Relative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs, and Conjunctions

8/22/2019 Relative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs, and Conjunctions

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Relative Pronouas, Relative Adverbs and Conjuncrions:Concerning Bulgarian Language*

Ivan G Iliev(Plovdiv Universiry Bulgaria)

Relative pronouns share common features with both relative adverbs and other conjunctions.That is why, sometimes, forms, belonging to one of these categories, can perform functions,characteristic of forms, which belcng to one of the other categories. And the goal of this articleis to describe several transformations of that type.

Conceming Bulgarian language, a well-known phenomenon is the use of the formdemo 'that' , which is a relative adverb of place, in origin, as relative pronoun 'who' (Mlpuea1978: 188). In the same way, attention has been paid (C:raeoaa 2006) to the ability of relativepronominal forms to turn into relative adverbs and conjunctions (rur, lrusxe, 4arexe, nole;xe.),more often with the meaning 'because', 'that is why', 'since'. For example:

N6 BzAAAue cese Ba B'tlx rxr lu! t caMa EtA'hArxo rsce '(He) did not believe them becausehe himself knew every{hing'John 2.24 Codex Zographensis, Code.r Marianus - here lusxe is aninstrumental rclative pronoun, in origin.

In this research, attention will be paid to several more, similar transformations, characterislicof Bulgarian language: the shift from relatiye adverbs, different from the adverbs of place(xozamo'when', xarono 'as', omu, ue'because'), and other conjunctions (da) into relativepronouns (better to say, into relative pseudo-pronouns), and the shift ofthe form xarceomo froma relative pronoun into a relative adverb of mannel with the meaning 'as', and further - into apreposition xamo'likelas'.

L Relative Pronouns and Rel5live AdverbsAccording to Dogramadzhieva (!,orpavagxueaa 1991: 335), relative pronouns, and relative

words. Although syronymy between these two typesofForeign Studies Reasearch Fund of2008.


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of words is possibre; and forms of the one category can be transformed into the other one,relati'ue pronouns and relarive adverbs are different car.egories. This can be iu"r""i.ol,* ,i.following examples:la. Ifemup cu xynu KHuzu, p!!!!g ocmasu cnel mosa ext t4u

'Peter bought books, which he left at home later,;lb. Ilemtp cu rcvnu rcuuzu, demo/utomo ocmaeu uted moea sxt r4u'Peter bought books, which he left at home later,;2a. Ifemup ase KHuzume om.r,tacama, Ha ko.nmo zu 6etae ocmaeun

'Peter took the books from the table, on which he had left them,;2b. Ilemt p a3e KHuzume om Macama, xtdemo zu 6etue ocmaeult

'Peter took the books {iom the table, where he had left them,;2c. IIemup eze xuuzume (*ommaM), @m.)^b!gmo. zu 6eue ocmaeu'Peter took the books (*from there), from where he had left them,;3a. Ilemup cu xynu xuuzu ousu dex, e xofimo ese satuama

'Peter bought books that day, in g!ig! he received his salary,;3b. Ilemtp xynu rcuuzu ousu deu, gozamo 63e satuama

'Peter bought books that day, when he received his salary,,;3c. Ilemt p rcynu rcuuzu (*mozaea), xozamo eze sannama

'Peter bought books (*then), when he received salary,.In the shown sample sentences, which contain conjunctive words, relative pronouns arepresent, as designated by ra,2a,3a. A reason for this assertion is the fact, that, in them, thepronominal correlative noun (the antecedent) is directly designated: naea ,books,,'uaca'lable" deu'day'; and' besides it, the rerative pronouns can not have another droppedcorrelative antecedent, which is implied.In the exarnples, designated by 2c and 3c, the conjunctiv e word. (omrct demo ,from where,,xozamo'when') is a relative adverb, because it modifies the action, regarding place or time, andis also correlated to another adverb (ommav ,from there,, mozaea ,lhen,), which could bedropped out, but is implied.In the examples 2b and 3b, although, at fust sight, the conjunctive word _ relative adverb(rcudento 'where' . rcozamo 'when') is also a directly correlated to .ttaca , rabre' or den , day,, thereal antecedents are the dropped adverbs marv ,there, or mozaea ,lhen,:l.Ilemtp ocmaau KHuzume Ha rrecsms. Ilem.ap ese KHuzume ommqj. (= om.taaconta) )Ilemt p ese xuuzume om tracama _ (mau) n demo zu 6etae ocmcteu't,peter took the books fromthe table ^ (there) where he had left them,; or:

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'Peter took the


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2. Ilemt"p a3e 3atuama ousu deu. Ilemtp cu Kynu KHuzu mozsea (= outt dex) ) ITemzpKynu KHuzu ount deu - (mozaea) {g!!gg a?e 3atuama'Peter bought books that day - (thcn)when he received his salary', etc.

From a point of view of the syntactic division of sentences, it could bc said that relativepronouns introduce mostly attributive subordinate cla:uses (l7emt'p K)nu KHtt.u c deux. ,< xoitrttt$e 3an:tdma - In tvhich/what day?), while relative advclbs introducc advcrbial subordinateclauscs (Ilenrtp Krnu KHLtzLt, ko?qmo r;3e 3amama - When?). Somcwhcte bctrveen both case sare exampieS of the type: IIemap xyntt rcuutu e deun, Ko\smo 63e 3an.:dtna, becausc atld therc.at first sight. the subordinate clause modifies the noun deri 'da1", and not thc verb ''9rrlt 'bought'I:lowevcq the dropped correlative antecedents (mozostr 'tl\en', rrarr 'there') are' in fact' thclinking part bctween the pseudo-antecedent de'u 'day'l,vaca 'table', and the conjunctive rvord(xodeno 'whcre', xozamo 'whcn'). That is why, in drc cited examples 2b and 3b.rr,derro '*'here' and rozamo 'when', are rather relative adverbs' than relat:t pronouns.

In the example lb, the conjunctive word i)emo 'that' (which may be rcplaced b-"-. thcpossessing gender and number, relative pronoun &?amo '*'hich', or by thc invariable rclativepronoun /4orr1o ,rvhich" is derived from the adverb r.1ero o 'where'. Llor.vever, it (der?o 'that )is rather a rclative pronoun, and not an adverb, becausc it does not have even an imaginaryadvcrbial antecedent, and is simply an invariable vartant of xoumrt'r'hich', in the same \\,'ay asulomo'which'.

During the transition from a relative adverb into a lelative pronoun! deno 'lhal' , as well asother relative adverbs, which are trying lo get plonominalised, usually keep somc syntacticfeahrrcs, which distinguish them from othcl primary rela'.ive pronouns. Such a syntactic featuleis the limited combinativencs with prepositions. Wllilc rolirno'who'may freely combine withthe preposition crc 'with', for cxample. and all other prepositions, with (rt)deno 'that', this ispossible only in rare cases of thorough pronominalisation (in general, adverbs of place and tirnecombine only with prepositions, designating direction or starting point: do 'to', Ha 'to"orr'from'):

Vulti'ttll'ucHowHomy,2lgmyuzpaiHarypomy-literaltranslation:'Thatchildwith!!gl! I played . ..' (Croiixos 1961 217 ), and, in most cases, the preposition is placed at the cndof the sentence, supplemented by another demonstrative pronoun:

Ctc .ut'wtwama ... maa &1!9 Klrtllalte -veco gE 43149 - literal translation: 'With themachine, !!3.1g wc cut the meat with !l' (M-'raleuos 1993: 97) - about this. scc in detail Iliev(tr{:rues 2001).

There is a relative pronoun and in cases, when the nomiual antccedent is dloppcd out, but isimplied:

Cneuua.r l\oleKo\, Kozomo mt"pcex'l met (thc man) Ehg![ I looked for'


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KltsEqIO C3C C9HAoTo c{axA Af6BA TAfl CAC CHAATA I6CTNAIO nra^acT

EAAHI.ICKAA MNOIOAOXNAA - 'WhateYer they chopped wood they chopped

wood ... ' (Mruenrv 1923: 101);Mafi, xsxeomo ?Jteda-tt, udam o6naqu om Eatxaua' xen ca lrctcdoexu ' ... whatever I see...', instead of'...4gI see ...' (Htluo:rona 1986: 145);

@ana me6e, xpana Muatue' w fie 6es dapuc' udetu -'... whatever I will go " " instead of ' ",ae c'udeM, Agg mrce 6es aona daas I will go ...' (6r'nrapcxa HapoaHa

noe3l.tt rpo3a 1981: 339).Further, the relati ve adverb xaxmolKaKsomo may tum into a preposition xamo 'llke'"

fg ouaz eeqepHu4a e xe6emo' edxa 6e e ce'to Panutla deeo rca (: xaxsamo 6euteeeqepHu4ama edna e ue6emo, ryWg 6eute edua u Panu4a s cenomo) 'Ralitza was !!!9 theEvening Star in the skY';

Ateu xamo xpt e 6ucep (= xa$w e aneHa Kpbema' rywg e arcu 6uceptm) 'a pearl'red-[!g blood' tPEE l9s3: 285)'

A similar process is observed in other Slavic languages' for example' in Polish:A te wasze pierogi, to to samo co ravioli? 'And these pates ofyours - are they the same thing

39 the ravioli is?'(101 Languages ofthe world - Polish)'

III. Use of Relative Adver Bs instead of Relative PronounsAccording to Dogramadzhieva (!orparraagxlena

of the following main tYPes:1991: 336), relative adverbs belong to one

a. of place: rrp,e(xe), rxp"e(xe)' rzle(xe) 'u'here" iaMox' ffiAoix' etc 'to where' )xt'demo, dox'a dem o, uarcud emo' omxt'demo, elc'1,


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b. Of time: reraa(xe), nx4,e(xe), rr3,e(xe) 'when', 4,ors4,e(xe) 'to when', orzre'rr(xe) 'fromwhen', etc. ) rcozamo, doxozamo, omKozamo, etc.;

c. Of manner: aro(xe), nrco(xe)ce ) xaxmo'as', omKanno, etc.,d. Of quantity: rcarrco(xe) 'as much as', t+,nsua'(xe) ) rcotrcomo, doxonrcomo, omKonKomo;e. Ofcause: 4ane(xe), noxe(xe), rc,rsua(xe), nxp,e(xe)Beneath, the abilities of these sub-types of relative

pronouns will be shown.1. Relative Adverbs of Place

'since'/'because' ) nouecre, saulomo.adverbs to be transposed into relative

It was mentioned that the most known transposition of relative adverbial forms intopronominal ones is that one, in which the adverb |Iero 'where' goes into the (semi-)pronoundemo 'who'l'which'. It must be kept in mind that, in some cases, demo may be also a relativeadverb, which coincides with the relative pronoun (z)demo only in form: For instance:

Omuaav ua xncmomo, AWme cpequax'I am going to the place g@9 I met you'-when pronominalised, demo could be seen also as dexa. That form is probably a result of

contraction of a previous modal relative (z)de xax in a similar way, as Kamo was formed fromxaxmo (more on the modal elements with Bulgarian relative pronouns can be seen in Iliev(H.iuren 2008). Examples ofpronominal uses of demo:

...cQemu Teodyp !4 matuue dnecxa - 'St. Theodore g@ we selebrate today' (Croxuoe1972:254);

-.. wudu n' zu m'aa, dem xpanu rct'pn1na (Xpncror 1956:204);... arccym ua moa !4eurca... (Hnanoo 1973:134);Koi e moe uoeerc, Qg zo cpemuaa.ue (VrruencxH 1965:. 97)'

2. Relative Adverbs of Time

r'!:, ..: ?r,::l:ii,:r':,t. .,r..!r:!';:l,


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:out, as a next stage of the development of the.gqjlbtcould be shown:

Te ovaxeaxa yW, Kozlrlar Ctp6un qe o6neu; 'Serbia would proclaim war ...' (Hnqologa 1986:tr:. ,,,:-iti,:-:;antecedent 'rac 'hour' (however, the real correlative r.'then').

The next step to pronominaljsation of the adverb. ro:

and could be perceived as a relative pronoun Kotmo 'which'. Anyway, the real antecedent ofxoza is *mozaea'then', but the tendency towards pronominalisation can be presumed'

In the Damaskin books (see,{evr.rua 1971: 222), interesting examples are observed, whenrcora (literal translation 'when') amazingly has the same function as.[ero'who', in combination

with the verb BH.^,'IX M '(we) saw', although, in some of them, interpretation 'when' is possible:

AA B[,r KAXeMh qro r.l.]LTh AA AsMATL n1AEAHHIIHT fs: Fl, rom ra BllA'tX Me r,ra.a,Nl ('Lord,IXgl!! we saw hungry ...'l'Lord, ylr-gn we saw you hungry ...') u re NAXfaNrlXMe Ae rarxpAx,rurb clrK0 1'Lord, you who feed everybody ...'/'... because you, Lord, feed everybody,., -...') .., sirco cfsr rltl ra BHA'IXM xs.a,xl ('Lord, yhglq we saw thirsty'/'... II9!! we saw youthirsty, Lord ...') ra te NAnoHXM Ao rar nonulb cHrKA 4MAra ('Lord, you who give water toeverything . .. '/'. . . !Sg-U!-g you give water, Lord . ..') ... re rzt ,vo4,ier'b ,lrosnLu rorl (' . . a!94!...'/'... when ...') ra. sl4,'tX'ue nhrNHKA rA re BLBcAoX M AoMA c Ae ('... who ...'/'... because...') rzr xar.rs cnrKoro AA cH B lsu .,. Aosfhrl n cn,r'rst (* rocno.l,r) trotl ('.., whom ...'/'...

. ,: t.-:rlt:i::ir:j ,1. lTu cu aeue ocnaHufla, i lrl:!ii:irfi.;:. loclaHura, osuo6uta, .t ,i . Li: t:: ,lri:ii.lrt rr:;'r,..ilotaHulla, osuo6uta, ., ,: ,.i, 1;-..;;::;'-r"1:,.; .KaKmo CJtsHd npoJtemetaHa, : ..;]itqtii:J' if iJ ,

ry?g cnapu scuuKu 46emt (Pogoncrut Hapo.qHH neorn 1968: 187): 'You madir me sick, as therime lgen/gllgb (it) makes the flowers sick'. . ., .,,:i..:",i ,t,:.;. :lt,rIn this example, at first sight, xoza (hteral kanslation 'when') is correlated lo c.taua'Ame',

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when ...') 'ra 8HA'bX Me BoAHA rA AoHAoXM ... Fn, rsr rcora ('... who ...'/'... when ...')norAANllJ NA 4cMArrrA a ria, ce no.rlscn x norfenef.

In this passage, the meaning of rcona., which should be 'who(m),, is supported by thecorrelative genitive (animate) forms r,ra.4'xE 'hungry, , xs4x4 ,thirsty', etc. Someone couldobject, that, here, the form rcora is not derived from a relative adverb of time. but from thedistorted genitive (animate) form of the pronoun Korcro 'whom,, and this could make the effortsto show the tendency, of some relative adverbs becoming relative pronouns, senseless. However,the adverbial origin of xora is obvious from the example, on the same page: x6D trgrA raNAXIaNHX u r]^h TA HAn0HXue .., HAH TA so^NA nor^Ilax M, ... ,Ig, who (originally =,when,)gave you food./we once gave you food ...'. In this example, KorA 'when ) who,, is conelated toNhl' we'r and, in no case, it is ofgenitive pronominal origin, but ofadverbial temporal origin.

The difficult process of transformation of adverbs of time into relative pronouns is obviousfrom their impossibility of being connected to more prepositions. while, although rarely,examples, such as c demo 'yfi that = with whom'(see above), exist with the new relativepronoun demo, such a phenomenon is not common with adverbs of time, if we do not count thecombinations with the prepositions 'since'and 'till': omKozamo'since when' u dorcozamo'tjllwhen'.

3, Relative Adverbs of QuantityRelative adverbs of quantity may also hrm into relative pronouns. An example of this is Lhe

formxonxomo'as much as'/as many as'(from older rc^rrco ) rcorurco), which may function as apronotn (fulxeug .xopq.lo doxa, motxoea ndoxa 'So many people ate, as manv peoplecame'), as well as an adverb:

the adverb KonKomo modjfies directly the verb pa1omn 'to work', and is an adverb, althougi, if


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a cognate object is added (work), it will hrrl-pa6oma' as mruch work I work ...'. " ri.

Quantiry with relative pronouns, could be expresriid ii iseveral

relative form (originally, singular nominative-accusative neut"er pronoun) and a partitive noun inthe plural genitive:rArlKo HX% Mor;KTa XlHcroca NocAurraaro K0fA6hta AfLtttATlr cA roN64N6Th 'as manv of them ...they will be saved' Codex Supraslensis 401 .4.

Little by little, the noun in the genitive was replaced by a general form:BAfe KoAnro sor*1e (instead of sorcpz) cuM BXBATI^ a4h lX c%M nfocrn^'elll3ly noblemen ...',instead of 'AgrrqgIl gjthe noblemen ...'(Mn:rerau 1896: 98).

Since the general pronominal form of quantity xotrcomo coincides with the form of therelative adverb Konkomo, it is taken for granted, that relative adverbs of quantity can also betrabsformed into relative pronouns. Moreover, there must have been some influence from themon relative pronouns for the imposition of the general form ro,rrrco instead of the declinable

rco,rrqx (masculine plural), rco,rrrczr (feminine plural), rco,rrrca (neuter plural).From the adverb xonxomo, by way of connection with prepositions, can be formed

omKonkomo 'rather than' and doxonxomo 'as far as' ftoth already conjunctions), however, asrelative pronoun, it may have unlimited connecting abilities: .aa xotxomo 'fot as much as', cxonrcomo 'wilh as much as', Ha KorKomo, etc,

4. Relative Adverbs of MannerRelative adverbs of mannet can also lose their adverbial semantics and tum into relative

pronouns. A premise for this was the primary homonymy between the relative adverb of manner,meaning 'as', and the relative nominative neuter singular pronoun, meaning 'whatever'. Bothforms were expressed through .hKo. Further, although these two functions were formallydistinguished, the relative adverb, as a consequence of different syntactic processes, may be

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sa in rhe function of a relative pronoun (for example, designating the feature of the nominaltniecedent):4a e' 4arcwr xAro (instead of rarcosa) srAH nfzso (Mr:reruv lg96: g0) _ ,... laws what ...,-literal tmnslation: '... laws gg . . . ,;no crAroMs 4AKoHs rqA(! (instead of rca,rcosz) e' ur,r u nfl. AN' roArlr^ro nocno4crsa ur (op.

cit.: 8l);r aiuaras tsLro s'bue ('... who was ...'/,... as he was ...,) noroa,tLrs H siaLUs Hcaarc^..,.. ri4aKfH c AA N |AAA XA ,A.srro csMlb,ra M8 x!{fo qrc AA sMf ,. . . death from which it willdie'/'... as it will die, (leunna l97l:120);gaiaam rzln ua.,r'rca' qirctlqa H czsHAA Alsra 8^HKA Kcro cr6 cra ri Ao ..a,iru ,. . . and built achurch . .. which still exists, (Op. cit.: 133),aecuyt mu ymuulla 6bc uduu o:t, Kbm nbce Hb ueup,y ,The fox went to an oxn!!SX/gg/w!!g (it) was grazing ...' (Jt.rnon 1969: 102);

Budeq uno dt peo, p4 zypu ur,cpeume,He saw a tree which/gg/gh;il9 (it) was buming, (Op.cit.: 102);Ast mtii tt cwtamb Haub z6op, rtxmv tavb mat'In those villages there is no festival likewhat there is here' (lr,Lra4exo t 1993:271);Btn 6eute c.bt4o 4lraKasd,cHa u ryHHa Houl, RqKmo (+6eute) ,ttuuanama eeuep (Huqoloza1986: 145) - 'That night was like it was !!@ the previous night,;Qap'z dywtn dy ina aptma... u Ha spbmamb eud,tn 4semu, xy6t y tannv de zy n,anu nyceum1,'The king... saw a flower g!g1 (literally: ,g!,) can not be seen elsewhere,(Croikon:l9s0:23).As is obvious from the ambiguous interpretations, when the verb after the relative adverb of

manner (o1 already, pronoun) is not szrra /ct'-lt 'to be' or u,uatt 'to have, (but cmo, ,to stand,,zopt.'ro bum', naca 'to graze'), there is some doubt whether the conju.nctive word is a relativepronoun, relative adverb, or another conjunction ,while,, for instance.5. Relative Adverbs of Cause


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the fact, that in all cases, happens aftdr ,Cre; bothmeaning 'come!'. This repetition of the verb and conjunctiVe words iesembles the repetition ofrora'who(m)' with tle verb arp,'tX'ue'we saw', abovei I '::i;1' ' i:::l .? allaAIc nfrc'I'bntT s^8liiH w bqa Moro H.a,a NAM'tfH're qjoTo Bl NAT0TB'tI0 NA qlr80 NaNo ll crcarura,re ('Come you. because you listened ...'/'Come you, who listened ..'') H noqrralc c'EKoroNr r0l4h cB'trh lrtr si rnaAexs ('... because I was hungry ...') a ei'e ,ro xaXlaxr;re ... aMH AArfrie niiur qru MNWro 4,Ao Hcrr^HX rc ('... come prophets, !2499 you suffered...'/'. . come'prophets. who suffered...') 4afaAu MNe. tp""f* rolrt ('... come you, who ...'),tnno;o npAMoArL 4AKoNI nlaseAxLr a! cr6 Eaq lost'rlc ui,t*o nE'no. ('... because you loved the kingdom ofheaven'/'... you, g[q loved the kingdom of heaven ...') ... e,rare r rie uos on,.it li ct, *rn*.o?Ao HcrrAcA ('... you, who suffered ..-'l'... @C you suffered .'.') ,.. e,u're n *rt, t i,n4ncfl KA4sBA^ Moero HM ('.. . come martyrs, ylg said my name . ..'/'come martlrs, bg5g yousaid my name...'... GAAaq I rure eiqin n 4,fo"nnqn ,'. rorro ('.'. who ...'/'... because ...') creXrse et ficroaeale ino n no'pr,o s sej'rosa .., !aA3l H ahte nocrlr'ttltt Afl! ('! - ... who '. .'/'. . .because ...' crc r0a6le ... t Arq x abr xenhr nocrNltll qt!10 ('! - ... who ...'/'... !9gggg.'.') crenocrrll.,. caArg H ahre xeNLt MNr'tqH 4a.gii uoero uue tl (! -'... martyrs, 9fu ..''l'... martyrs,lSlUlSg you . ..') ) cx norf LNIX re X86ABllrG ^r.ruA ... !aA.T.e n trte uor riqin xorro ('. . . glg...'/'... because ...') cte ,rnsn,re cblloMAol .., AATc h Bble uox r,r(in Ko.uao cr AABAAe NA ct'lfoThl ,..G AT H Ebte FOllTo CTa nofAa,sBAA so,r'nil .,, ll KoHTO cTe wsAAtHA lo^hl ,.. H tsgtll! cr NAX|ANH/\erAAANhr H trOXA! cr NAnolrBAAt xhAxbl, etc (,{eur.rna 1971: 221).

In this interesting passage, not only the uses of the relative adverbs of cause (or 'clear'conjunctions): re, oT n, and, even, of the conjunction ra (see the similar uses of its cognate AA,

further), may be interpreted as a relative pronoun 'who', side by side with rorro, but the

opposite is possible, too: the relative pronouns KoHro, Illoro and the relative adverb .a,ero, whichbecame a relative pronoun later, can be interpreted as conjunctions of cause. As to the wordsu\omo (vaianl of sat4omo 'because') and demo (variant of sadema 'because'), there is nothingunusual in their interpretation as conjunctions of cause (however, both of them can be 'clear'relative pronouns, too). As to the relative ptonolJn Koumo 'who', one should remember thatrelative pronouns easily turn into conjunctions (this was said at the beginning of the article).

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Moreover, the direct predecessor of xoumo - hir(G, may also be used with a causativemeaning 'because', 'since', 'as' (see [aaugor 1976:125):

4"iarorz so archr nca 40^B oyracll lorA rana4,aer xa,rirca xo rule oy4prrz Ba f8K0y NALUebxe4 a .., r{Tatraer crla,Xsr '... since/when the Devil sees the sceptre in our hand, he runs away'.

In Rhodopian folk songs, there are examples of other causative forms, tending to becomerelative pronouns:3aquu ,ue dade, .uq yuurco,ua a ua nycma 6ydana!g_49 Hut4o He 3Hae,Sevepo .q.nzav Heaecma,ympuHo cmaeau Moauqe -'..- wlg/qi4gg he is not experienced, (and) I am still a virgin ...'(E:ra ce rue, npearlaa 1952: 130).

IV. Use of Conjuctions instead of Relative PronounsAfter having explained how some relative adverbs, originally

meaning 'u'here', 'when', 'as', 'as much as', 'because', may replace, or, at least, tend to replace,relative pronouns, an attempt will be made to show how other conjunctions, different fromrelative adverbs, can also tend to fulfill that function. The difference between relative adverbsand conjunctions is, sometimes, not quite clear. Regarding the Old Bulgarian (Old Slavic)conjunctive words, it is not explained well (by [orpavasxnena l99l: 333-335) why, forexample, rarco, in a temporal ('when') or causal ('since') meaning, is defined as conjunction, and

why rer4,a 'when', 4axeNe 'since', noxexe 'since' are defined as relative adverbs (in the sameplace, relative adverbs are defined not as conjunctions, but as conjunctive words). The above-mentioned qe and orr, usually are regarded as conjunctions, too.

From a point of view of Modem Bulgarian literary language, however, due to formalreasons, there is a clear difference between intenogative pronouns and adverbs, on the one hatd,and relative pronouns and adverbs, on the other. They may form opposing pairs:

Interrogative:roi'who'xade'where'

Relative:- xo mo'who'- m'demo'wherc'


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Regarding Modem Russian, some scholarsin colloquial speech, the reiative pronoun *okopib1..gof ptrpose tmo6t'l 'in order to': .. . . . .,Mie uytcen qeto6eK, Eglupa| "oror"-"t'r,o to,that'tMxe sryeu uenoeex. vmo6u etntrcn sa emy pi6

Actually, here, the function of the relative pronoun is fulfilled by the conjunction da 'to', whichdoes not fulfill some of its other functions, which may be:

A. Purpose: Bcnxa cympuu az udean my* ls duxaM ceelcecmma Ha nponemma,I came here.. . to breathe ...';

B. Condition: Edno lg noceeut, cmo ce patrda'If you sow one thing, a hundred will growup';

C. Concession: II eduN seun da ce cxpueu, Hauume t4e me Har,reprm 'Although you mayhide ... they will find you';

D. Cause: Ptyeme nu ouataxa Qg ptxoaaxatre 'O:ur hands got tired because of clapping,(PBE 1981: s23-524).

In some of its uses, da may be a relative adverb of time 'when': ,[oide dennm da cec6ozyeaue'The day to say 'Good bye' came'. Maybe, it is not a coincidence that this element ispart of the temponl adverbs rcr24,1_'when', romAA 'when', rrn4,l ,then,. Such uses are vervarchaic and witness of old unfinished syntactic processes:

HcnAaNHUl c,A 4,exne AA loAtrz 'That day came for her !q give birth (literal translation: ...when she was about to give birth') Luke 2. 6 Codex Assemanianus (in Cod- Zographensis, Cod.Marianus and Sava 3 book - yognru et);

nfuAera IoAHNA AA BLctKts u(e 0y6HTz BZt MsNHTS (H cl1xbsx nf[N0*irH sonosx ,Al hourwill come when ...' John 16. 2 Zogr., Mar, Assem.

Elsewhere, this word, da, may have additional nuances of unfinished action (as in some ofthe examples with rct'm aboye: dt peo, rcom zypu):

Cpeuut n nax uue de4a, dt 6uem uut xomxt 'He met some children !q beat a cat' (Jlulor1969:102).

Possible use ofDa as adverb of manner 'as'presumes the Russian example: [gxoueut,4g4daaza 'As (?) you like it, in the same way I will do/give it' Qfatrc 1978:412).

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Due to the rnultiple homonymic meanings of da, it is sometimes difficult to say what thatword mean, in some uses. However, after a nominal pseudo-antecedent (voeex'man' , deu 'day'),as in the examples above, its meaning and function is similar to the meaning and function of thehybrid word derzo 'that', and widens the spectrum ofwords, which may express relativity.

V. ConclusionsAll shown examples of transposition, from one into another category of words, add to the

explanation of relations between relative pronouns and their cognate words, and show therichness of meanings and nuances, which may' be expressed through them. It is obvious that,although most of the relative adverbs can not fulfiIl the function of a relative pronoun, all ofthem have made attempts to acquire the characteristic features ofthat word category.


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Er,,rrapuca HapoaHa noe3nq u flpo3a. T. I. IOHanrxn necsN, ([anugon, A. Pe.runx-ungcxc na flpe:srrep l(o:va. Cot]nr. 1976.Aa,rr. B. To,rxossril cnoBapb xHBaro BenHKopycKaro {3rxa. T. I Mocxsa. 1978..{elruHa, E. Tuxonpaaoacxuil aaMacKLIH. Eo.nrapcxNfi naMlrrar{x XVII n. I,Icc,re4oraure urexcr. r{. IL fla:reorpa$croe o[]IcaHHe I{ Texcr CoSur. 1971.AorpaMaAr{neBa, En. Cr'ro:u; Clro:ur .qylru; .[y6reruocr H oMour.rMuqHocr Ha crrc3HHrecpeacrBa. In: lpauarrxa na crapo6urrapcrm e:ux. CoQlu. 1991.E,ra ce rre, [peBrrBa. Poaoncnu HapoAHIr neour (3anlrca:r B;r. flpuuoncxcu). CoQu-r. 1952.3arMoB, ii., M. Kana.rao. CynpacurcxN u,ru Perron c6opuux. I, II. Corpu-a. 1982-83.finanon, ii. KoHuxoecxo eBaHreJIHg - noro6urrapcru narIerHHK or 1852 r. In: C,rasucruqeu

c6opnux (no cnyvafi VII Mex,[yHapogeH KoHtpec Ha cnaBl.Icrure arr Bapnrana). Co$nr'1973.

I{,rrren, IIn. Oco6enocrlr npn ynorpe6ara Ha demo c npe.qno3lr. In: O6yvenlrero no 6r',rrapcxue3!rK B HaqaJroro ua XXI sex. 9acr I. Ermapcxu e:ux. Cuo:rqu. 2001.I{,rnes, Hn. ,,Ornocnrenuo"-uo,qa;IHH pa3uupfiTenu npu 6rnrapcxure orHocHTetHuMecroHMeHr.rr. In: C6opnux s naMer Ha aolt. a-p l. lep,4xuxon. 2008. (In the press).Kpyvnurua, I'I. Koncrpyrunr c MecroHMenlteM rcomopui B coBpeMeHHoM pyccrorl x:uxe In:Bonpocrt s:uxo:Halrn.{. 2. 1968.

-llu,ron, M. Ynorpe6a Ha noAqHHHTenH[ cblo3H B 6lmapcxlrre ,{HaJIeKTH In: Li:secru.{ uaI,lncrurpa:a Ernrapcrn e:ux. 18. 1969.Mn,rernv, ,I. Honu sraxo-6rmapcrn rpaMoru or Epauoa. In: C6opxux 3a Hapo.qHH]a{orBopeHut, Hayxa H KHnxHuHa. 13. 1896.)\In.reruv, JI. Csnuoecxlr aaMacKIlH. Hono6l:rrapcrl naMerHllK or 18 B. In: Elrrapcxncrapxuu. 7. 1923.

Mupven, K. trlcroptruecxa rpaMarlrKa ua 6r,:rrapcxn.a e:ux. CoSur. 1978.Nl.rraaeHoe, .NI. Br:rrapcxure ronopu n Pyrrr'utr. CoSn.a. 1993.M,'rarenon, Cr. I,lcropux Ha 6urapcru.n e:nx. Co$ur, 1979Hnuo,rona, P. 6r..Irapcxnre vecrorMeHH.s. Co$ua. 1986Peqnun Ha 6r,rrapcxun e:un (Kp. 9o,raxona). 7 . Co$ux. 1993.Po.qorcxu HapoaHlr neuru. C6opnux. (Ar. llpurloncxlr n H. llpurloncru). Be,ruro Tlpnoao.

1968.C.rranona, T. Crapo6r,,rrapcxure penaruBHPaleobulgarica/Crapo6r,rraplcruxa 4. 2006.Croiixon, Cr. Xpucrouanu no 6s:rrapcra guaJleKronornr' CoQur' 1950.Croiixon, C.r. Eanarcxn.sr roaop. In: Tpylose no 6l,rrapcta aua:reKrotorns. 3. 1967.CroqHon, NL Par"txoecru .[altacxlrs. Iu: Po.qoncrlr c6opnux. 3 1972.Yu"]eHcrcu, I'L Krocren.qu:rcxHtr foBop. In: Tpyaone no El,rrapcxa .qua.rekro:rorn{. 1 1965.

Corlu.a.XpHcroB, f. lonoptr Ha ce,ro Hosa Ha,qeN,la, Xacxoscxo. In: I'l:secrug Ha I4ucruryra no6l:rrapcxtr e:Hn. 4. 1956.l[enxrru, B. CassrrHa rcsura. Casxrretcp6ypr 1903..firuq, B. Mapuiucroe qerBepoeBaHrerre. fpau. 1906.Jagic, V. Quattuor evangcliarum codex glagoliticus olim Zographensis. Berolini, 1879.Kurz, J. Evangcliarium Assemani. Prague, 1955.Polish. ln: l0l Languages ofthe World. Transparent Language. Inc.2002-

B CTOp qecKH acncKT. In:

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Documents

Relative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs, and Conjunctions