detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 129 0 224 24 -16 361

Wall U-Value 0.22 162 118 0 232 25 -14 360

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 77 0 246 27 -9 340

Roof U-value 0.1 184 39 0 261 29 -5 324

Roof U-value 0.13 185 10 0 262 29 -1 300

Floor U-value 0.14 181 180 0 257 28 -22 444

Floor U-value 0.22 184 104 0 261 29 -13 381

Floor U-value 0.22 184 171 0 261 29 -21 439

Floor U-value 0.28 186 168 0 264 29 -20 440

Window U-value 0.9 173 82 0 246 27 0 355

Window U-value 1.4 176 69 0 251 27 0 347

Window U-value 1.6 179 67 0 254 28 0 350




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 108 0 225 24 -13 343

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 89 0 228 24 -11 330

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 10 0 238 25 -1 272

Roof U-value 0.1 165 40 0 238 25 -5 298

Roof U-value 0.13 166 10 0 239 25 -1 274

Floor U-value 0.14 163 176 0 235 25 -21 415

Floor U-value 0.22 165 101 0 239 25 -12 353

Floor U-value 0.22 165 166 0 239 25 -20 410

Floor U-value 0.28 167 163 0 242 26 -20 411

Window U-value 0.9 152 86 0 220 23 0 329

Window U-value 1.4 156 72 0 226 24 0 323

Window U-value 1.6 159 70 0 230 24 0 325




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 87 0 226 24 -11 326

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 79 0 232 25 -10 326

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 52 0 241 26 -6 313

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 248 26 -5 309

Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 249 27 -1 285

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 245 26 -21 426

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 249 27 -12 364

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 249 27 -20 422

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 252 27 -20 422

Window U-value 0.9 159 86 0 231 24 0 341

Window U-value 1.4 164 72 0 237 25 0 334

Window U-value 1.6 167 70 0 240 26 0 336



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro





Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 101 0 240 25 -12 353

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 83 0 243 25 -10 341

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 9 0 251 26 -1 286

Roof U-value 0.1 172 40 0 251 26 -5 312

Roof U-value 0.13 173 10 0 252 26 -1 287

Floor U-value 0.14 170 176 0 248 26 -21 428

Floor U-value 0.22 173 101 0 252 26 -12 367

Floor U-value 0.22 173 166 0 252 26 -20 424

Floor U-value 0.28 175 163 0 254 27 -20 425

Window U-value 0.9 157 91 0 231 24 0 346

Window U-value 1.4 162 77 0 238 25 0 339

Window U-value 1.6 165 75 0 242 25 0 342




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 81 0 241 25 -10 337

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 74 0 246 26 -9 337

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 49 0 255 27 -6 324

Roof U-value 0.1 179 40 0 260 27 -5 322

Roof U-value 0.13 180 10 0 261 27 -1 297

Floor U-value 0.14 177 176 0 257 27 -21 439

Floor U-value 0.22 179 101 0 261 27 -12 377

Floor U-value 0.22 179 166 0 261 27 -20 434

Floor U-value 0.28 181 163 0 263 28 -20 435

Window U-value 0.9 164 91 0 241 25 0 357

Window U-value 1.4 169 77 0 247 26 0 350

Window U-value 1.6 172 75 0 251 26 0 352




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 47 0 430 17 -6 489

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 39 0 435 17 -5 486

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 4 0 447 18 -1 469

Window U-value 0.9 154 89 0 362 14 0 465

Window U-value 1.4 164 75 0 386 15 0 477

Window U-value 1.6 169 73 0 398 16 0 487




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 38 0 432 17 -5 483

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 35 0 440 18 -4 488

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 23 0 453 18 -3 491

Window U-value 0.9 159 89 0 375 15 0 479

Window U-value 1.4 170 75 0 399 16 0 491

Window U-value 1.6 175 73 0 412 16 0 501



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro





Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 47 0 575 23 -6 639

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 39 0 579 23 -5 636

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 4 0 592 24 -1 620

Roof U-value 0.11 228 137 0 536 21 -17 678

Roof U-value 0.13 231 131 0 544 22 -16 681

Window U-value 0.9 214 89 0 504 20 0 614

Window U-value 1.4 225 75 0 529 21 0 625

Window U-value 1.6 230 73 0 542 22 0 637




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 38 0 576 23 -5 633

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 35 0 584 23 -4 638

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 23 0 597 24 -3 641

Roof U-value 0.11 234 137 0 550 22 -17 692

Roof U-value 0.13 237 131 0 558 22 -16 696

Window U-value 0.9 220 89 0 519 21 0 628

Window U-value 1.4 231 75 0 543 22 0 640

Window U-value 1.6 236 73 0 556 22 0 651




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 47 0 483 19 -6 544

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 39 0 487 19 -5 541

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 4 0 500 20 -1 524

Roof U-value 0.11 214 23 0 504 20 -3 545

Roof U-value 0.13 215 22 0 506 20 -3 545

Floor U-value 0.14 213 59 0 501 20 -7 573

Floor U-value 0.22 215 34 0 505 20 -4 555

Floor U-value 0.22 215 55 0 505 20 -7 574

Floor U-value 0.28 216 54 0 508 20 -7 576

Window U-value 0.9 176 89 0 414 17 0 520

Window U-value 1.4 186 75 0 438 18 0 531

Window U-value 1.6 192 73 0 451 18 0 542




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 38 0 485 19 -5 538

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 35 0 492 20 -4 543

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 23 0 505 20 -3 546

Roof U-value 0.11 220 23 0 518 21 -3 559

Roof U-value 0.13 221 22 0 520 21 -3 560

Floor U-value 0.14 219 59 0 515 21 -7 587

Floor U-value 0.22 221 34 0 519 21 -4 570

Floor U-value 0.22 221 55 0 519 21 -7 589



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Floor U-value 0.28 222 54 0 522 21 -7 591

Window U-value 0.9 182 89 0 427 17 0 534

Window U-value 1.4 192 75 0 452 18 0 545

Window U-value 1.6 197 73 0 464 19 0 556





Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 139 0 263 - -10 393

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 115 0 267 - -8 373

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 13 0 276 - -1 288

Roof U-value 0.1 202 90 0 268 - -6 351

Roof U-value 0.13 204 23 0 270 - -2 291

Floor U-value 0.14 198 399 0 263 - -28 634

Floor U-value 0.22 203 230 0 269 - -16 483

Floor U-value 0.22 203 378 0 269 - -27 620

Floor U-value 0.28 207 371 0 274 - -26 619

Window U-value 0.9 200 89 0 265 - 0 355

Window U-value 1.4 204 75 0 270 - 0 345

Window U-value 1.6 206 73 0 273 - 0 346

Heating Source ASHP 123 143 13 243 - -8 391

Heating Source Gas + SWH 154 198 25 142 - -11 354

Heating Source Gas 173 56 16 155 - -3 223

Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 112 0 265 - -8 369

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 103 0 270 - -7 366

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 67 0 280 - -5 342

Roof U-value 0.1 210 90 0 278 - -6 361

Roof U-value 0.13 212 23 0 280 - -2 301

Floor U-value 0.14 206 399 0 273 - -28 644

Floor U-value 0.22 211 230 0 279 - -16 493

Floor U-value 0.22 211 378 0 279 - -27 630

Floor U-value 0.28 215 371 0 284 - -26 629

Window U-value 0.9 208 89 0 276 - 0 365

Window U-value 1.4 212 75 0 280 - 0 355

Window U-value 1.6 214 73 0 283 - 0 356




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 181 0 205 - -13 373

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 150 0 209 - -11 348

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 17 0 221 - -1 237

Roof U-value 0.1 173 44 0 228 - -3 269

Roof U-value 0.13 174 11 0 229 - -1 239



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Floor U-value 0.14 170 205 0 224 - -14 414

Floor U-value 0.22 173 118 0 228 - -8 337

Floor U-value 0.22 173 194 0 228 - -14 408

Floor U-value 0.28 175 190 0 230 - -13 407

Window U-value 0.9 162 93 0 213 - 0 307

Window U-value 1.4 165 79 0 218 - 0 297

Window U-value 1.6 168 77 0 221 - 0 298




Detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 146 0 206 - -10 342

Wall U-Value 0.22 162 134 0 214 - -9 338

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 87 0 227 - -6 308

Roof U-value 0.1 184 44 0 241 - -3 282

Roof U-value 0.13 185 11 0 242 - -1 252

Floor U-value 0.14 181 205 0 238 - -14 428

Floor U-value 0.22 184 118 0 241 - -8 350

Floor U-value 0.22 184 194 0 241 - -14 421

Floor U-value 0.28 186 190 0 243 - -13 420

Window U-value 0.9 173 93 0 227 - 0 321

Window U-value 1.4 176 79 0 231 - 0 310

Window U-value 1.6 179 77 0 235 - 0 311




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 122 0 208 - -9 321

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 101 0 211 - -7 304

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 11 0 219 - -1 230

Roof U-value 0.1 165 45 0 220 - -3 261

Roof U-value 0.13 166 11 0 221 - -1 231

Floor U-value 0.14 163 200 0 217 - -14 403

Floor U-value 0.22 165 115 0 220 - -8 327

Floor U-value 0.22 165 189 0 220 - -13 396

Floor U-value 0.28 167 186 0 223 - -13 395

Window U-value 0.9 152 97 0 203 - 0 301

Window U-value 1.4 156 82 0 209 - 0 291

Window U-value 1.6 159 80 0 213 - 0 292




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 98 0 209 - -7 300

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 90 0 214 - -6 298

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 59 0 223 - -4 277

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 229 - -3 271

Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 230 - -1 241

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 226 - -14 412

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 230 - -8 336

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 230 - -13 405



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 232 - -13 405

Window U-value 0.9 159 97 0 213 - 0 310

Window U-value 1.4 164 82 0 218 - 0 300

Window U-value 1.6 167 80 0 222 - 0 302




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 114 0 221 - -8 328

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 94 0 224 - -7 312

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 11 0 232 - -1 242

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 231 - -3 273

Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 233 - -1 243

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 229 - -14 414

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 232 - -8 339

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 232 - -13 408

Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 235 - -13 407

Window U-value 0.9 157 104 0 214 - 0 317

Window U-value 1.4 162 87 0 220 - 0 307

Window U-value 1.6 165 85 0 223 - 0 308




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 92 0 222 - -6 308

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 84 0 227 - -6 305

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 55 0 235 - -4 286

Roof U-value 0.1 179 45 0 240 - -3 282

Roof U-value 0.13 180 11 0 241 - -1 252

Floor U-value 0.14 177 200 0 237 - -14 423

Floor U-value 0.22 179 115 0 241 - -8 347

Floor U-value 0.22 179 189 0 241 - -13 416

Floor U-value 0.28 181 186 0 243 - -13 416

Window U-value 0.9 164 104 0 222 - 0 326

Window U-value 1.4 169 87 0 228 - 0 315

Window U-value 1.6 172 85 0 232 - 0 317




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 54 0 398 - -4 448

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 44 0 402 - -3 444

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 5 0 414 - 0 419

Window U-value 0.9 154 101 0 335 - 0 436

Window U-value 1.4 164 85 0 357 - 0 443

Window U-value 1.6 169 83 0 369 - 0 452




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 43 0 400 - -3 440

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 40 0 407 - -3 444



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-Value 0.37 192 26 0 419 - -2 443

Window U-value 0.9 159 101 0 347 - 0 448

Window U-value 1.4 170 85 0 370 - 0 455

Window U-value 1.6 175 83 0 381 - 0 464




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 54 0 532 - -4 582

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 44 0 536 - -3 577

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 5 0 548 - 0 553

Roof U-value 0.11 228 155 0 496 - -11 640

Roof U-value 0.13 231 149 0 504 - -10 642

Window U-value 0.9 214 101 0 467 - 0 568

Window U-value 1.4 225 85 0 490 - 0 575

Window U-value 1.6 230 83 0 502 - 0 584




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 43 0 533 - -3 574

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 40 0 541 - -3 578

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 26 0 553 - -2 577

Roof U-value 0.11 234 155 0 509 - -11 653

Roof U-value 0.13 237 149 0 517 - -10 655

Window U-value 0.9 220 101 0 480 - 0 581

Window U-value 1.4 231 85 0 503 - 0 588

Window U-value 1.6 236 83 0 515 - 0 597




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 54 0 447 - -4 497

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 44 0 451 - -3 492

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 5 0 463 - 0 468

Roof U-value 0.11 214 26 0 467 - -2 491

Roof U-value 0.13 215 25 0 468 - -2 491

Floor U-value 0.14 213 67 0 464 - -5 526

Floor U-value 0.22 215 38 0 468 - -3 503

Floor U-value 0.22 215 63 0 468 - -4 526

Floor U-value 0.28 216 62 0 470 - -4 528

Window U-value 0.9 176 101 0 383 - 0 484

Window U-value 1.4 186 85 0 406 - 0 491

Window U-value 1.6 192 83 0 417 - 0 500




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 43 0 449 - -3 489

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 40 0 456 - -3 493

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 26 0 468 - -2 492

Roof U-value 0.11 220 26 0 480 - -2 504



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 221 25 0 481 - -2 504

Floor U-value 0.14 219 67 0 477 - -5 539

Floor U-value 0.22 221 38 0 481 - -3 516

Floor U-value 0.22 221 63 0 481 - -4 539

Floor U-value 0.28 222 62 0 483 - -4 541

Window U-value 0.9 182 101 0 395 - 0 497

Window U-value 1.4 192 85 0 418 - 0 504

Window U-value 1.6 197 83 0 430 - 0 513





Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 139 0 188 - -10 317

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 115 0 190 - -8 296

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 13 0 196 - -1 208

Roof U-value 0.1 202 90 0 190 - -6 274

Roof U-value 0.13 204 23 0 192 - -2 213

Floor U-value 0.14 198 399 0 187 - -28 558

Floor U-value 0.22 203 230 0 192 - -16 405

Floor U-value 0.22 203 378 0 192 - -27 543

Floor U-value 0.28 207 371 0 195 - -26 540

Window U-value 0.9 200 89 0 189 - 0 278

Window U-value 1.4 204 75 0 192 - 0 267

Window U-value 1.6 206 73 0 194 - 0 267




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 112 0 188 - -8 293

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 103 0 192 - -7 288

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 67 0 199 - -5 261

Roof U-value 0.1 210 90 0 197 - -6 281

Roof U-value 0.13 212 23 0 199 - -2 220

Floor U-value 0.14 206 399 0 194 - -28 565

Floor U-value 0.22 211 230 0 199 - -16 412

Floor U-value 0.22 211 378 0 199 - -27 550

Floor U-value 0.28 215 371 0 202 - -26 547

Window U-value 0.9 208 89 0 196 - 0 285

Window U-value 1.4 212 75 0 199 - 0 274

Window U-value 1.6 214 73 0 201 - 0 274




Detached Cavity Wall U-Value 0.11 154 181 0 146 - -13 314



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-Value 0.16 158 150 0 149 - -11 288

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 17 0 157 - -1 173

Roof U-value 0.1 173 44 0 162 - -3 203

Roof U-value 0.13 174 11 0 163 - -1 173

Floor U-value 0.14 170 205 0 159 - -14 350

Floor U-value 0.22 173 118 0 162 - -8 271

Floor U-value 0.22 173 194 0 162 - -14 342

Floor U-value 0.28 175 190 0 164 - -13 340

Window U-value 0.9 162 93 0 152 - 0 245

Window U-value 1.4 165 79 0 155 - 0 234

Window U-value 1.6 168 77 0 157 - 0 234




Detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 146 0 147 - -10 283

Wall U-Value 0.22 162 134 0 152 - -9 277

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 87 0 161 - -6 242

Roof U-value 0.1 184 44 0 171 - -3 212

Roof U-value 0.13 185 11 0 172 - -1 182

Floor U-value 0.14 181 205 0 169 - -14 359

Floor U-value 0.22 184 118 0 171 - -8 280

Floor U-value 0.22 184 194 0 171 - -14 351

Floor U-value 0.28 186 190 0 173 - -13 350

Window U-value 0.9 173 93 0 161 - 0 255

Window U-value 1.4 176 79 0 164 - 0 243

Window U-value 1.6 179 77 0 167 - 0 243




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 122 0 148 - -9 262

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 101 0 150 - -7 244

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 11 0 156 - -1 167

Roof U-value 0.1 165 45 0 157 - -3 198

Roof U-value 0.13 166 11 0 157 - -1 168

Floor U-value 0.14 163 200 0 155 - -14 340

Floor U-value 0.22 165 115 0 157 - -8 264

Floor U-value 0.22 165 189 0 157 - -13 333

Floor U-value 0.28 167 186 0 159 - -13 331

Window U-value 0.9 152 97 0 145 - 0 243

Window U-value 1.4 156 82 0 149 - 0 231

Window U-value 1.6 159 80 0 152 - 0 231




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 98 0 149 - -7 240

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 90 0 153 - -6 236

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 59 0 159 - -4 213

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 163 - -3 205



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 164 - -1 174

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 161 - -14 347

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 164 - -8 270

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 164 - -13 339

Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 165 - -13 338

Window U-value 0.9 159 97 0 152 - 0 249

Window U-value 1.4 164 82 0 156 - 0 238

Window U-value 1.6 167 80 0 158 - 0 238




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 114 0 158 - -8 265

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 94 0 160 - -7 248

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 11 0 166 - -1 175

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 165 - -3 207

Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 166 - -1 177

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 164 - -14 349

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 166 - -8 273

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 166 - -13 342

Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 168 - -13 340

Window U-value 0.9 157 104 0 153 - 0 256

Window U-value 1.4 162 87 0 157 - 0 244

Window U-value 1.6 165 85 0 160 - 0 244




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 92 0 159 - -6 245

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 84 0 162 - -6 241

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 55 0 168 - -4 219

Roof U-value 0.1 179 45 0 171 - -3 213

Roof U-value 0.13 180 11 0 172 - -1 183

Floor U-value 0.14 177 200 0 169 - -14 355

Floor U-value 0.22 179 115 0 172 - -8 279

Floor U-value 0.22 179 189 0 172 - -13 347

Floor U-value 0.28 181 186 0 173 - -13 346

Window U-value 0.9 164 104 0 159 - 0 263

Window U-value 1.4 169 87 0 163 - 0 250

Window U-value 1.6 172 85 0 166 - 0 250




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 54 0 319 - -4 369

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 44 0 322 - -3 363

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 5 0 331 - 0 336

Window U-value 0.9 154 101 0 268 - 0 369

Window U-value 1.4 164 85 0 286 - 0 371

Window U-value 1.6 169 83 0 295 - 0 378




AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 43 0 320 - -3 360

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 40 0 325 - -3 362

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 26 0 335 - -2 359

Window U-value 0.9 159 101 0 277 - 0 379

Window U-value 1.4 170 85 0 296 - 0 381

Window U-value 1.6 175 83 0 305 - 0 388




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 54 0 425 - -4 475

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 44 0 428 - -3 470

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 5 0 438 - 0 443

Roof U-value 0.11 228 155 0 397 - -11 541

Roof U-value 0.13 231 149 0 403 - -10 541

Window U-value 0.9 214 101 0 373 - 0 475

Window U-value 1.4 225 85 0 392 - 0 477

Window U-value 1.6 230 83 0 401 - 0 484




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 43 0 426 - -3 467

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 40 0 432 - -3 469

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 26 0 442 - -2 466

Roof U-value 0.11 234 155 0 407 - -11 551

Roof U-value 0.13 237 149 0 413 - -10 552

Window U-value 0.9 220 101 0 384 - 0 485

Window U-value 1.4 231 85 0 402 - 0 487

Window U-value 1.6 236 83 0 411 - 0 494




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 54 0 357 - -4 408

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 44 0 361 - -3 402

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 5 0 370 - 0 375

Roof U-value 0.11 214 26 0 373 - -2 397

Roof U-value 0.13 215 25 0 374 - -2 397

Floor U-value 0.14 213 67 0 371 - -5 433

Floor U-value 0.22 215 38 0 374 - -3 410

Floor U-value 0.22 215 63 0 374 - -4 433

Floor U-value 0.28 216 62 0 376 - -4 434

Window U-value 0.9 176 101 0 306 - 0 407

Window U-value 1.4 186 85 0 324 - 0 410

Window U-value 1.6 192 83 0 334 - 0 416






AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 43 0 359 - -3 399

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 40 0 364 - -3 401

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 26 0 374 - -2 398

Roof U-value 0.11 220 26 0 384 - -2 408

Roof U-value 0.13 221 25 0 385 - -2 408

Floor U-value 0.14 219 67 0 381 - -5 443

Floor U-value 0.22 221 38 0 384 - -3 420

Floor U-value 0.22 221 63 0 384 - -4 443

Floor U-value 0.28 222 62 0 386 - -4 444

Window U-value 0.9 182 101 0 316 - 0 417

Window U-value 1.4 192 85 0 334 - 0 420

Window U-value 1.6 197 83 0 344 - 0 427





Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 139 0 338 - -10 468

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 115 0 343 - -8 449

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 13 0 355 - -1 367

Roof U-value 0.1 202 90 0 344 - -6 428

Roof U-value 0.13 204 23 0 347 - -2 368

Floor U-value 0.14 198 399 0 338 - -28 709

Floor U-value 0.22 203 230 0 346 - -16 560

Floor U-value 0.22 203 378 0 346 - -27 697

Floor U-value 0.28 207 371 0 352 - -26 697

Window U-value 0.9 200 89 0 341 - 0 430

Window U-value 1.4 204 75 0 347 - 0 422

Window U-value 1.6 206 73 0 351 - 0 424




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 112 0 340 - -8 444

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 103 0 347 - -7 443

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 67 0 359 - -5 422

Roof U-value 0.1 210 90 0 357 - -6 441

Roof U-value 0.13 212 23 0 360 - -2 381

Floor U-value 0.14 206 399 0 351 - -28 722

Floor U-value 0.22 211 230 0 359 - -16 573

Floor U-value 0.22 211 378 0 359 - -27 710

Floor U-value 0.28 215 371 0 365 - -26 710

Window U-value 0.9 208 89 0 354 - 0 443

Window U-value 1.4 212 75 0 360 - 0 435



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Window U-value 1.6 214 73 0 363 - 0 437




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 181 0 263 - -13 432

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 150 0 268 - -11 407

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 17 0 285 - -1 301

Roof U-value 0.1 173 44 0 293 - -3 334

Roof U-value 0.13 174 11 0 295 - -1 305

Floor U-value 0.14 170 205 0 288 - -14 479

Floor U-value 0.22 173 118 0 293 - -8 402

Floor U-value 0.22 173 194 0 293 - -14 473

Floor U-value 0.28 175 190 0 296 - -13 473

Window U-value 0.9 162 93 0 274 - 0 368

Window U-value 1.4 165 79 0 280 - 0 359

Window U-value 1.6 168 77 0 285 - 0 361




Detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 146 0 265 - -10 401

Wall U-Value 0.22 162 134 0 275 - -9 399

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 87 0 291 - -6 373

Roof U-value 0.1 184 44 0 310 - -3 351

Roof U-value 0.13 185 11 0 312 - -1 322

Floor U-value 0.14 181 205 0 306 - -14 496

Floor U-value 0.22 184 118 0 310 - -8 419

Floor U-value 0.22 184 194 0 310 - -14 490

Floor U-value 0.28 186 190 0 313 - -13 490

Window U-value 0.9 173 93 0 292 - 0 386

Window U-value 1.4 176 79 0 298 - 0 376

Window U-value 1.6 179 77 0 302 - 0 379




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 122 0 266 - -9 380

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 101 0 270 - -7 364

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 11 0 281 - -1 292

Roof U-value 0.1 165 45 0 282 - -3 324

Roof U-value 0.13 166 11 0 284 - -1 294

Floor U-value 0.14 163 200 0 279 - -14 464

Floor U-value 0.22 165 115 0 283 - -8 390

Floor U-value 0.22 165 189 0 283 - -13 459

Floor U-value 0.28 167 186 0 286 - -13 459

Window U-value 0.9 152 97 0 261 - 0 358

Window U-value 1.4 156 82 0 268 - 0 350

Window U-value 1.6 159 80 0 273 - 0 353





AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro



Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 98 0 268 - -7 359

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 90 0 275 - -6 358

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 59 0 286 - -4 341

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 294 - -3 336

Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 295 - -1 306

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 291 - -14 476

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 295 - -8 402

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 295 - -13 471

Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 298 - -13 471

Window U-value 0.9 159 97 0 273 - 0 371

Window U-value 1.4 164 82 0 280 - 0 362

Window U-value 1.6 167 80 0 285 - 0 365




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 114 0 283 - -8 390

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 94 0 287 - -7 375

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 11 0 297 - -1 307

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 297 - -3 339

Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 298 - -1 309

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 294 - -14 479

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 298 - -8 405

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 298 - -13 473

Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 301 - -13 474

Window U-value 0.9 157 104 0 274 - 0 377

Window U-value 1.4 162 87 0 281 - 0 369

Window U-value 1.6 165 85 0 286 - 0 371




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 92 0 285 - -6 370

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 84 0 291 - -6 370

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 55 0 301 - -4 353

Roof U-value 0.1 179 45 0 308 - -3 350

Roof U-value 0.13 180 11 0 309 - -1 320

Floor U-value 0.14 177 200 0 304 - -14 490

Floor U-value 0.22 179 115 0 309 - -8 416

Floor U-value 0.22 179 189 0 309 - -13 484

Floor U-value 0.28 181 186 0 312 - -13 484

Window U-value 0.9 164 104 0 285 - 0 388

Window U-value 1.4 169 87 0 292 - 0 380

Window U-value 1.6 172 85 0 297 - 0 382




Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 54 0 478 - -4 528

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 44 0 483 - -3 524



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall U-Value 0.31 190 5 0 497 - 0 502

Window U-value 0.9 154 101 0 402 - 0 503

Window U-value 1.4 164 85 0 429 - 0 514

Window U-value 1.6 169 83 0 442 - 0 525




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 43 0 480 - -3 520

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 40 0 489 - -3 525

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 26 0 503 - -2 527

Window U-value 0.9 159 101 0 416 - 0 518

Window U-value 1.4 170 85 0 444 - 0 529

Window U-value 1.6 175 83 0 457 - 0 540




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 54 0 638 - -4 688

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 44 0 643 - -3 684

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 5 0 658 - 0 662

Roof U-value 0.11 228 155 0 595 - -11 740

Roof U-value 0.13 231 149 0 605 - -10 743

Window U-value 0.9 214 101 0 560 - 0 662

Window U-value 1.4 225 85 0 588 - 0 673

Window U-value 1.6 230 83 0 602 - 0 685




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 43 0 640 - -3 680

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 40 0 649 - -3 686

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 26 0 664 - -2 688

Roof U-value 0.11 234 155 0 611 - -11 755

Roof U-value 0.13 237 149 0 620 - -10 759

Window U-value 0.9 220 101 0 576 - 0 677

Window U-value 1.4 231 85 0 603 - 0 689

Window U-value 1.6 236 83 0 618 - 0 700




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 54 0 537 - -4 587

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 44 0 541 - -3 583

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 5 0 556 - 0 560

Roof U-value 0.11 214 26 0 560 - -2 584

Roof U-value 0.13 215 25 0 562 - -2 585

Floor U-value 0.14 213 67 0 557 - -5 619

Floor U-value 0.22 215 38 0 561 - -3 597

Floor U-value 0.22 215 63 0 561 - -4 620

Floor U-value 0.28 216 62 0 565 - -4 622

Window U-value 0.9 176 101 0 460 - 0 561



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Window U-value 1.4 186 85 0 487 - 0 572

Window U-value 1.6 192 83 0 501 - 0 584




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 43 0 538 - -3 579

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 40 0 547 - -3 584

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 26 0 561 - -2 586

Roof U-value 0.11 220 26 0 576 - -2 600

Roof U-value 0.13 221 25 0 577 - -2 600

Floor U-value 0.14 219 67 0 572 - -5 634

Floor U-value 0.22 221 38 0 577 - -3 612

Floor U-value 0.22 221 63 0 577 - -4 635

Floor U-value 0.28 222 62 0 580 - -4 638

Window U-value 0.9 182 101 0 475 - 0 576

Window U-value 1.4 192 85 0 502 - 0 587

Window U-value 1.6 197 83 0 516 - 0 599





Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 198 139 0 202 - -4 337

Wall U-Value 0.16 201 115 0 205 - -4 316

Wall U-Value 0.31 209 13 0 212 - 0 224

Roof U-value 0.1 202 90 0 206 - -3 293

Roof U-value 0.13 204 23 0 207 - -1 229

Floor U-value 0.14 198 399 0 202 - -13 588

Floor U-value 0.22 203 230 0 207 - -7 429

Floor U-value 0.22 203 378 0 207 - -12 573

Floor U-value 0.28 207 371 0 210 - -12 570

Window U-value 0.9 200 89 0 204 - 0 293

Window U-value 1.4 204 75 0 207 - 0 282

Window U-value 1.6 206 73 0 209 - 0 283




Bungalow Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 199 112 0 203 - -4 312

Wall U-Value 0.22 204 103 0 208 - -3 307

Wall U-Value 0.37 212 67 0 215 - -2 280

Roof U-value 0.1 210 90 0 213 - -3 300

Roof U-value 0.13 212 23 0 215 - -1 237

Floor U-value 0.14 206 399 0 209 - -13 596



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Floor U-value 0.22 211 230 0 214 - -7 437

Floor U-value 0.22 211 378 0 214 - -12 580

Floor U-value 0.28 215 371 0 218 - -12 577

Window U-value 0.9 208 89 0 212 - 0 301

Window U-value 1.4 212 75 0 215 - 0 290

Window U-value 1.6 214 73 0 217 - 0 290




Detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 154 181 0 157 - -6 333

Wall U-Value 0.16 158 150 0 160 - -5 305

Wall U-Value 0.31 168 17 0 170 - -1 186

Roof U-value 0.1 173 44 0 175 - -1 218

Roof U-value 0.13 174 11 0 176 - 0 187

Floor U-value 0.14 170 205 0 172 - -6 370

Floor U-value 0.22 173 118 0 175 - -4 289

Floor U-value 0.22 173 194 0 175 - -6 362

Floor U-value 0.28 175 190 0 177 - -6 361

Window U-value 0.9 162 93 0 164 - 0 257

Window U-value 1.4 165 79 0 167 - 0 246

Window U-value 1.6 168 77 0 170 - 0 246




Detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 146 0 158 - -5 300

Wall U-Value 0.22 162 134 0 164 - -4 294

Wall U-Value 0.37 172 87 0 174 - -3 259

Roof U-value 0.1 184 44 0 185 - -1 228

Roof U-value 0.13 185 11 0 186 - 0 197

Floor U-value 0.14 181 205 0 182 - -6 380

Floor U-value 0.22 184 118 0 185 - -4 299

Floor U-value 0.22 184 194 0 185 - -6 372

Floor U-value 0.28 186 190 0 187 - -6 371

Window U-value 0.9 173 93 0 174 - 0 268

Window U-value 1.4 176 79 0 178 - 0 256

Window U-value 1.6 179 77 0 180 - 0 257




Semi-

detached Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 155 122 0 159 - -4 278

Wall U-Value 0.16 157 101 0 162 - -3 259

Wall U-Value 0.31 164 11 0 168 - 0 179

Roof U-value 0.1 165 45 0 169 - -1 212

Roof U-value 0.13 166 11 0 170 - 0 181

Floor U-value 0.14 163 200 0 167 - -6 360

Floor U-value 0.22 165 115 0 169 - -4 281

Floor U-value 0.22 165 189 0 169 - -6 352

Floor U-value 0.28 167 186 0 171 - -6 351



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Window U-value 0.9 152 97 0 156 - 0 254

Window U-value 1.4 156 82 0 160 - 0 242

Window U-value 1.6 159 80 0 163 - 0 243




Semi-

detached Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 156 98 0 160 - -3 255

Wall U-Value 0.22 160 90 0 164 - -3 252

Wall U-Value 0.37 167 59 0 171 - -2 228

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 176 - -1 219

Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 177 - 0 188

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 174 - -6 367

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 176 - -4 288

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 176 - -6 359

Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 178 - -6 358

Window U-value 0.9 159 97 0 164 - 0 261

Window U-value 1.4 164 82 0 168 - 0 250

Window U-value 1.6 167 80 0 170 - 0 250




Terraced Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 163 114 0 170 - -4 281

Wall U-Value 0.16 166 94 0 172 - -3 263

Wall U-Value 0.31 172 11 0 178 - 0 188

Roof U-value 0.1 172 45 0 178 - -1 221

Roof U-value 0.13 173 11 0 179 - 0 190

Floor U-value 0.14 170 200 0 176 - -6 369

Floor U-value 0.22 173 115 0 178 - -4 290

Floor U-value 0.22 173 189 0 178 - -6 361

Floor U-value 0.28 175 186 0 180 - -6 360

Window U-value 0.9 157 104 0 164 - 0 268

Window U-value 1.4 162 87 0 169 - 0 256

Window U-value 1.6 165 85 0 171 - 0 256




Terraced Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 164 92 0 171 - -3 260

Wall U-Value 0.22 168 84 0 174 - -3 256

Wall U-Value 0.37 175 55 0 180 - -2 234

Roof U-value 0.1 179 45 0 184 - -1 228

Roof U-value 0.13 180 11 0 185 - 0 196

Floor U-value 0.14 177 200 0 182 - -6 376

Floor U-value 0.22 179 115 0 185 - -4 296

Floor U-value 0.22 179 189 0 185 - -6 368

Floor U-value 0.28 181 186 0 187 - -6 366

Window U-value 0.9 164 104 0 171 - 0 274

Window U-value 1.4 169 87 0 175 - 0 262

Window U-value 1.6 172 85 0 178 - 0 263



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro





Mid-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 183 54 0 307 - -2 359

Wall U-Value 0.16 185 44 0 310 - -1 353

Wall U-Value 0.31 190 5 0 319 - 0 324

Window U-value 0.9 154 101 0 258 - 0 359

Window U-value 1.4 164 85 0 275 - 0 361

Window U-value 1.6 169 83 0 284 - 0 367




Mid-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 184 43 0 308 - -1 350

Wall U-Value 0.22 187 40 0 314 - -1 352

Wall U-Value 0.37 192 26 0 323 - -1 348

Window U-value 0.9 159 101 0 267 - 0 369

Window U-value 1.4 170 85 0 285 - 0 370

Window U-value 1.6 175 83 0 294 - 0 377




Top-Floor

Flat Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 244 54 0 410 - -2 462

Wall U-Value 0.16 246 44 0 413 - -1 456

Wall U-Value 0.31 252 5 0 422 - 0 427

Roof U-value 0.11 228 155 0 382 - -5 533

Roof U-value 0.13 231 149 0 388 - -5 532

Window U-value 0.9 214 101 0 360 - 0 461

Window U-value 1.4 225 85 0 377 - 0 463

Window U-value 1.6 230 83 0 386 - 0 469




Top-Floor

Flat Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 245 43 0 411 - -1 453

Wall U-Value 0.22 248 40 0 417 - -1 455

Wall U-Value 0.37 254 26 0 426 - -1 451

Roof U-value 0.11 234 155 0 392 - -5 543

Roof U-value 0.13 237 149 0 398 - -5 542

Window U-value 0.9 220 101 0 370 - 0 471

Window U-value 1.4 231 85 0 387 - 0 473

Window U-value 1.6 236 83 0 397 - 0 479




Apartment

block Cavity

Wall U-Value 0.11 205 54 0 345 - -2 397

Wall U-Value 0.16 207 44 0 348 - -1 391

Wall U-Value 0.31 213 5 0 357 - 0 362

Roof U-value 0.11 214 26 0 360 - -1 385

Roof U-value 0.13 215 25 0 361 - -1 385



AECOM

Dwelling

Type

Wall

Type Package Value

PE

(kWh/m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Floor U-value 0.14 213 67 0 358 - -2 422

Floor U-value 0.22 215 38 0 360 - -1 398

Floor U-value 0.22 215 63 0 360 - -2 421

Floor U-value 0.28 216 62 0 363 - -2 422

Window U-value 0.9 176 101 0 295 - 0 396

Window U-value 1.4 186 85 0 313 - 0 398

Window U-value 1.6 192 83 0 321 - 0 404




Apartment

block Solid

Wall U-Value 0.13 206 43 0 346 - -1 388

Wall U-Value 0.22 209 40 0 351 - -1 390

Wall U-Value 0.37 215 26 0 360 - -1 386

Roof U-value 0.11 220 26 0 370 - -1 395

Roof U-value 0.13 221 25 0 371 - -1 395

Floor U-value 0.14 219 67 0 368 - -2 432

Floor U-value 0.22 221 38 0 370 - -1 407

Floor U-value 0.22 221 63 0 370 - -2 431

Floor U-value 0.28 222 62 0 372 - -2 432

Window U-value 0.9 182 101 0 305 - 0 406

Window U-value 1.4 192 85 0 322 - 0 408

Window U-value 1.6 197 83 0 331 - 0 414






AECOM


The costs and underpinning assumptions are the same as those in Section 5.2. Additional data on costs

for specific measures included in the packages is summarised in Table 5.8.

Table 5.8: Elemental Capital Costs per Building – Existing build, Packages (varying components only) (EUR)

Heating system:

Building Type

Gas Boiler

with

radiators

(EUR/system)

ASHP with

low

temperature

radiators

(EUR/system)

Biomass Boiler

with radiators

(EUR/system)

High heat

retention

storage heaters

(EUR/system)


Bungalow €3,100 €8,314 €19,596 -

Detached €3,525 €9,847 €22,524 -

Semi-detached €3,250 €8,526 €20,486 -

Terraced €3,100 €8,314 €19,596 -

Mid-Floor Flat €2,685 €7,205 €6,250 €4,175

Top-Floor Flat €3,000 €8,102 €6,250 €4,175

Apartment building

(costs per unit)

€2,790 €7,504 €6,250 €4,175

Controls:

Time and

temperature

zone control,

weather

compensation,

interlock

Time and

temperature

zone control

Time and

temperature

zone control,

weather

compensation,

interlock

Time and

temperature

zone controls

with weather

and load

compensation


€1,000 €650 €1,000 €700

Hot water cylinder:


€0 €1,450 €1,450 €0

Ventilation:

Building Type Extract fans Whole house MEV

Bungalow € 0 €3,228

Detached € 0 €4,243

Semi € 0 €3,736

Terraced € 0 €3,228

Mid-Floor Flat € 0 €2,314

Top-Floor Flat € 0 €2,314

Apartment building

(costs per unit)

€ 0 €2,314



AECOM

Lighting:

Building Type

Luminaire efficacy

65 l/W

Luminaire efficacy

95 l/W

Bungalow € 0 € 52

Detached € 0 € 80

Semi € 0 € 63

Terraced € 0 € 48

Mid-Floor Flat € 0 € 41

Top-Floor Flat € 0 € 41

Apartment building

(costs per unit)

€ 0 € 41

Hot water demand:

Building Type

Shower flow rate

of 12l/min

Shower flow rate of

6l/min

Waste Water heat

Recovery

Bungalow € 0 €90 €2,335

Detached € 0 €270 €2,530

Semi € 0 €180 €2,530

Terraced € 0 €90 €2,530

Mid-Floor Flat € 0 €90 €2,335

Top-Floor Flat € 0 €90 €2,335

Apartment building

(costs per unit)

€ 0 €90 €2,335

Photovoltaics:

PV

Building Type 0% 10% 20%

Bungalow - € 3,784 € 5,339

Detached - € 3,303 € 4,906

Semi - € 2,963 € 4,225

Terraced €2,656 €3,623

Mid-Floor Flat - € 329 € 657

Top-Floor Flat - € 329 € 657

Apartment building

(costs per unit) - € 329 € 657

The following tables summarise the results of the cost calculations for the most cost-optimal packages in each of the seven reference buildings. Table 5.6 relates to the macroeconomic calculations and Table 5.7 relate to the financial calculations.

Table 5.9a / Table 5.10a: Central energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.9b / Table 5.10b: Low energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.9c / Table 5.10c: High energy price, central discount factors

Table 5.9d / Table 5.10d: Central energy price, alternative discount factors

Table 5.9e: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative primary energy factor Table 5.9f: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative cost of carbon






AECOM


prices and reducing the discount rate. A key impact of this sensitivity analysis is that, in some

cases, it changes the amount of PV in the cost optimal solution.



solution.




Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 583 14 60 1 -41 617

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 414 14 71 2 -23 478

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 319 14 91 3 -21 406

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 253 14 103 3 -13 360

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 298 17 41 7 -26 337

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 225 17 55 9 -26 280

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 159 17 66 10 -18 234

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 136 17 107 12 -15 256

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 89 17 128 14 -9 240

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 86 17 138 14 -9 246

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 491 9 57 2 -34 525

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 312 9 69 2 -14 379

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 220 9 89 3 -13 309

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 184 9 99 4 -9 287

2 Gas 20% 2 2 61 224 11 49 6 -16 274

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 148 11 63 8 -16 214

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 112 11 72 9 -12 193

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 99 11 88 10 -10 198

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 70 11 104 11 -6 190

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 64 11 110 12 -6 190

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 476 12 60 2 -29 520

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 332 12 70 2 -15 402

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 233 12 92 3 -13 327

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 197 12 101 4 -9 305

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 234 14 46 6 -17 283

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 155 14 62 8 -17 221

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 118 14 71 9 -13 199

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 113 14 79 9 -13 202

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 72 14 102 11 -7 192

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 66 14 110 11 -7 195

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 524 15 71 2 -30 582

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 383 15 79 2 -16 464

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 272 15 103 4 -14 380

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 236 15 112 4 -9 357

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 255 18 50 6 -19 311

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 170 18 67 8 -19 245



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 134 18 75 9 -15 222

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 120 18 90 10 -13 226

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 82 18 106 11 -8 210

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 78 18 116 12 -8 217

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 408 18 84 2 -15 497

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 311 18 93 3 -7 419

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 282 18 99 3 -4 398

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 263 18 110 3 -2 392

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 300 22 51 4 -20 358

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 272 22 54 5 -18 334

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 175 22 62 6 -10 255

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 156 22 72 7 -8 248

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 145 22 82 7 -6 250

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 140 22 93 8 -6 258

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 561 18 94 3 -31 645

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 424 18 108 3 -15 539

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 46 327 18 120 3 -7 462

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 299 18 126 4 -4 442

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 357 3 65 1 -25 400

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 260 3 74 1 -17 321

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 180 22 86 8 -10 286

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 161 22 97 10 -8 281

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 150 22 107 10 -7 283

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 145 22 118 11 -7 290

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 436 18 90 2 -17 530

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 316 18 103 3 -7 434

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 288 18 109 3 -4 414

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 269 18 120 3 -2 408

3 Gas 20% 3 3 57 325 22 57 5 -23 386

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 273 22 62 6 -18 345

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 176 22 71 7 -10 266

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 157 22 81 8 -8 260

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 147 22 91 8 -6 262

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 142 22 103 9 -6 269

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 580 14 59 1 -41 614

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 493 14 67 2 -33 544

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 421 14 83 2 -33 487

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 301 14 105 3 -19 404

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 377 17 38 7 -36 403

5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 304 17 52 8 -36 346

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 207 17 68 10 -24 278

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 183 17 109 13 -21 301

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 137 17 130 14 -14 284

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 133 17 140 15 -14 290

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 487 9 55 2 -33 520

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 399 9 68 2 -26 453

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 323 9 85 3 -26 394

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 246 9 102 4 -16 345



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 232 9 118 5 -14 350

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 251 11 59 8 -29 300

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 175 11 75 10 -20 251

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 168 11 82 10 -20 251

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 132 11 106 12 -14 247

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 126 11 113 12 -14 248

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 474 12 59 2 -29 517

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 402 12 67 2 -23 459

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 302 12 89 3 -22 385

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 239 12 103 4 -14 344

2 Gas 20% 2 2 53 303 14 43 6 -26 341

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 224 14 59 7 -26 279

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 160 14 73 9 -18 238

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 146 14 88 10 -16 243

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 114 14 104 11 -12 231

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 108 14 112 12 -12 234

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 522 15 70 2 -30 579

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 448 15 76 2 -24 518

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 337 15 100 3 -22 434

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 275 15 113 4 -14 394

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 320 18 47 6 -27 365

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 235 18 64 8 -27 299

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 173 18 77 9 -19 258

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 159 18 92 10 -17 263

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 121 18 108 11 -12 246

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 117 18 118 12 -12 253

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 407 18 83 2 -15 496

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 342 18 92 3 -10 444

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 313 18 98 3 -8 424

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 299 22 51 4 -20 356

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 271 22 53 5 -18 333

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 205 22 61 6 -13 280

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 174 22 73 7 -10 266

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 169 22 78 7 -9 266

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 163 22 83 8 -8 267

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 159 22 94 8 -8 275

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 560 18 94 3 -31 643

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 423 18 107 3 -15 537

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 329 18 124 4 -8 467

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 298 18 139 4 -4 455

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 385 3 62 1 -28 422

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 276 22 75 7 -18 361

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 211 22 84 8 -14 311

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 179 22 98 10 -10 299

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 169 22 108 10 -9 300

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 164 22 119 11 -9 308

Apartment

Block Hollow

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 435 18 90 2 -17 528

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 347 18 102 3 -10 459



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Block Wall –

30 year calc

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 318 18 108 3 -8 439

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 287 18 121 3 -4 426

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 272 22 61 6 -18 343

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 207 22 70 7 -14 291

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 176 22 82 8 -10 278

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 170 22 87 8 -9 278

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 165 22 92 9 -9 279

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 160 22 103 9 -8 287


Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 583 14 47 1 -41 604

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 414 14 56 2 -23 463

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 319 14 72 3 -21 387

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 253 14 81 3 -13 338

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 298 17 24 7 -26 320

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 225 17 34 9 -26 258

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 159 17 41 10 -18 209

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 136 17 73 12 -15 223

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 89 17 91 14 -9 202

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 86 17 98 14 -9 206

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 491 9 45 2 -34 513

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 312 9 55 2 -14 364

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 220 9 70 3 -13 290

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 184 9 78 4 -9 267

2 Gas 20% 2 2 61 224 11 32 6 -16 257

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 148 11 42 8 -16 193

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 112 11 48 9 -12 169

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 99 11 61 10 -10 171

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 70 11 73 11 -6 159

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 64 11 79 12 -6 158

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 476 12 48 2 -29 507

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 332 12 55 2 -15 387

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 233 12 73 3 -13 308

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 197 12 80 4 -9 284

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 234 14 30 6 -17 267

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 155 14 41 8 -17 201

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 118 14 47 9 -13 176

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 113 14 54 9 -13 177

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 72 14 72 11 -7 163

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 66 14 79 11 -7 164

Terraced

Cavity Wall

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 524 15 56 2 -30 567

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 383 15 63 2 -16 447

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 272 15 81 4 -14 359



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


– 30 year

calc

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 236 15 88 4 -9 334

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 255 18 33 6 -19 294

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 170 18 45 8 -19 223

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 134 18 51 9 -15 198

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 120 18 63 10 -13 199

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 82 18 76 11 -8 180

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 78 18 83 12 -8 184

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 408 18 67 2 -15 480

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 311 18 75 3 -7 400

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 282 18 80 3 -4 378

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 263 18 88 3 -2 370

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 300 22 36 4 -20 343

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 272 22 38 5 -18 319

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 175 22 44 6 -10 237

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 156 22 51 7 -8 227

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 145 22 59 7 -6 227

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 140 22 67 8 -6 232

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 561 18 75 3 -31 626

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 424 18 86 3 -15 517

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 46 327 18 96 3 -7 438

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 299 18 100 4 -4 416

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 357 3 46 1 -25 381

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 260 3 53 1 -17 299

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 180 22 60 8 -10 260

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 161 22 68 10 -8 253

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 150 22 77 10 -7 252

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 145 22 85 11 -7 257

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 436 18 72 2 -17 512

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 316 18 82 3 -7 413

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 288 18 87 3 -4 392

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 269 18 96 3 -2 384

3 Gas 20% 3 3 57 325 22 41 5 -23 370

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 273 22 44 6 -18 327

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 176 22 50 7 -10 245

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 157 22 57 8 -8 236

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 147 22 65 8 -6 236

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 142 22 74 9 -6 241

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 580 14 46 1 -41 601

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 493 14 53 2 -33 529

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 421 14 65 2 -33 470

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 301 14 83 3 -19 382

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 377 17 22 7 -36 386

5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 304 17 31 8 -36 325

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 207 17 42 10 -24 252

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 183 17 74 13 -21 266

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 137 17 92 14 -14 246

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 133 17 99 15 -14 250

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 487 9 44 2 -33 509



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 399 9 54 2 -26 439

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 323 9 67 3 -26 377

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 246 9 80 4 -16 324

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 232 9 93 5 -14 325

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 251 11 39 8 -29 280

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 175 11 50 10 -20 226

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 168 11 55 10 -20 225

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 132 11 75 12 -14 216

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 126 11 80 12 -14 215

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 474 12 47 2 -29 505

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 402 12 53 2 -23 445

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 302 12 70 3 -22 366

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 239 12 82 4 -14 322

2 Gas 20% 2 2 53 303 14 28 6 -26 326

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 224 14 39 7 -26 259

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 160 14 49 9 -18 214

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 146 14 61 10 -16 216

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 114 14 74 11 -12 201

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 108 14 80 12 -12 202

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 522 15 55 2 -30 565

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 448 15 60 2 -24 502

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 337 15 79 3 -22 413

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 275 15 90 4 -14 370

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 320 18 31 6 -27 349

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 235 18 43 8 -27 278

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 173 18 52 9 -19 234

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 159 18 64 10 -17 235

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 121 18 77 11 -12 215

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 117 18 84 12 -12 220

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 407 18 67 2 -15 479

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 342 18 74 3 -10 426

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 313 18 78 3 -8 404

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 299 22 36 4 -20 342

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 271 22 38 5 -18 318

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 205 22 43 6 -13 263

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 174 22 51 7 -10 244

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 169 22 55 7 -9 244

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 163 22 60 8 -8 244

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 159 22 68 8 -8 248

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 560 18 75 3 -31 625

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 423 18 86 3 -15 516

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 329 18 99 4 -8 442

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 298 18 111 4 -4 427

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 385 3 44 1 -28 405

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 276 22 53 7 -18 340

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 211 22 59 8 -14 286

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 179 22 69 10 -10 270

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 169 22 77 10 -9 269



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 164 22 85 11 -9 274

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 435 18 72 2 -17 510

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 347 18 81 3 -10 439

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 318 18 86 3 -8 417

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 287 18 97 3 -4 401

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 272 22 44 6 -18 326

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 207 22 49 7 -14 271

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 176 22 58 8 -10 253

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 170 22 62 8 -9 253

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 165 22 66 9 -9 253

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 160 22 74 9 -8 257


Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 583 14 73 1 -41 630

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 414 14 86 2 -23 493

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 319 14 111 3 -21 425

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 253 14 125 3 -13 382

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 298 17 58 7 -26 354

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 225 17 77 9 -26 301

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 159 17 90 10 -18 258

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 136 17 140 12 -15 290

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 89 17 165 14 -9 277

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 86 17 177 14 -9 286

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 491 9 69 2 -34 537

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 312 9 84 2 -14 393

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 220 9 108 3 -13 327

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 184 9 120 4 -9 308

2 Gas 20% 2 2 61 224 11 65 6 -16 291

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 148 11 84 8 -16 236

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 112 11 96 9 -12 217

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 99 11 115 10 -10 224

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 70 11 133 11 -6 219

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 64 11 142 12 -6 222

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 476 12 73 2 -29 532

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 332 12 85 2 -15 416

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 233 12 111 3 -13 346

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 197 12 123 4 -9 326

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 234 14 62 6 -17 298

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 155 14 83 8 -17 242

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 118 14 94 9 -13 222

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 113 14 104 9 -13 227

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 72 14 131 11 -7 221

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 66 14 141 11 -7 227



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 524 15 85 2 -30 597

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 383 15 95 2 -16 480

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 272 15 124 4 -14 401

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 236 15 135 4 -9 381

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 255 18 67 6 -19 327

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 170 18 88 8 -19 266

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 134 18 99 9 -15 246

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 120 18 118 10 -13 254

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 82 18 136 11 -8 240

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 78 18 149 12 -8 250

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 408 18 100 2 -15 514

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 311 18 112 3 -7 437

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 282 18 119 3 -4 418

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 263 18 132 3 -2 414

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 300 22 66 4 -20 372

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 272 22 69 5 -18 349

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 175 22 80 6 -10 273

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 156 22 92 7 -8 269

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 145 22 105 7 -6 273

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 140 22 119 8 -6 283

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 561 18 113 3 -31 664

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 424 18 129 3 -15 560

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 46 327 18 143 3 -7 486

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 299 18 151 4 -4 467

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 357 3 84 1 -25 419

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 260 3 97 1 -17 343

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 180 22 110 8 -10 311

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 161 22 125 10 -8 310

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 150 22 138 10 -7 313

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 145 22 152 11 -7 324

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 436 18 108 2 -17 548

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 316 18 124 3 -7 455

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 288 18 131 3 -4 436

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 269 18 145 3 -2 433

3 Gas 20% 3 3 57 325 22 73 5 -23 402

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 273 22 79 6 -18 362

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 176 22 91 7 -10 287

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 157 22 105 8 -8 284

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 147 22 117 8 -6 288

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 142 22 131 9 -6 298

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 580 14 72 1 -41 626

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 493 14 82 2 -33 558

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 421 14 101 2 -33 505

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 301 14 128 3 -19 427

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 377 17 54 7 -36 419

5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 304 17 72 8 -36 366

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 207 17 93 10 -24 303

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 183 17 142 13 -21 334



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 137 17 168 14 -14 321

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 133 17 180 15 -14 330

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 487 9 67 2 -33 532

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 399 9 82 2 -26 468

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 323 9 102 3 -26 412

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 246 9 124 4 -16 367

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 232 9 142 5 -14 374

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 251 11 79 8 -29 320

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 175 11 100 10 -20 275

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 168 11 108 10 -20 278

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 132 11 137 12 -14 278

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 126 11 146 12 -14 280

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 474 12 71 2 -29 529

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 402 12 81 2 -23 473

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 302 12 107 3 -22 403

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 239 12 125 4 -14 366

2 Gas 20% 2 2 53 303 14 58 6 -26 355

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 224 14 79 7 -26 299

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 160 14 96 9 -18 261

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 146 14 115 10 -16 269

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 114 14 133 11 -12 261

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 108 14 144 12 -12 266

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 522 15 84 2 -30 594

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 448 15 92 2 -24 534

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 337 15 120 3 -22 455

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 275 15 137 4 -14 418

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 320 18 63 6 -27 381

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 235 18 85 8 -27 320

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 173 18 101 9 -19 283

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 159 18 120 10 -17 291

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 121 18 139 11 -12 277

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 117 18 151 12 -12 287

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 407 18 100 2 -15 513

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 342 18 110 3 -10 462

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 313 18 118 3 -8 443

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 299 22 65 4 -20 371

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 271 22 69 5 -18 348

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 205 22 79 6 -13 298

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 174 22 94 7 -10 287

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 169 22 100 7 -9 289

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 163 22 106 8 -8 290

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 159 22 120 8 -8 301

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 560 18 112 3 -31 662

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 423 18 129 3 -15 559

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 329 18 149 4 -8 492

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 298 18 167 4 -4 483

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 385 3 80 1 -28 441

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 276 22 96 7 -18 383



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 211 22 109 8 -14 335

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 179 22 127 10 -10 327

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 169 22 139 10 -9 331

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 164 22 153 11 -9 341

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 435 18 108 2 -17 546

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 347 18 122 3 -10 480

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 318 18 129 3 -8 461

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 287 18 146 3 -4 450

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 272 22 79 6 -18 361

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 207 22 90 7 -14 312

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 176 22 106 8 -10 301

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 170 22 112 8 -9 303

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 165 22 118 9 -9 305

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 160 22 132 9 -8 316


Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 615 18 76 2 -72 639

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 441 18 90 2 -41 511

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 346 18 115 4 -37 445

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 280 18 130 4 -23 409

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 316 22 52 9 -46 352

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 243 22 69 11 -46 299

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 177 22 82 13 -32 262

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 150 22 134 16 -27 295

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 97 22 161 18 -15 283

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 93 22 173 19 -15 291

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 515 12 71 2 -59 542

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 331 12 88 3 -25 409

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 239 12 113 4 -23 345

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 204 12 125 5 -15 330

2 Gas 20% 2 2 61 237 14 61 8 -29 292

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 161 14 80 11 -29 236

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 125 14 91 12 -21 221

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 109 14 110 13 -18 229

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 77 14 130 15 -11 224

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 69 14 139 15 -11 225

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 502 15 76 2 -51 544

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 354 15 88 3 -26 434

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 255 15 116 4 -23 367

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 218 15 128 5 -15 351

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 248 18 58 8 -30 301

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 168 18 78 10 -30 245

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 132 18 89 12 -22 228



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 125 18 99 12 -22 232

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 79 18 128 14 -12 228

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 72 18 138 15 -11 232

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 556 19 89 3 -53 614

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 409 19 100 3 -28 503

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 298 19 129 5 -24 427

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 262 19 141 5 -16 411

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 271 23 63 8 -33 332

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 186 23 84 11 -33 271

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 150 23 94 12 -25 254

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 134 23 114 13 -22 262

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 90 23 133 14 -13 248

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 86 23 146 15 -13 257

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 434 23 105 3 -26 540

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 332 23 118 3 -11 465

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 303 23 125 4 -7 448

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 284 23 139 4 -4 446

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 316 28 64 6 -35 378

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 287 28 68 6 -31 357

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 185 28 78 8 -17 282

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 166 28 90 9 -13 279

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 154 28 103 10 -11 284

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 148 28 117 11 -11 293

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 589 23 119 3 -55 679

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 452 23 136 4 -26 589

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 46 350 23 151 4 -11 517

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 321 23 158 5 -7 500

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 383 4 81 1 -44 425

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 281 4 93 1 -30 349

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 191 28 107 11 -18 319

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 172 28 122 13 -14 320

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 160 28 135 13 -12 324

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 154 28 149 15 -11 334

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 463 23 114 3 -31 572

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 338 23 130 4 -11 483

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 309 23 138 4 -7 466

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 290 23 152 4 -4 466

3 Gas 20% 3 3 57 341 28 72 7 -40 406

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 289 28 78 7 -32 370

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 187 28 89 9 -17 295

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 168 28 102 10 -14 294

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 156 28 115 11 -11 298

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 150 28 129 12 -11 308

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 613 18 74 1 -71 635

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 520 18 85 2 -57 568

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 448 18 105 3 -57 516

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 328 18 133 5 -34 449

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 395 22 48 9 -63 410



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 322 22 65 11 -63 357

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 225 22 85 13 -42 303

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 198 22 136 17 -37 335

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 145 22 164 18 -25 323

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 140 22 176 19 -25 332

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 512 12 69 2 -58 537

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 419 12 86 3 -45 475

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 343 12 107 4 -45 420

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 266 12 129 5 -28 383

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 250 12 148 7 -25 391

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 264 14 74 10 -51 312

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 187 14 94 13 -34 274

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 179 14 103 13 -34 275

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 139 14 134 15 -25 277

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 131 14 142 16 -24 278

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 500 15 75 2 -51 541

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 423 15 84 3 -40 485

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 324 15 112 4 -38 417

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 260 15 130 5 -24 386

2 Gas 20% 2 2 53 317 18 54 7 -45 352

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 238 18 74 10 -45 295

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 174 18 91 12 -31 264

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 158 18 111 13 -28 272

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 121 18 130 14 -20 263

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 114 18 141 15 -20 268

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 554 19 88 2 -52 612

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 474 19 96 3 -42 551

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 363 19 126 4 -38 475

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 301 19 143 5 -25 444

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 336 23 60 8 -47 379

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 251 23 80 10 -47 318

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 189 23 96 12 -34 287

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 173 23 116 13 -30 295

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 130 23 135 15 -22 282

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 125 23 148 16 -21 291

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 433 23 105 3 -25 538

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 363 23 116 3 -18 487

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 334 23 124 4 -14 470

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 315 28 64 6 -35 377

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 286 28 67 6 -31 356

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 216 28 77 8 -23 304

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 185 28 91 9 -17 295

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 178 28 98 10 -16 297

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 172 28 104 10 -15 299

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 167 28 118 11 -15 309

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 588 23 118 3 -55 678

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 451 23 135 4 -25 588

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 352 23 156 5 -14 522



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall – 30

year calc

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 321 23 176 5 -8 517

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 411 4 77 1 -48 445

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 292 28 94 9 -32 391

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 222 28 106 11 -24 342

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 191 28 123 13 -18 336

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 178 28 136 14 -15 340

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 173 28 150 15 -15 350

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 462 23 113 3 -30 571

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 369 23 128 4 -18 505

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 340 23 136 4 -14 489

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 309 23 153 5 -8 482

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 288 28 77 7 -31 369

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 218 28 87 9 -24 318

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 187 28 103 10 -18 310

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 180 28 109 11 -16 312

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 174 28 116 11 -15 314

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 169 28 130 12 -15 324

Table 5.9e: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative PEF,

EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 6 583 14 60 1 -41 617

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 414 14 71 2 -23 478

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 319 14 91 3 -21 406

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 26 253 14 103 3 -13 360

2 Gas 20% 2 2 67 298 17 41 7 -26 337

5 Gas 20% 2 2 84 225 17 55 9 -26 280

4 Gas 20% 2 2 96 159 17 66 10 -18 234

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 136 17 107 13 -15 257

4 Gas 0% 2 2 142 89 17 128 14 -9 240

4 Gas 0% 1 1 150 86 17 138 14 -9 246

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 14 491 9 57 2 -34 525

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 21 312 9 69 2 -14 379

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 220 9 89 3 -13 308

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 34 184 9 99 4 -9 287

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 57 142 9 130 5 -3 283

5 Gas 20% 2 2 82 148 11 63 8 -16 215

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 112 11 72 9 -12 193

4 Gas 10% 2 2 104 99 11 88 10 -10 198

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 70 11 104 11 -6 189

4 Gas 0% 1 1 121 64 11 110 12 -6 190

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 476 12 60 2 -29 520

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 332 12 70 2 -15 402

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 233 12 92 3 -13 327

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 34 197 12 101 4 -9 305



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


– 30 year

calc

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 234 14 46 6 -17 283

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 155 14 62 8 -17 222

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 118 14 71 9 -13 199

4 Gas 20% 1 1 96 113 14 79 10 -13 202

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 72 14 102 11 -7 192

4 Gas 0% 1 1 119 66 14 110 11 -7 195

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 524 15 71 2 -30 582

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 383 15 79 2 -16 464

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 272 15 103 3 -14 380

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 236 15 112 4 -9 357

2 Gas 20% 2 2 62 255 18 50 6 -19 311

5 Gas 20% 2 2 82 170 18 67 8 -19 245

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 134 18 75 9 -15 222

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 120 18 90 10 -13 227

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 82 18 106 11 -8 210

4 Gas 0% 1 1 123 78 18 116 12 -8 217

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 408 18 84 2 -15 497

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 311 18 93 2 -7 418

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 282 18 99 2 -4 398

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 36 263 18 110 3 -2 392

1 ASHP 0% 2 2 44 252 18 120 3 -1 393

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 300 22 51 4 -20 358

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 175 22 62 6 -10 255

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 156 22 72 7 -8 248

1 Gas 0% 2 2 84 145 22 82 7 -6 250

1 Gas 0% 1 1 94 140 22 93 8 -6 258

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 561 18 94 2 -31 644

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 424 18 108 3 -15 538

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 40 327 18 120 3 -7 461

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 299 18 126 3 -4 441

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 70 386 3 62 1 -28 424

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 86 260 3 74 1 -17 321

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 180 22 86 8 -10 286

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 161 22 97 10 -8 281

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 150 22 107 10 -7 283

4 Gas 0% 1 1 124 145 22 118 11 -7 290

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 436 18 90 2 -17 529

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 316 18 103 2 -7 434

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 36 288 18 109 3 -4 413

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 40 269 18 120 3 -2 408

3 Gas 20% 3 3 57 325 22 57 5 -23 386

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 273 22 62 6 -18 345

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 176 22 71 7 -10 266

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 157 22 81 8 -8 260

4 Gas 0% 2 2 95 147 22 91 8 -6 262

4 Gas 0% 1 1 105 142 22 103 9 -6 269

Bungalow

Hollow Block

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 580 14 59 1 -41 614

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 10 493 14 67 2 -33 544



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Wall – 30

year calc

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 17 421 14 83 2 -33 487

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 27 301 14 105 3 -19 404

2 Gas 20% 2 2 63 377 17 38 7 -36 403

5 Gas 20% 2 2 80 304 17 52 9 -36 346

4 Gas 20% 2 2 99 207 17 68 11 -24 278

4 Gas 10% 2 2 122 187 17 99 12 -21 294

4 Gas 0% 2 2 144 137 17 130 14 -14 284

4 Gas 0% 1 1 152 133 17 140 15 -14 290

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 13 487 9 55 2 -33 520

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 20 399 9 68 2 -26 453

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 27 323 9 85 3 -26 394

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 36 246 9 102 4 -16 345

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 59 204 9 133 5 -11 341

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 251 11 59 8 -29 301

4 Gas 20% 2 2 96 175 11 75 10 -20 251

4 Gas 20% 1 1 101 168 11 82 10 -20 252

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 132 11 106 11 -14 247

4 Gas 0% 1 1 124 126 11 113 12 -14 248

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 14 474 12 59 2 -29 517

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 20 382 12 71 2 -22 445

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 302 12 89 3 -22 384

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 239 12 103 4 -14 344

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 303 14 43 6 -26 341

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 224 14 59 8 -26 279

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 160 14 73 9 -18 238

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 146 14 88 10 -16 243

4 Gas 0% 2 2 114 114 14 104 11 -12 231

4 Gas 0% 1 1 121 108 14 112 12 -12 234

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 522 15 70 2 -30 579

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 21 448 15 76 2 -24 518

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 32 337 15 100 3 -22 434

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 275 15 113 4 -14 394

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 320 18 47 6 -27 365

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 235 18 64 8 -27 299

4 Gas 20% 2 2 94 173 18 77 9 -19 259

4 Gas 10% 2 2 106 159 18 92 10 -17 263

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 121 18 108 11 -12 246

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 117 18 118 12 -12 253

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 27 407 18 83 2 -15 496

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 342 18 92 2 -10 444

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 32 313 18 98 2 -8 423

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 282 18 111 3 -4 409

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 299 22 51 4 -20 356

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 271 22 53 5 -18 333

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 205 22 61 6 -13 280

1 Gas 20% 2 2 78 174 22 73 7 -10 266

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 163 22 83 8 -8 267

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 159 22 94 8 -8 275



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 30 560 18 94 2 -31 643

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 423 18 107 3 -15 537

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 329 18 124 3 -8 466

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 298 18 139 3 -4 455

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 385 3 62 1 -28 423

6 Gas 20% 2 2 79 276 22 75 7 -18 361

5 Gas 20% 2 2 92 211 22 84 8 -14 311

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 179 22 98 10 -10 299

4 Gas 10% 2 2 112 174 22 103 10 -10 299

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 164 22 119 11 -9 307

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 29 435 18 90 2 -17 528

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 33 347 18 102 2 -10 459

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 36 318 18 108 3 -8 439

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 287 18 121 3 -4 425

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 272 22 61 6 -18 343

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 207 22 70 7 -14 292

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 176 22 82 8 -10 278

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 170 22 87 8 -9 278

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 165 22 92 9 -9 279

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 160 22 103 9 -8 287

Table 5.9f: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative Cost of

Carbon, EUR/m²)

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 583 14 60 2 -41 617

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 414 14 71 2 -23 479

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 319 14 91 4 -21 407

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 253 14 103 4 -13 361

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 298 17 41 9 -26 339

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 225 17 55 11 -26 282

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 159 17 66 13 -18 236

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 136 17 107 16 -15 260

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 89 17 128 18 -9 244

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 86 17 138 19 -9 250

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 491 9 57 2 -34 525

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 312 9 69 3 -14 379

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 220 9 89 4 -13 310

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 184 9 99 5 -9 289

2 Gas 20% 2 2 61 224 11 49 8 -16 276

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 148 11 63 11 -16 217

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 112 11 72 12 -12 196

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 99 11 88 13 -10 201

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 70 11 104 14 -6 193

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 64 11 110 15 -6 194

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 476 12 60 2 -29 520



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 332 12 70 3 -15 402

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 233 12 92 4 -13 328

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 197 12 101 5 -9 306

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 234 14 46 8 -17 285

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 155 14 62 10 -17 224

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 118 14 71 11 -13 202

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 113 14 79 12 -13 205

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 72 14 102 14 -7 195

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 66 14 110 15 -7 199

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 524 15 71 3 -30 583

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 383 15 79 3 -16 465

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 272 15 103 5 -14 381

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 236 15 112 5 -9 359

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 255 18 50 8 -19 312

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 170 18 67 10 -19 247

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 134 18 75 12 -15 225

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 120 18 90 13 -13 229

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 82 18 106 14 -8 213

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 78 18 116 15 -8 220

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 408 18 84 3 -15 498

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 311 18 93 3 -7 419

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 282 18 99 4 -4 399

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 263 18 110 4 -2 393

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 300 22 51 6 -20 359

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 272 22 54 6 -18 336

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 175 22 62 8 -10 257

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 156 22 72 9 -8 250

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 145 22 82 10 -6 252

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 140 22 93 11 -6 260

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 561 18 94 3 -31 645

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 424 18 108 4 -15 539

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 46 327 18 120 4 -7 463

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 299 18 126 5 -4 443

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 357 3 65 1 -25 400

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 260 3 74 1 -17 321

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 180 22 86 11 -10 288

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 161 22 97 12 -8 284

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 150 22 107 13 -7 286

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 145 22 118 14 -7 294

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 436 18 90 3 -17 530

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 316 18 103 4 -7 435

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 288 18 109 4 -4 415

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 269 18 120 4 -2 409

3 Gas 20% 3 3 57 325 22 57 7 -23 387

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 273 22 62 7 -18 346

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 176 22 71 9 -10 268

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 157 22 81 10 -8 263

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 147 22 91 11 -6 264



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 142 22 103 12 -6 272

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 580 14 59 1 -41 614

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 493 14 67 2 -33 544

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 421 14 83 3 -33 488

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 301 14 105 5 -19 406

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 377 17 38 8 -36 405

5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 304 17 52 11 -36 348

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 207 17 68 13 -24 281

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 183 17 109 16 -21 304

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 137 17 130 18 -14 288

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 133 17 140 19 -14 295

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 487 9 55 2 -33 521

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 399 9 68 3 -26 454

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 323 9 85 4 -26 395

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 246 9 102 5 -16 346

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 232 9 118 6 -14 351

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 251 11 59 10 -29 303

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 175 11 75 12 -20 253

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 168 11 82 13 -20 254

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 132 11 106 15 -14 251

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 126 11 113 16 -14 251

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 474 12 59 2 -29 517

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 402 12 67 3 -23 460

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 302 12 89 4 -22 385

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 239 12 103 5 -14 345

2 Gas 20% 2 2 53 303 14 43 7 -26 342

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 224 14 59 10 -26 281

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 160 14 73 12 -18 241

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 146 14 88 13 -16 245

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 114 14 104 14 -12 234

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 108 14 112 15 -12 238

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 522 15 70 2 -30 580

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 448 15 76 3 -24 519

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 337 15 100 4 -22 435

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 275 15 113 5 -14 395

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 320 18 47 7 -27 366

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 235 18 64 10 -27 301

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 173 18 77 12 -19 261

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 159 18 92 13 -17 266

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 121 18 108 14 -12 250

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 117 18 118 15 -12 257

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 407 18 83 3 -15 497

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 342 18 92 3 -10 445

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 313 18 98 4 -8 424

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 299 22 51 6 -20 358

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 271 22 53 6 -18 334

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 205 22 61 7 -13 282

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 174 22 73 9 -10 268



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 169 22 78 9 -9 269

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 163 22 83 10 -8 269

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 159 22 94 11 -8 277

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 560 18 94 3 -31 644

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 423 18 107 4 -15 538

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 329 18 124 5 -8 468

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 298 18 139 5 -4 456

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 385 3 62 1 -28 423

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 276 22 75 9 -18 364

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 211 22 84 11 -14 313

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 179 22 98 12 -10 301

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 169 22 108 13 -9 303

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 164 22 119 14 -9 311

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 435 18 90 3 -17 529

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 347 18 102 4 -10 460

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 318 18 108 4 -8 440

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 287 18 121 4 -4 427

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 272 22 61 7 -18 345

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 207 22 70 9 -14 293

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 176 22 82 10 -10 280

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 170 22 87 11 -9 281

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 165 22 92 11 -9 282

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 160 22 103 12 -8 289


Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


e Energy

Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 636 13 56 - -27 678

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 449 13 66 - -15 513

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 341 13 85 - -14 425

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 266 13 95 - -9 366

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 325 16 39 - -17 362

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 242 16 52 - -17 293

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 168 16 61 - -12 233

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 143 16 99 - -10 248

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 96 16 119 - -6 225

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 92 16 128 - -6 230

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 538 8 52 - -22 577

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 338 8 64 - -9 402

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 234 8 83 - -9 316

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 193 8 92 - -6 288

2 Gas 20% 2 2 61 245 10 45 - -11 290

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 159 10 59 - -11 217

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 118 10 67 - -8 188

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 104 10 82 - -7 189

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 75 10 96 - -4 177

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 68 10 103 - -4 177



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


e Energy

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 519 11 56 - -19 566

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 360 11 65 - -10 426

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 247 11 85 - -9 335

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 206 11 94 - -6 305

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 255 13 43 - -11 300

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 165 13 58 - -11 225

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 124 13 66 - -8 194

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 118 13 73 - -8 196

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 76 13 95 - -4 180

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 71 13 102 - -4 182

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 570 14 65 - -20 629

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 414 14 73 - -10 491

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 288 14 95 - -9 388

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 247 14 103 - -6 358

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 277 17 47 - -12 329

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 182 17 62 - -12 248

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 140 17 70 - -10 218

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 126 17 84 - -8 219

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 87 17 99 - -5 197

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 83 17 108 - -5 203

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 442 17 77 - -10 526

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 336 17 86 - -4 435

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 303 17 92 - -3 409

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 281 17 102 - -1 399

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 329 20 47 - -13 384

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 296 20 50 - -12 355

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 190 20 58 - -6 262

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 169 20 67 - -5 251

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 157 20 76 - -4 250

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 153 20 87 - -4 256

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 614 17 87 - -21 698

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 459 17 100 - -10 566

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 320 17 116 - -3 450

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 54 299 17 128 - -1 442

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 385 3 60 - -17 431

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 279 3 69 - -11 340

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 196 20 80 - -7 289

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 174 20 90 - -5 279

4 Gas 10% 2 2 111 169 20 95 - -5 279

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 163 20 100 - -4 279

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 473 17 84 - -11 562

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 341 17 95 - -4 449

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 309 17 101 - -3 424

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 287 17 111 - -1 414

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 56 276 17 121 - 0 413

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 298 20 57 - -12 364

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 192 20 66 - -6 272

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 171 20 75 - -5 261



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


e Energy

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 159 20 85 - -4 260

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 155 20 95 - -4 266

Bungalow

Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 633 13 55 - -27 674

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 539 13 62 - -22 593

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 456 13 77 - -22 524

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 320 13 97 - -13 418

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 55 300 13 126 - -11 428

5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 332 16 49 - -24 373

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 222 16 63 - -16 285

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 198 16 101 - -14 300

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 150 16 121 - -9 277

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 146 16 130 - -9 282

Detached

Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 534 8 51 - -22 572

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 438 8 63 - -17 492

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 351 8 78 - -17 421

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 264 8 94 - -11 356

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 250 8 109 - -9 358

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 276 10 55 - -19 322

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 189 10 70 - -13 256

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 182 10 76 - -13 256

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 145 10 99 - -9 245

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 139 10 105 - -9 245

Semi-

Detached

Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 516 11 55 - -19 563

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 439 11 62 - -15 496

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 326 11 82 - -14 405

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 254 11 96 - -9 351

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 52 240 11 110 - -8 353

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 244 13 55 - -17 295

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 171 13 67 - -12 240

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 157 13 82 - -11 242

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 124 13 96 - -8 226

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 118 13 104 - -8 228

Terraced

Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 567 14 65 - -20 626

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 488 14 70 - -16 557

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 362 14 92 - -14 454

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 292 14 105 - -9 401

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 351 17 44 - -18 395

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 255 17 60 - -18 314

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 185 17 71 - -13 261

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 171 17 86 - -11 262

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 131 17 100 - -8 240

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 127 17 110 - -8 246

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 441 17 77 - -10 525

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 370 17 85 - -7 465

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 338 17 91 - -5 440

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 328 20 47 - -13 382

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 295 20 50 - -12 354

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 225 20 57 - -9 293



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


e Energy

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 190 20 67 - -6 271

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 184 20 72 - -6 271

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 178 20 77 - -5 270

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 174 20 88 - -5 276

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 613 17 87 - -21 696

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 458 17 99 - -10 564

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 355 17 115 - -5 481

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 319 17 129 - -3 462

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 417 3 58 - -18 459

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 301 20 70 - -12 379

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 231 20 78 - -9 320

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 195 20 91 - -7 300

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 184 20 101 - -6 299

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 179 20 111 - -6 305

Apartment

Block

Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 472 17 83 - -11 561

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 376 17 94 - -7 480

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 343 17 100 - -5 455

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 308 17 112 - -3 434

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 297 20 57 - -12 363

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 227 20 65 - -9 303

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 192 20 76 - -7 281

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 186 20 81 - -6 281

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 180 20 86 - -6 281

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 176 20 96 - -6 286


Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 636 13 44 - -27 666

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 449 13 52 - -15 499

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 341 13 67 - -14 407

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 266 13 75 - -9 345

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 325 16 22 - -17 346

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 242 16 31 - -17 272

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 168 16 38 - -12 210

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 143 16 68 - -10 217

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 96 16 84 - -6 190

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 92 16 91 - -6 193

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 538 8 41 - -22 566

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 338 8 51 - -9 388

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 234 8 65 - -9 299

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 193 8 72 - -6 268

4 ASHP 10% 1 1 56 173 8 93 - -4 270

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 159 10 39 - -11 198



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 118 10 45 - -8 166

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 104 10 57 - -7 164

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 75 10 68 - -4 149

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 68 10 73 - -4 147

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 519 11 44 - -19 554

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 360 11 51 - -10 413

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 247 11 67 - -9 317

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 206 11 74 - -6 285

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 255 13 28 - -11 285

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 165 13 39 - -11 206

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 124 13 44 - -8 173

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 118 13 50 - -8 173

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 76 13 67 - -4 152

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 71 13 73 - -4 153

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 570 14 52 - -20 616

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 414 14 58 - -10 476

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 288 14 75 - -9 369

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 247 14 82 - -6 337

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 277 17 31 - -12 313

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 182 17 42 - -12 228

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 140 17 47 - -10 195

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 126 17 59 - -8 193

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 87 17 70 - -5 169

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 83 17 77 - -5 172

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 442 17 62 - -10 511

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 336 17 69 - -4 417

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 303 17 74 - -3 391

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 281 17 81 - -1 378

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 329 20 34 - -13 370

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 296 20 36 - -12 341

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 190 20 41 - -6 245

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 169 20 47 - -5 231

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 157 20 55 - -4 228

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 153 20 62 - -4 232

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 614 17 70 - -21 680

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 459 17 80 - -10 546

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 320 17 93 - -3 427

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 54 299 17 102 - -1 416

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 385 3 43 - -17 414

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 279 3 49 - -11 320

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 196 20 56 - -7 265

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 174 20 64 - -5 253

4 Gas 10% 2 2 111 169 20 67 - -5 251

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 163 20 71 - -4 250

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 473 17 67 - -11 546

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 341 17 76 - -4 430

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 309 17 81 - -3 403

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 287 17 89 - -1 392



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 ASHP 0% 2 2 56 276 17 97 - 0 389

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 298 20 41 - -12 348

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 192 20 47 - -6 252

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 171 20 53 - -5 239

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 159 20 61 - -4 236

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 155 20 68 - -4 239

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 633 13 43 - -27 662

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 539 13 49 - -22 579

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 12 513 13 53 - -20 559

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 456 13 60 - -22 508

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 320 13 77 - -13 397

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 55 300 13 100 - -11 402

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 222 16 40 - -16 261

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 198 16 69 - -14 269

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 150 16 86 - -9 242

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 146 16 92 - -9 245

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 534 8 40 - -22 561

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 438 8 50 - -17 479

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 351 8 62 - -17 405

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 264 8 74 - -11 336

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 250 8 86 - -9 335

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 276 10 37 - -19 304

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 189 10 47 - -13 233

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 182 10 52 - -13 231

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 145 10 70 - -9 216

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 139 10 75 - -9 215

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 516 11 43 - -19 551

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 439 11 49 - -15 484

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 326 11 65 - -14 388

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 254 11 76 - -9 331

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 52 240 11 87 - -8 330

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 244 13 37 - -17 277

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 171 13 45 - -12 218

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 157 13 57 - -11 217

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 124 13 68 - -8 198

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 118 13 74 - -8 198

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 567 14 51 - -20 613

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 488 14 56 - -16 542

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 362 14 73 - -14 435

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 292 14 83 - -9 380

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 351 17 29 - -18 380

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 255 17 40 - -18 295

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 185 17 48 - -13 237

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 171 17 60 - -11 236

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 131 17 71 - -8 212

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 127 17 78 - -8 215

Mid-floor

Apartment

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 441 17 62 - -10 509

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 370 17 68 - -7 448



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 338 17 73 - -5 422

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 328 20 34 - -13 369

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 295 20 35 - -12 339

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 225 20 40 - -9 277

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 190 20 48 - -6 251

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 184 20 52 - -6 250

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 178 20 55 - -5 248

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 174 20 63 - -5 252

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 613 17 69 - -21 679

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 458 17 79 - -10 544

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 355 17 92 - -5 458

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 319 17 103 - -3 436

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 64 308 17 111 - -2 434

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 301 20 49 - -12 358

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 231 20 55 - -9 297

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 195 20 64 - -7 273

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 184 20 72 - -6 270

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 179 20 79 - -6 273

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 472 17 67 - -11 544

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 376 17 75 - -7 461

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 343 17 80 - -5 435

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 308 17 90 - -3 412

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 297 20 41 - -12 346

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 227 20 46 - -9 284

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 192 20 54 - -7 259

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 186 20 58 - -6 258

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 180 20 61 - -6 256

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 176 20 69 - -6 259


Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 636 13 68 - -27 689

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 449 13 80 - -15 527

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 341 13 103 - -14 443

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 266 13 116 - -9 386

2 Gas 20% 2 2 60 325 16 55 - -17 378

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 242 16 71 - -17 312

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 168 16 84 - -12 255

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 143 16 130 - -10 279

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 96 16 153 - -6 259

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 92 16 165 - -6 267

Detached

Cavity Wall

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 538 8 63 - -22 588

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 338 8 78 - -9 415

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 234 8 100 - -9 334



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


– 30 year

calc

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 193 8 111 - -6 307

2 Gas 20% 2 2 61 245 10 61 - -11 306

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 159 10 79 - -11 237

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 118 10 89 - -8 210

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 104 10 107 - -7 214

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 75 10 124 - -4 205

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 68 10 132 - -4 206

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 519 11 67 - -19 578

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 360 11 78 - -10 440

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 247 11 103 - -9 353

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 206 11 113 - -6 325

2 Gas 20% 2 2 57 255 13 58 - -11 314

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 165 13 77 - -11 244

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 124 13 87 - -8 216

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 118 13 97 - -8 220

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 76 13 122 - -4 207

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 71 13 131 - -4 211

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 570 14 79 - -20 643

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 414 14 88 - -10 506

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 288 14 115 - -9 408

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 247 14 125 - -6 380

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 277 17 62 - -12 344

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 182 17 82 - -12 268

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 140 17 92 - -10 240

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 126 17 109 - -8 244

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 87 17 127 - -5 226

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 83 17 139 - -5 234

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 442 17 93 - -10 542

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 336 17 104 - -4 452

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 303 17 111 - -3 427

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 281 17 122 - -1 419

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 329 20 61 - -13 397

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 296 20 64 - -12 369

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 190 20 75 - -6 279

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 169 20 86 - -5 270

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 157 20 98 - -4 271

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 153 20 111 - -4 280

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 614 17 104 - -21 715

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 459 17 120 - -10 586

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 320 17 140 - -3 474

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 54 299 17 154 - -1 468

6 Biomass 20% 2 2 72 385 3 79 - -17 450

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 279 3 90 - -11 361

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 196 20 103 - -7 312

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 174 20 117 - -5 306

4 Gas 10% 2 2 111 169 20 122 - -5 306

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 163 20 128 - -4 307

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 473 17 100 - -11 579



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 341 17 115 - -4 468

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 309 17 121 - -3 444

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 287 17 134 - -1 436

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 56 276 17 145 - 0 437

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 298 20 74 - -12 381

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 192 20 85 - -6 291

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 171 20 97 - -5 283

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 159 20 109 - -4 284

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 155 20 122 - -4 293

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 633 13 66 - -27 685

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 539 13 76 - -22 606

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 456 13 93 - -22 541

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 320 13 118 - -13 439

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 415 16 51 - -24 458

5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 332 16 68 - -24 392

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 222 16 87 - -16 308

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 198 16 132 - -14 332

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 150 16 156 - -9 312

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 146 16 167 - -9 319

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 534 8 62 - -22 582

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 438 8 76 - -17 506

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 351 8 95 - -17 438

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 264 8 114 - -11 376

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 250 8 132 - -9 380

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 276 10 74 - -19 341

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 189 10 93 - -13 279

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 182 10 101 - -13 280

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 145 10 127 - -9 274

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 139 10 135 - -9 275

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 516 11 66 - -19 574

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 439 11 75 - -15 509

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 326 11 99 - -14 422

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 254 11 116 - -9 371

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 52 240 11 133 - -8 376

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 244 13 73 - -17 314

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 171 13 89 - -12 262

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 157 13 107 - -11 266

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 124 13 124 - -8 253

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 118 13 134 - -8 257

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 567 14 78 - -20 640

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 488 14 85 - -16 571

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 362 14 111 - -14 473

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 292 14 127 - -9 423

2 Gas 20% 2 2 56 351 17 59 - -18 410

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 255 17 79 - -18 334

4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 185 17 94 - -13 283

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 171 17 111 - -11 288

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 131 17 129 - -8 269



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 127 17 141 - -8 277

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 441 17 92 - -10 540

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 370 17 102 - -7 483

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 338 17 109 - -5 458

3 Gas 20% 3 3 50 328 20 60 - -13 396

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 295 20 64 - -12 368

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 225 20 73 - -9 309

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 190 20 87 - -6 290

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 184 20 93 - -6 291

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 178 20 99 - -5 292

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 174 20 112 - -5 300

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 613 17 104 - -21 713

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 458 17 119 - -10 584

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 355 17 138 - -5 504

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 319 17 155 - -3 488

6 Biomass 20% 3 3 69 417 3 75 - -18 476

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 301 20 90 - -12 399

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 231 20 101 - -9 343

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 195 20 118 - -7 326

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 184 20 129 - -6 328

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 179 20 142 - -6 336

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 472 17 100 - -11 578

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 376 17 113 - -7 499

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 343 17 120 - -5 474

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 308 17 135 - -3 457

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 297 20 73 - -12 379

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 227 20 83 - -9 322

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 192 20 98 - -7 303

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 186 20 104 - -6 304

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 180 20 110 - -6 305

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 176 20 123 - -6 313


Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Bungalow

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 611 10 43 - -12 652

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 11 428 10 51 - -7 482

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 22 320 10 65 - -6 389

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 28 245 10 73 - -4 325

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 54 227 10 96 - -3 329

5 Gas 20% 2 2 77 231 12 40 - -8 275

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 156 12 48 - -5 210

4 Gas 10% 1 1 125 134 12 77 - -5 218

4 Gas 0% 2 2 143 90 12 92 - -3 192

4 Gas 0% 1 1 151 87 12 99 - -3 196



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 519 6 40 - -10 556

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 323 6 50 - -4 375

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 219 6 64 - -4 285

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 178 6 71 - -3 252

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 64 138 6 93 - -1 237

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 151 8 46 - -5 199

4 Gas 20% 2 2 90 110 8 52 - -4 166

4 Gas 10% 2 2 103 97 8 63 - -3 165

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 70 8 75 - -2 151

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 65 8 80 - -2 150

Semi-

Detached

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 498 8 43 - -9 541

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 22 343 8 50 - -4 397

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 33 230 8 66 - -4 300

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 189 8 72 - -3 267

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 51 176 8 83 - -2 266

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 156 10 45 - -5 206

4 Gas 20% 2 2 86 115 10 51 - -4 172

4 Gas 20% 1 1 93 110 10 57 - -4 173

4 Gas 0% 2 2 112 71 10 73 - -2 153

4 Gas 0% 1 1 120 67 10 79 - -2 154

Terraced

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 545 11 50 - -9 597

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 25 394 11 56 - -5 456

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 268 11 73 - -4 348

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 227 11 80 - -3 314

2 Gas 20% 2 2 59 267 13 36 - -6 311

5 Gas 20% 2 2 79 171 13 48 - -6 227

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 130 13 54 - -4 193

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 117 13 65 - -4 191

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 81 13 76 - -2 168

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 78 13 84 - -2 172

Mid-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 421 13 60 - -4 489

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 318 13 67 - -2 395

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 38 285 13 71 - -1 368

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 264 13 78 - -1 354

1 ASHP 10% 2 2 47 258 13 82 - 0 353

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 286 16 39 - -5 335

2 Gas 20% 2 2 65 183 16 45 - -3 240

1 Gas 20% 2 2 76 161 16 52 - -2 226

1 Gas 0% 2 2 85 151 16 59 - -2 224

1 Gas 0% 1 1 95 147 16 67 - -2 228

Top-floor

Apartment

Cavity Wall

– 30 year

calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 36 592 13 67 - -9 662

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 436 13 77 - -4 521

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 49 301 13 90 - -1 402

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 54 279 13 99 - -1 390

6 Gas 20% 2 2 79 291 16 54 - -5 355

5 Biomass 20% 2 2 85 264 2 54 - -5 315

5 Gas 20% 2 2 93 188 16 62 - -3 262

4 Gas 20% 2 2 107 166 16 70 - -2 250



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 10% 2 2 111 161 16 74 - -2 248

4 Gas 0% 2 2 116 156 16 77 - -2 247

Apartment

Block Cavity

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 452 13 64 - -5 524

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 323 13 74 - -2 407

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 42 290 13 78 - -1 380

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 269 13 86 - -1 367

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 56 259 13 93 - 0 364

6 Gas 20% 2 2 63 287 16 45 - -5 342

5 Gas 20% 2 2 75 185 16 51 - -3 248

4 Gas 20% 2 2 87 163 16 58 - -2 235

4 Gas 0% 2 2 96 153 16 66 - -2 232

4 Gas 0% 1 1 106 149 16 74 - -2 236

Bungalow

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 5 608 10 42 - -12 648

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 9 518 10 48 - -10 566

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 18 436 10 59 - -10 495

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 29 299 10 75 - -6 379

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 55 281 10 97 - -5 383

5 Gas 20% 2 2 73 321 12 38 - -11 360

4 Gas 20% 2 2 92 210 12 49 - -7 264

4 Gas 10% 1 1 127 188 12 78 - -6 272

4 Gas 0% 2 2 145 144 12 94 - -4 246

4 Gas 0% 1 1 154 141 12 101 - -4 250

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 15 515 6 39 - -10 551

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 21 422 6 49 - -8 470

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 30 336 6 60 - -8 395

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 249 6 73 - -5 323

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 53 236 6 84 - -4 322

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 66 209 6 95 - -3 307

4 Gas 20% 2 2 93 180 8 54 - -6 237

4 Gas 20% 1 1 99 175 8 59 - -6 236

4 Gas 0% 2 2 119 141 8 77 - -4 221

4 Gas 0% 1 1 125 135 8 81 - -4 221

Semi-

Detached

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 16 496 8 42 - -9 538

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 422 8 48 - -7 471

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 31 309 8 63 - -6 375

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 39 237 8 74 - -4 315

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 52 224 8 85 - -4 313

5 Gas 20% 2 2 72 235 10 43 - -8 280

4 Gas 20% 2 2 88 162 10 52 - -5 219

4 Gas 10% 2 2 102 149 10 64 - -5 218

4 Gas 0% 2 2 115 119 10 75 - -3 200

4 Gas 0% 1 1 122 114 10 81 - -3 201

Terraced

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 20 543 11 50 - -9 594

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 23 467 11 54 - -7 525

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 35 342 11 71 - -6 417

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 271 11 81 - -4 359

4 ASHP 10% 2 2 56 258 11 92 - -4 357

5 Gas 20% 2 2 76 245 13 46 - -8 296



AECOM

Building

Package PE

(kWh/

m²)

Initial

Investment

Cost


Emissions

Residual

Value

Macro


4 Gas 20% 2 2 91 174 13 55 - -6 237

4 Gas 10% 2 2 105 161 13 66 - -5 236

4 Gas 0% 2 2 118 125 13 78 - -4 212

4 Gas 0% 1 1 127 122 13 85 - -4 216

Mid-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 31 419 13 59 - -4 487

2 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 353 13 66 - -3 428

2 ASHP 20% 2 2 37 320 13 70 - -2 400

1 ASHP 20% 2 2 43 285 13 79 - -1 375

3 Gas 20% 2 2 53 284 16 38 - -5 333

2 Gas 20% 2 2 64 218 16 44 - -4 273

1 Gas 20% 2 2 77 182 16 52 - -3 247

1 Gas 10% 2 2 82 177 16 56 - -3 246

1 Gas 0% 2 2 86 172 16 60 - -2 245

1 Gas 0% 1 1 96 168 16 68 - -2 249

Top-floor

Apartment

Hollow Block

Wall – 30

year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 35 591 13 67 - -9 661

6 ASHP 20% 3 3 41 435 13 77 - -4 520

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 48 336 13 88 - -2 434

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 55 300 13 99 - -1 411

4 ASHP 0% 2 2 64 290 13 107 - -1 409

6 Gas 20% 2 2 78 290 16 54 - -5 354

5 Gas 20% 2 2 91 223 16 61 - -4 295

4 Gas 20% 2 2 108 187 16 71 - -3 270

4 Gas 0% 2 2 117 177 16 78 - -3 268

4 Gas 0% 1 1 126 173 16 86 - -3 272

Apartment

Block Hollow

Block Wall –

30 year calc

3 ASHP 20% 3 3 34 451 13 64 - -5 522

5 ASHP 20% 3 3 39 358 13 72 - -3 440

5 ASHP 20% 2 2 41 325 13 77 - -2 412

4 ASHP 20% 2 2 47 290 13 87 - -1 388

6 Gas 20% 2 2 62 286 16 44 - -5 341

5 Gas 20% 2 2 74 219 16 50 - -4 281

4 Gas 20% 2 2 89 184 16 59 - -3 256

4 Gas 10% 2 2 93 179 16 63 - -3 254

4 Gas 0% 2 2 97 174 16 66 - -3 253

4 Gas 0% 1 1 107 170 16 75 - -2 257



AECOM

6. Cost Optimal Level for Reference Buildings

6.1 New Buildings

We have elected to undertake the gap analysis based on the macro-economic calculations. Macro-economic analysis is used by the Government for the purpose of evaluating different options for technical standards for Building Regulations. The analysis has been carried out using a discount rate of 5% to mirror that used for Government policy analysis.

For completeness, the macro-economic cost optimal curves for each of the reference buildings are

shown in Figures 6.1a – 6.1f. The costs are based on the central energy price and 5% discount rate.

Figure 6.1a: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Bungalow (Macro-economic costs, central

energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)

Primary Energy (kWh/m²)

Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)



AECOM

Figure 6.1b: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Detached (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.1c: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Semi-detached (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

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cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 20 40 60 80 100

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no

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Co

st (

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R/m

²)





AECOM

Figure 6.1d: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Mid-floor flat (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.1e: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Top-floor flat (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

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eco

no

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Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Figure 6.1f: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Apartment block (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance level in primary energy (kWh/m2/yr) is

shown in Table 6.1. All cost optimal solutions in the main analysis comprised:

Fabric Option: 1

Lighting Option: 3

DHW Option: 2

Heating Option: Gas heating

The difference between residential building types is that the bungalow and apartment cost optimal solutions include 20% PV whereas the detached and mid-terraced properties include no PV.

We have also included a range to cover the sensitivity cases investigated in Section 5. Furthermore,

to provide some allowance for sensitivity in the price of the fabric/services/LZC measures, we have

included those primary energy values which are within 5% of the lowest macro-economic cost in the

main analysis.

Another benefit of considering a sensitivity range is that it covers other technology solutions. Whilst

we have selected options that are applicable in most cases there will be some specific issues. For

example, particular houses may be very over-shaded which may make the use of photovoltaics less

effective or not realistically feasible. Hence, by considering a sensitivity range, it allows for the fact

that the cost optimal level for a given dwelling may differ from the more general cost optimal level.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Ma

cro

eco

no

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Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Table 6.1: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy

Reference building Primary Energy (kWh/m2/yr) Sensitivity Range(kWh/m2/yr)

Bungalow 34 34 – 94

Detached house 70 36 – 74

Semi-detached house 69 42 – 75

Mid-floor flat 59 59 – 77

Top-floor flat 80 64 – 97

Apartment buildings 66 56 – 84


As for new buildings the cost optimal comparison has been undertaken using the macroeconomic

cost calculations. The cost optimal curves for each of the reference buildings are shown in Appendix

2. The costs are based on the central energy price and a discount rate of 5%.

From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance level in component units (e.g. U-value

for fabric elements) is shown in Table 6.2a and Table 6.2b. All cost optimal solutions comprised:

Walls: U-value = 0.31 W/m2K for cavity walls and U-value = 0.37 W/m2K for hollow block walls

Roof: U-value = 0.13 W/m2K for all buildings except for top floor apartments U-value = 0.11 W/m2K

Floor: U-value = 0.22 W/m2K (option with 20mm of Vacuum insulated Panel) Window: U-value = 1.4 W/m2K for houses and U-value = 0.9 W/m2K for apartment units and

blocks

Heating: Gas heating

We note some differences between houses and apartment units/blocks which are particularly

influenced by differences in heating systems; the apartments have electricity heating whereas the

houses are heated by oil. The primary energy factor and fuel cost for electricity is higher than that for

oil which makes energy-efficient measures more financially attractive for apartments.

We have also considered a range to cover the macro-economic sensitivity cases investigated in

Section 5. Values are only included if they differ from the optimum primary energy in the central case.

However, the macro-economic sensitivity analysis identified no change in the cost optimal solution

and hence no solutions are included in the sensitivity column.

We have not included sensitivity in the price of the fabric measures as we assume effects on the

capital cost will be similar for each scenario on a given curve. Whilst it is reasonable to consider cost

sensitivity on the heating systems given their different technologies, the gas heating solution has a

significantly lower capital cost than alternatives and it is not anticipated that cost sensitivity analysis

would affect the cost optimal heating solution.



AECOM

Table 6.2a: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level, Cavity Wall Dwellings

Reference building Measure Optimum component

level

Sensitivity Range

Bungalow, Cavity Wall

Walls U-value = 0.31 W/m2K -

Roof U-value = 0.13 W/m2K -

Floor U-value = 0.22 W/m2K -

Window U-value = 1.4 W/m2K -

Heating Gas boiler (91%) -

Detached House,

Cavity Wall






Semi-detached House,

Cavity Wall






Terraced House, Cavity

Wall






Mid-Floor Flat, Cavity

Wall




Top-Floor Flat, Cavity

Wall





Apartment Building,

Cavity Wall








AECOM

Table 6.2b: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level, Hollow Block Wall Dwellings

Reference building Measure Optimum component

level

Sensitivity Range

Bungalow, Hollow Block

Wall




Heating U-value = 1.4 W/m2K -

Window Gas boiler (91%) -

Detached House,

Hollow Block Wall






Semi-detached House,

Hollow Block Wall






Terraced House, Hollow

Block Wall






Mid-Floor Flat, Hollow

Block Wall




Top-Floor Flat, Hollow

Block Wall





Apartment Building,

Hollow Block Wall








AECOM

6.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages The cost optimal comparison for packages in existing buildings is also based on the macroeconomic cost calculations. The cost optimal curves for each of the reference buildings are shown in Figure 6.2 (a–g). The costs are based on the central energy price in Section 5.1 and a discount rate of 5%. For comparison, the proposed 2018 standard required by Ireland is included.

Figure 6.2a: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Bungalow, cavity wall (Macro-economic

costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Figure 6.2b: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Detached, cavity wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.2c: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Semi-detached, cavity wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ma

cro

eco

no

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Co

st (

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R/m

²)





AECOM

Figure 6.2d: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Terraced, cavity wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.2e: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Mid-floor flat, cavity wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

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Figure 6.2f: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Top-floor flat, cavity wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.2g: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Apartment block, cavity wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

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Figure 6.2h: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Bungalow, solid wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.2i: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Detached, solid wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

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Figure 6.2j: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Semi-detached, solid wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.2k: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Terraced, solid wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

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Figure 6.2l: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Mid-floor flat, solid wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

Figure 6.2m: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Top-floor flat, solid wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

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Figure 6.2n: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Apartment block, solid wall (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)

From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance level in primary energy (kWh/m2/yr) is

shown in Table 6.3. All cost optimal solutions in the main analysis comprised:

Fabric Option: 4 (except for mid-floor flats which have option “1” as no roof improvement is possible)

Lighting Option: 2

DHW Option: 2

Heating Option: Gas heating

The difference between residential building types is that the bungalow and apartment (individual units

and block) cost optimal solutions include 20% PV whereas the detached, semi-detached and terraced

properties include no PV.

We have also included a range to cover the sensitivity cases investigated in Section 5. Furthermore,

to provide some allowance for sensitivity in the price of the fabric/services/LZC measures, we have

included those primary energy values which are within 5% of the lowest macro-economic cost in the

main analysis.

Another benefit of considering a sensitivity range is that it covers other technology solutions. Whilst

we have selected options that are applicable in most cases there will be some specific issues. For

example, particular houses may be very over-shaded which may make the use of photovoltaics less

effective or not realistically feasible. Hence, by considering a sensitivity range, it allows for the fact

that the cost optimal level for a given dwelling may differ from the more general cost optimal level.



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Table 6.3: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy

Reference building Primary Energy (kWh/m2/yr)

Sensitivity Range(kWh/m2/yr)

Bungalow, Cavity Wall 90 90 – 151

Detached House, Cavity Wall 116 90 – 122

Semi-detached House, Cavity Wall 112 86 – 120

Terraced House, Cavity Wall 116 116 – 125

Mid-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall 76 65 – 95

Top-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall 107 93 – 125

Apartment Building, Cavity Wall 87 75 – 106

Bungalow, Hollow Block Wall 92 92 – 145

Detached House, Hollow Block Wall 119 93 – 125

Semi-detached House, Hollow Block

Wall 115 88 – 122

Terraced House, Hollow Block Wall 118 91 – 127

Mid-Floor Flat, Hollow Block Wall 77 77 – 96

Top-Floor Flat, Hollow Block Wall 108 91 – 126

Apartment Building, Hollow Block Wall 89 74 – 107



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7. Comparison of Current Regulations and Cost Optimal Level

7.1 New Buildings

7.1.1 Single family buildings For single family buildings, Table 7.1 shows the proposed 2018 Building Regulations compared to the cost optimal sensitivity range described in Section 6.

Table 7.1: Comparison Table

Reference building Cost Optimal Range

(kWh/m2/yr)

Cost Optimal Level (kWh/m2/yr)

2018 Requirements(kWh/m2/yr)

Gap

Bungalow 34 – 94 34 52

The gap between cost optimal level

and 2018 Part L

requirements is greater than 15%

Detached house 36 – 74 43 42

There is no gap between cost optimal

level and 2018 Part L

requirements

Semi-detached house 42 – 75 42 42

Mid-floor flat 59 – 77 59 40

Top-floor flat 64 – 97 80 47

Average 47 – 83 52 45

The proposed 2018 Part L of the Building Regulations Conservation of Fuel and Energy requirements

for all new dwelling types with the exception of bungalows meet the cost optimal level performance.

There is no negative gap between the cost optimal levels and 2018 performance requirements for these

dwellings with the exception of bungalows. The average performance of all dwelling types is also better

than the cost optimal level. As the average performance of all dwelling types is better than the cost

optimal level and the majority of single family dwellings and the apartment block when modelled to 2018

Part L Building Regulations performance requirements achieved the cost optimal level there is no plan

to revise the performance.

The results would be different if the actual build mix was included rather than assuming a similar weighting for all reference buildings. However, the 2018 Part L requirements are within the cost optimal range for all but one building type. Hence, the overall outcome would not significantly change.

7.1.2 Apartment blocks and multi-family buildings For multi-family buildings, Table 7.2 shows the proposed 2018 Building Regulations compared to the cost optimal level.

Table 7.2: Comparison Table


(kWh/m2/yr)

Cost Optimal Level (kWh/m2/yr)


2018 Part L requirements



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and cost optimal level

Apartment building 56 – 84 66 43

There is no gap between cost optimal

level and Part L 2018 Part L requirements

There is no negative gap between the cost optimal levels and 2018 Part L regulations performance

requirements for these dwellings and indeed the 2018 Part L building Regulations performance

requirements are better than the cost optimal level for some dwelling types.

The cost optimal range in Table 7.2 has been chosen to represent the range of the lowest points on the cost optimal points on the curve as described in Section 6. This facilitates the use of a variety of technical solutions for the range of new dwellings.

7.1.3 Plan to address gap for new dwellings

There is no negative gap between the cost optimal levels and 2018 Part L regulations performance requirements for new dwellings


7.2.1 Single family buildings For each improvement measure, Table 7.3 and Table 7.4 show the proposed 2018 Building Regulations compared to the cost optimal level. Due to the different construction types, cavity and solid walls have been considered separately.

In the heating systems, window and hollow block wall elements analysed there is no gap between current requirements and the cost optimal level. In the case of roofs with insulation between joists, cavity walls and floors there are functional reasons why it may not be possible to install additional insulation to achieve the cost optimal level such as available space in existing rooms or roof spaces or cavity widths in walls. The 2018 Part L requirements are at the cost optimal level insofar as they are technically, economically and functionally feasible. There are no plans to review the elemental performance requirements prior to the next set of cost optimal calculations due by March 2023.

Table 7.3: Comparison Table, Existing Dwellings – Elemental Analysis, Cavity Walls

Reference building Cost Optimal Level 2018 Part L

requirements Gap (%)

Bungalow Cavity - Walls U-value = 0.31 U-value = 0.55 The gap between

2018 Part L

requirements and

cost optimal is

greater than 15%

Detached Cavity – Walls U-value = 0.31 U-value = 0.55

Semi-Detached Cavity – Walls U-value = 0.31 U-value = 0.55

Terraced Cavity – Walls U-value = 0.31 U-value = 0.55

Top-Floor Flat Cavity – Walls U-value = 0.31 U-value = 0.55

Mid-Floor Flat Cavity – Walls U-value = 0.31 U-value = 0.55

Average U-value = 0.31 U-value = 0.55



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requirements Gap (%)

Bungalow Cavity – Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16 The gap between

2018 Part L

requirements and

cost optimal is

greater than 15%

Detached Cavity – Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16

Semi-Detached Cavity – Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16

Terraced Cavity – Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16

Top-Floor Flat Cavity – Roof U-value = 0.11 U-value = 0.16


Bungalow Cavity – Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45 The gap between

2018 Part L

requirements and

cost optimal is

greater than 15%

Detached Cavity – Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45

Semi-Detached Cavity – Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45

Terraced Cavity – Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45


Bungalow Cavity – Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

There is no gap

between cost

optimal and 2018

Part L

requirements

Detached Cavity – Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

Semi-Detached Cavity – Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

Terraced Cavity – Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

Top-Floor Flat Cavity – Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

Mid-Floor Flat Cavity – Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

Average Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

Bungalow Cavity – Windows U-value = 1.4 U-value = 1.4 There is no gap

between cost

optimal and 2018

Part L

requirements

Detached Cavity – Windows U-value = 1.4 U-value = 1.4

Semi-Detached Cavity – Windows U-value = 1.4 U-value = 1.4

Terraced Cavity – Windows U-value = 1.4 U-value = 1.4

Top-Floor Flat Cavity – Windows U-value = 0.9 U-value = 1.4

Mid-Floor Flat Cavity – Windows U-value = 0.9 U-value = 1.4




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Table 7.4: Comparison Table, Existing Dwellings – Elemental Analysis, Hollow Block Walls


requirements) Gap

Bungalow Hollow Block – Walls U-value = 0.37 U-value = 0.35 There is no gap

between cost

optimal and 2018

Part L

requirements

Detached Hollow Block – Walls U-value = 0.37 U-value = 0.35

Semi-Detached Hollow Block –

Walls U-value = 0.37 U-value = 0.35

Terraced Hollow Block – Walls U-value = 0.37 U-value = 0.35

Top-Floor Flat Hollow Block –


Mid-Floor Flat Hollow Block –



Bungalow Hollow Block – Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16 The gap between

2018 Part L

requirements and

cost optimal is

greater than 15%

Detached Hollow Block – Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16


Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16

Terraced Hollow Block - Roof U-value = 0.13 U-value = 0.16


Roof U-value = 0.11 U-value = 0.16


Bungalow Hollow Block – Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45 The gap between

2018 Part L

requirements and

cost optimal is

greater than 15%

Detached Hollow Block – Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45


Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45

Terraced Hollow Block – Floor U-value = 0.22 U-value = 0.45


Bungalow Hollow Block –

Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

There is no gap

between cost

optimal and 2018

Part L

requirements

Detached Hollow Block –




Terraced Hollow Block – Heating Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)



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requirements) Gap





Average Gas boiler (91%) Gas boiler (90%)

Bungalow Hollow Block –

Windows U-value = 1.4 U-value = 1.4

There is no gap

between cost

optimal and 2018

Part L

requirements

Detached Hollow Block –




Terraced Hollow Block –







7.2.2 Apartment blocks and multi-family buildings For each improvement measure, Table 7.5 shows the proposed 2018 Building Regulations compared to the cost optimal level. Due to the different construction types, cavity and solid walls have been considered separately.

In the heating systems, window and hollow block wall elements analysed there is no gap between 2018 Part L requirements and the cost optimal level. In the case of roofs with insulation between joists, cavity walls and floors there are functional reasons why it may not be possible to install additional insulation to achieve the cost optimal level such as available space in existing rooms or roof spaces or available cavity widths in walls. The 2018 Part L requirements are at the cost optimal level insofar as they are technically, economically and functionally feasible.

Table 7.5: Comparison Table, Existing Dwellings – Elemental Analysis, Apartment block

Reference building Cost Optimal

Level 2018 Part L

requirements Gap

Apartment Building Cavity – Walls U=0.31 U=0.55

The gap between 2018

Part L requirements

and cost optimal is greater than

15%



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Apartment Building Hollow Block – Walls U=0.37 U=0.35

There is no gap between cost optimal and 2018 Part L

requirements

Apartment Building Cavity – Windows U=0.9 U=1.4


Part L requirements


15%

Apartment Building Hollow Block – Windows U=0.9 U=1.4


Part L requirements


15%

Apartment Building Cavity – Roof U=0.13 U-value = 0.16


Part L requirements


15%

Apartment Building Hollow Block – Roof U=0.13 U-value = 0.16


Part L requirements


15%

Apartment Building Cavity – Heating Gas boiler

(91%) Gas boiler

(90%)


requirements

Apartment Building Hollow Block – Heating Gas boiler

(91%) Gas boiler

(90%)


requirements

7.2.3 Plan to address gap for existing dwellings-elemental

In heating systems, windows and hollow block wall elements analysed there is no gap between 2018 Part L requirements and the cost optimal level.

There are cases where the 2018 Part L requirements are greater than 15% from cost optimal. These are discussed below.

Cavity walls: The standard for renovated cavity walls is 0.55 W/m2K, which is equivalent to a fully insulated 50mm cavity. The dwellings were modelled with a 100mm cavity and the cost optimal U-value is 0.31 W/m2K which represents a fully filled 100mm cavity. It appears



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reasonable that for a 50mm cavity, the current standard of 0.55 W/m2K is also cost optimal. Therefore, the current requirement meets the cost optimal level for a 50mm cavity.

Roofs: The standard for renovated roofs is 0.16 W/m2K. The cost optimal U-value is 0.11 W/m2K which is equivalent to 150mm mineral wool insulation quilt between the joists plus 200mm above the joists. In practice, the cost optimal would need to take account of the impact on the usable space between the joists and the rafters and this may restrict the depth of insulation that may be practically installed. The installation of additional insulation can also create a condensation risk in the attic space and a risk assessment is required to assess if the attic is suitable for increased levels of insulation. Details of this risk assessment can be found in Annex A1 of National Standard Authority of Ireland S.R. 54 Code of Practice for the Energy Efficient Retrofit of Dwellings7. Due to this risk it may not always be technically, functionally or economically feasible to install insulation to the cost optimal level.

Floors: The standard for renovated floors is 0.45 W/m2K. The cost optimal U-value is 0.15 W/m2K which is equivalent to 120mm of insulation. For a room with a height of 2.4m, this is equivalent to reducing the room volume by 5% which is on the borderline of acceptability. Such a level of insulation may be dependent on available foundation depth to avoid such impact on room volume.

The 2018 Part L requirements are at the cost optimal level insofar as they are technically economically and functionally feasible. There are no plans to review the elemental performance requirements prior to the next set of cost optimal calculations.


7.3.1 Single family buildings For single family buildings, Table 7.6 and Table 7.7 show the proposed 2018 Building Regulations compared to the cost optimal sensitivity range described in Section 6.

In the majority of dwellings modelled, the current requirement of 125kWh/m2/yr is within 15% of the cost optimal primary energy as required by the cost optimal guidance. Where the cost optimal level is lower than the 2018 Part L requirements, this is normally achieved through the installation of photovoltaics as part of the major renovation package. On many existing dwellings sufficient roof space may not be available to install photovoltaics due to room in the roof, roof lights and other existing roof modifications. From an economic perspective, the installation of photovoltaics may present an unintended barrier to the retrofit of dwellings. It is not considered functionally or economically feasible to set a performance requirement based on the installation of photovoltaics for major renovations.

The cost optimal level for the majority of dwellings are within 15% of the cost optimal level insofar as they are technically economically and functionally feasible

Table 7.6: Comparison Table, Existing Dwellings – Packages, Cavity Wall


(kWh/m2/yr)

Cost Optimal Level

(kWh/m2/yr)

2018 Part L requirements(kWh/m2/yr)

Gap

Bungalow, Cavity Wall 90 – 151 90 125

The gap between cost optimal and P

2018 Part L requirements is

greater than 15%

Detached House, Cavity Wall 90 – 122 116 125 There is no gap

between 2018 Part 7 https://shop.standards.ie/en-ie/Standards/S-R-54-2014-A1-2019-877610_SAIG_NSAI_NSAI_2749895/



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L requirements and cost optimal

Semi-detached House, Cavity Wall

86 – 120 112 125

2018 Part L requirements and cost optimal are approximately

within 15%

Terraced House, Cavity Wall

116 – 125 116 125

There is no gap between 2018 Part

L requirements and cost optimal

Mid-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall

65 – 95 76 125

The gap between cost optimal and

2018 Part L requirements is

greater than 15%

Top-Floor Flat, Cavity Wall 93 – 125 107 125

The gap between 2018 Part L

requirements and cost optimal is

greater than 15%

Average 90 – 123 103 125

Table 7.7: Comparison Table, Existing Dwellings – Packages, Solid Wall


(kWh/m2/yr)

Cost Optimal Level

(kWh/m2/yr)

2018 Requirements (kWh/m2/yr)

Gap

Bungalow, Hollow Block Wall 92 – 145 92 125



greater than 15%

Detached House, Hollow Block Wall

93 – 125 119 125

There is no gap between 2018

Part L requirements and

cost optimal

Semi-detached House, Hollow Block Wall

88 – 122 115 125



cost optimal

Terraced House, Hollow Block Wall

91 – 127 118 125



cost optimal

Mid-Floor Flat, Hollow Block Wall

77 – 96 77 125



greater than 15%

Top-Floor Flat, Hollow Block Wall 91 – 126 108 125


requirements and



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cost optimal is greater than 15%

Average 89 – 124 105 125

7.3.2 Apartment blocks and multi-family buildings For multi-family buildings, Table 7.8 and Table 7.9 show the proposed 2018 Building Regulations compared to the cost optimal level. Regarding apartment blocks and multi-family buildings, where the cost optimal level is lower than the current requirements, this is normally achieved through the installation of photovoltaics as part of the major renovation package. On apartment blocks and multi-family buildings, sufficient roof space may not be available to install photovoltaics due to existing services installed on the roof and other existing roof modifications. From an economic perspective, the installation of photovoltaics may present an unintended barrier to the retrofit of apartment blocks and multi-family buildings. It is not considered functionally or economically feasible to set a performance requirement based on the installation of photovoltaics for major renovations.

Table 7.8: Comparison Table, Existing Dwellings – Packages, Apartment block, Cavity Wall


(kWh/m2/yr)

Cost Optimal Level

(kWh/m2/yr)


Gap

Apartment building, Cavity Wall 75 – 106 87 125

The gap between

2018 Part L requirements

and cost optimal is

greater than 15%

Table 7.9: Comparison Table, Existing Dwellings – Packages, Apartment block, Solid Wall


(kWh/m2/yr)

Cost Optimal Level

(kWh/m2/yr)

2018 Part L requirementss(kWh/m2/yr

)

Gap

Apartment building, Hollow Block Wall 74 – 107 89 125

The gap between

2018 Part L requirements and cost optimal is

greater than 15%

7.3.3 Plan to address gap for existing dwellings -packages The 2018 Part L requirements are at the cost optimal level insofar as they are technically economically and functionally feasible. The elemental U-values for apartment dwellings are the same as for single family dwellings and the justification for the elemental gaps is provided in Section 7.2.3.



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Appendix 1 – Current Regulations

Table A.1: Relevant Standards for New Residential Buildings

BUILDING ELEMENT

STANDARD SOURCE

Wall Maximum average area-weighted U=0.18

Maximum for individual element U=0.6

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L , Table 1, columns 2 and 3

Roof (pitched, insulation at ceiling)

Maximum average area-weighted U=0.16



Roof (flat) Maximum average area-weighted U=0.20


Ground floor Maximum average area-weighted U=0.18


(Note: U=0.15 advised for floors with underfloor heating)


Window Maximum average area-weighted U=1.4



Thermal Bridging Adopt ACDs for all key junctions Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L, section 1.3.3.2

Gas boiler Minimum 90% seasonal efficiency Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L, section 1.4.1.1

Biomass boiler Minimum 77% seasonal efficiency Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L, section 1.4.2.2

Controls Automatic control of space heating on the basis of room temperature

Automatic control of heat input to stored hot water on the basis of stored water temperature

Separate and independent automatic time control of space heating and hot water Shut down of boiler or other heat source when there is no demand for either space or water heating from that source.

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L, section 1.4.3.1

Controls for heat pumps

External controls to include: - weather compensation or internal

temperature control) - timer or programmer for space heating

Heat pump unit controls to include: - control of water pump operation

(internal and external as appropriate) - Control of water temperature for the

distribution system. - Control of outdoor fan operation for air-

to-water units. - Defrost control of external airside heat

exchanger for air-to-water systems. - Protection for water flow failure

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L, Table 2



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Table A.2: Relevant Standards for Existing Residential Buildings – Replacement of Individual Elements

- Protection for water high temperature - Protection for high refrigerant pressure

Protection of air flow failure on air-to-water units.

Hot water controls to include: - auxiliary heating regime to 60°C or

more for disinfection purposes

- temperature control and time control to optimise the time taken to heat the water

Insulation of pipes, ducts and vessels

All hot water storage vessels, pipes and ducts associated with the provision of heating and hot water in a dwelling should be insulated to prevent heat loss. 50mm factory applied PU-foam for hot water tanks having zero ozone depletion potential and a minimum density of 30 kg/m3 satisfies the criterion for insulation of the hot water tank when installed within the normally heated area of the dwelling.

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L , section 1.4.4.2

MVHR Minimum Specific Fan Power of 0.6W/litre/sec for continuous supply only and continuous extract only

Minimum Specific Fan Power of 1.2W/litre/sec for balanced systems

Minimum Heat Recovery Efficiency of 70%

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L , Table 3

All – Maximum Permitted Energy Performance Coefficient

0.3 compared to reference dwelling Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L , section 1.1.2

All - Maximum Permitted Carbon

Performance Coefficient

0.35 compared to reference dwelling

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L , section 1.1.2

BUILDING ELEMENT

STANDARD SOURCE

Cavity Wall U=0.55

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L, Table 5, column 2

Solid Wall U=0.35


Pitched roof, insulation at ceiling

U=0.16


Flat roof U=0.25


Ground Floor U=0.45 Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance



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Document L, Table 5, column 2

Window U=1.40


Gas/oil boiler Minimum 90% seasonal efficiency

Draft Building Regulations 2018, Technical Guidance Document L, Section 2.2.2

Controls Time and temperature control for room and hot water cylinder, boiler interlock.


Insulation of pipes, ducts and vessels

All hot water storage vessels, pipes and ducts associated with the provision of heating and hot water in a dwelling should be insulated to prevent heat loss. Equivalent to 50mm factory applied PU-foam for hot water tanks.




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Appendix 2 – Cost Optimal Curves, Existing buildings – Elemental analysis

Bungalow

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

195 200 205 210 215 220 225

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Cavity wall

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

202 202 203 203 204 204 205 205 206 206

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Roof, Cavity wall

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

195 200 205 210 215 220

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Floor, Cavity wall

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) -Window, Cavity wall

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 50 100 150 200

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Heating, Cavity wall

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Solid wall



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Detached

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

210 210 211 211 212 212 213 213 214 214 215

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Roof, Solid wall

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

205 210 215 220 225 230

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Floor, Solid wall

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) -Window, Solid wall

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 50 100 150 200

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)


Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²) - Heating, Solid wall

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

173 174 174 175 175 176

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

150 155 160 165 170 175

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

184 184 185 185 186 186

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Semi-detached

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

150 155 160 165 170 175 180

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

165 165 166 166 167 167

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

162 164 166 168 170 172 174

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Terraced

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

172 173 173 174 174 175

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

160 165 170 175 180 185

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

172 172 173 173 174 174

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

179 179 180 180 181 181

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

176 178 180 182 184 186 188

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Mid-floor flat

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

182 184 186 188 190 192 194

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Top-floor flat

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

240 245 250 255 260 265

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

225 230 235 240 245 250

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

244 246 248 250 252 254 256

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

230 235 240 245 250 255

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

Apartment building

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

218 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

214 215 215 216 216 217 217 218 218

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





AECOM

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

204 206 208 210 212 214 216

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

220 221 221 222 222 223 223 224

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ma

cro

eco

no

mic

Co

st (

EU

R/m

²)





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Documents

Report on the Development of Cost Optimal Calculations and