Preliminary Study on Muang Mai Market Mai Market Study... · A street of Muang Mai Market flooded with waste water on ... poultry, seafood preparation, preparation of fruit and vegetable

A street of Muang Mai Market flooded with waste water on December 1, 2015

Preliminary Study on Muang Mai Market: Overview of Waste Water Management problems and Preliminary Recommendations

for Muang Mai Market, the largest wholesale fresh market in Chiang Mai Municipality, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

December 2015

Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 51. RATIONALE .................................................................................................................... 61.1. Wastewater management in Thailand .......................................................................... 61.2. Chiang Mai in general .................................................................................................. 71.2.1. Background .............................................................................................................. 71.2.2. Chiang Mai Creative City ........................................................................................ 101.2.3. Cultural Heritage UNESCO .................................................................................... 111.3. Study area: Muang Mai Market .................................................................................. 122. On-site Survey in Muang Mai Market ............................................................................ 142.1. Current Market Settings ............................................................................................. 142.1.1. Ownership Structure ............................................................................................... 142.1.2. Private Roads/Infrastructure ................................................................................... 162.1.3. Hygienic situation ................................................................................................... 172.1.4. Waste water and solid waste management in the market ...................................... 182.2. Prevention and Mitigation measures implemented by Governmental and Municipal bodies .................................................................................................................................. 212.3. Prevention and Mitigation measures implemented at another Fresh market: Chang Puek Market .......................................................................................................................... 242.4. Muang Mai Market Stakeholder Consultation and Stakeholder Mapping .................. 253. The Nexus Approach and Provisional Recommendations ........................................... 274. The Proposed Technical Approach ............................................................................... 294.1. Objective .................................................................................................................... 294.2. Technological description of a vacuum sewer ........................................................... 294.2.1. Design standard ..................................................................................................... 304.2.2. Advantages of vacuum sewer system .................................................................... 304.2.3. Comparison between vacuum system and septic tank system .............................. 314.2.4. Bio waste Grinder ................................................................................................... 324.3. Components and outputs ........................................................................................... 334.3.1. Proposed design of vacuum sewer network ........................................................... 334.3.2. Energy consumption ............................................................................................... 344.3.3. Location for vacuum station .................................................................................... 344.3.4. Transfer of technology ............................................................................................ 344.4. Cost calculations ........................................................................................................ 354.5. Comparing investment: Vacuum technology VS gravity system ................................ 354.6. Risks and operational problems ................................................................................. 355. Technical Assistance ..................................................................................................... 366. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 36Annex 1: Description of septic tank ....................................................................................... 39Annex 2: Cost calculation of vacuum sewerage system ....................................................... 40Annex 3: Chiang Mai Municipality Sewerage System Master Plan ...................................... 41Annex 4: Thailand Surface Water Standard ......................................................................... 42Annex 5: DIN EN 1091 Vacuum Sewerage Systems Outside Buildings .............................. 43Annex 6: List of Meetings and Interviews ............................................................................. 43Annex 7: Assessment Form: Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market ..................... 44

Abbreviations list BMZ German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development CO2 Carbon dioxide CNC Chao Nua Market Company CFMA Chiang Mai Fresh Market Association CMU Chiang Mai University EM Effective Micro-organism GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) ISOC Internal Security Operations Command JKC Jae Krung Company M Meter MM Millimeter MoU Memorandum of Understanding MMC Muang Mai Market Company MSC Muang Samutr Market Company NTF Nexus Task Force ONEP Office of National Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning PCD Pollution Control Department PE Person Equivalent PVC Polyvinyl Chloride THB Baht (Thai currency) UNESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WMA Wastewater Management Authority WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant

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Executive Summary

Chiang Mai, Thailand, is one of the Nexus partner cities within the “Integrated Resource Management in Asian Cities: The Urban Nexus” Project, financed by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and implemented by GIZ. Chiang Mai is suffering from a precarious sanitation system (combined surface drainage and wastewater drainage with septic tanks) 1 . The problem magnifies when focusing on the wastewater management within ‘fresh’ or ‘wet’ markets throughout Chiang Mai, especially the Muang Mai Market. Muang Mai Market is one of 16 markets in Chiang Mai being the biggest of them and the only wholesale2 market.

Wastewater and solid waste from Muang Mai Market are generated from distinct sources and activities which include meat, poultry, seafood preparation, preparation of fruit and vegetable and stall cleaning, preparation and consumption of food, waste water from cleaning the market floors and market streets, as well as public restrooms.

The above mentioned waste water and organic solid waste are often discarded into the drainage system and cause heavy blockage within the market’s drainage/sewage system, which means that a rain shower can cause flooding in several areas of the markets. The contaminated water along with the rats and other disease carriers such as cockroaches and mosquitoes living inside the sewer, as well as the meat, seafood, and fish being exposed to flies and sometimes also soaked in formalin, cause serious hygiene concerns. Moreover, wastewater from Muang Mai market is being released into the nearest natural water way. Muang Mai Market has now become one of the main contributors to the contamination of Mae Kha canal which was once essential to the livelihood of Chiang Mai people. The released waste water contaminates the natural water way and affects the communities and establishments downstream as well as affects the overall image of Chiang Mai which in turn could decrease tourism and other economic and development gains of the city.

The market ownership structure increases difficulties in solving waste water management problems in Muang Mai Market. Most people perceive that Muang Mai Market Company (MMC) owns the whole of Muang Mai Market. But in fact the actual area owned by MMC is very small relative to the individually owned commercial building areas. MMC used to own the whole area but during financial crisis in 1998 the company was forced by the banks to sell its properties. Therefore, most of the properties are now owned by other individuals or companies. These properties include commercial buildings, car parks, residential buildings, and fresh markets owned by other individuals or companies. Altogether 3 owners respectively own 3 licensed fresh markets in Muang Mai Market being Muang Mai Market Company (MMC), Muang Samut Market Company (MSC), and Chao Nua Market Company (CNC).However, some narrow streets and the partial sewerage system is still owned by MMC making it difficult to identify clear responsibilities between MMC and the Municipality. Another serious concern and one of the main problems of the market is encroachment of roads and walkways Commercial building owners built extended roofs and stalls which cover the sewerage as well as narrow down the market streets. The small street vendors3 also take up areas on the walk ways and streets of the market. Therefore, these encroachments prevent 1 So called “septic tanks” consisting of one chamber (concrete) only and not sealed at the bottom. The correct term is “cesspit” rarely used. More details in Annex 1. Another type of “septic tanks” installed in many households and buildings are the Polyethylene or Fiber Re-enforced Plastic tanks. 2 Muang Mai market is called a wholesale market, however, there is a big number of individual customers buying small quantities of products. The majority of the customers, however, are restaurants and hotel owners and operators. 3 The small street vendors are the roughly 500 informal vendors located around the Muang Mai market area

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traffic flow in the streets of the market and prevent proper repair and maintenance of the sewerage system, as well as making it difficult for ambulances and police cars to enter in case of emergencies. Muang Mai market has no functioning sewerage system. The sewerage system is a combined opened system. The opened system is susceptible to solid waste and organic waste entering and blocking the pipelines. Moreover, the sewerage pipe network is only partially laid, not covering the whole Muang Mai Market area.

Although some prevention and mitigation efforts to solve the problems in Muang Mai market have been initiated by several organizations such as the ISOC (Internal Security Operations Command), the Municipal Health Department, Chiang Mai University, MMC, Fresh market association, etc, the results have not been effective so far. These prevention and mitigation efforts include: the ISOC widening up a market street adjacent to the Municipality by prohibiting street vendors to place their products on the street; the Municipality Public Health Department performs monitoring of licensed markets once a month using the “Attractive Fresh Market Standard” 4; MMC cooperated with commercial building owners or tenants (on one of the market streets) to open up the front part (walkway) of their buildings to allow for the dredging of the sewerage line.

Therefore, Chiang Mai Municipality has requested technical assistance from GIZ Nexus project to conduct a feasibility study on the sewerage problems and possible solutions in Muang Mai market. Preliminary data collection in preparation for the full feasibility study was conducted twice; the first time was 30th November to 3rd December 2015, the second time was 3rd February to 5th February 2016.

The preliminary data collection identified key problems, stakeholders, and proposes preliminary solutions of both technical and governance aspects. A detailed feasibility study is under preparation to obtain accurate data for the design and cost estimation of the sustainable technical and governance solutions.

1. RATIONALE

1.1. Wastewater management in Thailand

Thailand has a population of 67.2 million inhabitants being the 20th most populous country on

earth.5 In fact, it is estimated the population is nearer to 70 million with estimated 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants including expatriates. Its population growth amounts to 0.4% today. In 2011 the urban population amounted to 34.1% with an estimated rate of urbanization of 1.7% between 2005-2010.6

The urban growth rate, the increasing urban population density and the big number of tourists (26.7 million in 2013) visiting Thailand throughout the year7 exert a rising pressure on physical urban infrastructure in particular in major cities.

The inadequacy of urban infrastructure including ineffective sewerage systems is a major constraint reducing Thailand’s competitiveness, quality of life and future development

4 Annex 7 shows the assessment criteria for the fresh markets in Chiangmai to achieve “Attractive Fresh Market Standard” 5 worldpopulationreview.com/countries/thailand-population; the sex ratio is 48,953% male to 51,047% female_ Retrieved 2014-12-01. 6 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_by_country, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world.../fields/2212.html_ Retrieved 2014-12-01. 7 www.thaiwebsites.com/tourism.asp_ Retrieved 2014-12-01.

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perspectives. Access to adequate sanitation services is in particular low throughout the urban centres.

The problem magnifies when focusing on the wastewater management within ‘fresh’ or ‘wet’ markets throughout Thailand. Wastewater and solid waste from these markets are generated from distinct sources and activities. These include:

• Meat, poultry, seafood preparation and cleaning of vendor stalls • Fruit and vegetable (produce) preparation and cleaning of vendor stalls • Preparation and consumption of food • Cleaning of market floors and market streets • Public restrooms • Residential and office buildings within the market area

In the case of large wholesale fresh markets such as Muang Mai Market in Chiang Mai, the waste water and solid waste from the market are discarded into the combined storm water drainage, the wastewater typically contains high levels of organic material, suspended solids, fats, oils and grease. This causes heavy blockage within the market’s drainage/sewage system, which means that a rain shower can cause flooding in several areas of the market. Flooding does not only paralyze the traffic going through the streets (decreases sales opportunity for the vendors), but the contaminated water along with the rats and other disease carriers living inside the sewer expose serious hygiene risks. Moreover, wastewater from Muang Mai market is being released into the nearest natural water way; the Mae Kha Canal. The Mae Kha hence becomes contaminated and affects the communities and establishments downstream as well as affects the overall image of Chiang Mai which in turn could decrease the city’s tourism and other economic and development gain.

It is hence important to introduce an economically and technically feasible sewerage system to connect all vendors of Muang Mai market, and collect and treat the waste water by innovative technical systems. A further step perhaps can be taken in transforming the high organic wastewater to energy to be used within the market (or used in a decentralize treatment plant and vacuum station). The energy/electricity can be produced from waste water by using the biogas (from digestion of the high organic load in the waste water) as the fuel for electricity generator. The treated waste water can be used for flushing/dilute the Mae Kha Canal and possibly the moat surrounding the old city. Moreover, the digestrate which is a by-product from waste water treatment can be used for agricultural purposes. The introduction of such technologies and implementation thereof should be accompanied by commitment of all stakeholders to join-hands in solving the waste water problem leveraging strong regulation and policy to make the solution effective and sustainable.

1.2. Chiang Mai in general

1.2.1. Background

Chiang Mai is the largest and most culturally significant city in northern Thailand, founded in 1296. Chiang Mai means “new city" and was so-named because it succeeded to a new capital of the Lanna kingdom during 1296–1768 after Chiang Rai.

Chiang Mai is 700 km north of Bangkok, among the highest mountains in the country. With a population of over 150,000 in the city proper (but more than 1 million in the metropolitan area), it is Thailand's third largest city. The city comprises an area of 40.216 km2, is 310 m. above sea level and has a density of 3,687/km2.

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Chiang Mai as a city with several cultural heritages applied for World Heritage status8 with UNESCO on 9th February 2015. In 2013, the city also planned to apply for another status with UNESCO called Creative City status9. The city has over 300 Buddhist temples.10 Chiang Mai's historic importance is derived from its close proximity to the Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River and major trading routes. The 720 year old city of Chiang Mai was built to be the capital city of the Lanna Kingdom (the kingdom of a million rice fields) by its then ruler King Mengrai. In the late 13th century, the Lanna Kingdom covered most of present day Northern Thailand, as well as neighbouring parts of Myanmar (Burma), China and Laos. Chiang Mai is also called “Rose of the North”11.

While officially the Municipality (thesaban nakhon) of Chiang Mai12 covers most parts of the Mueang Chiang Mai district, the city's sprawl extends into several neighboring districts. The Municipality is subdivided into four wards (khwaeng): Nakhon Ping, Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila. The first three are on the west bank of the Ping River, and Kawila is on the east bank. The city center, which is the walled city of Chiang Mai is mostly within Srivijaya ward.13

1.2.1.1. Climate

Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate, tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though night-time conditions during the dry season can be cool and much lower than daytime highs.14 The Hot (Summer) Season in Chang-Mai extends from March through May. Daytime temperatures can be unbearably hot during this period. The Rainy Season occurs from May through October and "the cool" (Winter) Season finds place from November through February. The months January, November and December have a nice average temperature. On average, the temperatures are always high. Most rainfall (rainy season) is seen in May, June, July, August, September and October. Chiang Mai has dry periods in January, February, March and December. On average, the warmest month is April and the coolest month is January. August is the wettest month and February is the driest month.

1.2.1.2. Education

Chiang Mai has several universities, including Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Payap University, Far Eastern University, and Maejo University, as well as numerous technical and teacher colleges. Chiang Mai University was the first government university established outside of Bangkok. Payap University was the first private institution in Thailand to be granted university status.

1.2.1.3. Transport

Bus, train, and air connections serve Chiang Mai well. A number of bus stations link the city to central and northern Thailand. The state railway operates 10 trains a day to Chiang Mai Station from Bangkok. Most journeys run overnight and take approximately 12–15 hours. Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the Thai railway system.

8 Cultural Heritage application: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6003/ 9 Creative City application: http://www.creativeChiang Mai.com/project_view.php?project_id=5 10 Temple is called “wat” in Thai. 11 http://www.discoverythailand.com/Chiang_Mai.asp 12 The modern municipality dates to a sanitary district (sukhaphiban) that was created in 1915. It was upgraded to a municipality (thesaban) on 29 March 1935, as published in the Royal Gazette, Book No. 52 section 80. 13 Chiang Mai Municipality 2008 14 Daily Climate Weather Data Statistics 2015 https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Chiang-Mai,Thailand

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The local preferred forms of transports are personal motorbike and private car. Local public transports are via tuk-tuk15, songthaew16, or rickshaws.

1.2.1.4. Chiang Mai Airport

Chiang Mai International Airport receives up to 28 flights a day from Bangkok (flight time about 1 hour 10 minutes) and also serves as a local hub for services to other northern cities such as Chiang Rai, Phrae, and Mae Hong Son. International services also connect Chiang Mai with other regional centres, including cities in other Asian countries.

Chiang Mai International Airport is Thailand's third largest, after Suvarnabhumi and Don Mueang in Bangkok.17

1.2.1.5. Tourism

According to Thailand's Department of Tourism, Chiang Mai had 14.1 million visitors in 2013: 4.6 million foreigners and 9.5 million Thais.18 The number of tourists from China has steadily increased by at least 20% in 2013 over 201219, driven by the success of the Chinese film Lost in Thailand. More than 80% of the film was shot in the province.

Chiang Mai is one of two tourist destinations in Thailand on TripAdvisor's list of "25 Best Destinations in the World", where it stands at number 24.20 The city has more than 33.000 hotel rooms.

Figure 1. Elephant riding Figure 2. Doi Suthep Temple

15 Tuk-tuk are auto rickshaws. 16 Red taxis (pick-up vans) are passenger vehicles used as shared taxis available in abundance in Chiang Mai. They are private taxis without fixed routes. The songthaew are roaming round the town looking for passengers. They are normally empty contributing heavily to the air pollution within Chiang Mai City. 17 "Five-year MICE master plan in the making for Chiang Mai" 2013, TTGmice. 18 "Internal Tourism in Chiang Mai" 2013, Department of Tourism, Department of Tourism, Thailand 19 The Tourism Authority of Thailand - Chiang Mai office 20 "Best Destinations in the World - Travelers' Choice Awards" 2012. TripAdvisor. http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/Chiang-Mai-among-top-global-destinations-30181237.html Retrieved 2014-12-01.

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1.2.2. Chiang Mai Creative City

Chiang Mai Creative City is an initiative to develop Chiang Mai into a Creative City – a UNESCO status.21 A Creative City is a city where cultural and creative activities are an integral part of the city's economic and social functioning.22

The initiative covers creative clusters but also other issues such as urban development, education, R&D and innovation and collaboration. Some of the involved stakeholders put emphasis on the IT, software and digital content sector - since it is an important growth sector and an enabler for other sectors. Moreover, this sector also has a high potential for generating spill over effects, creating value-added, and attracting additional investment.

Existing key sectors such as tourism (e.g. medical tourism, cultural tourism, historical tourism), handicrafts (jewellery, silverware, celadon and other forms of pottery, textile, etc.), food/agro-industry, and healthcare are also targeted and can be upgraded using new designs, processes, IT, (technology based) innovation, and creative thinking.

The Chiang Mai Creative City Development Committee was set up by the Governor of Chiang Mai and consists of members from the education, private and government sectors. The Governor of Chiang Mai Province, the president of Chiang Mai University, the president of Payap University, the president of North Chiang Mai University, and the US Consul General are advisors.

The objective of the Development Committee are to develop a road-map and strategy for Chiang Mai Creative City, coordinate and share information across stakeholders, coordinate and govern projects, implement and operate activities and projects, set up working committees and working teams as required.

The time frame for Chiang Mai Creative City is long-term (15–20 years). Medium-term, the vision and objectives align with Thailand's national social and economic development plan (2012–2016) emphasizing on creativity, creative economy, knowledge and innovation.

“Chiang Mai will become a recognized centre for IT, digital content, and other creative sectors, activities and talent. Technology, design, creative thinking and innovation support existing key industries as well as the social, environmental and economic objectives of the city, province and people. It is attractive as a place for living, investing, retiring, visiting, studying and working.” 23

The missions of the Chiang Mai Creative City initiatives include:

• Marketing Chiang Mai as an attractive location for investment and business; • Developing the creative industries in Chiang Mai, including IT, software and digital

content cluster – leverage to develop existing industries; • Develop city into a stronger growth engine and service hub for the rest of Northern

Thailand; • Creating more business opportunities and jobs; • Promoting creativity (creative thinking, innovation, etc.) at all levels; • Ensuring that Chiang Mai's historic and cultural heritage are preserved and that

development is sustainable; • Embracing and creating benefits for all key stakeholders groups.

21 http://www.Chiang Mainews.com/ecmn/viewfa.php?id=3065_ Retrieved 2014-12-01. 22 Charles Landry "Creative City": http://www.charleslandry.com/index.php?l=creative_ Retrieved 2014-12-01. 23 Thailand's National Strategy on Creative Economy: http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=5403_ Retrieved 2014-12-01.

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1.2.3. Cultural Heritage UNESCO 24

Chiang Mai qualifies to be a UNESCO Cultural Heritage in many aspects including the following:

a) The authenticity of the city design

The authentic dates of the founding of Chiang Mai is recorded in the various versions of Lanna chronicles, as well as on the stone inscription dated 1592 found and kept at Wat Chiangman, the first temple built by Mangrai in CHiang Mai. All of the written sources show the uniquely remarkable decision making involving not only Mengrai, the founder and King of Lanna, but also the two kings of strategically allied kingdoms: Payao and Sukhothai.

b) The authenticity of the sources.

The Lanna Kingdom and all the cities and towns in the Lanna area have a very rich and credible written tradition for recording almost every important event that takes place in the kingdom, at the temple, and in the community. Thanks to the Lanna scripts, historians are able to learn about the "golden age” of Lanna (1400 to 1525 AD) and its “renaissance” (1775 up the modern times). Both were periods of prosperity made possible by peace and stability of the city of Chiang Mai, capital of the Lanna Kingdom. In response to pedagogic and ritual needs, large numbers of manuscripts were copied and new texts were written in the distinctive Tham alphabets and vowels, thus enabling the Lanna Buddhist culture to rapidly develop into a great regional civilization, consolidating the internal ethnic community and temple network which endure until today.

c) The authenticity of the restoration technique The monuments and sites of Chiang Mai nominated in this nomination are mostly temples and public spaces, nationally and regionally held as being historically important, with cultural influences extended to the communities in the vicinity, or in the entire region. In the case of temples, some, such as Wat PraThat Doi Suthep, is regarded as the most important nationally and internationally. Temples in the Lanna region are all surrounded by walls with gates on important cardinal directions. The surrounding walls are for the demarcation of the sacred area, though a Buddhist temple is a public place opened to all. Inside the walled temple compound, there are a number of buildings built in different historical periods, and subsequently repaired, restored and renovated in accordance with the social and cultural needs and situations. The relevant renovations in the past always involved, to a very large extent, the devotees and the communities as the stakeholders. In modern times, however, devotees make voluntary donations towards the maintenance of the temple, and for the restoration or recreation of certain buildings in decaying state. The abbot and the temple committee composed of community members, are normally in charge of restoration, but if the temples are registered as archaeological monuments, the Fine Arts Department will be responsible for the restoration plan and design. Traditions and techniques are of huge considerations and in Chiang Mai, the conservation group and the university as well as the traditional scholars are very vocal on these issues.

24 Cultural Heritage application: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6003/

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There are other criteria which qualifie Chiang Mai for the application of UNESCO cultural heritage. However, as the Ping River, the Mae Kha Canal, and the Old City Moat are all nominated landscapes for the cultural heritage status, Chiang Mai should take up the restoration of these important sites as its priorities.

1.3. Study area: Muang Mai Market

The growth of Chiang Mai City causes strain and contamination to natural resources. For Chiang Mai, one of the major problems is ineffective wastewater management which directly effects the Mae Kha Canal.

It was recorded in the city legends that the Mae Kha canal was one of the seven ‘auspicious constituents’ of the old city, King Mangrai – the founder of Chiang Mai – believing that these seven constituents were the key elements that would make Chiang Mai a flourishing and prosperous community.25

Chiang Mai was founded built over seven hundred years ago, and since then, the Mae Kha canal has been serving the city, functioning as a communication route and the city’s water supply for agriculture and daily usage. Seven hundred and twenty years later, Mae Kha canal, is nothing but a heavily polluted sewer line. Other water stream tributaries to the Mae Kha canal also face the same pollution problems.

The Mae Kha obtains its water from sources to the north and west of the city, as well as canals within the city. Over the years it has become an open sewer flowing through the heart of the city. People (illegal settlers) live and work immediately along the Mae Kha and it was observed by the study team that the effluent is discharged directly into the canal from these residences and businesses.

As an attempt by government authorities to fix the problem, a concrete section of the Mae Kha was built – concrete bottom and concrete canal banks. However, the concrete section is only 2 kilometers long, while the total length of the Mae Kha is 30 kilometers.

One of the main contributors26 to the contamination of Mae Kha Canal is the waste water released from Muang Mai market.

Starting operation over 40 years ago, Muang Mai Market is one of the 16 wet markets in Chiang Mai. It is the main wholesale market in Chiang Mai located a couple of blocks northeast of Chiang Mai's old city center (Koo Muang), adjacent to Chiang Mai Municipality office. As the city grows the demand for the products from Muang Mai market also grows.

The market is open 24 hours with various vendors set up i.e. street vendors, stalls, shops, commercial buildings and selling from the back of the trucks. Products are mainly agricultural products direct from the farms. A variety of vegetables can be found there; citrus, tomatoes, lettuce, cabbage, kale, onions, cilantro and morning glory and seasonal fruits such as mango, rambutan, durian, banana, etc. There is also a full range of meat products, be it pork, beef, buffalo meat, poultry, meatballs, sausage and seafood: fish, shrimp, squid, shells, eel, etc. Frogs and turtles can be purchased at the market as well. There are also dry food products

25 Seven Auspicious Constituents http://www.compasscm.com/viewissue.php?id=794&lang=th&issue=103 26 The largest contributor to the contamination of Mae Kha canal are the communities (Foreign and Thai illegal settlers) living along and on top of the Mae Kha canal who discard their solid wastes and untreated waste water into the canal.

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such as spices and other raw material as ingredients for cooking. Additionally, cooking utensils and a variety of kitchen ware are sold at the market.

The retail vendors, restaurants and hotels purchasing officers, and individuals who seek lower prices for fresh products will arrive at Muang Mai market early in the morning. Although the products are sold all day and night but the best purchasing time starts from 2 am until 6 am.

Figure 3. Muang Mai market located north-east of Chiang Mai walled city

Figure 4. Muang Mai market map.The general public perceives the ‘Muang Mai Market’ to be the whole area above (apart from the purple colour buildings, which are the Chiang Mai Municipality), and this is the whole area where the six days preliminary study was conducted (30 November to 2 December 2015 and 3 February to 5 February 2016) by GIZ Nexus.

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2. ON-SITE SURVEY IN MUANG MAI MARKET

2.1. Current Market Settings

2.1.1. Ownership Structure

Although the whole area in Figure 4 above is perceived by most people as the Muang Mai Market, the actual areas owned by Muang Mai Market Company (MMC) are the areas in the red color frame shown in the figure. MMC used to own the whole area but during financial crisis in 1998 the company was forced by the banks to sell part of its properties. Therefore, most of the properties are now owned by other individuals/companies. These properties include commercial buildings, car parks, residential buildings, and fresh markets owned by other individuals/companies. There are 5 types of Business Operators in the Muang Mai Market:

1) Fresh Market Owners: There are 3 “big market” owners who are authorized or licensed companies to operate fresh market in the whole Muang Mai area: 1. Muang Mai Market Company (MMC) – the red frame area in Figure 4, 2. Muang Samutr Market Company (MSC) - the yellow frame area in Figure 4, 3. Chao Nua Market Company (CNC), the dark blue frame area in Figure 4. These three companies sublet to vendors to operate within their authorized area. The ‘Fresh Market’ license can be renewed annually for 2,000 Baht. (Note that license fee for operating fresh markets is 2000 Baht per year regardless of the size of the market.) The three owners are called “big market” owners because these are individual companies who own a relatively larger area than single commercial building owners or single stall owners.

2) Commercial Building Owners: The owners of these commercial buildings either sublet the building to other vendors or operate the shops themselves. Although these commercial buildings are selling products similar to those sold at the authorized fresh markets, they are not operating on ‘Fresh Market’ licenses but on a ‘Storage and Sales’ licenses. The ‘Storage and Sales’ license can be annually renewed for 1,000 Baht. All together there are roughly 500 authorized vendors in the area. These 500 vendors are either authorized under the ‘Fresh Market’ license of the ‘big market’ owners or hold their own ‘Storage and Sales’ licenses. There are another 500 vendors (including commercial buildings and street vendors) who are operating without licenses.

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Figure 5. An example of commercial buildings where products are sold inside and outside the building

3) Vendors: These vendors are the ones who rent the spaces from the Fresh Market Owners or Commercial Building Owners. Those vendors27 who rent from Fresh Market Owners do not need a license to operate since the Fresh Market Owners already have licenses for their respective area. However, for those vendors who rent from the commercial buildings, there needs to be verification on the number of valid ‘Storage and Sales’ licenses held by the commercial building owners – which means that currently some of the vendors operating inside the commercial buildings do have valid licenses and some do not. Some of these vendors are large vendors who rent or occupy 2 or 3 commercial buildings.

4) Off the Truck Vendors:

Some parking areas are not simply used as parking space for cars or trucks but as an area where owners of those trucks can park and sell their products off the trucks. The car park belongs to a company called Jae Krung Company (JKC), to whom the truck owners pay daily rent. The products sold off the trucks are vegetable and fruits. At the moment Nakhon Ping district is requesting the individual truck owners to apply for Storage and Sales licenses so that they can legally operate their businesses at the car park. It is worth noting that the business license holding structure is different at the ‘Car Park Market’ in comparison to the ‘Big Market’ mentioned in the Fresh Market Owners section above. The ‘Big Market’ owners hold a license which allows the individual vendors who rent space within the ‘Big Markets’ to operate without having to hold any licenses. But at the ‘Car Park Market’, the individual vendors/truck owners have to apply and hold operating license for themselves.

5) Small Vendors:

These are street vendors who do not have a proper stall but simply sell their products on the streets. These vendors are not authorized to sell off the street but since this practice has been done for a long time, it has become ‘illegal but acceptable’. There

27 One such vendor is Mr. Sanan who rents two spaces/stands in different areas of Muang Mai Market Company to sell pork meat. The cost of the rent is 500 Baht/day for the two stands. Other expenses include 500 Baht/day for ice, 850 Baht/day for staffs, water and electricity usage. In total, his expenses are roughly 2,000 Baht/day. His profit is roughly 1,000 Baht per (one whole) pig. He usually sells 6 pigs per day, which means total profit is normally 6,000 Baht/day. He mentioned that the business enabled him to put his two children to university as well as to purchase a land and a house.

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are a big number of the street vendors scattered around the Muang Mai market area and they are often very poor. The combination of historical practices, large number of vendors, and their poor status have caused it to be very difficult for the Chiang Mai municipality, Nakhon Ping District, and MMC to remove, discipline, and organize these street vendors. In the attempt to improve cleanliness and proper conduct of the small vendors, the municipality implemented 2 measures: 1.The small/street vendors pay a solid waste management fee of 20 to 30 Baht per day to the municipality. 2. All small/street vendors have a one year probation period (since beginning of 2015) with regards to proper conduct such as; no blocking of the streets with their products and stands, no discarding solid waste into sewerage line, drop their solid waste at the central solid waste collection point; etc. The small/street vendors who achieve the above measures consistently and pass the probation period will be considered for issuance of an official operating license.

Figure 6. Off the truck vendors

2.1.2. Private Roads/Infrastructure

Although Muang Mai Market Company (MMC) has sold a lot of its properties to other individual owners and companies - the roads, drainage, and sewerage infrastructure still belong to MMC. Therefore, when there is flooding on the streets in the market or the drainage system is blocked, the vendors and the municipality will complain/request for MMC to solve the problem.

MMC’s effort in maintaining and repairing the drainage is very inefficient mainly due to the encroachment by the owners of commercial buildings. These commercial building owners or vendors do not only sell their products within the buildings but install stands in front of the buildings covering the drainage system or even pour concrete over the drainage to make an entrance from the street to their shops – blocking the drainage in the process. Additionally, the solid waste and grease are discharged carelessly into the drainage causing sedimentation and drainage blockage.

As the drainage becomes increasingly blocked throughout the years of market operation, floods from rain and sewerage on the market streets become a mainstay problem. MMC cannot access their responsible streets to dredge, repair, and maintain the drainage system due to encroachment and other activities mentioned above.

There are other relevant concerns with regards to street encroachment such as the fire brigade and ambulance not being able to enter the area in case of fire or accidents.

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The private ownership of the roads/infrastructure also does not encourage the local authorities to become more involved in solving the problems. However, with regards to the building codes regulation the Municipality Building Control Department should play a stronger role in controlling commercial buildings to build extended roofs, monitor the quality of waste water being released into the sewerage line, as well as other regulations.

Figure 7. Picture showing extended roofs and stalls encroaching the streets causing the streets to be very narrow and subsequently generating traffic congestion

2.1.3. Hygienic situation

Well-nourished rats can be seen throughout the Muang Mai market. Rats can be seen climbing up vendor stalls to feed on the scrape of meat products etc. Rats are transmitters of (zoonotic) diseases – like the foot-and-mouth disease. Traditionally during the epidemic outbreaks of the Black Death in the Middle Ages the rats were used as transport hosts.

A number of migrant families (workers in the market) are living under unhygienic conditions in residential buildings within the market. These families have several people (including children and pregnant women) living in one room. The badly maintained facilities provided to them are communal toilets, washing basins and showers. Food is being cooked on the corridor and wastage from cooking is discharged into the same pipes as the sinks and showers. Many of these foreign workers do not have a command of Thai language.

Food stalls are often not in compliance to the law which states that food on the stalls must be at least 60 cm above the ground. Additionally, the food is not stored in proper (cold) storages and is susceptible to contamination and diseases.

There is no warm/hot water system in the market for the vendors to wash their hands, dishes, and other utensils. One economical solution maybe the installation of a small solar water heater on top of the roof, along with rain water harvesting.

Another hygiene concern is the freezing and de-freezing of meat and fish products. The selling process causes the vendors to often freeze and de-freeze their meat and fish products. The vendors remove the meat and fish from a freezer storage and arrange the meat on top of the stalls for sales (de-freezing), some of the meat and fish taken out from the freezer needs to be stored in temporary storage (freezing using the ice box which does not have temperature control mechanism), and at the end of the sales day, the meat and fish which are not sold are put into the ice box (temporary freezing) before they are then put back into the freezer machine.

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This constant freezing and de-freezing may allow the bacteria to grow on the meat and fish products and hence effect their quality and hygiene.

Taking into consideration waste water flooding the streets, rats contaminating food products, and workers and vendors living and working in the above mentioned environment, it is apparent that hygiene problems and health hazard28 should be at the forefront of priorities.

Figure 8. Residential building for workers Figure 9. Food being stored at ground level, close to drainage line

2.1.4. Waste water and solid waste management in the market

Waste Water Management:

There is no functioning sewerage system in the market. Intermittent rain can easily flood the market streets due to blockage in the drainage system. One of the streets in the market, as shown in the picture below, is constantly flooded with waste water even without rain. Both the vendors and customers have to endure the smell or come into contact with the contaminated water while selling, buying, motorcycling or walking through the street.

28 An article in the Bangkok Post on 13th December 2015, reported that several vendors in markets in Thailand keep their products fresh by soaking them with formalin. The large Klong Toey fresh market in Bangkok is one of those markets where formalin is found in seafood and other fresh products. It is highly likely that vendors in Muang Mai Market are also selling products containing formalin (knowingly or unknowingly), and the Municipality and Provincial Public Health Department should do closer monitoring with regards to formalin and food safety in general.

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Figure 10. Waste water flooding

Most commercial buildings in the market area installed septic tanks which are made out of concrete. There are claims that these septic tanks hardly get full, and therefore rarely get emptied. While the authorized markets of MMC, MSC, and CNC are by law forced to have waste water treatment systems, the only waste water treatment system that could be noticed during the survey was the recently constructed system (November 2015) by MMC in one of its market areas adjacent to the Municipality. However, this waste water treatment system is not yet connected to the municipality main sewerage system due to pending authorization.

Figure 11. Decentralize waste water treatment system in MMC fresh market area

Furthermore, there are no maps of the existing sewerage pipeline network. Neither MMC who is the company that constructed the whole area nor Chiang Mai Municipality has maps of the basic infrastructure of the market.

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Solid waste management:

Rim Doi Company Limited is a private company contracted by the Municipality to collect the solid waste in the Nakhorn Ping district which includes Muang Mai Market. The company also collects solid wastes in other areas (Srivijaya, Mengrai, and Kawila districts) within Chiangmai Municipality. The company has 200 staffs and 50 trucks for garbage collection. The total amount of garbage collected from the Municipality is 300 tons per day.

At Muang Mai Market, there is one fixed collection point in the market where Rim Doi’s garbage truck collects 17 tons of solid waste once a day/night.

Rim Doi collects from the collection point and drops the 17 tons of waste at the transfer station within the city located southwest of the ‘Walled City’.

Figure 12. Solid Waste collection point, in front of the worker’s residential building

Although there is a specific solid waste collection point where the market vendors are supposed to individually drop their wastes , a lot of solid waste such as plastics, and the remains of vegetable, meat products, seafood, as well as other dry products are still discharged into the sewerage system. As a result, solid waste is the main cause of sedimentation and blockage in the sewerage system.

Figure 13. A small vendor blocking the drainage system with vegetable products and solid waste

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2.2. Prevention and Mitigation measures implemented by Governmental and Municipal bodies (ISOC, Health Department, Sanitation Engineering Department, City Police, etc.)

Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC)

Since January 2015, ISOC together with the Province of Chiang Mai and Chiang Mai University has joined hands in regulating the streets in Muang Mai Market. ISOC’s main goals in this initiative are:

1 To encourage cleanliness within the market 2 To free up the streets by protecting them from encroachments 3 To install monitoring procedure to ensure that above practices remain.

ISOC has so far achieved the goals for one street which is a public street adjacent to the Municipality. That particular street has become cleaner and wider as the vendors are not allowed to put products on the street which is regularly checked for cleanliness.

ISOC planned to do a quality control of the market tidiness once every three months but has already done it more than six times in 2015. There is a further plan by ISOC to implement the above initiation in other streets of the market. However, ISOC also admits that there is a challenge in bringing all the stakeholders together and solve the various problems in the market.

GIZ Nexus intervention is welcomed by ISOC. ISOC leader, Colonel Akaradet, advised the market vendor leaders to call all the members of the market for a meeting to conclude that GIZ Nexus should study in detail to explore the proper solution for Muang Mai Market. The Colonel sees GIZ Nexus intervention as an opportunity for Muang Mai Market to become the pilot project which can be scaled up to other 15 fresh markets under the supervision of Chiang Mai Municipality.

Figure 14. Freed up market street, an initiative lead by ISOC

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Municipality Health Department

The Municipality Public Health Department’s mandates relevant to the operation of Muang Mai Market are:

Public Health and Environmental Services 29

1. Plan and implement projects relevant to hygiene and cleanliness 2. Plan and implement projects for the potential transformation of waste water and solid

wastes 3. Solid waste separation in organizations, communities, and business operations 4. Support and coordinate environment awareness campaigns 5. Provision of public toilettes both mobile and stationary toilettes 6. Monitoring and control of public toilette services (which could be provided by both

public and private organizations) including relevant service fees 7. Monitor and control the health and environmental standard of business operations

especially the operations which are dangerous to public health 8. Monitor and control operations that involve food preparation and sales of food to

follow regulations 9. Monitor and control operations that produce and store food to follow standard and

relevant laws

Therefore the Municipality Public Health Department has implemented several campaigns and cleaning activities at Muang Mai Market such as the ‘Big Cleaning Day’ implemented at the beginning of 2015.

The Department also performs monitoring and control of the Muang Mai Market (only the licensed fresh market) twice a year to ensure that the licensed fresh market follows their ‘Attractive Fresh Market’ standards (Annex 7: Assessment Form: Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market). Moreover, as the municipality is right next to Muang Mai market, the officers of the Public Health Department visit the market for informal monitoring and control several times per year.

The results of the above monitoring and control revealed that the licensed fresh markets which belong to MMC, MSC, and CNC, usually pass the applicable standards and are able to renew their licenses annually.

The problem which the Department faces is the properness and hygiene issues of the hundreds of commercial buildings, unlicensed stalls, and street vendors, who according to the Department officers are the major contributors to low standards in waste and waste water management of Muang Mai Market.

It is obvious that several initiatives have been promoted and implemented by the Department, however, those measures are short term solutions. The ‘Big Cleaning Day’ may help the streets to be clean for a day or at most a couple of days but the dirt or waste that they wash off the market streets goes into the already blocked drainage system. Moreover, the question can be raised about why those troublesome commercial buildings and unlicensed vendors are being allowed to do business in the market. The issuance of business licenses should be used in a stricter manner to control those vendors.

29 Public Health and Environmental Services translated from Chiang Mai Municipality website - http://www.cmcity.go.th/cmcity/index.php/th/s-menu-detail4-th/92-g-cmunit-th/152-unit-health-th

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In addition, stricter quality control of the food sold at the Muang Mai Market area should be implemented. The Provincial and Municipal Public Health Department have implemented food quality control campaigns such as “Clean Cutting Board Certification” (Kiang Sa-ad Certification), in which the leftover meat is scraped off the vendors’ cutting boards for testing by the officers, and if the meat passes the quality control test, the vendors are then given the certification. However, during the survey it was observed that there was a fish swimming in the drainage line, food products being stored near contaminated water, food products being prepared and left on the floor. Rats can be seen running onto the vendor stalls and cutting boards, and it is suspected that some of the meat and seafood products might even contain formalin.

Municipality Sanitation Engineering Department

The Department is directly responsible for the monitoring and control of waste water standards being released by buildings into the central sewage line. Therefore, with regards to all buildings within the Muang Mai market whether they are the licensed markets, commercial buildings, or residential buildings, the Sanitation Engineering Department is supposed to ensure that the owners of the buildings treat their waste water up to the required standard prior to releasing it into the central system. The Water Quality Management Section (under the Sanitation Engineering Department) does not have the budget, the man power, nor the equipment 30 to test the quality of waste water being released from all the individual buildings in the Maung Mai market area. The Municipality should find a solution to this lack of resources, otherwise it will be difficult to identify which building is not treating their waste water before release.

After 40 years of operation, MMC has recently installed a decentralized waste water treatment system at one of its market areas (construction completed in January 2016). The newly installed system is, however, pending the authorization from the municipality to connect to the central sewerage system.

During the stakeholders meeting on the 30th November 2015, some Muang Mai market representatives informed that some of the commercial buildings (licensed and un-licensed) have installed grease traps and waste water treatment systems (septic tanks). However, it is assumed that the majority of the commercial buildings including the workers’ residential building do not have proper waste water treatment systems.

Again, stricter monitoring and control is required from the Municipality both in terms of the standards of waste water being released as well as the licenses for operation of these buildings.

City Police (under the City Clerk’s Office)

The City Police oversees31 the properness of the streets in Chiang Mai Municipality. This includes ensuring properness and safety in and around market areas such as: that cars and trucks are parked at the right place at the right time, the streets vendors are selling in the right area at the right time, and other monitoring and control issues with regards to peace and security.

However, all of the above monitoring and control can only be done on public streets and walkways. The City Police is therefore reluctant to impose any sort of regulations over the street vendors who are selling in Muang Mai market as the streets officially belong to the

30 According to the Chiangmai Municipality Head of Water Quality Management Section 31 City police tasks taken from Chiang Mai Municipality official website: http://www.cmcity.go.th/cmcity/index.php/th/home-th/92-g-cmunit-th/154-unit-clerk-th

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private firm MMC. MMC informed that City Police would be more active if the ownership of the street is transferred to the city.

Nevertheless, the City Police tries to regulate the small street vendors who are selling on the Municipality street in Muang Mai Market by allowing only vendors to continue to sell in the area if they have proper conduct in terms of managing their own solid waste, do not block the street with their products, and do not discard or block the sewerage system.

2.3. Prevention and Mitigation measures implemented at another Fresh market: Chang Puek Market

On the 4th February 2016, there was a meeting between Chiangmai Fresh Market Association, Fresh Market representatives/owners, GIZ Nexus team, and Chiangmai Municipality. The purpose of the meeting was for GIZ Nexus team to find out about other fresh markets in Chiang Mai and their waste water problems as well as the solutions they have chosen.

It was found that most fresh markets have waste water problems or dysfunctional waste water treatment systems. As the markets have to follow the standards of the Pollution Control Department (PCD) with regards to the discharging treated waste water into public sewerage or natural water ways, most of the fresh market owners are seeking for a decentralized waste water treatment system to bring their (treated) waste water up to the PCD’s standard. Waste water treatment technology that has been implemented in one of the markets is the use of EM (Effective Microorganism) solution. EM technology claims to be able to treat waste water effectively or improve the performance of sanitation systems.32 For the past 3 months, in Chang Puek fresh market, the EM liquid solutions are used for improving the performance of the wastewater treatment system, and removing the odor from the open drainage within the market. Despite the claims made by manufacturers, available studies which have used scientific methods to investigate these additives have come to the conclusion that long-term beneficial effects of the EM are not proven33. In other words, EM can only be a temporary solution and not a long term, sustainable solution.

Chang Puek market is located north of the Walled City on Chang Puek road. It is a relatively smaller market to Muang Mai market. It has around 100 vendors renting the spaces in the market. It is a ‘morning’ market which means that the market starts between 5 to 6 am will close for the day by 2 to 3 pm. So both size wise and operation time wise, Chang Puek market has less activities and hence less solid waste and waste water than Muang Mai market.

Nevertheless, Chang Puek market is one of the licensed 16 fresh markets within Chiang Mai Municipality jurisdiction and therefore must follow the standards of the ‘Healthy Market Assessment’. Rule number 40 in the assessment34 states that the treated waste water from the market must pass the standards35 (of Pollution Control Department), but Chang Puek market failed this standard due to very high BOD value (Biological Oxygen Demand). Therefore, for the past 4 to 5 months the owner of the market has been searching and implemented an affordable solution (but perhaps not a long term solution) by using Effective Micro organism (EM) treatment of waste water as well as basic charcoal filtering system to prevent smell and filter out some solid waste. Grease traps are also installed at the vendor stalls that cook and sell food. The vendors also must use the Micro Organism cleaning solution

32 EM technology: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_microorganism 33 EM technology: http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2162 34 Assessment Form: Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market (Annex 7) 35 PCD’s Standard of treated waste water http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/reg_std_water04.html#s3

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to clean their stalls and utensils36, and the floor cleaners must use the same to clean the market floor. As a result, the smell of waste water within the market is reduced greatly, in fact during the site visit the team could not smell anything from the waste water apart from the toilette area. The BOD value of the waste water treated by the Micro Organism system is also reduced and meets the standard. Although the context of Chang Puek market is different from Muang Mai market because there is only one licensed owner, smaller market, and less operation time, and the technology applied still needs verification on health and safety issues as well as sustainability, but the market is commendable for the commitment of the owner, cooperation (voluntary or enforced) from the vendors, and technology provider’s know how in technical and implementation issues.

2.4. Muang Mai Market Stakeholder Consultation and Stakeholder Mapping

GIZ Nexus project promotes a participatory approach and prior to the site survey of Maung Mai Market, stakeholders of Muang Mai market were invited to join a meeting in the afternoon of the 30th November 2015. The meeting allowed for the discussion of current problems at the market which were expressed through the views of different stakeholders ranging from: Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC), Chiang Mai University (CMU), Chiang Mai Municipality, Market vendors representatives, Chiang Mai Fresh Market Association, etc.

Some expressed their concerns about the foreign workers who discard solid waste into the sewerage system, while others informed that the main concern is the commercial buildings and their encroachment. However, the unanimous conclusion was there is a big problem with waste water management in the market and a sustainable solution is required.

After the site survey was conducted by GIZ Nexus, the stakeholders once again reconvened for a debriefing on the 3rd December 2015 to discuss the preliminary findings and agreed on the steps forward.

As the stakeholders map in Figure 15 below shows, there are various stakeholders of Muang Mai market.There is a complex inter-relationship between all the stakeholders. While some stakeholders are looking at the waste water problems from a micro perspective such as the vendors, workers, street cleaners, etc who directly contribute to the discharging of solid and organic waste into the sewerage line in Muang Mai market, other stakeholders such as ISOC, Provincial Office, and Chiang Mai University, are looking at a macro perspective which is how to clean up the Mae Kha Canal, create better environment for Chiangmai people, and attract even more tourism into the city. Therefore, the problem of waste water management in Muang Mai market does not only require a technical but a governance solution as well.

All stakeholders should be prepared to commit and contribute in order to receive mutual benefits. For example, some of the vendors should be aware that during the construction of a new (vacuum) sewerage line, they will have to stop selling for a couple of weeks; the municipality should be able to confront the vendors/commercial buildings with strict regulations for their waste water problems and business operation licenses; ISOC and Provincial Office are to provide clear directions and support for financing the project by working with the Central Government; etc.

36 Information provided by Ms. Krapook, Chang Puek market owner during a meeting with GIZ Nexus team, Chiangmai Municipality, Fresh Market Association, and other market representatives on 4th February 2016

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Figure 15 Stakeholders Map of Muang Mai Market

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3. THE NEXUS APPROACH AND PROVISIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS

The rapid urbanisation of the Asia-Pacific region entails the risk of widening supply gaps, in particular for water supply and sanitation systems, energy, land-use and food security. However, the majority of cities/municipal administrations and utilities in Asia-Pacific continue to plan and manage along sectorial lines and within municipal boundaries, and rarely in a coordinated and integrative manner. Consequently, they are not able to fully utilise the interaction and synergies between water, energy and food security and the potential co-benefits arising from integrated resource management and planning for cities and their regions. It is increasingly evident that the resource footprint of cities, as well as ecosystem boundaries, transcend administrative boundaries, calling for coordination across actors and institutions. The need for integrated planning requires a multi-disciplinary approach as well as effective and dynamic governance. The nexus approach aims at integrated planning and management processes of the key sectors of energy, water and food security, and this can contribute substantially to the long-term sustainable development of rapidly growing cities and their regions. It is crucial, in this context, to involve municipal and regional actors and utilities towards more integrated planning and management of the nexus sectors. To respond to these needs, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) are implementing the project “Integrated resource management in Asian Cities: the urban nexus”, financed by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The project supports ten cities in six countries, namely: China (Banan, Weifang, Rizhao), Indonesia (Pekanbaru, Tanjungpinang), Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar), Philippines (Santa Rosa, Naga City), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Korat) and Viet Nam (Da Nang). Initially, the project is targeting the local level, by providing technical advice to municipal administrations/planning offices through international and national experts and by facilitating the establishment of Nexus Task Forces. The project oversees the design, planning and, where possible, implementation of practical nexus initiatives (with a focus on water, energy and/or food security) and at the same time seeks to feed the experiences gained at the local level into a national and regional dialogue and learning platform to achieve a pooling of knowledge and the potential for synergies in action. This will lay the foundation for a regional and national scaling-up of the nexus approach. In addition to mainstreaming nexus principles and know-how into the region’s institutions, stakeholders from municipal administrations, research institutes, networks and non-governmental organisations are supported with regard to human capacity development with a view to embedding new professional and management competences and capacities across these institutions. GIZ Nexus project sees the waste water problem in Muang Mai market as an opportunity to disseminate the Nexus approach in both the technical aspect (waste water to energy) as well as governance aspect (vertical and horizontal integration of several stakeholders). The provisional recommendation is that all stakeholders should be involved in order to solve the problem and that the solution is not only technical. It requires the governance related solution as well such as:

Market Management System with clear organizational structure and sanction mechanisms

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There has to be collaboration between the market place owners and the owners of the commercial buildings- structured/organized collaboration on basis of enforced rules & regulations

Compliance with rules & regulations is required (rule of the law), i.e. regulatory measures/regulatory force for the benefit of all

Otherwise all will lose – if there is a structured cooperation with sanctions in case of

non-compliance, it will be a win-win situation for all who are well-intentioned.

Confrontation is required in order to move forward; avoiding confrontation by all means will not help in the long run

The six days37 preliminary study has found that all stakeholders are ready to cooperate and even invest - to improve the quality and hygiene of the market on the basis of a comprehensive concept to be implemented consequently. The provisional recommendation with regards to technical solutions is discussed in the next section.

37 The study periods: 30th November to 3rd December 2015, and 3rd February to 5th February 2016

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4. THE PROPOSED TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH (REUSE OF WATER, NUTRIENTS, AND ENERGY PRODUCTION)

4.1. Objective

The aim of the project is to improve the sanitation conditions in Muang Mai Market by improved drainage, wastewater collection and treatment services in order to ameliorate the hygienic conditions and upgrade the working and living conditions of the people involved in the market.

In order to find an adequate solution for sustainable wastewater treatment for Muang Mai Market, the GIZ Nexus Project promotes wastewater vacuum sewerage system, which is not requiring a gravity slope. This is the most effective solution for managing wastewater in flat terrain, with little open space. Through the closed system, the waste water can be treated by a decentralized system before being released into natural water way or the Mae Kha Canal. The treated water can be used to flush the Mae Kha Canal and the moat of the old city, or at least can be used to dilute the polluted water in the canal and the city moat. If the waste water contains high organic value, it could be processed to produce energy required to run the treatment plant. The residues, in case of treatment sur-place in a bio digester can be processed into fertilizer for soil conditioning.

4.2. Technological description of a vacuum sewer

Vacuum sewer is a mechanized system of wastewater transport. Unlike gravity flow, the system uses the differential air pressure between atmospheric pressure and a partial vacuum maintained in the sewer piping network to permit wastewater to be transported to a vacuum station (collection point). Depending on the terrain and local conditions, the differential pressure can allow a single vacuum station to collect wastewater from a big number of individual buildings (diameter of 4 km). It is a completely sealed system (no exfiltration) apt in particular for flat, flood prone areas with a high water table and little space for pipe laying. It moreover requires less construction time, hence less constructions costs and reduced inconvenience for the population because of flexible pipe routing and fluctuating flows. It is considered a “low-cost” technology in comparison to gravity sewer.

The vacuum sewer system operates as follows:

Wastewater is drained from the building to a vacuum collection chamber by gravity. The vacuum collection chambers serve as an interface between the gravity pipe from

the buildings and the vacuum sewer network. The wastewater is collected in the sump of the vacuum collection chamber. The

wastewater is evacuated from the sump through a membrane vacuum valve and transported through the vacuum sewer network to the vacuum station.

At the vacuum station the wastewater is collected in the vacuum tank and then discharged via pressure pumps to its final destination (existing sewer, holding tanks or treatment plants).

Vacuum sewer collection is, as pointed out above, a separate system (storm water and wastewater drainage are separated) whereas the gravity system practiced in Thailand up to now is a combined system (storm water and wastewater drainage are combined) only making use of the affluent of the septic tanks with low organic loading and diluted water reaching the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP).

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4.2.1. Design standard

As there is no design standard in Thailand yet for vacuum sewer, the DIN EN 1091 Vacuum Sewerage Systems Outside Buildings (February 1997) and DWA-A 116-1E Special Sewerage Systems (Part 1: Vacuum Sewerage Systems Outside Buildings) (March 2005) could be used (see Annex 5).38

4.2.2. Advantages of vacuum sewer system

Within the conventional system based on gravity sewer, pumping and an expensive channelling system of concrete pipes with diameters of 150-200 mm including manholes a separated wastewater and storm water drainage system is not affordable for the majority of the urban centers. Moreover, the conventional wastewater treatment system requires huge areas of land for conventional wastewater treatment plants with extensive ponds. The ponds are emitters of methane (MH4) which has a negative impact on the climate 25 times higher than CO2 (ecological foot print).

The vacuum sewer system is an approach allowing financially feasible and technically sound separated storm water and wastewater drainage. It is the wastewater management system with the lowest ecological footprint.

Major advantages of vacuum sewerage are:

• Contained system: no leakages, no ex-/infiltration, no smell nuisance, no overflowing during rainy season;

• Shallow and small trenches, dramatically reduced excavation work, saving of construction time/cost;

• Small diameter HDPE pipes (d90-d250), little impact on local traffic; • No sedimentation/clogging, self-cleaning due to high velocity of wastewater

transport > 5m/s; • Centralized vacuum station instead of many lift stations and manholes; • No electrical connections/ energy consumption, except at vacuum station; • Reduced maintenance/ operational costs.

Pipes lying in trench

38 Using authorized translation into Thai.

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4.2.3. Comparison between vacuum system and septic tank system

In the following a systematic comparison of vacuum sewerage and the septic tank system is given: VACUUM SEWERAGE SEPTIC TANK Completely tight, contained system – no risk of smell along houses and pipe network

Open system – real smell nuisance

No exfiltration possible – Protection of groundwater

Pollution of groundwater – risk of infection exfiltration from septic tanks into the surrounding due to fissures and/or cracks in concrete – or brick walls

Continuous aeration of the system – less gas is developed

Anaerobic processes – gases are produced and must be vented (air-outlet with filter)

System is still functioning when certain solids (napkins, food items, small toys, etc.) are contained in wastewater

Sensitive system – foreign objects/solids are greatly reducing the efficiency of the septic tank

High flow capacity and velocity – No fresh water required for flushing/ cleaning

Excess load (when more people are in the house) could result in materials moving through the system too quickly to be decomposed blocking may occur and cleaning becomes necessary

Little space required for collection chamber Some cubic meters of space required close to each house

Centralized maintenance at vacuum station only

De-central maintenance at every house necessary. Risk that professional maintenance cannot be guaranteed

Full control of the flows and system Fully de-centralized control almost impossible (or at very high cost)

No contact with effluents during maintenance

Tank has to be opened when maintained – contact with effluents for maintenance personnel

No maintenance needed for the collection chambers. Annual control only

Tanks have to be cleaned and emptied frequently by vacuum cleaning system

No dependence on external circumstances Purification effect varying – depending on many external circumstances

No contamination of surroundings and/or groundwater combined laying of potable water pipe and vacuum sewer in one trench possible to save costs

Direct contamination of surroundings and groundwater in case of overflowing (rainy season)

Independence from gravity slope Always slope between house outlet and septic tank required

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Sewer and water pipes can be laid in a common trench

4.2.4. Bio waste Grinder

• Bio waste Grinder is processed alongside domestic

wastewater • The vendor stalls is equipped with an common

appliance for shredding bio waste. • Installed nearby meat vendor stalls, adds shredded

bio waste to the wastewater outflow Main advantage of treating wastewater and bio waste together:

• No hygienic problems or odor from waste containers • The organic waste substantially increases the biogas

yield of the wastewater treatment plant • Higher volume of biogas

RoeVac® Vacuum Sewer Systems

Vacuum Sewer Pipe

Water Pipe

Storm Water Pipe

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4.3. Components and outputs 4.3.1. Proposed design of vacuum sewer network (The design will be completed once the detail engineering study is done in 2016)

Muang Mai Market: Proposed Vacuum Sewerage System

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4.3.2. Energy consumption

The energy consumption of a vacuum sewer system is lower than energy consumption within a gravity sewer system. The required pumps start off from the vacuum station and only pump after the under pressure in the pipes reaches –0,8 bar (every 3-4 hours). Gravity sewer pumps have to pump continuously. In case of power outrage the vacuum collection system continues functioning for up to 3-4 hours. It is assumed that power outages are normally solved within the given time frame of 3-4 hours in Chiang Mai. It is also possible to install a battery-backup which gives an additional 2-3 hour service time.

In comparison to the conventional gravity system there is at least a buffer of 3-4 hours keeping the system functional. That is not the case with the conventional gravity system if power cuts occur. In the gravity system there will be an overflow once there is no electricity as the pumps in the lifting stations have to continuously pump the wastewater to a higher level.

4.3.3. Location for vacuum station

The required space for the location of the vacuum station and decentralized WWTP is a maximum of 100 m2 of plot area ideally owned by Chiang Mai Municipality in order to avoid lengthy negotiations with residents owning plots for the proposed location. It would be most recommendable to have it installed near to the pilot area for the time being. It would be designed together with a wastewater treatment plant.

The land which has been identified as potential site for installing the vacuum station and the decentralized treatment plant is the land at Nakhon Ping District office; near to the old water tower.

Figure 16 Potential government land for vacuum station and decentralized WWTP

4.3.4. Transfer of technology

The operating staff would be trained during the installation (“on-the-job”) of the system and hence would be able to operate the system. It is very easy to handle for staff already dealing with wastewater issues and requires no additional or special knowledge apart from the on-the-job training.

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WATERCOURSE 39 partnering with Bilfinger Water Technologies GmbH in Germany will provide a warranty of one year after date of commissioning and guarantee immediate support in case of problems in operating the system occur.

Only the valve-membranes would be changed every 5-6 years (THB 456, EUR 12 p. piece) and provided by Bilfinger Water Technologies GmbH. The rest of the equipment is available on the Thai market. The vacuum chambers are maintenance-free (there are no electrical connections in the chamber) and the vacuum station requires usual maintenance as for any other pump/electrical system used in conventional wastewater systems.

As WATERCOURSE is the official representative of Bilfinger Water Technologies GmbH, the provision of the valve-membranes and the maintenance of the vacuum station after the warranty period will be guaranteed through a service-agreement between WATERCOURSE/ Bilfinger and Chiang Mai City.

4.4. Cost calculations

As part of the GIZ detail study in Muang Mai Market in 2016, the cost calculations will be done and presented in due course.

4.5. Comparing investment: Vacuum technology VS gravity system

Basically the vacuum sewer system is more cost-efficient than the conventional gravity system as only shallow and small trenches are required, i.e. dramatically reduced excavation work, the pipes only have a diameter of 90-250 mm, and there is no electrical connection except at the vacuum station.

With regard to operational costs the vacuum sewer collection system is also more economical as one requires only a centralized vacuum station instead of many lift stations and manholes, there is no electrical connection except at the vacuum station, there is no sedimentation and clogging, as it is a self-cleaning system due to high velocity of wastewater transport (5 m/s). Leakages can be easily detected and repaired, overflowing is not possible as the system is completely contained, and no in-filtration or ex-filtration is possible.

However, as citizens nowadays have to build their own septic tanks and bear the respective costs, we recommend that in future, once the vacuum sewer collection system is installed, a new regulation with regard to collecting fees from the citizens by the local government should be introduced to start (re-)covering the wastewater treatment costs. Moreover, a compulsory connection regulation for citizens should be enacted to make the system become effective and pay off.

4.6. Risks and operational problems

If the vacuum sewer collection system is installed properly, there should be no further risk. The operating staff would be trained during the installation of the system and hence would be able to operate the system. It is very easy to handle for staff already dealing with wastewater issues. There would be hardly any odor while transporting the wastewater through the vacuum sewer to the treatment plant. The treatment plants are anyway covered to reduce the odor, so no additional odor should occur at the treatment plant.

39 Watercourse Co., Ltd., 24/169 R103, Soi Pibulsongkram 15, Pibolsongkram Rd., Suan Yai, Muang Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand

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In case of power outage the vacuum collection system continues functioning for up to 3-4 hours. Thereafter, flushing of toilets comes to an end. However, we assume the power outages are normally solved within the given time frame of 3-4 hours in Chiang Mai. It is also possible to install a battery-backup which gives an additional 2-3 hour service time. In comparison to the conventional gravity system, there is at least a buffer of 3-4 hours keeping the system functional. That is not the case with the conventional gravity system if power cuts occur. The gravity system immediately stops functioning once there is no electricity, as the pumps have to continuously pump the wastewater. With the vacuum sewer collection system there is no electrical connection except at vacuum station.

5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

GIZ support to Chiang Mai Municipality concentrates on the following areas:

Organization of practical technical training on vacuum sewerage system for staff from the Wastewater Department of Chiang Mai Municipality (February 2015)

Preliminary Muang Mai Market surveys (December 2015 and February 2016) Community consultation and awareness creation for beneficiaries (December 2015) Detail Survey on wastewater management in Muang Mai Market (TBD) and

elaboration of feasibility study on vacuum sewerage system including cost calculation and comparison with gravity sewer (TBD)

Design standard issues (translation of EN 1091 from English to Thai) and certification of technology (Refer to Annex 5)

Project presentation to stakeholders Preparation of technical specifications Support in efforts to mobilize funds for implementation Advisory service including supervision of construction works On-job-training of workers in different trades during implementation Monitoring & evaluation Analysis of beneficiary/user satisfaction Selection and study of extension area for upscaling Advisory service with regard to new fees regulation for wastewater (connection fee,

tariff 40, etc.)

6. CONCLUSION

Muang Mai Market has severe problems in term of waste water management. It is effecting the working and living standards of the people in the market. Although all stakeholders agree that the problem should be solved, the solution is not only a technical one. It requires an all stakeholders commitment under the guidance and facilitation of Chaingmai Municipality. On the governance side of the solution, one of the aspects that can be improved is the regulation enforcement, especially in terms of business licenses, taxes and tariffs, and municipal laws (by laws). There should be a stricter process in application and granting of the “fresh market license” and “storage and sales license”. The “big market” owners as well as the

40 Connection from the fresh markets (MMC, MSC, CNC) and commercial buildings to the vacuum sewer line should be made obligatory by a regulation combined with charging of fees. The tariff should consider a unified, consumption-oriented tariff for water and wastewater assuming that 80% of the water consumed is transformed into wastewater. However, given the institutional arrangements, up to now water fees are collected by the provincial government while wastewater fees would be collected by Chiang Mai Municipality after approval of provincial government. However, a consumption-oriented wastewater tariff can only be defined through measured water consumption.

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commercial buildings who do not comply with the PCD waste water standards should not be able to obtain or retain the licenses. In addition to the annual renewal fee of the “fresh market license” and “storage and sales license”, there are several (municipal) taxes which the business operators (“big market” owners and commercial building owners) are required to pay, such as: land and building tax, local maintenance tax, and sign tax 41. However, these tax charges are minimal. For example, an owner of 1 Rai or 1,600 sm2 piece of land pays only 70 Baht (2 USD) per year for the local maintenance tax. Therefore, a tax structure relevant to the waste water production and treatment could be a part of the governance solution for Muang Mai market. Furthermore, by mandate, Municipalities are responsible for the monitoring and control of the buildings as well as ensuring the well-being of the public health42. Municipalities are also able to pass by-laws or Municipal laws if required for better management of the city. Therefore, although several parts (including some roads and sewerage lines) of Muang Mai market are private areas, these by-laws could be established and used to monitor and control waste water management in Muang Mai market area. On the technical side of the solution, the grease trap, septic tanks, and EM application are not sufficient to solve the waste water problem in the market. As the market is 40 years old, the septic tanks most likely dispose of one chamber only, which is a cesspool rather than a septic tank. As the life span of septic tanks is considered 3-5 years if constructed out of concrete, coliform bacteria from faecal matter in the broken tanks which are hazardous for residents’ health contaminate the groundwater in the area. In addition, the ventilation pipes of the septic tanks as well as the combined storm water and wastewater drains release methane gas to the environment contributing to global warming. Additionally, the new ‘emerging’ measures using EM (microorganism) to reduce the odor and BOD of the waste water increases greenhouse gas emissions. The vacuum sewerage system is an apt technical solution to deal with the wastewater collection of buildings Maung Mai Market area comprising of narrow roads, reduced accessibility to connect septic tanks, the high ground water, unaffordable costs and insufficient space for conventionally separated wastewater and drainage systems (gravity system) to be installed. There are no greenhouse gas emissions from the vacuum sewer system because wastewater is not stored in the collection chambers, but regularly transported to the vacuum station, every time the sump has reached a pre-set wastewater volume. The high organic load of the waste water could enable the Municipality to gain energy out of it besides treating it to produce irrigation and service water and generate organic fertilizer and night soil. As a result, the vacuum sewer system is the starting point to demonstrate the ‘Circular Economy’ by closing the loop between reuse of water, energy, and nutrients.

As the vacuum sewer system with wastewater treatment and further usages is a comprehensive concept involving innovative technologies, a step-by-step approach is recommended in order to avoid risks. It should be accompanied by an M&E system and on-job training (capacity building) for the human resources for maintenance and repair of the system.

The vacuum sewerage system can be implemented in Muang Mai Market through the support by strong government commitment, active participation of the communities and extensive

41 land and building tax, local maintenance tax, and sign tax: http://www.taphraya.go.th/select_news.php?news_id=14 42 Municipality mandates: http://www.tambol.com/municipal/data9.asp

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public awareness. Finally, several communities and areas in Chiangmai Municipality (except the area with high rise buildings because the high rise buildings are not apt for vacuum sewer application) could be covered by the vacuum sewer collection system on the basis of a semi-centralized wastewater management system with the “by” products of energy, irrigation water, fertilizer and night soil.

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Annex 1: Description of septic tank

• The term “septic” refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the tank which decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank.

• However, periodic preventive maintenance is required to remove the irreducible solids that settle and gradually fill the tank, reducing its efficiency.

• Black water constitutes only around 10% of domestic wastewater being discharged; • However, this modest volume contains approx. 99% of pathogens (that cause

typhoid, bilharzias and diarrhea). • Black water contains 90% of nitrogen, 80% of phosphorus and 40-75% of organic

matter (BOD) in the wastewater. • Septic tanks are not efficient, only 30% of organic matter is removed prior to

discharge. • Even an optimal functional septic tank is one of the most significant sources of

organic matter (BOD). • Even if all the septic tanks in Chiang Mai were functioning properly. • The discharge of BOD will be still very high. • The discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus are not reduced at all.

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Annex 2: Cost calculation of vacuum sewerage system

A detailed cost calculation of the proposed vacuum sewerage system in Muang Mai Market communities prepared by WATERCOURSE and will be submitted in due course.

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Annex 3: Chiang Mai Municipality Sewerage System Master Plan

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Annex 4: Thailand Surface Water Standard - National Environmental Board, 1995

Parameter Units StatisticsStandard Value

Class1 Class2 Class3 Class4 Class51. Colour,Odour and Taste - - n n’ n’ n’ -

2. Temperature C° - n n’ n’ n’ -

3. pH - - n 5 to 9 5 to 9 5 to 9 -

4. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

mg/l P20 n 6.00 4.00 2.00 -

5. BOD (5 days, 20°C)

mg/l P80 n 1.50 2.00 4.00 -

6. Total Coliform Bacteria

MPN/100 ml

P80 n 5000 20000 - -

7. Fecal Coliform Bacteria

MPN/100 ml

P80 n 1000 4000 - -

Classification Objectives/Condition and Beneficial Usage

Class 1 Extra clean fresh surface water resources used for : (1) conservation not necessary pass through water treatment process require only ordinary process for pathogenic destruction

(2) ecosystem conservation where basic organisms can breed naturally

Class 2 Very clean fresh surface water resources used for : (1) consumption which requires ordinary water treatment process before use (2) aquatic organism of conservation (3) fisheries (4) recreation

Class 3 Medium clean fresh surface water resources used for : (1) consumption, but passing through an ordinary treatment process before using (2) agriculture

Class 4 Fairly clean fresh surface water resources used for : (1) consumption, but requires special water treatment process before using

(2) industry Class 5 The sources which are not classification in class 1-4 and used for

navigation. Source: Pollution Control Department

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Annex 5: DIN EN 1091 Vacuum Sewerage Systems Outside Buildings

Special Edition DIN EN 1091/DWA-A 116-1 E - Vacuum Sewerage Systems Outside Buildings/Special Sewerage Systems Part 1: Vacuum Sewerage Systems Outside Buildings - April 2005.

English Version DIN EN 1091/DWA-A 116-1 E_English

Download link: Thai Version DIN EN 1091/DWA-A 116-1 E_Thai

Annex 6: List of Meetings and Interviews held as part of information collection for the Muang Mai Market preliminary study (30th November to 3rd December 2015, the second time was 3rd February to 5th February 2016)

1) Municipality Sanitation Engineering Department (Every day of the data collection

periods) 2) Fresh Market Operators/Stakeholders Meeting (with ISOC, CMU, CFMA, and

Chiangmai Municipality) (30 November 2015) 3) Muang Mai Market Company (1 December 2015) 4) Municipality Public Health Department (1 December 2015) 5) Rim Doi – solid waste collection company (2 December 2015) 6) Chiangmai University, Engineering Department (3 February 2016) 7) Director of Public Works Bureau (4 February 2016) 8) Advisors to the Mayor (4 February 2016) 9) The City Clerk (4 February 2016) 10) Chiangmai Fresh Market Association and Fresh Market Owners and Representatives

(4 February 2016) 11) Chang Puek market owner and Green Doilor Company (5 February 2016) 12) Nakornping District (5 February 2016) 13) Pork Meat Vendor (5 February 2016)

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Annex 7: Assessment Form: Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market

This is the assessment form which the Municipality Health Department uses for the monthly evaluation of Muang Mai Market as well as other markets under their jurisdiction.

Project on Healthy Market

Assessment Form: Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market

(Market 1)

Market Code: --

Market’s Name: ……………………………………………………

Address: No. ………… Street ………………… Moo ……………. Tambon (Sub-district)

…………………………..

Amphoe (District) ………………………………… Province: ……………………………. Postal

code ……………………..

Telephone: ………………………………. Fax …………………………………..

Bureau of Food and Water Sanitation Department of Health

Ministry of Public Health

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Assessment Form on Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market

Form MK. 1

Part 1 Market code (for Health Center official use only) Example: 0 1 - 1 - 0 0 1

01 = Health Center 1

- 1= Market type 1 001= Number Part 2 Details of market Name of market: ……………………….Address no. ………………………………. Street ………………………………… Moo. …………… Tambon (sub-district) …………… Amphoe (district) ……………….. Province ……………… Postal code ……………Tel: ……………………….. Fax: ……………………………………….. Area……………….sqm. Year of operation:…………. Number of stalls /on sales ……………….. Owner’s name/ operator:…………………………… Position …………………………………….. Address: No. ……………….. Street ………………………….. Moo ……………..Tambon ……..... Tel. …………………………………. Fax …………………………………. Part 3 Explanation

1. This assessment form is used to assess the environmental health of type 1’s market according to Ministerial regulation no. 4 (BE. 2542/AC.1999) issued under the Legislative Act of Public Health BE. 2535/AC. 1992.

2. This assessment form contains total of 13 pages and the assessment is divided into 2 levels which are “good” and “very good”.

3. This assessment form is used in tandem with an accompanying manual. For any questions, the assessor can refer to the manual for additional information.

4. This assessment form is valid for 2 times use for certification and upscale of market on environment health in line with criteria set in the Assessment manual.

5. This assessment has 3 copies: the original is to be given to the market owner, copy no. 1 is to be given to Department of Health, Copy no. 2 is to be given to Health Centers 1-12 or officials of Bangkok Metropolitan and copy no. 3 is to be given to the assessment unit or provincial public health office.

6. Data/information gained from this assessment is to be summarized and reported by the assessor to relevant agencies and Department of Health.

7. Assessment Units are at regional and local levels i.e. Provincial public health office, municipality, Sub-district Organization, and Central hospitals (tertiary care centers)

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No. 1 MK. 1 Page 2 Assessment form on Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market on Environmental Health- Good level (***)

Assessment MK.1

Details to be assessed

Result Remark/ Suggestion

Pass fail 1. There is enough airflow within market place- not

too hot, not stuffy, or unventilated

2. There is good management, supervision and control to ensure cleanliness of stall areas, walkways/corridor, streets, trash bins and solid waste collection points.

3. There is no water logged and wet area at the Market and surrounding area

4. Waste water drainage within the fresh market area is an open system and the drainage channels in the surrounding area (around the market) have lids that can be opened for cleaning and drain the water, no clogging in the drainage systems

5. The toilet does not have bad odor and there is a good ventilation.

6. Collection and storage systems for waste water from toilettes are hygienic and not defective.

7. The market is cleaned on a daily basis. 8. Clean water provision service is sufficient. 9. Clear separation of toilettes for men and women

10. Merchandises and items are tidily arranged, not blocking the walkway.

11. Food and food related appliances must be placed at least 60 cms above the ground.

12. Market is washed/cleaned according to sanitary principle at least once a month.

13. There are the adequate trash bins and solid waste collection points with regular cleaning.

14. There are solid waste and grease traps before discharge to into public water ways or to environment.

15. Building structure of the market is stable, strong, and in good condition. The market floor is made of durable material -not slippery and easy to clean.

16. There is the control and protection from problems caused by animals and insects, which are carrier of diseases.

17. There are personals responsible for the cleanliness, tidiness and safety in the market

18. Stalls have light concentration of at least 200 luxes.

19. Stalls are made of durable smooth and easy to clean materials, and are at least 60 cm high, and not a habitat for disease carrying animals.

20. Stalls are arranged by number. Names and addresses of sellers displayed visibly.

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21. Trash bins at the stalls are in the condition according to sanitary principles and regularly cleaned.

22. Central Solid Waste collection points are in accord with sanitary principles, sufficient,and regularly cleaned

23. There is water storage (in addition to fresh water provision) sufficient for daily use.

24. Toilets for men and women, urinals and hand-wash sinks (equipped with soap) are clean, functioning and in the appropriate location.

25. Personals clean the toilets at least twice a day. 26. Trash bins with closure are provided within toilet

area. They are made of durable material and not leaking.

27. Protection and control measures with regards to disease carrying animals and insects are performed at least twice a year

28. The number of disease carrying animals and insects in the market should not exceed the standard value.

29. Merchandises are arranged and sold by categories and are not mixed up.

30. Appropriate type and number of fire extinguishers are provided, ready for use and placed in the visible/convenient area.

31. There is maintenance of building structure to ensure good condition, good sanitation and safety.

32. There is the facilitation of traffic circulation. 33. Sellers and assistants dress appropriately and

sanitarily.

34. Sellers and assistants practice good hygienic method for cooking and food selling.

35. The suggestion box is provided to collect opinions from the public.

36. The walkway/passage within the market has to be at least 2 meters wide.

37. Solid waste is separate into organic and general category.

38. There is an association/group of market entrepreneurs, sellers, sales assistants, consumers and so on i.e exercise activity

39. Training on environment and sanitation is provided to sellers and sales assistants.

40. The waste water drained/released must meet the standard. (This is for the market with area of 2500 sqm and above.)

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No. 1 MK. 1 Page 4 Suggestions of Assessor

Environmental Health 1. General sanitation

………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Solid waste management ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Provision of drinking water …………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Waste water management ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Sewage management (stool) ……………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Prevention, control of animals and disease carriers …………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. Environmental Management ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Individual sanitary knowledge of sellers and sales assistants in the market ……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Conclusion: Assessment Result To be improved met requirement of “Good” *** met requirement of “very good” *****

…………………………………………….. Position ………………………………………… Reporter Day Month Year

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No. 1 MK. 1 Page 5

Assessment form on Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market on Food Safety

MK.1

Type of contaminants

Certification from Dept. of Medical

Sciences

Remark

Pass fail 1. Formalin (embalming) 2. Salicylic acid 3. Sodium borate (Borax) 4. Sodium hydrosulfide 5. Insecticide 6. Salbutamol

Conclusion: Assessment Result Not pass (fail) Pass


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No. 1 MK. 1 Page 6

Assessment form on Development and Upscaling of Healthy Market on Consumer Protection

MK.1

Assessment Criteria

Result Remark Pass fail

1. Display board is provided to disseminate the knowledge to consumers on food safety, nutrition and good sanitation of the market.

2. Check point is provided to test food contamination of 6 dangerous contaminants which are formalin, salicylic acid, Sodium borate (Borax), sodium hydrosulfide, insecticide and Salbutamol. (Salbutamol to be sent to lab.)

3. Central standard scale is provided at least at 1 point with visible sign.

Conclusion: Assessment Result Not pass (fail) Pass Conclusion of survey, inspection and assessment of the market on 3 sectors

Name of market

Level of Certification Fail Good

(***) Very good (*****)

Wait result (identify)


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