Purpose and Need - a123.g.akamai.neta123.g.akamai.net/.../forestservic.download.akamai.com/11558/...29… · Arno, Stephen F. 1976. The Historical Role of Fire on the Bitterroot National

Spring Gulch Revised EA References Appendix C

Spring Gulch Timber Sale Project C-1

Vegetation

Arno, Stephen F. 1976. The Historical Role of Fire on the Bitterroot National Forest. INT-187, December. Arno, Stephen F. 1979. Forest Regions of Montana. USDA For. Ser. Research Paper INT-218, 39 p. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest Fire History of the Northern Rockies. Reprinted from the Journal of Forestry, Vol 78, No 8. August 1980. Björklund, N.K.; Lindgren, B.S., Diameter of Lodgepole Pine and Mortality Caused by the Mountain Pine Beetle: Factors that Influence their Relationships and Applicability for Susceptibility Rating. Can. J. For. Res. Vol. 39, 2009. Brown, R. T., Agee J.K. and Franklin, J.F. Forest Restoration and Fire Principles in the Context of Place. Conservation Biology, Pages 903-912, Volume 18, No. 4, August 2004, p 904. Chatters, J.C. and Leavell, D.M. (1994). Smeads Bench Fen: A 1500 Year History of Fire and Succession in the Hemlock Forest of the Lower Clark Fork Valley, Northwest Montana. Pp 55 Cooper, S.V.; Neiman, K.E.; and Roberts, D.W. 1991. Forest Habitat Types of Northern Idaho: A Second Approximation. USDA, Forest Service General Technical Report INT-236. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 143 pp. Pp 13-18. Fisher, W.C. and A.F. Bradley. 1987. Fire Ecology of Western Montana Forest Habitat Types. General Technical Report INT-223. Ogden UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 95p. Frissel, C.A. and Bayles, D. 1996. Ecosystem Management and the Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity and Ecological Integrity. In Water Resources Bulletin, VOL. 32, NO.2. Habeck-Mutch.1973. Fire Dependent Forests in the Rocky Mountains. Article in Quaternary Research. Vol. III 408-424. Hagle, Susan K. 2009. USDA, Forest Service. Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations. Management Guide for Laminated Root Rot. Available through: http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5187461.pdf Harvey AE. 1994. Integrated roles for insects, diseases and decomposers in fire dominated forests of the inland western United States: past, present and future forest health. Journal of Sustainable.Forestry. Vol 1, No2:211–20 Logan, J. A.; Régnière, J.; Powell, J. A. 2003. Assessing the impacts of global warming on forest pest dynamics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1: 130-137. Kauffman, J. Boone, (2004) Death Rides the Forest: Perceptions of Fire, Land Use, and Ecological Restoration of western Forests, Conservation Biology 18 (4), 878-882.

http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5187461.pdf



Kaufmann, M.R., Graham, R.T., Boyce, D. A., Moir, W.H., Perry, L., Reynolds, R.T., et al. (1994). An Ecological Basis for Ecosystem Management. (GTR RM-246) Fort Collins: Rocky Mtn. Exp. Station. P 3-5. McDonald, G.I.; Martin, N.E.; Harvey, A.E., 1987. USDA, Forest Service. Intermountain Research Station. Armillaria in the Northern Rockies: Pathogenicity and Host Susceptibility on Pristine and Disturbed Sites. Research Note: INT-371. McDonald, Geral I., 1990. Relationships Among Site Quality, Stand Structure, and Armillaria Root Rot in Douglas-fir Forests. In Interior Douglas-fir: The Species and Its Management. Washington State University, Dept. of Natural Resource Sciences, Cooperative Extension. Morgan, P. Aplet, G., Haufler, J., {and others}, 1994. Historical range of variability: a useful tool for evaluating ecosystem change. In: Sampson, N., Adams, D., eds. Assessing forest ecosystem health in the inland west. New York: Haworth Press, Inc..: 87-111. Pfister, R.D., B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno and R.C. Presby. 1977. Forest Habitat Types of Montana. USDA, Forest Service General Technical Report INT-34. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 174 pp. Pp 11-14 USDA Forest Service, 1994. Ecological Subregions of the United States: Section Descriptions. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. P45-4. USDA Forest Service. 1999. Vegetation Response Unit Characterizations & Target Landscape Prescriptions. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Unpublished Pp 21-74 and 124-137. USDA Forest Service 2009. Montana- Forest Insect and Disease Conditions and Progam Highlights-2008. Amy Gannon and Scott Sontag. R-09-01. USDA FS. Waring, R. H. and Schliesinger, W., 1985. Forest Ecosystems Concepts and Management. Academic Press, New York. Pp 216. Documents incorporated by reference, but not cited. USDA Forest Service. 1987. Kootenai National Forest Integrated Plan. Libby, MT. USDA Forest Service. 1993, Habitat Type Groups and Target Stands, Kootenai National Forest, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. USDA Forest Service, R1. 1994 Insect and Disease Identification and Management. USDA, Forest Service, Northern Region Cooperative Forestry and Pest Management. Smith, J. K. and Fischer, W. C., 1997. Fire Ecology of the Forest Habitat Types of Northern Idaho. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. INT 363: USDA Forest Service, R1. 1998 Northern Region Overview, Detailed Report USDA forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula , MT. USDA Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1995. Soil Survey of Kootenai national Forest Area, Montana and Idaho. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT.



USDA Forest Service/USADI Bureau of Land Management. 1997 Upper Columbia River Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Volume I and II. USDA Forest Service. 1986. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR Parts 1500-1508. 45 pp.

Fire/Fuels

Agee, J.K. 1999. Effects on Landscape Fragmentation in Interior West Forests. p. 43. In: Rochelle, J.A., Lehmann., L., and J. Wisniewski. 1999. Forest Fragmentation: Wildlife and Management Implications. 322 pages. Agee, James K. 2002. The fallacy of passive management. Conservation Biology in Practice. www.conservationmagazine.org/articles/v3n1/the-fallacy-of-passive-management/ Agee, James K., and Skinner, Carl N. 2005. Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management. 211 (83–96). http://gis.fs.fed.us/psw/programs/ecology_of_western_forests/publications/publications/2005-01-AgeeSkinner.pdf Albini, F.A. (1976): Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. General Technical Report INT-30, Ogden, UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station http://www.firemodels.org/downloads/behaveplus/publications/Albini_INT-30_1976.pdf Anderson, Hal E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-122. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 22 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr122.pdf Andrews, Patricia L.; Bevins, Collin D.; Seli, Robert C. 2005. BehavePlus fire modeling system, version 3.0: User's Guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-106WWW Revised. Ogden, UT: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 134p. Arno, Stephen F. and Fiedler, Carl E. 2005. Mimicking Nature’s Fire: Restoring fire-prone forests in the west. Island Press. http:/www2.state.id.us/lands/nat_fire_plan/county_wui_plans/boundary/boundary_plan.htm http://www.idl.idaho.gov/nat_fire_plan/county_wui_plans/boundary/boundary_plan.htm Brown, James K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-16. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_gtr016.pdf Brown, James K., Reinhardt, Elizabeth D., Kramer, Kylie A. 2003. Coarse woody debris: Managing benefits and fire hazard in the recovering forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-105.



Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 16 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr105.pdf Cohen, Jack D. 1999. Reducing the wildland fire threat to homes: where and how much? USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-173. Pacific Southwest Research Station, p.189-195 Duveneck, M.J., Patterson III, W.A. 2007. Characterizing canopy fuels to predict fire behavior in pitch pine stands. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. Volume 1: p. 65-70. Federal Wildland Fire Policy, 1995. www.fs.fed.us/land/wdfire.htm Finney, M.A. 2005. The challenge of quantitative risk analysis for wildland fire. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 211: p.97-108. Franklin, Jerry F.; Baker, William; Schoennagel, Tania; Moyle, Peter B. 2006. Ecological science relevant to management policies for fire-prone forests of the western United States. Executive Summary. Society for Conservation Biology Scientific Panel on Fire in Western U.S. Forests. Society for Conservation Biology, North American Section, Arlington, VA. http://www.nifc.gov/fuels/downloads/planning/EcologicalScience.pdf Graham, Russell T.; Harvey, Alan E.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; Jain, Theresa B.; Tonn, Jonalea R.; Page- Dumroese, Deborah S. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. Res. Pap. INT-RP-477. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, lntermountain Research Station. 12 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_rp477.pdf Graham, Russell T., Harvey, Alan E., Jain, Theresa B., Tonn, Jonalea R. 1999. The effects of thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in western forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-463. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 27 p. http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/~sheppard/swland/thin-fire.pdf Graham, Russell T.; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B., tech. eds. 2004. Scientific basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 43 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/main/fire_plan/index.html http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr120.pdf Hann, Wendel.J., Strohm, Diane J. 2003. Fire regime condition class and associated data for fire and fuels planning: methods and applications. p 337-443. In: Omi, Philip N.; Joyce, Linda A., technical editors. Fire, fuel treatments, and ecological restoration: Conference proceedings; 2002 16-18 April; Fort Collins, CO. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p029/rmrs_p029_397_434.pdf Proceedings RMRS-P-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 475 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p029.pdf



Hann, Wendel; Havlina, Doug; Shlisky, Ayn et al. 2003. Interagency and The Nature Conservancy fire regime condition class website .USDA Forest Service, US Department of the Interior, The Nature Conservancy, and Systems for Environmental Management [frcc.gov]. www.frcc.gov Hvizdak, Ron (Retired Forest Service Fire Manager). 2007. Risks of Using Prescribed Fire Only In the Interagency Fire Regime Condition Class Guidebook Version 1.2. May 2005 http://frames.nbii.gov/frcc/documents/1.2.2.2/Complete_Guidebook_V1.2.pdf Millar, C.I., Stephenson, N.L., Stephens, S.L. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications. 17(8): pp 2145-2151. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/millar/psw_2007_millar029.pdf National Fire Plan, 2000. www.fireplan.gov. Can’t find & the website has changed to www.forestsandrangelands.gov National Wildfire Coordination Group 2006. Fireline Handbook. NWCG Handbook 3. PMS 410-1. pp 1-437. http://www.nwcg.gov/pms/pubs/410-1/410-1.pdf Peterson, David L., Johnson, Morris C., Agee, James K., Jain, Theresa B., McKenzie, Donald., Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2005. Forest structure and fire hazard in dry forest of the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-628. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 30 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr628.pdf Pollet, Jolie, and Omi, Philip M. 2002. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire. Volume 11, pp 1-10. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=WF01045.pdf Prichard, S.J., Riccardi, C.L., Sandberg, D.V., and Ottmar, R.D. Fuels Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) Users Guide. Pacific Northwest Research Station. 143pp. http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/67236.pdf Reinhardt, E.D., and Crookston, N.L. 2003. The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-116. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 209p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr116.pdf Rothermel, R.C., (1972): A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels, General Technical Report INT-115, Ogden, UT; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_rp115.pdf Scott, Joe H.; Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of surface and crown fire behavior. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 59 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp29.pdf

http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=WF01045.pdf



Scott, Joe H.; Burgan, Robert E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel’s surface fire spread model. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-153. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 72 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr153.pdf Skinner, C, and M. Ritchie. 2008. The Cone Fire: a chance reckoning for fuel treatments. Fire Science Brief, Issue 4, Jan. 2008, 6p. http://www.firescience.gov/projects/03-2-3-20/03-2-3-20_brief.pdf Smith, Jane Kapler; Fischer, William C. 1997. Fire ecology of the forest habitat types of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-363. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 142p. http://www.firelab.org/Publications/Smith_1997_INT-GTR-363_ocr.pdf Strom, B.A., and Fulé, P.A. 2007. Pre-wildfire fuel treatments affect long-term ponderosa pine forest dynamics. International Journal of Wildland Fire. Volume 16: p.128-138. https://library.eri.nau.edu:8443/bitstream/2019/346/1/StromAndFule.2007.PreWildfireFuelTreatmentsAffect.pdf U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 2004. The Healthy Forests Initiative and Healthy Forests Restoration Act: Interim Field Guide. FS-799. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 58 p. http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/hfi/field-guide/web/ Van Wagner, C.E. (1977) Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 7: 23-34. https://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/rpv?hm=HInit&journal=cjfr&volume=7&afpf=x77-004.pdf&media=pdf&calyLang=eng Zack, Arthur C., Morgan, Penelope. 1994. Fire history on the Idaho Panhandle National Forest.

Wildlife/Old Growth

Allen, L. R., B. R. Lyndaker, and G. D. Harris. 2011. A review of the Wakkinen and Kasworm (1997) report as best available science for the Selkirk and Cabinet-Yaak grizzly bear recovery zones. USDA, FS, Idaho Panhandle NF. Sandpoint ID. 32pp. Bartlet, P. E. and C. R. Peterson. 1994. Riparian habitat utilization by western toads (Bufo boreas) and sprotted frogs (Rana pretiosa) on the Targhee National Forest, Final Report. ID State Univ. Pocatello ID. 54pp Bate, Lisa J. and Michael J. Wisdom. 2004. DRAFT – Snag, large tree and log resources in relation to roads and other indices of human access on the Flathead National Forest. Progress Report July 2002. 31 pp.



Bertram, T. and J. Claar. 2008. Horizontal Cover – interim guidance for assessing multi-storied stands within lynx habitat. USFS Region 1, Missoula, MT. 6pp. Bradford, P. 2007. Old growth management. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF. Libby, MT. 11pp. Brewer, L. T., R. Bush, J. E. Canfield, A. R. Dohman. 2009. Northern goshawk Northern Region overview, key findings and project consideration. USDA, FS, R-1, Missoula, MT. 54pp. Bull, E. L. 1975. Habitat utilization of the pileated woodpecker, Blue Mountains, Oregon. MS thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Bull, E. L. 1980. Resource partitioning among woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. PhD dissertation, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID. Bull, E. L. 1987. Ecology of the pileated woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management, 51 (2): 472-481. Bull, E. L., and E. C. Meslow. 1977. Habitat requirements of the pileated woodpecker in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Forestry, 75 (6): 335-337. Bull, E. L., and R. S. Holthausen. 1993. Habitat use and management of pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management, 57: 335-345. Bull, E. L., A. D. Twombly, and T. M. Quigley. 1980. Perpetuating snags in managed mixed conifer forests of the Blue Mountains, Oregon. pp. 325-334 Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds, R. M. DeGraaf [technical coordinator], USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, INT-GTR-86, Ogden, Utah. Bull, E. L., R. C. Beckwith, and R. S. Holthausen. 1992a. Arthropod diet of pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist 73 (2): 42-45. Bull, E. L., R. S. Holthausen, and M. G. Henjum. 1992b. Roost trees used by pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. Journal of Wildlife Management 56 (4): 786-793. Bull, Evelyn L., C.G. Parks and T.R. Torgersen. 1997. Trees and logs important to wildlife in the Interior Columbia River Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-391. Portland, OR. USDA Forest Service Pacific NW Res. Sta. 55 pp. Bury, R. B., D. J. Major, and D. Pilliod. 2000. Responses of amphibians to fire disturbance in Pacific Northwest forests: a review. Pages 34-42 In The Role of Fire in Nongame Wildlife Management and Community Restoration: Traditional Uses and New Directions Proceedings of a Special Workshop, Editors W. M. Ford, K. R. Russell, C. E. Moorman. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. GTR-NE-288. Bush, R. and R. Lundberg, 2008. Wildlife Habitat Estimate Updates for the Region 1 Habitat Conservation Assessment, Region One Vegetation Classification , Mapping, Inventory, and Analysis Report 08-04 1.0. http://fsweb.r1.fs.fed.us/forest/inv/fia_data/cons_asses_hab_estimates.pdf



Buterbaugh, G. L. 1991. Biological opinion grouse-keeler timber sale. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Denver, CO. 22 pp. Castaneda, Bob. 2004. Old Growth Management. 1900/2600 letter, April 26, 2004. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 1 pg. + 61 pp attachment: “Kootenai National Forest Considerations for the Management of Old-Growth” Christy, R.E., and S.D. West. 1993. Biology of bats in Douglas-fir forests. USDA, FS. Pacific Northwest Research Station. General Technical Report. PNW-GTR 308, 28 pp. Claar, J.J., N. Anderson, D. Boyd, M. Cherry, B. Conard, R. Hompesch, S. Miller, G. Olson, H. Ihsle Pac, J. Waller, T. Wittinger, H. Youmans. 1999. Carnivores. Pages 7.1-7.63 in Joslin, G. and H. Youmans, coordinators. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: A Review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife. Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society. 307 pp. Clark, Jaimie Rappaport. 2000. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Determination of Threatened Status for the Contiguous U.S. Distinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx and Related Rule; Final Rule. UDSI FWS. Federal Register March 24, 2000. Vol. 65 No. 58. pp 16051-16086. Cook, John, G., L. L. Irwin, L. D. Bryant, R. A. Riggs, and J. W. Thomas. 1998. Relations of forest cover and condition of elk: a test of the thermal cover hypothesis in summer and winter. Wldlf. Mono. 141. Copeland, Jeffrey P. 1996. Biology of the wolverine in central Idaho. MS Thesis, Univ. of Idaho. 138pp. Corn, P., P. Hendricks, T. Koch, B. Maxell, C. Peterson, and K. Werner. 1998. Unpublished letter to USFS Region 1 Species at Risk Task Group: subject – Boreal toad (Bufo Boreas boreas) listing as a sensitive species for all Region 1 Forests. 8pp. Crocker-Bedford, D.C. 1990. Goshawk reproduction and forest management. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 18: 262-269. DeMaynadier, P. G., and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 1998. Effects of silvicultural edges on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine. Conservation Biology, Vol. 12, No. 2, pages 340-352. Frederick, Glenn P. 1991. Effects of forest roads on grizzly bears, elk and gray wolves: a literature review. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF. Libby, MT. 53 pp. Goggans, R. 1985. Habitat Use by Flammulated Owls in Northeastern Oregon. MS Thesis, Oregon State University, 1986. 64 pp. Graham, Russell T., A.E. Harvey, M.F. Jurgensen, T.B. Jain, J.R. Tonn, and D.S. Page-Dumroese. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. Research Paper INT-RP-477. Ogden, UT. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. 12 pp.



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Hutto, R. L. and J. S. Young. 1999. Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report. RMRS-GTR-32. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 72p. Illg, C., and G. Illg. 1994. The Ponderosa and the flammulated. Pp. 36-37, 58. American Forests, March/April: Vol. 100:3 and 4. Jackman, S. M. 1975. Woodpeckers of the Pacific Northwest: their characteristics and their role in the forests. MS thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Johnson, W. J. 1999 (unpublished). Sensitive Species Status Summary: Kootenai National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Libby, MT. 36 pp. Johnson, W. J. 2002. Historical access management in a small population of grizzly bear. Kootenai National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Libby, MT. 2pp Johnson, W. J. 2003. Incidental Take Analysis for Grizzly Bears that occur outside Recovery Zones on the Kootenai and Idaho Panhandle National Forests and a portion of the Lolo National Forest. Unpublished Report. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF, Libby, MT. 32 pp. Johnson, W. J. 2003b. Old growth and Pileated Woodpecker: Analysis update. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai NF. Libby, MT. 4pp Johnson, W. J. (editor). 2004 (unpublished). A Conservation Plan Based on the 1987 Kootenai National Forest Land Management Plan as Amended. KNF WFB Steering Group Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 17 pp plus Appendices. Johnson, W. J. (editor). 2004b (unpublished). Wolverine and Fisher Heirarchical Approach to Conservation on the Kootenai National Forest. USDA Forest Service, KNF WFB Steering Group Kootenai NF, Libby, MT. 8 pp. Johnson, W. (tech. ed.). 2005 (unpublished). Snag level crosswalk and optional snag management retention levels on the Kootenai national forest. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 5p. Johnson, Wayne and Frank Lamb. 1998 (unpublished). Forest Plan Monitoring: Snags. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. 4 pp. Kasworm, Wayne and Timothy Manley. 1988. Grizzly Bear and Black Bear Ecology in the Cabinet Mountains of Northwest Montana. MDFWP, Helena, MT. 122 pp. Kasworm, Wayne F., H. Carriles and T.G. Radant. 2004.Cabinet-Yaak Grizzly Bear Recovery Area 2003 Research and Monitoring Progress Report. USFWS, Univ. of MT, Missoula, MT. 62 pp Kasworm, W.F., H. Carriles, T.G. Radant, and C. Servheen. 2005. Cabinet-Yaak Grizzly Bear Recovery Area 2004 Research and Monitoring Progress Report. USFWS, Missoula, MT. 60 pp



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Water Resources

Johnson, S.R. 1990. Kootenai National Forest Hydraulic Guide. Page 41. Johnson, S.R. 1991. Clarification of Forest Plan Water Yield Analysis Procedure. Internal Document, Unpublished. 3pp. Johnson, S.R. 1992. Overview of KNF Watershed Sensitivity Analysis. Internal Document, Unpublished. 3pp. King, J.G. 1989. Streamflow Responses to Road Building and Harvesting: a Comparision with the Equivalent Clearcut Area Procedure. Intermountain Research Station, Research Paper INT-401 13 pp. Montana DEQ. 1996. Montana List of Waterbodies in Need of Total Maximum Daily Load Development. Helena, Montana. Montana DEQ. 2006. Montana List of Waterbodies in Need of Total Maximum Daily Load Development. Helena, Montana. Phankuch, D. 1975. Stream reach inventory and channel stability evaluation. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region Missoula, MT. 26 pp. Rosgen, D.L. 1994. A classification of natural rivers. Catena 22 (1994) pp. 169-199. Rosgen, D.L. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology, Pagosa Springs, CO. p. 1-3, 6-30, and 8-9. Troendle, C.A. 1987. The Potential Effect of Cutting and Thinning on Streamflow from the Subalpine Forest. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station RM-274. 9pp. USDA Forest Service. 1995. Soil Survey of Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho. USDA Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service. Place of publication unknown. pp. 17-18, 20-21, and 26-27. Vaneck, M. 1975. Crosscuts and Rails: The history of three pioneer communities, White Pine, Belknap, and Alger. p. 152. Wegner, S. 1999. Monitoring results of Quartz Creek wateshed restoration activities. In 1999 Summer Specialty Conference Proceedings. Bozeman, MT. 8 pp.



Fisheries

Avista Corporation. 2005. Lower Clark Fork River Drainage Habitat Problem Assessment. Avista Corporation. Spokane, Washington. 391pp. Avista Corporation. 2003. Fisheries survey of Graves Creek, Deep Creek, and East Fork Bull River, Montana-2002 Final Report. Spokane, Washington. 71pp. Bauer, G. 1987. Reproductive strategy of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera. Journal of Animal Ecology 56: 691–704. Behnke, R. J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. Am. Fish. Soc. Monograph No. 6. 275 pp. Belt G.H., J. O'Laughlin and T. Merrill. 1992. Design of forest riparian buffer strips for the protection of water quality: Analysis of scientific literature. Idaho Forest Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group, Report No.8, Idaho Forest, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho. Bjornn, T. C. and D. W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams. Pages 83-138 in W. R. Meehan ed. Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fish and their habitat. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:83-138, 1991. Clarke, A.H. 1981. The Freshwater Molluscs of Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Fausch, K. D., B. E. Rieman, M. K. Young, and J. B. Dunham. 2006. Strategies for conserving native salmonid populations at risk from nonnative fish invasions: tradeoffs in using barriers to upstream movement. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-174. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. Furniss, M.J., T.D. Roelofs, and C.S. Lee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19: 297-323. Griffith, J. S. 1988. Review of competition between cutthroat trout and other salmonids. American Fisheries Society Symposium 4:134-140. Hillman, T. W., J. S. Griffith & W. S. Platts, 1987. Summer and winter habitat selection by juvenile chinook salmon in a highly sedimented Idaho stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116: 185–195. Knowles, N., M.D. Dettinger, D.R. Cayan. 2006. Trends in snowfall and rainfall in the western United States. Journal of Climate 19:4545-4559. Lee, D. C., J. R. Sedell, B. E. Rieman, R. F. Thurow, and J. E. Williams. 1997. Broad scale assessment of aquatic species and habitats. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Vol. 3, Chap. 4. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-405.



Liknes, G.A. and P.J. Graham. 1988. Westslope cutthroat trout in Montana: life history, status, and management. American Fisheries Society Symposium 4:53:60. Marnell, L.F. 1988. Status of the cutthroat trout in Glacier National Park, Montana. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Bethesda, Maryland. McIntyre, J.D. and B.E. Rieman. 1995. Westslope cutthroat trout. In: Young, M.K., technical editor. Conservation assessment for inland cutthroat trout. General Technical Report RM-256. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Montana Bull Trout Scientific Group (MBTSG). 1998. The relationship between land management activities and habitat requirements of bull trout. Report prepared for the Montana Bull Trout Restoration Team, Helena, Montana. Muhlfeld, Clint C., Thomas E. McMahon, and Durae Belcer. 2009. Spatial and temporal dynamics of spawning between native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss), and their hybrids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66:1153-1168. Murphy, M.L., Meehan, W.R. 1991. Stream ecosystems. In: W.R. Meehan (ed.), “Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats.” American Fisheries Society, Special Publication Number 19. Bethesda, Maryland. Overton, C.K. and S.P. Wollrab, B.C. Roberts [and others]. 1997. R1/R4 (Northern/Intermountain Regions) fish and fish habitat standard inventory procedures handbook. INT-GTR-346. Ogden, Utah: USDA Forest Service: 1-72. Pratt, K.L. and J.E. Huston. 1993. Status of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in Lake Pend Oreille and lower Clark Fork River: DRAFT. Washington Water Power, Spokane, Washington. Rahel, F.J., B. Bierwagen, and Y. Taniguchi. 2008. Managing aquatic species of conservation concern in the face of climate change and invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22, 3:551–561. Rieman, B.E. and K.A. Apperson. 1989. Status and analysis of salmonid fisheries: westslope cutthroat trout synopsis and analysis of fishery information Idaho Department of fish and Game. Rieman, B.E., and J.D. McIntyre. 1993. Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout. General Technical Report INT-302, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah. Rieman, B.E., D. Issak, S. Adams, D. Horan, D. Nagel, C. Luce, D. Myers. 2007. Anticipated climate warming effects on bull trout habitats and populations across the interior Columbia River Basin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 136:1552–1565. Rosgen, D. 1996. Applied River Morphology. Wildland Hydrology. Pagosa Springs, Colorado. Shepard B. S., S. Leathe, T. Weaver, and M. Enk. 1984. Monitoring levels of fine sediment within tributaries to Flathead Lake and impacts of fine sediment on bull trout Recruitment. IN:



Proceedings of the Wild Trout III Symposium. Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Sept. 24-25, 1984. Shepard B. S., B.E. May, and W. Urie. 2005. Status and conservation of westslope cutthroat trout within the Western United States. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25:1426–1440.

Stagliano, D. 2010. Freshwater mussels in Montana: comprehensive results from 3 years of SWG funded surveys. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, Montana. Stewart, I.T, D.R. Cayan, and M.D. Dettinger. 2004. Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under "business as usual climate change scenarios." Climate Change 62:217-232. Toy, K.A. 1998. Growth, reproduction and habitat preference of the freshwater mussel, Margaritifera falcata in western Washington. Unpublished MS Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, 84pp. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 1987. Kootenai National Forest Plan, Vol. 1. Libby, Montana, pp. III26-III31. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 1995. Environmental Assessment: Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact. Interim Strategies for managing fish-producing watersheds in eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, western Montana and portions of Nevada. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain, Northern, and Pacific Northwest Regions. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service. 1999. Programmatic road maintenance biological assessment. Libby, Montana. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2010. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Designation of Critical Habitat for Bull Trout in the Coterminous United States. Federal Register. Docket No. FWS-R1-ES-2009-0085. Weaver, T.M., and J.J. Fraley. 1991. Fisheries habitat and fish populations. Flathead basin forest practices, water quality and fisheries cooperative program. Flathead Basin Commission, Kalispell, MT. Williams, J.E., A.L. Haak, H.M. Neville, and W. T. Colyer. 2009. Potential consequences of climate change to persistence of cutthroat trout populations. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29:533–548.

Soils

Amaranthus, M. P.; J. M. Trappe and R. J. Molina. 1989. Long-term forest productivity and the living soil. In: Maintaining the long-term productivity of Pacific northwest forest ecosystems. D. A. Perry, ed. pp. 36 and 48.



Arno, Stephen F. 1996. The Concept: Restoring Ecological Structure and Process in Ponderosa Pine Forests. In: The Use of fire in Forest Restoration. Hardy, C. C., and S. F. Arno. 1996. USDA Forest Service. Intermountain Research Station. Ogden, UT. INT-GTR-341. Beschta, R.L., J.J. Rhodes, J.B. Kaufman, and others. 2004. Postfire management on forested public lands of the western United States. Cons. Biol. 18(4):957-967. Brady, Nyle C., and Ray R. Weil. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Thirteenth Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Pp 928-929. Brown, J.K., E.D. Reinhardt, and K.A. Kramer. 2003. Coarse woody debris: managing benefits and fire hazard in the recovering forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-105, July, 16 pp. Certini, G., 2005. Effects of Fire on Properties of Forest Soils: A Review. Oecologis. 143: 1-10 Choromanska, U., and T. H. DeLuca. 2001. Prescribed Fire Alters the Impact of Wildfire on Soil Biochemical Properties in a Ponderosa Pine Forest. Published in Soil Sci. Soc. AM. J. 65:232-238. DeBano, L.F. 2000. The role of fire and soil heating on water repellency in wildland environments: a review. Published in Journal of Hydrology 213-232 (2000) p. 195-206. DeBano, L.F. 1991. The effect of fire on soil properties. In: Proceedings- -Management and Productivity of Western Montane Forest Soils. Harvey, A and L. Neuenschwander, compilers. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Pp. 151-155. DeBano, L.F. 1981. Water repellant soils: a state-of-the-art. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-46, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn., USDA Forest Service, Berkeley, CA. 21 pp. Dykstra P. and M. Curran. 2002. Skid road recontouring in British Columbia: 7-year tree growth results. Res. Br. B.C. Min. For. Victoria, B.C. Tech. Rep. 001. Dyrness C.T. 1976. Effect of wildfire on soil wettability in the high Cascades of Oregon. Res. Pap. PNW-202. 18 pp. Froehlich H.A., D.W.R. Miles, and R.W. Robbins. 1985. Soil bulk density recovery on compacted skid trails in Central Idaho. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:1015-1017. Froehlich, H.A., and D.H. McNabb. 1983. Minimizing soil compaction in Pacific Northwest forests. In E.L. Stne (Ed.) Forest Soils and Treatm. Impacts, Proc. of 6th North Am. For. Soils Conf., U of TN Conf., 2016 Lake Ave. Knoxville, TN, June, pp. 159-192. Froehlich, H.A., R.W. Robbins, D.W.R. Miles, and J.K Lyons. 1983. Monitoring Recovery of Compacted Skidtrails in Central Idaho on Payette National Forest and Boise Cascade lands. Payette NF, McCall, ID. 58 pp. Graham, R. T., A. E. Harvey, M. F. Jurgenson, T. B. Jain, J. R. Tonn and D. S. Page-Dumroese. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. Research paper INT-RP-477.



Goodwin, K.M. and R.L. Sheley. October 2001. What to do when fires fuel weeds. Rangelands 23(6):15-20. Hart, S., T.H., G.S. Newman, M.D. MacKenzie, and S.I. Boyle. 2005. Post-fire vegetation dynamics for microbial community structure and function in forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management. 220: 166-184. Harford, R.A. and W.H. Fradsen 1992. When it’s hot, it’s hot…or maybe it’s not! (Surface flaming may not portrend extensive soil heating), USDA FS, Intermountain Research Station, Intermountain Journal of Wildland Fire. 2(3): 139-144. Huffmann, E.L., L.H. MacDonald, and J.D. Stednick. 2001. Strength and persistence of fire-induced soil hydrophobicity under ponderosa and lodgepole pine, Colorado Front Range. Hydrol. Process. 15: 2877-2892. Ice, G.G. 2003. Effects of wildfire on soils and watershed processes. In Conf. on post-fire restoration & salvage harvesting: applying our knowledge and experience, Cent. OR Soc. Of Am. For., Deschutes NF, OR Dept of For., Bend, OR, Oct. 21-23. Keane, R.E., K.C. Ryan, T.T. Veblin, C.D. Allen, J.Logan, and B. Hawkes. 2002. Cascading effects of fire exclusion in rocky mountain ecosystems: A literature review., United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Gen. Tech. Report RMRS-GTR-91, May 2002. Kuennen, Louis 2009. personal conversation with the KNF Soil Scientist regarding DSD following harvest activity Kuennen, Louis. 2007a. Appendix C, Average Disturbance by Activity for the years (1988-2005) on the Kootenai National Forest. White Paper.

Kuennen, L.J. 2007b. Table C1. Kootenai National Forest Soil Monitoring Table (1998-2005), on the Kootenai National Forest, Internal Document, Appendix I, USDA-FS, Kootenai National Forest. Kuennen, Louis. 2006a. Appendix E, Soils of Special Concerns on the Kootenai National Forest. White Paper. Internal Document. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Kuennen, Louis. 2003. Monitoring Averages/Recommendations. Internal Document. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Kuennen, L.J. 2000. Fires effects on soils. Appendix E in: Forest Assessment of 2000 Major Fires. Kootenai National Forest, Internal Document. Kootenai National Forest. Libby. MT. Kuennen, Louis, and Marci Nielsen-Gerhardt. 1995. Soil Survey of the Kootenai National Forest Area, Montana and Idaho. USDA Forest Service and Natural Resources Conservation Service in cooperation with the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Libby, MT. Kuennen, Louis, and Marci Nielsen-Gerhardt. 1984. Kootenai National Forest Land System Inventory. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT.



Megahan, W.F. 1990. Erosion and site productivity in western-Montana forest ecosystems. In: Proceedings, Management and Productivity of Western-Montana Forest Soils. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. pp. 146-150. Neary, D.G., C.C. Klopatek, L.F. DeBano, and P.F. Ffolliott, 1999. Fire effects on belowground sustainability: a review and synthesis. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, In: Forest Ecology and Management 122 (1999) p. 51-71. Page-Dumroese, D.M. Jurgensen, W.Elliott, T.Rice, J.Nesser, T.Nesser, T.Collins, and R.Meurisse. 2000. Soil quality standards and guidelines for forest sustainability in northwestern North America. Forest Ecology and Management 138 (2000) 445-462. Powers R.F., F.G. Sanchez, D.A. Scott, and D.Page-Dumroese. 2004. The North American long-term soil productivity experiment: Coast-to-Coast findings from the first decade, USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-34. Pp 191-206. Powers, R. F. 1990. Are we maintaining the productivity of Forest lands? Establishing guidelines through a network of long-term studies. In: Harvey, A. E. and L. F. Neuenschwander (Eds.). Proceedings-Management Productivity of Western Montane Soils. USDA, Forest Service Intermountain Research Station. pp. 70-81. Thurow T.L. 1991. Grazing management: An ecological perspective, Chapter 6, Hydrology and Erosion, Available on-line at http://cnrit.tami.edu/riem/textbook/textbook-fr.html, p1-17. USDA Forest Service, 2011. Region 1 Approach to Soils NEPA analysis regarding detrimental soil disturbance in forested areas, A Technical Guide, 36pp. USDA Forest Service. 2011a. Kootenai National Forest. 2011 Forest Plan Report. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Item F4. USDA Forest Service, 2009. R1 Approach to Soils NEPA Analysis Regarding Detrimental Soil Disturbance In Forested Areas a Technical Guide. Draft Version, U.S. Department of Agriculture, United States Forest Service, 36 pp. USDA Forest Service, 2007. Kootenai National Forest, 2007 Invasive Plant Management Record of Decision. USDA Forest Service, 2003. Kootenai National Forest, 2002 Forest Plan Monitoring Report. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Item F4. USDA FS. 1999. Region 1 Soil Quality Standards. 2554.03-R1 Suppl. 2500-99-1. 6p. USDA Forest Service, 1998. Kootenai National Forest, 1997 Forest Plan Monitoring Report. Kootenai National Forest. Libby, MT. Item F4. USDA Forest Service. 1998. Soil and Water Conservation Practices Handbook. FSH 2509.22 R1/R4 5/88.

http://cnrit.tami.edu/riem/textbook/textbook-fr.html



USDA Forest Service 1995. Inland Native Fish Strategy Environmental Assessment, Decision Notice and Finding of No Significant Impact, Intermountain, Northern, and Pacific Northwest Regions, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. USDA FS. 1987. Kootenai National Forest, Forest Plan, Northern Region, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, September 1987, pp. II-7. USDA Forest Service, 1976. National Forest Management Act (NFMA), US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. USDA Forest Service, 1960. National Forest Multiple-Sustained Use Yield Act of 1960, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Wells, C.G., R.E. Campbell, L.F. DeBano, C.E. Lewis, R.L. Fredriksen, E.C. Franklin, R.C. Froelich and D.H. Dunn. 1979. Effects of Fire on Soil: A State of the Knowledge Review. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-7. p.26. Zdanowicz, C.M., G.A. Zielinski, and M.S.Germani. 1999. Mount Mazama eruption: Calendrical age verified and atmospheric impact assessed. Geology 1999; 27;621-624.

Scenic USDA Forest Service, KNF Forest Plan, 1987a, II-2 USDA Forest Service, KNF Forest Plan, 1987a, II-5 The Forest Plan USDA Forest Service, 1987a, VI-22, 23 USDA Forest Service, December 1995, Agriculture Handbook Number 701: Landscape Asthetics, A Handbook for Scenery Management.

Inventoried Roadless

USDA Forest Service, Cataract Roadless Area #665 Validation, Dickerson, J, 1998. With attached map.

Noxious Weeds

Duncan, Celestine, (1997). Environmental Benefits of Weed Management, A Technical Summary. Consultant, Weed Management Services, Helena, Montana. Larson, L, Mcinnis, M, Kiemnec, G. Rangeland Weed Invasion. Rangelands. Vol. 19, no. 3 (June 1997): p. 30-32. Keeley, J. E. and T. W. McGinnis. 2007. Impact of prescribed fire and other factors on cheatgrass persistence in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16:96–106.



Mantas, Maria, (2003). Weeds, Evaluating Risk to Native Plant Communities from Selected Exotic Plant Species. The Nature Conservancy of Montana. Mooers, Gloria B.; Willard, E. Earl. 1989. Critical environmental factors related to success of spotted knapweed in western Montana. In: Fay, Peter K.; Lacey, John R., eds. Proceedings: knapweed symposium; 1989 April 4-5; Bozeman, MT. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University: 126-135. [37807]. Rice, P., Toney, C., Bedunah, D., and Carlson, C. E. (1997). Plant community diversity and growth form responses to herbicide applications for control of Centaurea maculosa. Journal of Applied Ecology, 34, 1397-1412. Rice, P. M. and Harrington, M. (2005). Stabalization of Plant Communities After Picloram and Fire Treatments, Agreement No. 03-CA-11.11600-029. Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, Mt. Sheley, Roger L.; Jacobs, James S.; Carpinelli, Michael L. 1999. Spotted knapweed. In: Sheley, Roger L.; Petroff, Janet K., eds. Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 350-361. [35743]. USDA Forest Service Kootenai National Forest. 2007. Invasive Plant Management Final Environmental Impact Statement and Record of Decision.

Cultural Resources

Draszt, Joan M. Echoes of Crosscuts and Rails. 1998. Historic Overview of the Kootenai National Forest, Northern Region, 1994; Miss, Christian J. ed. Kootenai National Forest Publication. Malouf, C.I. 1982. A Study of the Prehistoric and Historic Sites Along the Lower Clark Fork River Valley, Western Montana. Contributions to Anthropology, No. 7. University of Montana, Missoula. Crowley, F. A. 1963. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Mines and Mineral Deposits (except fuels) Sanders County, Montana. Bulletin 34, pg. 56. Timmons, Rebecca S., et al 1997, revised 2007. Kootenai National Forest Heritage Resource Guidelines for Site Survey Strategy. Ms. on file at Kootenai National Forest, Libby, Montana.



Sensitive Plants

Clearwater National Forest-Clustered Lady’s Slipper, report on line at http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/clearwater/terra_org/plants/sensitive/htm/cppriped.htm Kootenai National Forest Sensitive Plant Field Guide, March 2005, fifth edition. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, KNF. Leavell, Dan, Triepke, Jack, 1995. Sensitive Plant Program for the Kootenai National Forest, Policy and Methodology for PETS Plant Species Management. Kootenai National Forest, Libby, MT. Lichthardt, J. 2003. Conservation strategy for Clustered Lady’s-Slipper Orchid (Cypripedium fasciculatum) in U.S. Forest Service Region 1 (Draft). Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Natural Resource Policy Bureau, 600 South Walnut, P.O. Box 25, Boise, Idaho 83707. 25 pages with Appendices Montana Natural Heritage Program (MNHP) Montana Rare Plant Field Guide, on-line at http://fieldguide.mt.gov. Vanderhorst, J. 1997. Status review of Clarkia rhomboidea in Montana. USDA Forest Service, Kootenai National Forest, 1101 US Hwy 2 West, Libby, Montana 59923. 19 pages and Appendices

Air Quality

Barrows, J.S., D.V. Sandberg and J.D. Hart. Lightning fires in northern Rocky Mountain Forest. USDA: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station and the Department of Forest and Wood Sciences, Colorado State University. 1977 p.31. Ward, D. E., C.K. McMahon, and R.W. Johanson. An update on particulate emission from forest fires. Paper 67-2.2, Portland OR 15p. 176. Environmental Protection Agency Report AP-42 Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors. Chapter 13 p. 13 1-5. A Desk Reference for Air Quality Analysis. P.3.1.2-1 Environmental Protection Agency, National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. 40 CFR Parts 50, 51, 52, 53 and 58, 778 p. December 14, 2012.

http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/clearwater/terra_org/plants/sensitive/htm/cppriped.htm



Economics

Morgan, Todd A. and Charles E. Keegan III. 2009. Montana’s Forest Products Industry: Current Conditions and 2009 Forecast. Montana Business Quarterly/Spring 2010.

Travel Analysis

Anthony, R.G. and F.B. Isaacs. 1989. Characteristics of bald eagle nest sites in Oregon. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:148-159. Bangs, E. E., T.N. Bailey, and M.F. Portner. 1989. Survival rates of adult female moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:557-563. Coleman, J.S. and J.D. Fraser. 1989. Habitat use and home ranges of black and turkey vultures. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:782-792. Forman, R.T. 1995. Corridor attributes, roads, and powerlines. Pages 145-176 in Land Mosaics, The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press. 632 pp. Grover, K.E. and M.J. Thompson. 1986. Factors influencing spring feeding site selection by elk in the Elkhorn Mountains, Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:466-470. Hornocker, M.G. and H.S. Hash. 1981. Ecology of the wolverine in northwestern Montana. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:1286-1301 Johnson, W. and Sterling, B. 1994. An Ecosystem Approach to Access Management for Elk. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Kootenai National Forest, Cabinet Ranger District, Trout Creek, MT. Leege, T.A. 1975 (as cited in Duck Creek – Swains Roads Analysis, Dixie National Forest, 2001). Relationship of logging to decline of Pete King Elk Herd. In: Proceedings of the elk-logging-roads symposium. 1975. Sponsored by the University of Idaho College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, Office of Continuing Education. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station. University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 83843 Mace, R.D. and J.S. Waller. 1997. Characteristics of grizzly bear core home range areas in Western Montana. Pages 19-25 in Mace, R.D. and J.S. Waller. Final Report: Grizzly bear ecology in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, 1920 6th Ave. East. P.O. Box 200701, Helena, MT 59602-0701 Noss, R.F. and B. Csuti. 1995. Habitat fragmentation. Pages 237-264 in Meffe, G.K. and C.R. Carroll, eds., Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts. 600 pp. Thurber, J.M., R.O. Peterson, T.D. Drummer, and S.A. Thomasma. 1994. Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries and roads in Alaska. Wildlife Society Bulletin



22:61-68. Trombulak, S.C. and C.A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14(1): 18-30.