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Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management in Thailand Chayawee Wangcharoenrung Ph.D. Water Quality Management Bureau, Pollution Control Department, MNRE Thailand WEPA International Workshop on Industrial Wastewater Management September 26 th 2017 @ Sari Pan Pacific Jakarta, Jakarta City, Indonesia 1

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Page 1: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management in Thailand

Chayawee Wangcharoenrung Ph.D.Water Quality Management Bureau,

Pollution Control Department, MNRE Thailand

WEPA International Workshop on Industrial Wastewater ManagementSeptember 26th 2017 @ Sari Pan Pacific Jakarta, Jakarta City, Indonesia

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Presentation Structure

Overview of Industrial Wastewater Regulations

• Industrial Statistics• Government and Environmental Regulation Structure• Industrial Wastewater Quality Standards• Industrial Wastewater Monitoring Methods• Compliance and Challenges

Situation and Challenges for the Problematic Industries and Countermeasures • Overview of Problematic Industry• Environmental Impact• Reason for Non compliance• Current Mitigation for Problems• Technologies and Needs

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Thailand - Location

Thailand

Bangkok

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Thailand General Statistics

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Thailand Industrial Export Income

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Office of the Prime

Minister, OPM

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, MOAC Ministry of Commerce, MOC Ministry of Culture, MCulture

Ministry of Defence, MOD Ministry of Education, MOEMinistry of Energy, MOEN Ministry of Finance, MOF

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MFA Ministry of Industry, MOI

Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, ICT Ministry of Interior, MOI Ministry of Justice, MOJ Ministry of Labor, MOL

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, MNRE Ministry of Public Health, MOPH

Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, MOS

Ministry of Tourism and Sports, MTS Ministry of Transport, MOT

19 Ministries

Thai Government Structure

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Environmental Regulation Structure

Other Regulations

MNRE MOI MOLMOPH

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Set by NEQA 1992 Sect 55 and enforced directly by

FA 1992

Set by NEQA 1992 Sect. 32, indirect control

Control StandardsThai Environmental

Standards for Industry

Ambient Standards Effluent Standards

Wastewater Effluent General Std.Surface Water Quality Std.

Wastewater Effluent Specific Std.

Water Reuse Guideline (Std.)Coastal Water Quality Std.

Ground Water Quality Std.

Ambient Air Std.

VOCs in Ambient Air Std.

Emission Std. for Power Plants

Emission Std. for Waste Incinerators

Emission Std. for Mining and Quarry

Emission Std. for Cement Plants

Emission Std. for Gasoline Terminals

General Emission Std.

Ambient Noise Std.

Vibration from Mining and Quarry Std.

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2016 Industrial Effluent Ctl Std.

Former Industrial Ctl Effluent Std. Begin Drafting Since 2007

• MOSTE’s 4th decree B.E. 2539 (1996) on designated type of factory and industrial estate as pollution source which effluent to water resource must be controlled on 3rd January 1996 and

• MOSTE’s 3rd decree B.E. 2539 (1996) on effluent standard from factory and industrial estate pollution source on 3rd January 1996

MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Control Standard B.E. 2559 (2016)

Announced on June 6th 2016 – effective on June 6th 2017

Do not allow exemption to the standard Designate measurable standard for effluent

color referring to international standard Improve measurement method on some

parameters Cut off “odor” from standard Update analysis methods to current and

modern technique Designate sampling point and method in one

regulation that more practical Improve on definition and wording to

compatible with modern technical dictionary.

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Item Former Regulation (1996 - 2017) Current Regulation (2017 - )Color No Objectionable 300 ADMI

TDS• 3,000-5,000 mg/l depended on TDS of

receiving water body.• Analyzed at 103 oC

• 3,000 mg/l for fresh waster• 5,000 + TDS of water mg/l for water that

has TDS more than 3,000 mg/l• Analyzed at 180 oC

TSS • 50-150 mg/l • 50 mg/l

Sulfide • Analyzed as H2S • Analyzed as total S

BOD • 20 mg/l exemption to 60 mg/l for animal slaughter, starch, textile, chemical factory • 20 mg/l with no exemption

COD • 120 mg/l exemption to 400 mg/l for food seasoning, textile, pulp and paper, tan leather. • 120 mg/l with no exemption

Former industrial effluent standard composes of 16 groups of parameters has been used since 3 January 1996 (long time ago). The standard also give some exemptions for certain kind of industry such as chemical, starch, animal foods.

PCD and DIW has been working together since 5 years ago for new standard. The standard will composed of 2 parts general effluent standard and type specific

effluent standard

MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Control Standard B.E. 2559 (2016) (cont.)

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Parameter Standard Analytical Method1. pH 5.5-9.0 pH Meter

2. Temperature less than 40oCUsing thermometer and use while conduct water

sampling3. Color 300 ADMI ADMI Method

4. Total Dissolved Solids or TDS

Not over 3,000 mg/l for discharge in to general water body

Not over 5,000 + TDS of receiving water body mg/l for discharge in to water body that has TDS of more than 3,000 mg/l

Pass through Glass Fiber Filter Disk and evaporate

at 180 0C for at least 1 hour

5. Total Suspended Solids less than 50 mg/l Pass through Glass Fiber Filter Disk and evaporate at 103-105 0C for at least

1 hour

6. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) not over 20 mg/l

Keep at 20 oC for 5 days and measure oxygen using

azide modification or membrane electrode

method7. Chemical Oxygen

Demand (COD) not over 120 mg/l Dissolved using Potassium Dichromate

MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016 (cont.)

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Parameter Standard Analytical Method

8. Sulfide not over 1 mg/l Iodometric or methylene blue

9. Cyanides HCN not over 0.2 mg/l Distillation and

colorimetric or Flow Injection Analysis

10. Fat Oil and Greasenot over 5 mg/l

Liquid – Liquid Extraction or Soxhlet

Extraction with solvent and find weight of oil and

fat11. Formaldehyde not over 1 mg/l Colorimetric Method

12. Phenols not over 1 mg/l Distillation and Colorimetric Method

13. Free Chlorine not over 1 mg/l Titrimetric Method or

ColorimetricMethod

14. Pesticide Must not found Gas-ChromatographicMethod

15.Total KjeldahlNitrogen (TKN) not over 100 mg/l Kjeldahl Method

MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016 (cont.)

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Parameter Standard Analytical Method16. heavy metalo Zn not over 5.0 mg/l

Acid digestion and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry or Inductively Coupled Plasma

o Cu not over 2.0 mg/lo Cd not over 0.03 mg/lo Ba not over 1.0 mg/lo Pb not over 0.2 mg/lo Ni not over 1.0 mg/lo Mn not over 5.0 mg/lo Cr (VI) not over 0.25 mg/l Colorimetric Method or Atomic

Absorption Spectrometry: AASor Inductively Coupled Plasma

o Cr (III) not over 0.75 mg/l Calculate a different between total chromium to chromium VI

o As not over 0.25 mg/l Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry - Hydride Generation or Inductively Coupled Plasma

o Se not over 0.02 mg/l

o Hg not over 0.005 mg/l Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry or Inductively C l d Pl

MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016 (cont.)

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Future Thailand Industrial Effluent Control Standard

Specific EffluentStandard

Water RecycleStandard

General EffluentStandard

to water resource to water resource

Type of factory having problem treating water

• Starch 9(2) • Textile 22 • Pulp and paper 38 • Leather tanning 29

to plantation area

Type of factory having high pollution load, no toxic

• Starch 9(2) (drafted)• Vegetable/animal oil 7(1)• Sugar from crane or sweet

grass 11 • Liquor 16 • Ethanol 17 • Rubber 52

Higher Committee Policy • Petrochemical 42 44 49

50(4)• Desalination 90

Announced/Published on June 2016

Future Structure of Control Standard Under Development

Approved on Sept 2017

Proposing

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Standard Industrial Group Reference

Effluent Standard for Petroleum Industry Petroleum Institute of Thailand IFC

Effluent Standard for Pulp and Paper Industry

IFC (unit conversion)

Effluent Standard for Desalination Industry Water Institute for Sustainability

US.EPA.(NPDES permit)

Effluent Standard for Tannery Industry

Thai Tanning Industry Association

IFC

Effluent Standard for Starch Industry

Thai Tapioca Starch Association

Many countries

Cooperation with Industry Group for Setting Up Industry-Specific Control Standard

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Specific Standard for Leather Tanning Industry

Parameter StandardpH 6- 9 Temperature not over 50 oCColor not over 300 ADMITotal Dissolved Solid (TDS)

not over 3,000 – 5,000 + Water Body TDS

mg/l Suspended Solid (TSS)

not over 50 mg/l

Sulfide not over 1.0 mg/lOil and Grease not over 5.0 mg/lTKN not over 100 mg/l

Parameter StandardBOD not over 50 mg/lCOD not over 250 mg/lPhenol Compounds

not over 0.5 mg/l

Hexavalent Chromium

not over 0.1 mg/l

Total Chromium not over 0.8 mg/lTotal Phosphorus not over 2 mg/l

Same Control Parameters as General Standard Extra Control Parameters

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Specific Standard for Desalination Industry

Control Measures Control

Standard @ the end of pipe

Parameter Control ValuepH 6 – 8.5

Turbidity 100 NTU Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 10 mg/l

Settleable Solid 2 ml/lFree Chlorine 0.1 mg/l

Designated Environmental Impact Protection Measures

1) designate pulling velocity of less than 0.1 m/s and must have a device that prevent aquatic animal of size bigger than 9.5 mm from pulling into system

2) discharging must be done by outfall, mixing with powerplant cooling water or solar pond

3) designated mixing zone with radius of 100 meter

5) must control that pH and salinity change less than 5 percent from natural level within the mixing zone.

Approved on Sept 2017

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Page 18: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Enforced under NEQA 1992 Enforced under FA 1992

Monitoring Method

Operation Control Mechanism (Auditing)

Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator License

(Sect. 73)

Pollution Control Equipment's Supervisor(MOI Notification 2011)

Wastewater Treatment or Pollution Control

Inspection (Sect. 82)

General Factory Inspection(Sect 35)

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Page 19: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Enforced by FA 1992

Reporting System

Enforced by NEQA 1992

Maintenance of Wastewater Treatment System Monthly

Report (Sect. 80) Emission Report (2 times/yr) (DIW Notification on 2012)

BOD/COD Online System(MOI Notification on 2011)

Continuous Emission Monitoring System

(CEMs/BOD Online) (MOI Notification on 2011)

Enforced by Marine Dept. (Navigation In Thai Waterway Act.)

Water Discharge Analysis Report (4 times/yr)

Monitoring Method (cont.)

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Page 20: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Compliance Situation

Location of factories surveyed: under environmental army

project 10 years ago no better compliance statistic since then.

Blue dot indicated factories that comply with effluent std.

Red dot indicated factories that do not comply and need

improvement.

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Page 21: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Challenges in Monitoring

Number of factories is far exceeding number of officials

• Approximately 120,000 factories in 77 provinces but only 3 inspection officers per province for Ministry of Industry and 40 officers for Pollution Control Department

Monitoring tools are insufficient

• Even for basic tools like pH/SCT meters - not to say tools for air quality and groundwater sampling

Laboratory availability and quality of analysis

Data exchanging between government agencies is not common thus there are some repetitive works

Lack of environmental awareness/honesty of factories – profit is the most important

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Page 22: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Overview of Problematic Industry

High Risk Industry Group

• frequent accident such as petrochemical industry, ethanol industry, sugar industry and, cold storage industry

High Pollution Industry Group

• has difficulty comply with effluent standard such as starch industry, textile Pulp and paper industry and leather tanning industry

Low Capacity for Environmental

Management Group

• Do not treat wastewater such as small industry (SME) and community factory

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Page 23: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Environmental Impact – Small Industry

There are approximately 87,000 small and community factory in Thailand.

Domestic Industrial AquacultureSwine farmSmall and community factory

Survey in 2014 shows that small and community factory contributed in 6% of BOD load for main river in Thailand

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Page 24: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Reason for Non Compliance

Problem Possible Reasonfrequent accident - high

risk industry group factory do not have enough qualified/well-

trained safety and environmental officer lack of training/drill for accident

difficulty to comply with effluent standard -

high pollution group

one general effluent standard can not fit with all types of factories

only concentration – based standard lack of knowledgeable person for wastewater

treatment plant operationlow capacity for environmental

management - small and community industry group

do not have enough funding and knowhow for wastewater treatment

Impossible/too difficult for small site inspection

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Page 25: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Example of Green Label Products..• Recycled Papers• Recycled plastic utilities• Fluorescent light bulb• Emulsion paints (no Pb & Hg)• Refrigerator• Sanitary ware• Air Conditions• Battery• Spray without CFC• Envi Friendly Detergent• Computer• Insulation• Automobile • Television• Fan• Tire• Vacuum Cleaner• LED light bulb

+Mitigation Measure - Green Label• Certification awarded to specific products that are

shown to have minimum impact on the environment in comparison with other products

• Initiated by the Thailand Business Council for Sustainable Development in October 1993

• The Thai green label board is set to take all major decisions regarding the green label. Thailand Environmental Institute as secretariat.

• The technical subcommittee is set to review criteria, test methods, and other requirements for applicants of Green Label. So far, 90 criteria have been developed

• See criteria at http://www.tei.or.th/greenlabel /thcategories.html

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Page 26: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

+Mitigation Measure - Green Industry

Sustainable Development

ContinuousImprovement

Sustainable Development

Improvement such that become environmental

friendly

Focus on social responsibilitywhich supports sustainable

development policy

Level 1 –Green Commitment

Level 2 –Green Activities

Level 3 –Green System

Level 4 –Green Culture

Level 5 –Green Network

Having business policy on

environment

•Environmental policy

•Implement•Evaluate•Reexamine

Having business policy on

environment and implement

• All in level 3• Development of

green culture• Disclose

environmental data

•All in level 4•Green supply chain•Environmental data report and relationship promotion

Green Supply Chain

ISO 26000

ISO 14001/50001

Green Product

CT

Lean Manufacturing

MOI Level of Green Industry Development

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Page 27: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Mitigation Measure - Development

Key Policy Gap Mitigation Under Developmentlack of qualified

envi/safety person development of registration system for

operator/supervisor of wastewater treatment plant in NEQA

only one general effluent control

standard for all type of factory and only

control concentration

development of industry-specific effluent control standard for many type of industry

development of Effluent Permitting System (load-based regulation and economic instrument)

do not controlsmall and community

industry

development of control measure for small and community industry using process standard which designate pollution control process such as BPT (Best Practical Control Technology)

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Page 28: Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater ...wepa-db.net/3rd/en/meeting/20170926/pdf/26_3-12_Thailand.pdfCurrent situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management

Mobile Application

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