PROGRESS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT GOVERNANCE IN MALAYSIAwepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20190222/pdf/D2_S3_Malaysia_200219.pdf · •Under development (2018 –present) by Ministry of Water,

ANG SHIN YING

National Hydraulic Research Institute of

Malaysia (NAHRIM)

The 14th WEPA Annual Meeting

22 February 2019

Tokyo

PROGRESS OF WATER

ENVIRONMENT GOVERNANCE IN

MALAYSIA

1

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

STATE OF RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATAER MANAGEMENT

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK

ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

FUTURE TARGETS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

2

• Water resources in Malaysia – rivers, lakes, groundwater

• Annual rainfall around 3000mm

• Some 200 river systems

• Water pollution – population growth, urbanization, land clearing, increase of commercial area, industrial effluent discharge, agricultural activities

• Standards/ Criteria related to WQ in Malaysia:• National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia, Water Quality Index (WQI) – River

• National Lake Water Quality Standards (NLWQS)

• Marine Water Quality Standard and Criteria for Malaysia, Marine Water Quality Index

• National Drinking Water Quality Standards

INTRODUCTION

(2017)

3

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS IN MALAYSIA (2008 – 2017)

58

5351

59 58 58

51

58

47 46

3438

3632

3436

3935

43 43

8 913

8 86

107

10 11

579 577 570

464 477 477 477 477 477 477

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Total Number of River

Percentage Number of River (%)

Year

Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River

2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Total samples: 5,897 samples; Total manual monitoring stations: 891;

801 ambient & baseline stations, 55 upstream water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project

Clean: 219 rivers (46%); Slightly polluted: 207 rivers (43%); Polluted: 51 rivers (11%)

2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Total samples: 5,897 samples; Total manual monitoring stations: 891;

801 ambient & baseline stations, 55 upstream water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project

Clean: 219 rivers (46%); Slightly polluted: 207 rivers (43%); Polluted: 51 rivers (11%)

4

CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA 2017

1Class I0.21%

305Class II63.94%

144Class III30.19%

26Class IV5.45%

1Class V0.21%

Total number of

river = 477 rivers

Source: DOE EQR 2017

5

MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN RIVERS AND ITS SOURCES

• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)• Sources: Sewage, agro-based, manufacturing industries

• Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN)• Sources: Animal farming, domestic sewage

• Suspended Solids (SS)• Sources: Earthworks, land clearing activities

6

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON BOD SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2017)

53.3

32.4

18.2

9.57.5

0.4 0.4

26.9

41.244.7

57.3 56.6

40.7

22.926.8

15.3

29.6

17.8

26.3

37.033.2

35.8

58.9

76.7 73.284.7

70.4

579 577 570

464 477 477 477 477 477 477

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017



Year


Source of pollution: sewage, agro-based, manufacturing industries

Pollution indicator: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

7

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON AN SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2017)

49

39

26

38

31

36

3229

24

18

24

29

36 3638

3436

4245

49

28

32

38

27

3129

32 29

31

33

579 577 570

464 477 477 477 477 477 477

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017



Year


Source of pollution: Animal farming, domestic sewage

Pollution indicator: Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)

8

TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON SS SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2017)

Source of pollution: Earthworks, land clearing activities

Pollution indicator: Suspended Solids (SS)

4650

5963

72 7478 79

62

51

18 1714 15

13 1210 10 17

22

3532

27

22

15 13

12 10

21

27

579 577 570

464 477 477 477 477 477 477

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017



Year


9

WATER POLLUTION LOAD

• 5 major type of water pollution sources• Manufacturing industries, agricultural industries, sewage treatment plant, piggery and wet market

• 3 prime parameters with high impact to the water body:• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• Suspended Solids (SS)

• Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN/ NH3-N)

• 5 major type of water pollution sources• Manufacturing industries, agricultural industries, sewage treatment plant, piggery and wet market

• 3 prime parameters with high impact to the water body:• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• Suspended Solids (SS)

• Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN/ NH3-N)

10

BOD LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2017

268 tonnes/ daySewage49%

210 tonnes/ dayPiggery39%

11 tonnes/ dayAgro-based Industries

2%

6 tonnes/ dayWet Market

1%50 tonnes/ dayManufacturing Industries

9%

Total: 545

tonnes/ day


11

SS LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2017

355 tonnes/ daySewage39%

437 tonnes/ dayPiggery48%


3%

8 tonnes/ dayWet Market

1% 83 tonnes/ dayManufacturing Industries

9%

Total: 909

tonnes/ day


12

AN/ NH3-N LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2017

190 tonnes/ daySewage82.9%

26 tonnes/ dayPiggery11.3%


3.5%

0.3 tonnes/ dayWet Market

0.1%5 tonnes/ dayManufacturing Industries

2.2%

Total: 229.3

tonnes/ day


13

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -SEWERAGE STATISTIC-

TYPE OF SERVICES AND APPLICATION

Type of Services Units (PE)

OFF-SITE TREATMENT

Multipoint 10,373 (20,487,766)

Centralized (Regional) 101 (8,132,260)

ON-SITE TREATMENT

Individual Septic Tank 1,354,986 (6,547,041)

Communal Septic Tank (CST) 4,359 (531,127)

Small Sewage Treatment System

(SSTS)1

24,001 (240,000)

Cess Pit (Pour Flush) 1,171,555 (5,857,775)

Source: Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2017

Note: 1. Estimate installation of SSTS since year 2008

1 PE = 0.225m3

14

DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -COMPLIANCE WITH EFFLUENT STANDARD-

� Total Public STPs in December 2017 (exclude East Malaysia): 6,687 unit

� Total samples taken and analyzed: 81,859 samples (2017)

Source: SPAN Water Services Industry Performance Report 2017

15

SEWAGE POLLUTANT LOADS IN DISCHARGED EFFLUENTS (2011 – 2013)

Source: Indah Water Konsortium Sustainability Report 2012-2013

16

YEAR

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT

REGULATIONS

SCHEDULED WASTE

REGULATIONS

No. of

Inspections

Compliance

(%)

No. of

Inspections

Compliance

(%)

2014 11,410 99 13,044 99

2013 7,201 99 8,475 99

2012 6,590 98 7,297 97

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRY-

Industry Action 2015 2016 2017 2018

Palm Oil

Factory

Court 62 17 13 3

Notices 261 187 177 181

Natural

Rubber

Factory

Court 4 1 0 1

Notices 24 12 22 22

17

LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974

Planning

Stage

Design

Stage

Operation

Stage

Waste

Generation

Waste

DisposalEQA

Coverage

18

REGULATIONS UNDER EQA 1974 FOR WATER ENVIRONMENT

Source: Majid (2015)

19

WATER SERVICES INDUSTRY ACT (WSIA) 2006 [ACT 655]

� An Act to provide for and regulate water supply

services and sewerage services

� Objective : to establish a licensing and regulatory

framework for regulatory intervention to promote

national policy objectives for the industry.

� Does not affect general applications of existing laws

on environment quality and land matters and existing

State powers on water source.� Approved in Parliament in June 2006

and gazetted on 20th July 2006

� Came into force on 1st January 2008

20

Ministry of

Water, Land

and Natural

Resources

Ministry of

Water, Land

and Natural

Resources

Ministry of

Energy, Science,

Technology,

Environment and

Climate Change

National Water Council


Source: Adapted from Abidin (2015)

21

INSTITUTION/ AGENCY RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION

Federal Government (Ministry of

Water, Land and Natural Resources

(formerly know as Ministry of Natural

Resources and Environment), Ministry

of Energy, Science, Technology,

Environment and Climate Change,

other related ministries)

Policy matters Development of a holistic

water policy for the country by

setting policy directions

State Government (e.g. Forestry

Department, Town and Planning

Department, Water Supply

Department and other related

agencies)

Raw water and land

development matters

Regulate raw water

abstraction and catchment

management

National Water Council (formerly

known as National Water Resource

Council)

Water matters –

cross boundaries/

inter-stated/ issue of

national interest

Ensures coordination between

Federal Government and

various State Government in

water planning and

development

National Water Services Commission Regulatory matters

(Water Services

Industry Act 2006 as

legal instrument

Regulate the water services

industry (water and sewerage

services)


22


-Governance Structure of Sewerage Services-

Ministry of Water,

Land and Natural

Resources

Ministry of Energy, Science,

Technology, Environment

and Climate changeSewerage

Services

Department

23

WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK

Water Quality Monitoring

River

-Total rivers: 477 rivers

-Total monitoring station: 891 stations

-Ambient & baseline station: 801 stations

-Upstream of water intakes: 55 stations

-River of Life (ROL) project: 35 stations

-Water Quality Index (WQI) –used to indicate the level of pollution

-National Water Quality Standards of Malaysia (NWQS) – Suitability in terms of water uses

-6 parameters: DO, BOD, COD, AN, SS, pH

Marine & Island

-Monitoring since 1978 (Peninsular Malaysia)

-Sabah & Sarawak (1985)

-Objectives: to establish marine WQ status and pollution level from land-based and sea-based sources

-Coastal: 188 stations

-Estuary: 88 stations

-Island: 95 stations

-Marine Water Quality Index (Excellent to Poor)

-Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standard

-7 parameters: DO, Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate (PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3), Faecal Coliform, Oil & Grease (O&G), TSS

Groundwater

-Monitoring program established in 1997

-Total: 110 tube wells

-Monitoring based on specific land uses:

Agricultural (13), Urban & Suburban (12), Industrial Sites (19), Solid Waste Landfills (23), Golf Courses (7), Rural Areas (4), Ex-mining Area (Gold Mine) (3), Municipal Water Supply (6), Animal Burial Areas (14), Aquaculture Farms (7), Radioactive Landfill (1) and Resort (1)

-National Guidelines for Drinking WQ (Revised December 2000)

-VOCs, pesticides, heavy metals, anions, coliform, phenolic compounds, total hardness, TDS, pH, Temperature, conductivity & DO

DEPARTMENT OF

ENVIRONMENT

(DOE)

24

ENFORCEMENT & COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT

By Department of

Environment (DOE)

25

ENFORCEMENT & COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT

By Department of

Environment (DOE)

26

ENFORCEMENTSTRATEGIES

EQ

Industrial

Effluent

2009

EQ

Industrial

Effluent

2009

IE 2009 Section 7:

Monitoring effluent

discharge – submit

monitoring records

monthly (30 days from

previous month)

IE 2009 Section 7:

Monitoring effluent

discharge – submit

monitoring records

monthly (30 days from

previous month)IE 2009 Section 9:

Performance Monitoring of

IETS – based on Guidance

Document on Performance

Monitoring of Industrial

Effluent Treatment System

IE 2009 Section 9:

Performance Monitoring of

IETS – based on Guidance

Document on Performance

Monitoring of Industrial

Effluent Treatment System

IE 2009 Section 32:

Penalty – If convicted,

maximum penalty of RM

100,000 or/ and maximum

5 years jail

IE 2009 Section 32:

Penalty – If convicted,

maximum penalty of RM

100,000 or/ and maximum

5 years jail

Self

Regulatory

Mechanism

Self

Regulatory

Mechanism

� Performance monitoring of IETS

� Competent person to operate IETS

� Online reporting

� eSWIS - Electronic scheduled waste information

system (Hazardous waste)

� OER – online environmental reporting (effluent

discharge)

� Notification and Registration of Environmentally

Hazardous Substances – EHSNR (chemicals)

� Performance monitoring of IETS

� Competent person to operate IETS

� Online reporting

� eSWIS - Electronic scheduled waste information

system (Hazardous waste)

� OER – online environmental reporting (effluent

discharge)

� Notification and Registration of Environmentally

Hazardous Substances – EHSNR (chemicals)

27

WAY FORWARD

• Under development (2018 – present) by Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources

• Formerly was National Water Resources PolicyNational Water Policy

• Revised by Department of Environment in 2018Marine Water Quality Standard and Criteria for

Malaysia

• Proposed revision of National Water Quality Standards of Malaysia and Water Quality Index in 2019 by DOE

• Determine the suitable parameter e.g. physical, chemical, biological, nutrient and emerging pollutants

National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia and Water Quality Index (WQI)

• Proposed stage to revise the effluent discharge standard into water ways and land

• Not executed yet

Palm Oil Effluent Discharge Standard

• Proposed stage to revise the effluent discharge standards

• Not executed yet

Rubber Effluent Discharge Standard

28

REFERENCES

1. Abidin, N.A.Z. (2015). Holistic Management of Water Resources Management in Malaysia. Borneo Water & Wastewater Exhibition and Conference 14-16 December 2015. https://www.mwa.org.my/pdf/bwwe2015/keynote/Keynote%201%20-%20Hj.%20Noor%20Azahari.pdf

2. Abdul Rahman, Z. (2015). The State of Our Rivers: Social ad Enforcement Issues and Challenges – Case Study of Rivers in Selangor. Water Malaysia (WM 2015), Kuala Lumpur. 2224 April 2015. https://www.mwa.org.my/pdf/wm2015/d1/405%201100-1120%20Zulkifli%20%20abdul%20Rahman%20SLIDES_Water%20Conference-zar-21%20April%202015.pdf

3. DOE. Environmental Quality Report 2017. Malaysia.

4. Ithnin, I. (2015). Malaysia Industrial Pollution Prevention and Control Policies and Laws. Regional Forum on Environmental Compliance in Industrial Sector 24-25 September 2015. www.aecen.org/sites/default/files/country_report_malaysia.pdf

5. IWK. IWK Sustainability Report 2012-2013.

6. Mahyudin, M.R. (2018). Current Situation and Issue of Septage Management in Malaysia. 6th International Workshop on Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia, Tokyo. 11 October 2018. http://www.jeces.or.jp/spread/2018_MOE_WS/06_Malaysia.pdf.

7. Majid, M.A. (2016). Water Pollution Control and Enforcement Status and Challenges in Malaysia. Strategies and Practices for Water Pollution Enforcement Workshop, Taipei, R.O.C. (Taiwan) 8-10 November 2016. https://www.aecen.org/sites/default/files/panel_4.2_mr._mokthar_abdul_majid_malaysiaa.pdf

8. SPAN. (2016). On-site Sewage Treatment Facilities in Malaysia. https://www.jeces.or.jp/spread/pdf/h26ws09.pdf

9. Tan, K.W., Mokhtar, M. & Hossain, M.A.A. (2012). Institutional Concerns towards Integrated Water Resources Management in Malaysia. In Gamini Herath (2012). Institutional Aspects of Water Management: Evaluating the Experience. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 109 – 127.

10. Wan Abdullah, W.A.R. (2011). An Overview of Sewerage Management in Malaysia. http://www.wepa-db.net/pdf/1203forum/20.pdf

29

Documents

PROGRESS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT GOVERNANCE IN MALAYSIAwepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20190222/pdf/D2_S3_Malaysia_200219.pdf · •Under development (2018 –present) by Ministry of Water,