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Scientific WritingProposals

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Interaction effect of allopurinol with salam (Eugenia

polyantha Wight) leaves infusion to blood uric acid

levels of Rattus novergicus

By Nadhifa Firdausi

20080310160

MEDICAL FACULTY and HEALTH SCIENCE

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA

2011

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Chapter I

Introduction

A. Background

Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism (Putra,

2006).

Hyperuricemia is high level of uric acid in the blood, more

than 7,0 mg/dl in men and more than 6,0 mg/dl in women.Hyperuricemia is a primary risk factor for gout

(Tehupeiroy, 2006).

Allopurinol is the most common treatment used to lower

blood uric acid levels.

Eugenia polyantha is one of herbal treatment for gout.

Ariyanti et al (2007): Optimal dose is 2,5 g/kgBW.

Drug and herb interaction: increases/decreases

pharmacologic effect or toxicity.

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B. The formulation of problemCan the interaction of allopurinol withE. polyantha leaves

infusion influence blood uric acid levels on Rattus

novergicus induced by chicken broth.

C. The purpose of research

To know the interaction effectiveness of allopurinol with

E. polyantha leaves infusion to blood uric acid levels.

D. The function of research

To scientifically prove the interaction effect of allopurinol

withE. polyantha leaves infusion to blood uric acid levels,

so that, if proven to be effective can be further developed as

an alternative treatment for gout.

E. The objectivity of research

Research by Ariyanti et al (2007) isE.polyantha leaves

infusion effect in decreasing blood uric acid levels induced

by potassium oxonate. Differences : allopurinol will be

interact withE. polyantha leaves infusion.

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Chapter II

Literature Review

A. Hyperuricemia Hyperuricemia may result from under-excretion or over-

production of uric acid (Humes, 2001).

Regarding the etiology hyperuricemia can be classified as

primary, secondary and idiopathic hyperuricemia (Putra,

2006).

B. Allopurinol

Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor

The primary metabolite of allopurinol is alloxanthine

(oxypurinol)

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C. E. polyantha leaves

Consist of chemical substances such as saponin,

triterpenoid, flavonoid, polifenol, alkaloid, tannin, atsiri

oil (Sudarsono et al., 2002).

Flavonoid inhibit xanthine oxidase decreasing blood

uric acid levels (Cos, 1998).

Ariyanti et al (2007) :E. polyantha leaves infusion doses

1,25 g/kgBW, 2,5 g/kgBW, and 5,0 g/kgBB can decreaseblood uric acid levels. Optimal dose is 2,5 g/kgBW.

Utami (2008) : Ethanol water fraction of E. polyantha

leaves doses of 210 mg/kgBW and 420 mg/kgBW have

effect of decreasing blood uric acid levels equivalent

with allopurinol 10 mg/kgBW.

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D. Drug Interaction Drug-drug, drug-herb, drug-food, drug-other chemical

substances. Caused by pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic

mechanism.

Pharmacodynamic: synergistic, additive, antagonistic

effects.

Pharmacokinetic: absorption, distribution,metabolism, excretion.

- Drug and Herb Interaction

Toxicity: minor, moderate, fatal

Giving ngokilo (Gynura procumbens) leaves

decoction along with ciprofloxacin is more effective in

the treatment of UTI due toE. coli than ciprofloxacin

or G. procumbens leaves decoction only.

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Chapter III

Research Methode

A. Research designExperimental laboratory by pre and post test controlled

group design.

B. Research variables

Independent variable:E. polyantha leaves infusion dose

and allopurinol dose.

Dependent variable: Blood uric acid levels.

Controlled variable: age, gender, body weight, strain,

animal feed, cage condition, and temperature.

C. Research subject20 male albino rats (Rattus novergicus) strain wistar, age

2,5 months, weight 200 g.

D. Research toolsPan infusion, spuit injection, rat scale, cappilary pipe,

flannelette.

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E. Research materials

Allopurinol 4,5 mg/kgBW and 10 mg/kgBW, fresh

E. polyantha leaves, chicken broth powder 504 mg/kgBW,

CMC-Na 0,5% and aquades.

F. Research location and time

Pharmacology laboratorium of Muhammadiyah

University of Yogyakarta & LPPT of Gadjah Mada

University Research time: may until july 2011

G. Way of research

Hyperuricemia induction

28 days

Induced chicken broth powder504 mg/kgBW/day

Hyperuricemic

rats

0 day 21st day

initial measurement

of blood uric acid levels

Pre test

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Test of interaction effectiveness of allopurinol with

E. polyantha leaves infusion

Hyperuricemic

rats

I

IV

III

II

CMC-Na 0,5%

Allopurinol10 mg/kgBW

Allopurinol 4,5 mg/kgBW

+E. polyantha leaves

infusion 2,5 g/kgBW

Allopurinol 4,5 mg/kgBW

+E. polyantha leaves

infusion 5 g/kgBW

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During treatment, rats still be given chicken broth

Measurement of blood uric acid levels:

H. Data analysis

Data normality test

Normal distribution: Parametric (one way Anova).

Not normal distribution: Nonparametric test.

22nd day-28th dayTreatment

Initialmeasuremnet

Inducedhyperuricemia

for 28 days

Secondmeasurementin 21st day

(pre test)

Treatment

21st day-28thday

Thirdmeasurementin 28th day(post test)

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Thank you