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Cancer presentation1

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Page 1: Cancer presentation1
Page 2: Cancer presentation1

Cancer is the general name for over 100 medical

conditions involving uncontrolled and dangerous cell

growth. Scientists suggest that some cancer is caused

by genetic factors, while other forms are caused by

environmental conditions. In other words, one patient

may already have a family history of breast cancer while

another was exposed to a carcinogenic (cancer-causing)

chemical in a factory. Both suffer from cancer--the only

difference is the root mechanism which triggered the

abnormal cell growth.

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CANCER CELLS

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CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL AGENTS THAT CAN CAUSE CANCER

ARE KNOWN AS CARCINOGENS. DEPENDING ON THEIR

MODE OF ACTION, CARCINOGENS FALL INTO THE

FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:

1. AGENTS THAT CAN CAUSE ALTERATIONS IN THE GENETIC

MATERIAL (DNA), RESULTING IN ONCOGENIC

TRANSFORMATION THAT CAN LEAD TO CANCER e.g.,

VARIOUS TYPES OF RADIATIONS AND CHEMICALS.

2. AGENTS THAT PROMOTE THE PROLIFERATION OF CELLS,

WHICH HAVE ALREADY UNDERGONEGENETIC

ALTERATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR ONCOGENIC

TRANSFORMATION. THESE AGENTS ARE CALLED TUMOUR

PROMOTERS, E.G., SOME GROWTH FACTORS AND

HORMONES.

3. CANCER CAUSING DNA AND RNA VIRUSES (TUMOUR

VIRUSES) HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH

ONCOGENIC TRANSFORMATION

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•BLADDER/URETHRAL CANCER

•BRAIN CANCER

•BREAST CANCER

•CERVICAL CANCER

•COLON/RECTAL CANCER

•LIVER CANCER

•LUNG CANCER

•HEAD, ORAL AND NECK CANCER

• OVARIAN CANCER

• PROSTATE CANCER

• RENAL CANCER

• STOMACH/GASTRIC CANCER

• ENDOMETRIAL/UTERINE

CANCER

• TREATMENT

• CURING

• PRECUATIONS

• AWARENESS IN US

• BIBLOGRAPHY

END SHOW

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Bladder cancer begins in the bladder, the organ that stores urine.

Because the kidneys, ureters, and urethra are lined with cells similar

to those in the bladder, cancer that affects the bladder can affect

these structures as well.

While there are other, rare types of bladder cancer, the three most

common types are: Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), Squamous cell

carcinomas, and Adenocarcinomas. Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

is by far the most common form of bladder cancer, accounting for

about 90% of these cancers. Bladder cancer is the fifth most common

cancer in this country, and it is three times more common among

men than among women. When found and treated early, as often

happens, the chances for survival are very good.

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SURVIVAL RATES

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The brain consists of different kinds of tissues and cells. This is

important to understand, because different types of benign (not

cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) tumors can start in these

different cell and tissue types. These different types of tumors

vary in prognosis (survival) and the ways they are treated.

Any of the different types of tissues or cells within the brain or

spinal cord can become cancerous. Tumors that start in other

organs such as the lung or breast and then spread, or

metastasize, to the brain are called metastatic brain cancers and

those that start in the brain are called primary brain cancers.

Metastatic tumors to the brain are more common than primary

brain tumors. Unlike other cancers, tumors arising within the

brain or spinal cord rarely metastasize to distant organs. They

cause damage because they spread locally and destroy normal

tissue in the place where they arise

Brain cancer accounts for approximately 1.4% of all cancers and

2.3% of all cancer-related deaths.

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BRAIN

CANCER

BRAIN CANCER TUMOUR

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SURVIVAL RATES OF BRAIN CANCER

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Breast cancer begins in the breast tissue and is most

commonly associated with women, although on rare occasion,

men also get breast cancer.

There are several types of breast tumors. Most are benign; that

is, they are not cancer. These lumps are often the result of fibrocystic

changes, which can cause breast swelling and pain. Cysts are fluid-

filled sacs, and fibrosis refers to connective tissue or scar tissue

formation. The breasts may feel lumpy and sometimes there is a clear

or slightly cloudy nipple discharge. Benign breast tumors are abnormal

growths, but they do not spread outside of the breast and they are not

life threatening. Four of the most common types of breast cancer are

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS),

Infiltrating (invasive) lobular carcinoma (ILC), and Infiltrating (invasive)

ductal carcinoma (IDC). IDC is the most common type of breast cancer;

it accounts for nearly 80% of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women,

other than skin cancer. It is the second leading cause of cancer death

in women, after lung cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of

cancer death among women aged 40 to 55.

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SOME CLIPS RELATED TO BREAST CANCER

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Cervical cancer begins in the lining of the cervix. The

cervix is the lower part of the womb (uterus) and it connects the

body of the uterus to the vagina, or birth canal.

Cancer of the cervix does not form suddenly. First, some

cells begin to change from normal to pre-cancer and then to

cancer. This can take a number of years, although sometimes it

happens more quickly. For some women, pre-cancerous changes

may go away without any treatment. More often, they need to be

treated to keep them from changing into true cancers.

There are two main types of cancer of the cervix. About

85%-90% of these cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. The

other 10%-15% are adenocarcinomas.

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CERVICAL CANCER

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Colorectal cancer begins in either the colon or the rectum.

Both are part of the digestive tract, sometimes called the GI

(gastrointestinal) tract. This is where food is processed to create

energy and rid the body of waste matter.

The colon has four sections: the ascending colon, the

transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.

Cancer can start in any of the four sections or in the rectum. Since

colon cancer and rectal cancer have many features in common, they

are often discussed together.

Before a true cancer develops, there are often earlier changes

in the lining of the colon or rectum. One type of change is a growth of

tissue called a polyp. Removing the polyp early may prevent it from

becoming cancer.

Over 95% of colon and rectal (colorectal) cancers are

adenocarcinomas. These are cancers of the cells that line the inside of

the colon and rectum. There are some other, more rare, types of

tumors of the colon and rectum.

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COLON / RECTAL CANCER

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Liver cancer begins in the liver, the largest organ

in the body.

There are a number of tumors that can form in

the liver. Some of these are cancerous and others are

not. The four main types of malignant liver tumors are:

Angiosarcoma: a rare cancer that starts in the

blood vessels of the liver Cholangiocarcinoma:

accounts for about 13% of liver cancers. This tumor

begins in the small bile ducts in the liver. It is also

known as Klatskin tumors. Hepatoblastoma: a rare type

of liver cancer found most often in young children. It

can often be treated successfully. Hepatocellular

carcinoma: Accounts for about 84% of liver cancers. It

begins in the hepatocytes, the main type of liver cell.

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LIVER CANCER

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Lung cancer begins in the lungs. The lungs are two

sponge-like organs in the chest. The lining that surrounds the

lungs is called the pleura. The pleura helps to protect the

lungs. The windpipe (trachea) brings air down into the lungs. It

divides into tubes called bronchi, which divide into smaller

branches called bronchioles. At the end of these small

branches are tiny air sacs known as alveoli.

Most lung cancers start in the lining of the bronchi. But

lung cancer can also begin in other areas like the trachea,

bronchioles, or alveoli. Lung cancer often takes many years to

develop.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for

both men and women. Lung cancer is fairly rare in people

under the age of 40. The number of cases goes up after age 50

and even more so after age 65.

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LUNG CANCER

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Oral cancer is cancer that starts in the oral cavity (mouth).

The oral cavity starts at the skin edge of the lips. It includes the lips,

the ducal mucosa (inside lining of the lips and cheeks), the teeth, the

gums, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth

below the tongue, the hard palate (bony roof of the mouth), and the

retro molar trogon (area behind the wisdom teeth).

Oropharyngeal cancer develops in the oropharynx (the part

of the throat just behind the mouth). The oropharynx begins where

the oral cavity stops. It includes the base of tongue (back third of the

tongue), the soft palate, the tonsillar area (tonsils and tonsillar

pillars), and the posterior pharyngeal wall (back wall of the throat).

Many types of tumors can develop in the oral cavity and

oropharynx. Some of these tumors are benign, or noncancerous.

Others are cancerous, which means they can penetrate into

surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. There are

also some growths that start off harmless, but sometimes develop

into cancer. These are known as precancerous conditions.

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HEAD, ORAL AND NECK CANCER

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Ovarian cancer starts in a woman's ovaries, which are in

the pelvis. The ovaries contain eggs. There is one ovary on each

side of the spine. The ovaries are the main source of the female

hormones estrogen and progesterone.

There are three main types of ovarian tumors. They are

named for the kind of cells they start from. The most common

starts from the cells that cover the surface of the ovary, called the

epithelial cells. Most epithelial ovarian tumors are harmless, but

some are cancerous. Most ovarian cancers are the epithelial type.

The second kind of tumor starts in the germ cells that form

the eggs in the ovary. As used here, the word germ refers to an

early or seed cell. Most germ cell tumors are also benign, although

some are cancerous. Germ cell cancers account for about 5% of

ovarian cancers.

The third type of tumor starts from the tissue that holds an

ovary together and produces female hormones, the stromal cells.

Stromal tumors are fairly rare, accounting for only about 5% of

ovarian tumors.

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Prostate cancer starts in the prostate gland. The prostate

gland is found only in men; therefore, only men get prostate cancer.

The prostate is about the size of a walnut. It is just below the bladder

and in front of the rectum. The tube that carries urine (urethra) runs

through the prostate.

Most of the time, prostate cancer grows very slowly. Autopsy

studies show that many elderly men who died of other diseases also

had prostate cancer that neither they nor their doctor were aware of.

But sometimes it can grow quickly, spreading to other parts of the

body. Cancer cells may enter the lymph system and spread to lymph

nodes (small, bean-shaped collections of cells that help in fighting

infections). If cancer is in the lymph nodes, it is more likely to have

spread to other organs of the body as well.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer found in

American men, other than skin cancer. Although men of any age can

get prostate cancer, it is found most often in men over 50. In fact,

more than 8 out of ten of the men with prostate cancer are over the

age of 65.

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PROSTATE CANCER

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Kidney cancer begins in the kidneys, two large, bean-

shaped organs. One is just to the left and the other to the right

of the backbone.

The main job of the kidneys is to filter the blood and rid

the body of liquid waste. This waste, called urine, leaves the

kidneys through a long slender tube called a ureter. The ureters

connect to the bladder, where the urine is stored until it leaves

the body.

Although we have two kidneys, it is possible to survive

with less than even one complete kidney. Some people live

without any kidneys at all. Their blood is filtered by a machine in

a process called dialysis.

Renal is the Latin word for kidney. The most common

type of kidney cancer is called renal cell cancer. It accounts for

about 85% of kidney tumors.

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KIDNEY CANCER

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Stomach cancer is a cancer that starts in the stomach. The

medical name for stomach cancer is gastric cancer. The stomach

is divided into five different sections. Cancer can develop in any of

these sections. Cancers beginning in these different sections may

produce different symptoms and tend to have different outcomes.

The location can also affect some of the treatment options that are

available.

Stomach cancers are believed to develop slowly over many

years. Before a true cancer develops, there are usually

precancerous changes that occur in the lining of the stomach.

Approximately 90% to 95% of the malignant (cancerous) tumors of

the stomach are adenocarcinomas. The terms stomach cancer or

gastric cancer almost always refer to adenocarcinoma of the

stomach. This cancer develops from the cells that form the inner

lining of the stomach called the epithelium.

Most people diagnosed with stomach cancer are in their

60s and 70s.

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STOMACH CANCER

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Endometrial cancer is a cancer that has developed from

the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus (womb).

Nearly all endometrial cancers are adenocarcinomas

(cancers of glandular cells). In addition, over 75% of these are

endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Although "endometrial" and

"endometrioid" have similar spelling, they are not identical.

Endometrioid cancers are a specific type of endometrial cancer.

One-third to one-half of endometrioid cancers have glandular

areas as well as areas formed by squamous cells (the type of

cells found on the surface of the cervix and the skin). If the

squamous cells look benign (noncancerous) under a microscope,

and the glandular cells look cancerous these tumors are called

adenoacanthomas. If the squamous areas and glandular areas

both look malignant (cancerous), these tumors are called

adenosquamous carcinomas. However, both adenocanthomas

and adenosquamous carcinomas are cancerous tumors.

In the United States, cancer of the endometrium is the

most common cancer of the female reproductive organs

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ENDOMETRIAL / UTERINE CANCER

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Treatment for cancer ranges from rounds of powerful

chemicals to focused burst of radiation to complete surgical

removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. Each treatment

type brings a certain level of risk and pain to the patient, but

cancerous cells left untreated will almost inevitably choke off

vital organs and circulation. Chemotherapy introduces strong

medicines which target fast-growing cells, but this also includes

normal events such as hair growth and digestion. Radiation

treatments use heat energy to literally burn off malignant cells,

but healthy tissue is also damaged. Surgical removal can lead to

a permanent recovery, but undetected malignant cells may have

already metastasized to other organs or be jarred loose by the

surgery itself

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Curing cancer has been a major goal of medical

researchers for decades, but development of new treatments

takes time and money. Already there are many forms of cancer

which are no longer considered untreatable. Some cancers, such

as leukemia (blood cancer), can actually stop growing as

suddenly as they started. This is called remission, and is often

seen as a tremendous blessing for patients who have fought their

conditions for years. Science may yet find the root causes of all

cancers and develop safer methods for shutting them down

before they have a chance to grow or spread

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Although some risk factors are unavoidable, there are substances

that have been clearly linked with cancer. These substances are

known as carcinogens. Smoking, for instance, clearly causes lung

cancer and many head and neck cancers .

Simple lifestyle modifications and precautions, such as not

smoking, limiting alcohol consumption and limiting exposure to

ultraviolet rays can prevent many cancers. In addition to reducing

lifestyle risks, cancer can be prevented through early detection and

risk assessment. Regular screenings have dramatically improved

the survival rates for many cancers, such as breast cancer, cervical

cancer and prostate cancer

Page 36: Cancer presentation1

IN UNITED STATES SOME ORNIMENTS ARE WEARING TO PROTECT FROM CANCER BUT GOVERNMENT IS

NOT GIVEN ANY IDENTIFICATION, THEY ARE:

Page 37: Cancer presentation1

1. NCERT TEXT BOOK BIOLOGY- CLASS –XII

2. MICROSOFT ENCARTA

3. BRITANICA 2004

4. www.cancer.com

Page 38: Cancer presentation1

CANCERPRESENTED BY: K.G.MALLIKARJUN

JNV PRABHAT PATTAN,

BETUL (M.P.).

SPECIAL THANKS :1.NVS(HR), BHOPAL

2. Sri.BD.RAMTEKE, PRINCIPAL,

3. JNVSTAFF

ALL THE COPY ® 2005 RESERVED

END OF THE PRESENTATION