Progressivism and Teddy Roosevelt Taft, and Wilson AP US Unit
12 February 14-16, 2011 With some help from Ms. Susan Pojer
Slide 2
What is Progressivism? Progressivism is a huge term used to
explain the era of social reform at the turn of the century. Most
Progressives shared in at least one of the following goals:
Protecting social welfare Promoting moral improvement Creating
economic reform Fostering efficiency
Slide 3
Who Belonged to the Progressive Movement? Populists Muckrakers
Suffragettes Prohibitionists Trust-busters Labor Unions Most people
during this time period felt an affinity to at least one of the
Progressive Goals.
Slide 4
Where did the Progressive Movement Come From? A reaction to the
urban crisis A reaction to increasing immigration Women found that
activism was an acceptable place for them in society Many of the
new educated women who went to college devoted their lives to
service
Slide 5
Muckrakers - Who were They? Journalists and photographers who
did investigative pieces on the problems of America - especially
urban areas. Nicknamed this by TR Jacob Riis - How the Other Half
Lives Upton Sinclair - The Jungle Ida M. Tarbell - Investigation of
Standard Oil
Slide 6
Photo Muckraking Used to show the middle and upper classes how
the other half lived. Jacob Riis Lewis Hines
Slide 7
Boy Carrying Homework
Slide 8
Teens doing Homework
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Tenement Rookeries
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Family in Tenement Home
Slide 11
Boy Lost his Arm Running a Saw in a Box Factory
Slide 12
Playground
Slide 13
Newsie
Slide 14
Breaker Boys
Slide 15
Boys Fixing Bobbins at a Cotton Mill
Slide 16
Girl Weaving
Slide 17
Spinning Room at a Factory
Slide 18
Urban Reform Sparked by the pictures and writings of the
muckrakers, people in cities began to fight for urban reform This
took the form of police reform, building codes, the creation of
parks, and attacks against the business of prostitution
Slide 19
Prohibition Some reformers believed that morality, not
economics, was at the root of urban problems. Many of these people
felt that alcohol was at the heart of these moral issues.
Therefore, these reformers worked for Prohibition, or the legal
banning of alcohol. In 1874, the Womens Christian Temperance Union
was founded to crusade for prohibition.
Slide 20
Anti-Alcohol Cartoon
Slide 21
Prohibition Members of the group would enter saloons, scold
customers, pray, and one woman even destroyed bottles of liquor
with her hatchet. In 1920, the eighteenth amendment was passed; it
made the transportation, manufacture, or sale of alcohol illegal in
the U.S. Carrie Nation with her hatchet
Slide 22
Prohibition While prohibitionists finally got their wish, crime
grew worse during prohibition and the eighteenth amendment was
repealed in 1933 by the twenty-first amendment. Bootleggers with
their alcohol
Slide 23
Political Progressives Many of the politically progressive
changes were actually inspired by the Populist platform
Slide 24
Bringing More Democracy to America Initiative Referendum Direct
Election of Senators 17th Amendment passed in 1913 Limits on
campaign spending and contributions
Slide 25
Bringing More Efficiency to America City Manager System Have
experts hired to run the city instead of those who benefitted from
political spoils
Slide 26
Suffrage Women had been fighting for the right to vote since
Seneca Falls Although, women were bypassed in the 15th Amendment,
they continued to fight Suffrage means the right to vote Its
good!
Slide 27
Women Organize The National Womans Suffrage Association was
formed in 1869. The goal of this organization was to obtain a
Constitutional Amendment guaranteeing womens suffrage.
Slide 28
Women Organize This group merged with another suffrage group in
1890 to be called the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
NAWSA was led by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt and Anna Howard Shaw in
New York City from 1900-1919. Carrie Chapman Catt Anna Howard
Shaw
Slide 29
Women Organize At this time, states were allowed to grant
suffrage to women and Wyoming was the first to give women the right
to vote as a state in 1890.
Slide 30
Women Organize The Womans Suffrage Movement took many forms,
but finally accomplished its goal by getting the 19th Amendment
ratified by the states on August 18, 1920
Slide 31
Helping Women or Hurting Them? Muller v Oregon (1908) gave
protective laws to women in the workforce because they were weaker
than men.
Slide 32
Better Working Conditions Labor Unions continued to fight
during this time period for better working conditions including:
Higher wages Shorter hours More safety and sanitation in the
workplace Anti-Child Labor policies
Slide 33
TRs Square Deal Roosevelt was worried that even though the
public was concerned - nothing was happening. He promised a Square
Deal and focused on the 3 Cs: Control of Corporations Consumer
Protection Conservation of Natural Resources
Slide 34
Square Deal for Labor TR began by helping with the coal miner
strike in 1902 Coal miners were demanding an increase in pay and
shorter hours Roosevelt threatened to use federal forces to achieve
LABORS demands by operating the mines with federal forces until
negotiations were complete
Slide 35
Changing the Government to Help Labor TR Created the
Departments of Commerce and Labor The Bureau of Corporations was
created to investigate businesses that were involved in interstate
commerce
Slide 36
Trust-Busting Elkins Act of 1903: Heavy fines now faced both
RRs that offered and businesses that accepted REBATES Hepburn Act
of 1906: Restrictions on free passes and ICC expanded ICC could now
set maximum railroad rates
Slide 37
Trust-Busting While TR as a trust-buster is more myth than
reality because he differentiated between good and bad trusts, TR
did manage to do some damage to trusts. Northern Securities Co that
had a RR monopoly in the NW and was led by JP Morgan and James J
Hill TR really wanted to regulate the industries not just break
them all up
Slide 38
Yummy Hotdogs Upton Sinclair wrote the socialist novel, The
Jungle, in 1906. While his goal was to inform the public about the
horrible conditions for the workers, he really just grossed them
out. Roosevelt is said to have exclaimed Ive been pizened
Slide 39
Are you a Vegetarian yet? TR passed the Meat Inspection Act in
1906 so federal inspectors could inspect any meat sold over
interstate lines from moo-cow to hamburger The Pure Food and Drug
Act of 1906 was also passed to prevent the adulteration and
mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals
Slide 40
TR - Visionary of Environmental Protection People began to
realize that America was quickly using up all of its natural
resources TR and some of his advisors believed that something had
to be done
Slide 41
Early Laws of Environmental Protection Desert Land Act of 1877
You could buy government arid land for cheap if you irrigated it -
not sure how this helps Similar to the Carey Act of 1894 Forest
Reserve Act of 1891 The President could set aside public forests as
national parks 46 million acres were saved in the 1890s
Slide 42
TR Helps the Environment Newlands Act of 1902 The sale of
Western Lands would help pay for irrigation projects Set aside 125
million acres Multiple Use resource management TR at Yosemite in
1903
Slide 43
Panic of 1907 Short lived Not enough currency Some blamed TR
for meddling
Slide 44
Aldrich-Vreeland Act 1908 - authorized national banks to issue
emergency currency using various collateral Opened up way for
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Slide 45
Election of 1908 TR leaves nominating Taft to follow him TR
forces Taft on the Republican Convention William Jennings Bryan was
the Democratagain Eugene Debs ran for the socialists and got over
400,000 votes!
Slide 46
Tafts Dollar Diplomacy Improve financial opportunities for
American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests
overseas. Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order
abroad that would best promote Americas commercial interests.
Slide 47
Taft the Trustbuster Busted more than twice the Trusts as TR
Dissolved Standard Oil Went after US Steel in 1911 even though TR
approved of them
Slide 48
Payne-Aldrich Bill Taft had gotten elected saying he was going
to lower the tariff Payne Aldrich Bill raised the tariff and Taft
said it was the best bill that the Republican party ever
passed
Slide 49
Taft and Conservation Bureau of Mines to control mineral
resources, rescued millions of acres of western coal lands BUT Taft
fired the beloved Gifford Pinchot when Pinchot argued with the
Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger over use of lands in
the West for corporate development Pinchot was a TR buddy
Slide 50
Taft Seems to Give Up on Progressives Both the tariff and the
firing of Pinchot were seen to give up on Progressivism TR got back
into the country in June of 1910 and attacked Taft and the
government Republicans lost the midterm election of 1910
Slide 51
Theodore Roosevelt at Osawatomie, KS: New Nationalism Big
business requires big government.
Slide 52
Slide 53
Slide 54
The Republican Party & President William H. Taft
Slide 55
Keep the Whistle Blowing Taft was determined to defeat TR and
preserve the conservative heart of the Republican Party.
Slide 56
Come, Mr. President. You Cant Have the Stage ALL of the
Time!
Slide 57
Republican Party Platform High import tariffs. Put limitations
on female and child labor. Workmans Compensation Laws. Against
initiative, referendum, and recall. Against bad trusts. Creation of
a Federal Trade Commission. Stay on the gold standard. Conservation
of natural resources because they are finite.
Slide 58
The GOP After the Circus TR The Republican Party must stand for
the rights of humanity, or else it must stand for special
privilege.
Slide 59
The Progressive Party & Former President Theodore Roosevelt
People should rise above their sectarian interests to promote the
general good.
Slide 60
The Anti- Third- Term Principle
Slide 61
The Bull Moose Party: The Latest Arrival at the Political
Zoo
Slide 62
Progressive Party Platform Womens suffrage. Graduated income
tax. Inheritance tax for the rich. Lower tariffs. Limits on
campaign spending. Currency reform. Minimum wage laws. Social
insurance. Abolition of child labor. Workmens compensation.
NewNationalismNewNationalismNewNationalismNewNationalism
Slide 63
The Socialist Party & Eugene V. Debs The issue is Socialism
versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for
humanity.
Slide 64
The Working Class Candidates Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for
President for Vice-President
Slide 65
Growth of the Socialist Vote Year Socialist Party Socialist
Labor PartyTotal 1888 2,068 1890 13,704 1892 21,512 1894 30,020
1896 36,27536,274 1898 82,204 190096,93133,405130,336
1902223,49453,763277,257 1904408,23033,546441,776
1906331,04320,265351,308 1908424,48814,021438,509
1910607,67434,115641,789 1912901,873
Slide 66
The Industrial Worker: I. W. W. The first American labor group
to open its membership to all wage- earning workers, regardless of
skill, nationality, race, sex, or gender.
Slide 67
Socialist Party Platform Government ownership of railroads and
utilities. Guaranteed income tax. No tariffs. 8-hour work day.
Better housing. Government inspection of factories. Womens
suffrage.
Slide 68
The Democratic Party & Governor Woodrow Wilson (NJ) Could
he rescue the Democratic Party from Bryanism??
Slide 69
The Reform Governor of NJ: It Takes Time to Remove the
Grime
Slide 70
Which Way to Jump?
Slide 71
Democratic Party Platform Government control of the monopolies
trusts in general were bad eliminate them!! Tariff reduction.
One-term President. Direct election of Senators. Create a
Department of Labor. Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Did NOT
support womens suffrage. Opposed to a central bank.
NewFreedomNewFreedomNewFreedomNewFreedom
Slide 72
The Seas [of Opportunity] Open Up for the Democrats
Slide 73
Slide 74
An Actual 1912 Ballot
Slide 75
Election Results By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for
Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908. The 1912 election marked
the apogee of the Socialist movement in America.
Slide 76
GOP Divided by Bull Moose Equals Democratic Victory!
Slide 77
The GOP: An Extinct Animal? The GOP: An Extinct Animal?
Slide 78
Wilson as President Mission was to reform tariff, banks, and
trusts Went to speak before Congress to ask for laws unheard
of!
Slide 79
Wilson and the Tariff Underwood Tariff Bill 1913 Reduced rates
Because of Income Tax amendment (16 th ) Wilson added on to the
tariff a tax on wealthier incomes as well so income taxes surpassed
tariff revenues
Slide 80
Wilson and the Banks Signed the Federal Reserve Law into effect
in 1913 Regional banks controlled by the national Federal Reserve
Board Made money supply more elastic Regional banks were still
private, but now had some government control
Slide 81
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 Presidentially appointed
commission could investigate companies engaged in interstate
commerce
Slide 82
Clayton Anti Trust Act of 1914 Increased list of unacceptable
business practices from the Sherman Anti Trust Act Price
discrimination Interlocking directorates Exempted labor and
agricultural associations (protesters) from having this law applied
to them Great victory for labor
Slide 83
Wilsonian Progressivism Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 Low rate
credit for farmers Warehouse Act of 1916 Loans on security of
staple crops La Follette Seamens Act of 1915 Decent treatment and
living wage on American merchant ships
Slide 84
Wilsonian Progressivism Workingmens Compensation Act of 1916
Disability for federal employees Restrictions on child labor 1916
Invalidated by Supreme Court Adamson Act of 1916 8 hour day for all
employees on trains
Slide 85
Wilsonian Progressivism Did NOT help blacks Did NOT want or
plan to grant womens suffrage Nominated the first Jewish person to
the Supreme Court
Slide 86
Wilsonian Foreign Policy NO dollar diplomacy Withdrew the
Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912 which said American ships did not
have to pay tolls
Slide 87
Wilsonian Foreign Policy Passed the Jones Act of 1916
Territorial status to the Philippines Promised independence once
they had a stable government Defused problems between Japan and
California was trying to limit Japanese from owning land
Slide 88
Wilsonian Foreign Policy Had to send marines to Haiti in 1915
and the Dominican Republic 1917 - Bought Virgin Islands from
Denmark in the West Indies
Slide 89
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Victoriano Huerta seizes control
of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro
Obregon fought against Huerta. The U.S. also got involved by
occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza
would gain power in Mexico US supported him.
Slide 90
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s Emiliano Zapata Francisco I
Madero Venustiano Carranza Porfirio Diaz Pancho Villa
Slide 91
Weird outcome in Mexico Wilson tried to support Huertas rivals:
Carranza and Pancho Villa, but ended up pissing them off Carranza
took power in 1914 but still disliked Wilson Villa kidnapped and
killed 16 young Americans in 1916 and Wilson sent General John
Pershing after him, but while many of Villas supporters were
captured, Villa wasnt
Slide 92
Wilsons Moral Diplomacy The U. S. should be the conscience of
the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn
colonialism.
Slide 93
U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America,
1914
