Marcin FliegerRoad Policing Capacity Building - ManagerGlobal Road Safety Partnership

The role of

enforcement in

speed

management

Regional Seminar on Tackling Main Causes of Road Traffic Crashes, Fatalities and Injuries in Asia-Pacific Countries to Achieve Road Safety Targets of the

Sustainable Development GoalsNew Delhi, 24-25 April 2019

The problem of speeding

• Speeding is a major problem for road safety because it contributes to both:

- the incidence of crashes- the severity of crashes

A range of driving functions are adversely influenced by increasing speed, including:

- Braking distance

- Probability of exceeding the critical speed of a curve

- Loss of friction between tyres and the road

- Loss of stability when cornering and braking

- Less time to notice and react to potential hazards

- Other road users may misjudge your speed

________________________________________________

Sources: Queensland Transport, 1993; Kloeden et al, 1997

The problem of speeding

Increased Speed = Stopping Distance

The problem of speeding

Speed Management - A Major Focus

Countermeasures to Speeding

- Setting appropriate and effective speed limits

- Information about the speed limit (signage)

- Road engineering measures

- Police enforcement to control the speeder

Why is enforcement used in road safety?

• Limited public understanding of the link between their behaviours and their

– risk of being in a crash

– severity of outcome if involved in a crash

• People are not good at assessing risk

– Illusion of control (I’m a good driver, I can control vehicle)

– Familiarity with local roads (I am only going a short distance)

• Experience shows us that enforcement can change behaviour which can then change attitudes and levels of moral acceptance

• Strong track record of changing behaviour and attitudes using enforcement + education when they are used together

Key factors:

- should be one element of an integrated speed management strategy

- aims to deter speeding and apprehend people who speed

- gains in effectiveness if targeted towards prioritised roads, situations and times

Speed enforcement

Key elements of speed enforcement

Strategy

Tactic

Legislation

Data – led/analysis

Equipment/technology

Speed enforcement

The most important requirement for speed enforcement is that it deters drivers from

speeding

Strategy

This subjective risk of apprehension can be increased by:

- Stepping up the intensity of actual speed enforcement

- Ensure speed enforcement is unpredictable & unavoidable (legislation)

- and sustained over a longer period of time

Priority of speed enforcement activities

Speed enforcement

Road safety – speed related crashesStrategy

13099 12831

1179111344

10205

92199619 9550

8249

9222 91798550 8276

74896807

71956837

6256

1117 12321059 966 855 743 846 786 778

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Casualties Crashes FatalitiesFoundation of Automated Traffic Enforcement Centre

Speed enforcement

Tactics

1. Physical Policing

2. Automated Enforcement

Speed enforcement

Police check motorists at the

roadside (check points) or via

road patrols

Hand held devices – laser & radar

Police vehicles equipped with video camera

1. Physical Policing

Police motorbike with speed camera

Speed enforcement

Tactics

Tactics

• Driver/rider stopped by police officer & infringement issued = immediate feedback

• Other offences can be detected - e.g. checks for breath test, driver licence, vehicle safety, safety belt, correctly warn helmet, other non-traffic crimes

• Thorough driver identification - e.g. disqualified and wanted persons can be identified

• Opportunity to improve public perceptions of Police and improve compliance

• Police can explain risk to driver and explain legislative requirements –e.g. all passengers must wear correct restraint

• Clearly visible enforcement can increase others’ perceptions of being detected (increasing general deterrence)

Physical Policing

Speed enforcement

Detect offenders with speed

detection equipment and

send fine or notification by

mail

Tactics

Fixed speed camera

Mobile speed camera

Section (average speed)

control

2. Automated Enforcement

Tactics Automated Enforcement

• Effective crash blackspot treatment

• Effective where permanent enforcement is needed (e.g. town entrance)

• Useful where unsafe for a Police Officer to stop vehicles (e.g. motorways)

• Capable of checking large volumes of traffic and issuing large numbers of infringements

• Highly efficient but can only detect a single offence

• Can reduce opportunity for corruption at the roadside

Effectiveness

• Combination of Physical Policing and Automated Enforcement recommended

• Must be supported by extensive, sustained public advertising to increase perception that widespread enforcement is occurring

• Speed enforcement is most effective when it is unpredictable and difficult to avoid

• Consider mixed use of overt and covert (hidden) enforcement to promote deterrence message…

Anywhere, any time

Research* has found significant effects of speed enforcement on

reducing speeding, speed-related crashes, and fatalities & injuries

*Cochrane speed camera review, GRSP WHO Speed manual, WHO SaveLIVES package

Speed enforcement

Intelligence-led policing

• Focus of speed enforcement operations

o which roads, situation, times, day…

o operations based on crash analysis

o do not deploy only where easy to detect speeding drivers

Data-led Speed enforcement gains in effectiveness if it is

targeted towards prioritised roads, situations and times

Speed enforcement

Speed enforcement interventions must be planned with the requisite attention to detail i.e.

crash incidence and level of offences. Identifying the sites and planning the specificenforcement activities must be based on the following:

• A thorough analysis of crash data to determine sites that have the highest risks;• An analysis of crashes where speed has been identified as a major contributing factor in

crash causation.• Information about sites where inordinate high speeds are recorded;

Selection of sites for speed enforcement

Speed enforcement

Data-led

• The identification of sites where speed enforcement will have the greatest possibleimpact to minimise crash risks.

• Avoiding the selection of sites where speed enforcement will merely alienate roadusers due to perception that the enforcement is directed at income generationrather than road safety.

It is therefore important that the selection of sites is done with due consideration to data, local conditions and with the cooperation of law enforcement personnel who

work in the particular area.

Speed enforcement

Selection of sites for speed enforcementData-led

Identifying High Risk locations

High Speed Hours –Time and Days of the week when speed related crashes peak

Table 2 - Speed related fatal/injury crashes

by hour band (New Zealand Crash Data) n Greater than average (91)

2009-13 Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Total

00:00-01:59 56 38 58 86 97 216 175 726

02:00-03:59 24 29 46 44 63 116 137 459

04:00-05:59 26 20 26 40 41 91 91 335

06:00-07:59 51 54 55 70 83 77 55 445

08:00-09:59 72 88 90 73 71 84 71 549

10:00-11:59 85 82 61 71 63 98 97 557

12:00-13:59 75 76 75 98 77 138 123 662

14:00-15:59 95 80 101 107 134 148 137 802

16:00-17:59 116 137 134 129 136 136 149 937

18:00-19:59 72 96 100 102 135 136 107 748

20:00-21:59 69 79 108 112 172 174 80 794

22:00-23:59 56 66 86 99 152 167 65 691

Total 797 845 940 1031 1224 1581 1287 7705

Poland - change of law from 18th May 2015

Withdrawal of driver licence for 3 month for speeding over than

50 kph in urban area

LegislationLegal framework supports speed enforcement

Comprehensive legislation should support speed enforcement - give appropriate “tools” for effective road policing

-20.0%

-30.2%

-20.7%

-11.9%

-35.0%

-30.0%

-25.0%

-20.0%

-15.0%

-10.0%

-5.0%

0.0%

wypadki zabici ranniujawnione

wykroczenia

Crashes caused by speeding – reduction 18.05 - 31.07. 2014/2015

Crashes Fatalities Injured No. offences

Global Road Safety Partnership

c/o International Federation of

Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

P. O. Box 372

17, chemin des Crêts

CH-1211 Geneva 19

Switzerland

Tel: +41 (0) 22 730 42 49

Fax: +41 (0) 22 733 03 95

E-mail: grsp@ifrc.org

Website: www.grsproadsafety.org

Thank you.