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Press Release 15th of October 2019:
Khmer version below
Archaeological Results of the Cambodian Archaeological Lidar Initiative
and Khmer Archaeology Lidar Consortium in Phnom Kulen, Cambodia.
The Archaeology and Development Foundation (ADF), the Γcole franΓ§aise
d'ExtrΓͺme-Orient (French Institute of Asian Studies, or EFEO), the APSARA
National Authority (APSARA) and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts of
Cambodia (MOCFA) are pleased to announce that the coming weeks will see the
publication of a peer-reviewed publication deriving from the 2015 archaeological
lidar campaign in Cambodia, known as the Cambodian Archaeological Lidar
Initiative (CALI). LIDAR is a remote sensing technology using an airborne laser
to create 3D topographic models of the ground even under dense forests. This
project, funded by a grant from the European Research Council to the EFEO
under the EUβs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant
agreement No 639828) is the continuation of the KALC (the Khmer Archaeology
LiDAR Consortium), a consortium of eight international teams who carried out
the first application of lidar for archaeology anywhere in Asia. It was completed
over Angkor, Phnom Kulen and Koh Ker in 2012, and the successful results of
that mission were the basis for a second, greatly-expanded lidar campaign in
2015.
It involves dozens of collaborators from various institutions under the direction
of APSARA and MOCFA. Flight operations for CALI were completed in March and
April 2015, and delivery of the datasets took place in August 2015, followed by
several months of post-processing, analysis. Since that time the data have been
used as part of a number of joint projects between Cambodian and international
teams, including programs of ground verification and archaeological excavation.
A number of results of broad significance have been identified, and although
analysis and fieldwork will continue for years to come, co-authors from all
institutions are currently involved in the production of material, which will
present the initial findings to a broad audience.
The present publication, coming out in Antiquity, is an overview of the most
significant archaeological results in Phnom Kulen, authored by the leader of the
Archaeology and Development Foundation, the main organization conducting
systematic archaeological work on Phnom Kulen, in close collaboration with the
APSARA and EFEO. In Phnom Kulen, the lidar has revealed an urban network on
an unprecedented scale: a large grid of linear axes, built of earthen dikes,
oriented roughly to cardinal directions and spanning much of the southern area
of the plateau (40 to 50 sq. km2), linking the sacred sites together, including
long-known temples and many new undocumented ones. The complex hydraulic
system to collect, store and redistribute water on the plateau was also
highlighted. This findings, back up by months of ground verification and several
archaeological campaigns, confirms the existence of the King Jayavarman IIβs
capital from the late 8th- to 9th -century mentioned in ancient scriptures,
Mahendraparvata, and suspected due to the presence of about 30 temples.
Moreover, other later sites suggest a long and complex history of
Mahendraparvata following its tenure as a capital, involving periods of
renovation and transformation. These results also have significance for broader
issues in the archaeology of the Angkorian world and debates about the
development of urban form in the Khmer context.
More about lidar campaigns in Cambodia
The results of the LiDAR acquisition on the Kulen form only a part of a range of
remarkable discoveries made possible by the LiDAR consortium and the CALI
project. These outcomes were disseminated through several publications
accessible here https://angkorlidar.org/publications.
The Lidar has provides a globally-unique archive of very high resolution
archaeological lidar data which reveals patterns of human-environment
interaction in the Khmer world spanning at least 2000 years, from the present
day to prehistory. The results are a testimony to the incredible richness of
Cambodian cultural heritage. They also underscore the commitment of the
institutions in CALI to building international partnerships to achieve research
results of global significance, and to keeping Cambodian and foreign institutions
and researchers at the forefront of technological advances in archaeological
science and heritage applications worldwide.
Moving forward, we expect the data to be useful across a number of disciplines
and applications, including not only archaeology but also tourism and heritage
management, urban planning, forest ecology, agriculture, and water
management. We are currently developing a licensing process which we
envisage will streamline the process of making the data available to individuals
and institutions seeking to forge new partnerships with the three institutions of
CALI across this broad range of practical applications and research interests.
Further information is available on the web page of the CALI program,
http://angkorlidar.org
Accessing the Article (Free, Open Access)
The article is "Mahendraparvata: an early Angkor period capital defined through
airborne laser scanning at Phnom Kulen" by Chevance Jean-Baptiste, Damian
Evans, Nina Hofer, Sakada Sakhoeun, and Ratha Chhean. It appears in the
Antiquity journal, Volume 93, Issue 371, (September 2019).
https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.133.
More about the Archaeology and Development Foundation (ADF)
ADF's activities include archaeological survey, research and excavations to
understand the ancient history of the plateau. Since 2008, ADF archaeological
excavations have given more and more evidences of the presence of this capital
on the Kulen plateau. Moreover, ADF conducts a large range of development
activities to ensure that the local population's livelihood is improved, with
projects on education, hygiene, water and sanitation, alternative agriculture and
environmental protection and awareness. It also coordinates the mine clearance
of suspected hazardous area with the Cambodian Mine Action Center (CMAC).
For more information about the ADF and its activities, please refer to
www.adfkulen.org or contact ADF at [email protected].
GIS specialist Nina Hofer, and archaeologists Sakhoeun Sakada and Lim Khanita
indicating the location of an archaeological feature. Ground verification in Phnom
Kulen, March 2017. Credit: JB Chevance, Archaeology and Development
Foundation.
ADF and EFEO team members at Prasat O Paong, a 9th century temple located
in the center of Mahendraparvata capital, March 2017, Credit: Sakhoeun
Sakada, Archaeology and Development Foundation.
APSARA, ADF and EFEO team members in dense forest during ground
verification of the 9th century Mahendraparvata capital, Phnom Kulen, March
2017, Credit: Nina Hofer, Γcole franΓ§aise d'ExtrΓͺme-Orient.
Archaeological map of the Greater Angkor area, showing places mentioned in the
text (figure by the authors).
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αααααΈααα·ααΆαααΎααααΆαααΌααα αααα»ααΆ ααα αΆαα’α α‘α©
ααααα½αααααααα αα·ααα α·α·ααααα·αααα (MOCFA) α’αΆααααΆ ααααααα·α’αααααΆ (APSARA National Authority) α’ααααΆαααΌαααα·αα·αα»αααΆαααα·αααΆ αα·αααΆαα’αα·αααααα (ADF) αα·αααα·αααΆααααΆ αααΆα αΆααα α»αααΌαααΆ (EFEO) ααΆαααα ααααΈααααααααΈααΆαααΌααααααΆααααΌααααΆααααααααααααααΆ αα ααααααΈααα‘α₯αααα»ααΆααααααΉα ααΆαααΆααααΆαααα»ααααααΆαααα½ααααΆ αααααααΆαααααΌααααααααααααααααα½ααααααΆαααΈααΆααα·ααΆααααααααααααΆαααααα·ααααΆαααααααααΆαααΈαααα ααααα·αααΆ Lidar ααΆαΆααααΈαααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α₯α ααααΈααΆαΆ αααααΆαααΉααα α½ααα ααΈααΆ αααααααααΆααα·ααΆαααααααααααΆαααΆαααααα·ααααΆααα LiDAR ααΆα»αααα·αααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆαααα (Lidar ααΊααααααα ααααα·αααΆαα½ααααααααααΈαααααΆααα§αααααααααΆαααΆααααααααΆ ααααα ααΉαα§ααααααΆα αα ααα ααααΈαααα’αΈαΆααΆααααααααααΎααΆαΆαααααΈα‘αΆααααα (airborne laser) αααΈααααΈαααααΈαααΆαααΌαααααΆ αααΈ 3D α ααααΈαααα·ααα αααααΆαααααααααααααααα)α ααααααΆαααααααααα½ααααααΆαααΆαα§αααααααααα·αΆααΈαααα»αααααΉαααΆααααααααααα’αΊα»α αα»αα ααΆααααααα·αααΆαα αααΆααΆ αΆααα α»αααΌααα (EFEO) ααααααα·ααααααΆαααααααΈα·αααααααααα αα·αααα αΆαααααα·αααααΈαααααααααααΈα· Horizonα’α α’α αααα ααΆαα’α»ααΊα α»α αα·α ααααααααααααααααααααΆααα½ααααα α¦α£α©α¨α’α¨ (ααΊαααααΆααααααα·ααΆααααααααααα’αΆαααΈαααααααα·αααααααααα ααααααα½ααΆααα ααααααααα· αα·αα’αααααααα·α αΆααα½αααααΆαΆαααΈαααΆαα αΌααααα½ααααΈααΆαααααααααααα αΎαα·ααααΆαααLiDAR ααΆα»αααα·αααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆααΆαααΌαααααα ααα»ααααααΈααα’αΆαα»αΈ)α αα½ααααααΆ αααααααΆ αα ααα»ααααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α’ααααΈααΆαΆ αααααααΈααΆαααααααααααααααα α½ααα ααΈ αα·αααΆαααααα ααααα ααααΈαααααΆαααΆαααααα§ααααΆαα’ααα α§ααααΆαααααα·ααΆαΆαααΌαααα αα·αααΆααααααααΆααααα α α·α α αΆαααααααααααααααααααα½ααααααΆαααΈααααααααα αα ααΊαααααΌααααΆ ααααααΆαααα’αα»αααααααααα»ααααΆαααΆααααΆ ααΈααα’ ααααααΆααααααΈααα αααΆααααααΆα»αααα αΆαα’α α‘α₯α ααΆαααα·αΆααααααααααααααααΆαααΆαα αΌααααα½α ααΆαααΈα’αΆαααααααααααααααααα αΈαααΌααααααααααΈαα αααααααααααααααΆ αααααΆαααΆααααααααα·αααααΈα’αΆαααΆα ααααα’αΆααααΆ ααααααα·α’αααααΆ αα·αααααα½αααααααα αα·ααα α·α·ααααα·αααααααααααααααααααα»αααα αααααα·ααααα·ααΆαα ααα ααΈαααααΆαααααΆααα·ααΆαααααααααααααααααααααΆα Lidar αααααΆαααααα·αααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆαααα (αα ααΆααααΆ CALI) ααΆαα αΆαααααααααΈαααΈααααΈ ααααααααααααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α₯ α α ααΈαα·ααααΆαααααααΌαααΆαααααααΌ αααααααααΆα CALI αα ααααΈ αααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α₯ α αα αΆ ααααα αααα»αααΆαααΆαα αΆαααααααααΈαααααΈααΆαααα·ααααα·ααααΆααα αα·αα α»αααααααααααααααααΆααααααΆ αααα ααΈααααΆαα αααααααΆααααααΈααΆαααΆαααααααααααααααααααααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆααααααα αΈαααα ααααααααααααα½αα αΆααα½ααα ααΆααααααααΆαααΆαα αααααΆαΆ αα²ααα ααΈααα»ααα α αα α ααααααΎαΆααΆαααα·ααα αα·αααΆαααααΈααααα αΆαααΆααα αααααααααΆααααααΆ αΆααααααΆαααααα ααα α’αΆααα·αααααααΈαααααααα αααα αΆααα’ααααΆααα»αααα αΌααααα½ααΆα»αααΆααααααα·ααααΆα ααααααααΉαααααΆαΆ αααΌααααααΆααα αΎαααΆαααΌαααα αααααα αΆααααΌαααα α ααΆααααΆαααα»ααααααΆα αααααααα ααΊαααααΆααα·ααΆααΆα»αααααα·αααααααααα»αααΆαααααααΆαααααΆαΆ αααΈαα·ααααΆααααααΌαααα αααααααααααααααα»αααΆαααααΆαααΆαααααΆααα»ααααα ααΆαΆαααΌααααααααααΆαα ααααα αα·ααααααααααα αΎαααααααΆαααΆαααΉα αΆααααααα’ααααΆαααΌαααα·αα·
αα»αααΆαααα·αααΆ αα·αα’αα·αααααα (ADF) α α’ααααΆααα½ααααα αααα’ααααααααααΆαααΆαααα½αααααααΆαααααΈααΆααα·ααΆαααααααααααααααΆααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆααααααααααα αα ααααΈααΆαΆαααΌαααααααααΆαααΆαα ααΆααα ααα·αααΆα·ααααααααα½αα’αΆααααΆ ααααααα·α’αααααΆ αα·αααα·αααΆαα αααΆααΆ αΆααα α»αααΌααα(EFEO) α ααΆαααΆααα·ααΆαααααααααααα α αΎααΆαΆαααΌαααα αα·ααααααα Lidar ααααΆαΆ αααΌααααα‘αΆαααααΆααααααα αΆααααα»ααα½ααα ααααΈααΆαααααΆ ααα½ααα αα·αααΆαΆ αααααΆαααΈαα»ααα αΆαααα‘αΆαααααΆαα’αααααα·α αααΈα αααΈα αααΌαααααΆααα½ααααααααααα ααΈαααααααΈααααααααΆαααααααΌα α ααααΆ ααααααααα αααααΆαααΆαααααΆαααααα ααααΆααααα«αααα αα»αααΆαααΆ αααααααα ααααααααΌαααΆααααα ααααααααΌαααα ααΈ αα·αααααΆααααΈααααααα αΈααααααααααααα·αααΆαααΆαααααααααΆ α¬αα αααααΈαα»αααα ααΆααααααααααααααααααααΆαααααααααααααααΌαααΆαααΌαααααααΆ ααααα ααΈααααααααααΆααΆααααααααΆα αααααααααααΆαααααα»αααΉααα αα·ααα αα αΆαααΉααααα ααααΈααααααΆααα αααααΆααα αΎαααααααααΌααααααΆα·αα ααααααααααααααΈααΆααααααΆααααααΆ αααα ααΆαααααααΆαΆαααΌααααααααααα αΈαααααα½ααααα½αααΆααα·ααΆααααααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆ αααΈααααΈαααααΆ ααααΈα’ααα·αααααααααΆαααΆααΈααααααααααααΆαααααααα αααααΈαα α’ (α αΆαααααΈα α»αααααααααααΈαα α¨ ααααααΈαα α©) ααααααΆααααααααΆ αα ααΆα»ααα·ααΆα αΆαααΉ ααα αααααααααΆαα (Mahendraparvata) αα·αααααΌααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααΆααααα αΆααα½α α£α α ααααΈαααΈααααααΈααααΆαΆαααααααΆααααααααααΆαααααΆαΆ αααΈαααααααα·ααααααααααΌααααα αα·αααα»ααα ααααααα αααααααααΆαα (Mahendraparvata) αα αΆ αααααΈααΆαααΆααΆαΆααααααΎαΆααΆαααΆααΈαααααααααααααΉαααααααααααααΆααααααα αα·αααΆαααααΆ ααααααΌαα ααααααααααα αΆααααααααΆαααααΆαααΆαααααααΆαααααΆααα·ααΆ α’αΆαααΈααααααΆ ααΌαααα ααΆα»ααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆαααα’αΆααΆα ααααα’ααα αα·αααΆααααααααααααααααΆ α’αΆαααΈααΆαα’αα·ααααααααααααααααΈαααααα»αααΆα»αααααα·ααααααααα αΆααααααααααααααααΆααα·ααΆααΆααααααααααΆα Lidar αααααΆαααααα·αααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆαααα (CALI) ααΆαααΆαααα ααΈααΌαα αΆααα»α αα½αα±ααααααααΆα αααααααααα αΈα ααααα’αΆα ααααΈαα ααΆααααααΆαα αααααα·ααααα·ααΆαααααααα»αα α»α Lidar αΆαα½αααΉαααααααΆα CALIα ααααααααααα αΆααααααααααΌαααΆαααααααααααΆαααΆααααααΆααααΆαααα»ααααααΆαααααααΆαααααααα’αΆα α αΌαααα αααΈααααΆαααααα ααααΆαααα https://angkorlidar.org/publications α Lidar ααΆααααααααααΌααααα ααααααααα·ααα ααααααΆαααααααααααααααααααααααΆααααααααααααα·ααααΆαααααΆαααΌαα»αααΆαααα·αααΆααα½ααααα½αααΉααα»αααααααααΆαΆ ααααα ααααααααΆαΆ αααΌαααΆαααΌαααα’αααααααααΆαααααα·α α αα·αααα»αααα ααΆα»ααααααα»αααΆααα ααα·α α’α α α αααΆ αΆαα αΆαααααΆαΆααααΈααααααα αα»αααααΆαα αα»ααααααααααα·α ααααααααααααααα ααΊαααααααΈααααααααααΆ ααα’αΆαααΈααααααααΌαααααααααααααα·αααα ααααααααααα αα·αααΆαααΌαααααααΆ ααααΈααΆαααααααααΆ α α·αααααααααααααΆα CALI ααΆα»αααΆααααααααααααααααΌαααααα· αα·αα’αααααααα·αααΈααααΈαααα½ααααααΆαααααααααααααααααααααααα ααΆααααααΆαααΆααααααααα ααααΌα αΆαααΈααααΈααΆαα ααααα’αΆααααααααααααα αααα»ααα αα·ααααααααα αααααΆα·αααα αα½ααα»αααααααααααΏαααααΏαααΆααααα ααααα·αααΆααα·αααΆααααααααα»αααα·αααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆ αα·αααΆα»α ααααα·αααα αα·αααααΆαα αα ααααααΆααα»αααααΈα αΆαααΉα ααΆαα·ααααΆαααααααααΉαααΆααααααααααα αΆααααααα»αααα·αααΆ αα·αααΆαα’αα»ααααα½αα αΆααα½ααα αα·αααααΉαααααα»ααααααΆααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆαααα»ααααα αααααα αααα»αααααα αΆααα’αΆα αααααΈαααΆα»αααΆααααααααααααααααα ααα αα·αααΆαααααααααα·αααα , ααΆααααααα αΆααααααααΆαααααααααααααΆα»αααΆααααα, ααΆααααααΆαααααα αΈ, αα’ααΌ αΌαα»αΈ αα·αααα·αααα αααα»αα αααααααΆααααΆαααααααααααααααααααααΉααααΆαααΎαα ααα αα»αααααΆαααα»αααΆαααΆαααΆααα»αααααααΈαααΆααααΈαααΆααααααΆααααααααα’αΆααααΆ ααααα ααααααααΈα αΆαααΉαααΆααΉαααααΈα±ααααΆαααΆααααΈαααΆααααααΆαααααΈα±ααααΆααα·ααααΆααα
αααααΆααααα»ααααα αα·ααα ααααααααααΆααα»αααααααααΆαααααααΈαααααααααααααΌαααΈααααα½αααααααΆα CALI ααΆα»αααΆαα’αα»αααααααααΆαααααααααα αα·αααααααΆαααααααααααααααααα αααααΆαααααααααΆααααααα ααααΌα αΆααΆααααααΈαα’ααααααα’αΆα ααααΆααα ααααΈαα ααααΆααααααααααααααΆα CALI http://angkorlidar.org αααααΈααααααα αΈαα·ααα·ααα·αααααΆα α’αααΆαααα βαα αααααΆαααααβ αΆααΆαααΆααΈαααΈαααααα’ααα ααααααΆαααΆααααααΆααααααΆαααααα‘αΆαααααααΈα αΎα’αΆααΆα(Lidar) αα ααααΆαααΌα αααα Chevance Jean-Baptiste, Damian Evans, Nina Hofer, αααΆα αα αΏα αααΆα , αα·α ααααα· α ααΆα αααΆ ααΆαααααααααααΆαα ααΈαα ααΆα»ααα·αα αα»ααααααα·αα»αααΆαααα·αααΆαααα α£α§α‘ αααα»ααΆ αααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α© https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.133α ααααΈαααΈαααα α’αΆαααΈααΌαααα·αα·αα»αααΆαααα·αααΆ αα·αααΆαα’αα·αααααα (ADF) ααΆααααααααααα½αα αΆααα½αααα½ααΆα ααΆαααΆααααα·αααααααααααααααΆααααααΆ αααααααααΆ αααααΆα»αααααα·ααααααααααααααααααααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆ αα·αααΆαααααΈααΆααααααααΈααααΈαααααααα’αΆαααΈαααααααα·αααααααααααααααΆααααΆαΆαααΌααααα α αΆαααααΆαΆααααΈαααΆ αΆα α’α α α¨ α’ααααΆαααΌαααα·αα·αα»αααΆαααα·αααΆ αα·αααΆαα’αα·αααααα (ADF) ααΆαααΆαααααΈααΆαααααααααααααααααααααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆααααααα α α αα ααα»ααα ααΆαααααααααΌαααααα»ααΆαααΆαααααααα αΈααααΎαααΎααααΈααΆαααα·αΆαα αα’αΆαααΈαααααΆααααααααΆαααΆααΈαα»αααΆααα ααααΈααααααΆααααΆαΆαααΌαααααα½αααααα ααααααααΈαααααα αααααα α’ααααΆα ADF ααααΆαααααΈααααααααα’αα·ααααααααααααα αΈααααΈααααΈαΆ ααΆααΈαααααααααα ααααααααααααααααΆα»αααΌααααΆ αααΆααααααααααααΈαα ααΈααααα½αααααααΆααααΈααΈ ααΆαα’αααα αΆαα’ ααα αα·ααααααΈαααααΆααααΉααααα α, ααΆαααααααΈαααααΆααα αΆαααΌαααααααααααααααααααΆαααααΆαααααΈααα·ααα αα·ααααααα ααααααααααα· αα·αααΆαααααααΉα ααααΌα αααααΆαααΆαααα’αΆαααΈααααα·α αα ααΆαααΆα αΆααααααααααΆαααααααααααα½ααααΆααααΆαααΆαα’αΆαααΈααααααΆαααααααααααααααΆαΆ ααααααααααα ααααα ααΆαααααα½ααααααα ααααααααααααΆαα αΆααααΈααααα»ααα (CMAC) α αααααΆαααααααααΆααααααα αα·ααααααααααααααα’ααααΆα ADF ααΌα
α αΌαααα ααΆαααα ααααΆαααα www.adfkulen.org α¬ ααααααααΆαααααααα’ α α·ααααΌαα·α [email protected] α
ααΌαααααΆα αα αΏα αααΆα αα»αααΆααααΌα·αα αααααΆ Nina Hofer α’αΆαααΆα αGIS αααααΆ ααΉαα αααΆα·ααΆ αααααΆαΆ αααΈααααΈααΆαΆαααα»αααΆαααΆ α ααΆα»αααααα α»αααα·ααΆαααααΆααααααΆ ααααααα·ααΆααααα ααΆαΆαααΌαααα ααααα αααΆα ααααα· α JB Chevance, αααα· αααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α§Archaeology and Development Foundation.
αααα»αααΆαααΆαADFαα·α EFEO αα ααααΆααααα’αΌαααααα»α αααααααααΈα© ααα·ααα α αΆαα αΆααα»α ααααα αααααααΆαααΆααΈαα αααααΆααααα ααααα αααΆα αα αΏα αααΆα αααα· αααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α§ Archaeology and Development Foundation.
αααα»αααΆαααΆαα’αΆααααΆ ααα’αααααΆ ADF αα·α EFEO ααα·ααα ααΆα»ααααααααααα ααΆα»αααααα α»αααα·ααΆαααααΆααααααΆ ααααααα·ααΆααααα ααΆαΆαααΌαααα αα ααααΈααΆαΆααααΆαααΆαααΈα αααααΆααααα αααααααααΈα© ααααααααααΆ Nina Hofer αααα· αααΆ αΆαα’α α‘α§ Γcole franΓ§aise
d'ExtrΓͺme-Orient.
ααααααααααΈαααΆαΆ αααΈααααΈααΆαΆαααα»αααΆαααα·αααΆαααααΆαααααα’αααααα’αα αα ααααααΆααααΆα ααααααΈααΆαΆααααΈαα½αα αααααααααααααααΈ Chevance Jean-Baptiste, Damian Evans, Nina Hofer, αααΆα αα αΏα αααΆα , ααα· ααααα· α ααΆα αααΆ