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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Roots of Progressivism
Section 2: Roosevelt and Taft
Section 3: The Wilson Years
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
Can Politics Fix Social Problems?
Industrialization changed American society. Cities were crowded, working conditions were often bad, and the old political system was breaking down. These conditions gave rise to the Progressive movement. Progressives campaigned for both political and social reforms.
• What reforms do you thinkprogressives wanted to achieve?
• Which of these reforms can yousee in today’s society?
Chapter Intro 1
The Roots of Progressivism
Why did many citizens call for reforms?
Chapter Intro 2
Roosevelt and Taft
What were the policies and achievements of the Roosevelt and Taft presidencies?
Chapter Intro 3
The Wilson Years
What reforms did President Wilson undertake?
Section 1-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Group Action The progressives sought to improve life in the United States with social, economic, and political reforms.
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• muckraker
• direct primary
• initiative
• referendum
• recall
Academic Vocabulary
• legislation • advocate
• suffrage
• prohibition
Section 1-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Jacob Riis
• Robert M. La Follette
• Carrie Chapman Catt
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Do any areas of American society need to be reformed today?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 1
The Rise of Progressivism
Progressives tried to solve the social problems that arose as the United States became an urban, industrialized nation.
Section 1
• Progressivism was a series of responses to problems in American society that had emerged from the growth of industry.
• Facts about progressives:
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
− Their ideas were a reaction against laissez-faire economics and its emphasis on an unregulated market.
− They believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many social problems.
Section 1
− They belonged to both major political parties.
− Most were urban, educated, middle-class Americans.
− They believed that government had to be fixed before it could fix other problems.
− They had a strong faith in science and technology.
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
Section 1
• Among the first people to articulate progressive ideas was a group of crusading journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption, also called muckrakers.
The Rise of Progressivism (cont.)
− Photojournalist Jacob Riis highlighted the plight of immigrants living in New York City in his book How the Other Half Lives.
− Lincoln Steffens exposed corruption in urban political machines.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Who published photographs and descriptions of the poverty, disease, and crime that afflicted many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City?
A. Charles Edward Russell
B. Ida Tarbell
C. Lincoln Steffens
D. Jacob Riis
Section 1
Reforming Government
Progressives tried to make government more efficient and more responsive to citizens.
Section 1
• One group of progressives focused on making government more efficient by using ideas from business.
• Progressives supported two proposals to reform city government:
Reforming Government (cont.)
− The first, a commission plan, divided city government into several departments, each one under an expert commissioner’s control.
New Types of Government
Section 1
− The second approach was a council-manager system.
• Another group of progressives focused on making the political system more democratic and more responsive to citizens.
Reforming Government (cont.)
New Types of Government
Section 1
• Led by Republican governor Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin became a model of progressive reform.
− He attacked the way political parties ran their conventions and pressured the state legislature to pass a law requiring parties to hold a direct primary.
Reforming Government (cont.)
Section 1
• Progressives also pushed for three additional reforms: the initiative, the referendum, and the recall.
• To counter Senate corruption, progressives called for direct election of senators by the states’ voters.
Reforming Government (cont.)
− In 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment was added to the Constitution.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1
Which of the following reforms permitted a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it?
A. The initiative
B. The referendum
C. The recall0% 0%0%
Section 1
Suffrage
Many progressives joined the movement to win voting rights for women.
Section 1
• The debate over the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments split the suffrage movement into two groups:
Suffrage (cont.)
− The New York City-based National Woman Suffrage Association
− The Boston-based American Woman Suffrage Association
The Woman Suffrage Movement
Section 1
• This split weakened the movement, and by 1900 only four states had granted women full voting rights.
• In 1890, the two groups united to form the National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA).
• Alice Paul left NAWSA and formed the National Woman’s Party so that she could use protests to confront Wilson on suffrage.
Suffrage (cont.)
Section 1
• In 1915 Carrie Chapman Catt became NAWSA’s leader and tried to mobilize the suffrage movement in one final nationwide push.
• On August 26, 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment went into effect.
Suffrage (cont.)
Woman Suffrage, 1869–1920
A. A
B. B
Section 1
Which group wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amendment?
A. National Woman Suffrage Association
B. American Woman Suffrage Association
A B
0%0%
Section 1
Reforming Society
Many progressives focused on social welfare problems such as child labor, unsafe working conditions, and alcohol abuse.
Section 1
• Probably the most emotional progressive issue was the campaign against child labor.
• Many adult workers also labored in difficult conditions, so some changes went into effect.
Reforming Society (cont.)
Section 1
• Some of the changes included:
Reforming Society (cont.)
− Workers’ compensation laws
− Zoning laws
− Building and health codes
− Government regulation of business to protect workers
Section 1
• The temperance movement emerged from the concern that alcohol explained many of society’s problems.
Reforming Society (cont.)
− This movement later pressed for prohibition.
Section 1
• Many progressives agreed that big business needed regulation.
Reforming Society (cont.)
− The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission both helped with regulation.
− Some progressives even advocated socialism—the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Why did the Supreme Court uphold Oregon’s right to limit hours for women working in laundries?
A. Healthy mothers were the state’s concern.
B. They viewed women as more fragile than men.
C. The state needed these women for other jobs as well.
D. The women needed to care for husbands and children as well.
Section 2-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Individual Action Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft worked to improve labor conditions, control big business, and support conservation.
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• Social Darwinism
• arbitration
• insubordination
Academic Vocabulary
• regulate
• environmental
Section 2-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Square Deal
• United Mine Workers
• Hepburn Act
• Upton Sinclair
• Meat Inspection Act
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• Gifford Pinchot
• Richard A. Ballinger
• Children’s Burea
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
Do you feel that protecting our environment should be an important political issue?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 2
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
Theodore Roosevelt, who believed in progressive ideals for the nation, took on big business.
Section 2
• Roosevelt’s reform programs became known as the Square Deal.
• To Roosevelt, it was not inconsistent to believe in Social Darwinism and progressivism at the same time.
• Roosevelt believed that trusts and other large business organizations were very efficient and part of the reason for America’s prosperity.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
− However, he also wanted to ensure that trusts did not abuse their power.
Section 2
• Roosevelt also believed that it was his job to keep society operating efficiently by mediating conflicts between different groups and their interests.
− He urged the United Mine Workers (UMW) and mine owners to accept arbitration.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
Section 2
• In 1903, Roosevelt convinced Congress to create the Department of Commerce and Labor to investigate corporations and publicize the results.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
− However, he later agreed to advise the companies privately and allow them to correct their problems without taking them to court.
− Therefore, Roosevelt was able to regulate big business without sacrificing economic efficiency.
Section 2
• In keeping with his belief in regulation, Roosevelt pushed the Hepburn Act through Congress in 1906.
• By 1905 consumer protection had become a national issue.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
− Many Americans were equally concerned about the food they ate.
− In 1906 Upton Sinclair published his novel The Jungle, which resulted in the Meat Inspection Act being passed in 1906.
Section 2
− The Pure Food and Drug Act passed the same day.
Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Who was Roosevelt’s first target when he decided to make an example of major trusts that were abusing their power?
A. J. P. Morgan
B. Jay Gould
C. James J. Hill
D. John D. Rockefeller
Section 2
Conservation
New legislation gave the federal government the power to conserve natural resources.
Section 2
• Roosevelt put his stamp on the presidency most clearly in the area of environmental conservation.
• In 1902, Roosevelt supported passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act, which paid for irrigation and land development projects in the West.
Conservation (cont.)
Section 2
• Roosevelt also backed efforts to save the nation’s forests through careful management of the timber resources of the West.
Conservation (cont.)
− He appointed Gifford Pinchot to head the United States Forest Service, established in 1905.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 2
Under Roosevelt, the power of which branch of government dramatically increased?
A. Legislative
B. Executive
C. Judicial
A B C
0% 0%0%
Section 2
Taft’s Reforms
William Howard Taft broke with progressives on tariff and conservation issues.
Section 2
• William Howard Taft called Congress into a special session to lower tariff rates.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− The tariff debate divided progressives, and in the end, Taft signed into law the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which cut tariffs hardly at all and actually raised them on some goods.
Section 2
• Many progressives were unhappy when Taft replaced Roosevelt’s secretary of the interior, James R. Garfield, an aggressive conservationist, with Richard A. Ballinger, a more conservative corporate lawyer.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− Gifford Pinchot charged Ballinger with having once plotted to turn over valuable public lands in Alaska to a private business group for personal profit.
Section 2
− Taft’s attorney general decided the charges were groundless, but Pinchot leaked the story to the press and asked Congress to investigate.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination.
Section 2
• Despite his political problems, Taft had many successes:
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
− He brought twice as many antitrust cases in four years as his predecessor had in seven.
− He established the Children’s Bureau in 1912.
− He set up the Bureau of Mines in 1910.
Section 2
• Frustrated with Taft over the issue of trusts, Roosevelt announced that he would enter the presidential campaign of 1912.
Taft’s Reforms (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The Bureau of Mines did all of the following EXCEPT
A. monitor the activities of mining companies.
B. expand the national forests.
C. prohibit children from working in the mines.
D. protect waterpower sites from private development.
Section 3-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Individual Action Woodrow Wilson increased the control of the government over business.
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• income tax
• unfair trade practices
Academic Vocabulary
• academic
• unconstitutional
Section 3-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Progressive Party
• New Nationalism
• New Freedom
• Federal Reserve Act
• Federal Trade Commission
• Clayton Antitrust Act
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
A. A
B. B
Section 3-Polling Question
Do you feel that discrimination is still an issue in the United States today?
A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
Section 3
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson was elected after Republican voters split between Taft and Roosevelt.
Section 3
• Theodore Roosevelt left the Republican Party and became the presidential candidate for the newly formed Progressive Party in the election of 1912.
• Conservative Republicans rallied behind William Howard Taft.
• Woodrow Wilson was a progressive Democrat.
The Election of 1912 (cont.)
Section 3
• The election of 1912 was a contest between two progressives with different approaches to reform.
The Election of 1912 (cont.)
− Roosevelt called his program the New Nationalism.
− Wilson countered with what he called the New Freedom.
New Nationalism Versus New Freedom
Section 3
• Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican voters, enabling Wilson to win.
The Election of 1912 (cont.)
New Nationalism Versus New Freedom
A. A
B. B
Section 3
Which candidate believed that monopolies should be destroyed and that freedom was more important than efficiency?
A. Woodrow Wilson
B. Theodore Roosevelt
A B
0%0%
Section 3
Wilson’s Reforms
President Wilson reformed tariffs and banks and oversaw the creation of the Federal Trade Commission.
Section 3
• Five weeks after taking office, Wilson appeared before Congress to present his bill to reduce tariffs.
• In 1913, Congress passed the Underwood Tariff, and Wilson signed it into law.
• This law reduced the average tariff on imported goods to about 30 percent of the value of the goods and provided for levying an income tax.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Section 3
• To restore public confidence in the banking system, Wilson supported the establishment of a federal reserve system.
• The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created 12 regional banks to be supervised by a Board of Governors, appointed by the president.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Progressives Reform the Economic System
Section 3
• In the summer of 1914, at Wilson’s request, Congress created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to monitor American business.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
− The FTC had the power to investigate companies and issue “cease and desist” orders against companies engaging in unfair trade practices.
Section 3
• Wilson wanted the FTC to work toward limiting business activities that unfairly limited competition, as opposed to breaking up big business.
• Unsatisfied by Wilson’s approach, progressives in Congress responded by passing the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Section 3
• In 1916, Wilson signed the first federal law regulating child labor.
− The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act prohibited the employment of children under the age of 14 in factories producing goods for interstate commerce.
− The Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional in 1918.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
Section 3
• Wilson also supported the Adamson Act and the Federal Farm Loan Act.
Wilson’s Reforms (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which act became one of the most significant pieces of legislation in American history?
A. The Clayton Antitrust Act
B. The Sherman Antitrust Act
C. The Federal Reserve Act
D. The Hepburn Act
Section 3
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits
Progressivism changed many people’s ideas about the government’s role in social issues.
Section 3
• By the end of the Progressive Era, Americans expected the government, particularly the federal government, to play a more active role in regulating the economy and solving social problems.
• The most conspicuous limit to progressivism was its failure to address racial and religious discrimination.
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits (cont.)
Section 3
• In 1905 W.E.B Du Bois and 28 other African American leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand full rights for African Americans.
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits (cont.)
− This meeting was one of the many steps leading to the foundation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Section 3
• Jewish people also faced discrimination.
• Sigmund Livingston started the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) to combat stereotypes and discrimination.
Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Section 3
Which of the following women worked to improve the situation of African Americans?
A. Mary White Ovington
B. Jane Addams
C. Ida Wells-Barnett
D. A and B
E. All of the above A B C D E
0% 0% 0%0%0%
VS 1
Causes of the Progressive Movement
• People thought progress in science and knowledge could improve society.
• People thought immigration, urbanization, and industrialization had created social problems.
• People thought laissez-faire economics and an unregulated market led to social problems and that government could fix them.
• Political corruption prevented the government from helping its citizens.
VS 2
Effects on Business and Society
• Interstate Commerce Commission is strengthened.
• Consumer protection laws are passed.
• Federal Trade Commission is created.
• Federal Reserve System is created to regulate the money supply.
• Clayton Antitrust Act grants labor unions more rights.
• Zoning laws and building codes improve urban housing.
VS 3
Effects on Business and Society (cont.)
• Child labor laws are passed, regulating time and conditions for minors to work.
• Workers’ compensation laws are passed.
• Temperance movement begins seeking limitations on the production and consumption of alcohol.
VS 4
Effects on Politics
• Cities begin adopting commission and city-manager forms of government.
• States begin to adopt the direct primary system, allowing voters to choose candidates for office.
• States begin to allow initiatives, referendums, and recall votes.
VS 5
Effects on Politics (cont.)
• Seventeenth Amendment is ratified, requiring direct election of senators.
• Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing women the right to vote.
Figure 1
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5a
Figure 5b
Figure 5c
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ANSWER: The two approaches were different. Roosevelt favored strengthening the federal government’s role in the economy, whereas Wilson favored reducing its role.
Vocab1
muckraker
a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society
Vocab2
direct primary
a vote held by all members of a political party to decide their candidate for public office
Vocab3
initiative
the right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval
Vocab4
referendum
the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature
Vocab5
recall
the right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office
Vocab6
suffrage
the right to vote
Vocab7
prohibition
laws banning the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages
Vocab8
legislation
a proposed law to be voted on by a governing body
Vocab9
advocate
to propose a certain position or viewpoint
Vocab10
Social Darwinism
based on Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution and natural selection, states that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving
Vocab11
arbitration
settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
Vocab12
insubordination
disobedience
Vocab13
regulate
to govern or direct according to rule
Vocab14
environmental
having to do with the environment; the complex system of plants, animals, water, and soil
Vocab15
income tax
a tax based on the net income of a person or business
Vocab16
unfair trade practices
trading practices that derive a gain at the expense of the competition
Vocab17
academic
associated with higher learning at a scholarly institution
Vocab18
unconstitutional
not in accordance with or authorized by the constitution of a state or society
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