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Lackawanna High School. Pre-Living Environment 2nd SEMESTER REVIEW. June 2012. Relative dating. Using index fossils that are found in layers of sedimentary rock to determine which layer is older than other layers. 1 . Sedimentary rock. Formed in layers; only type of rock to contain fossils. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Pre-Living Environment
2nd SEMESTER REVIEW
June 2012
Lackawanna High School
Relative dating
Using index fossils that are found in layers of sedimentary rock to
determine which layer is older than other layers
1.
Sedimentary rock
Formed in layers; only type of rock to contain fossils
2.
Index Fossils
Commonly found in sedimentary rock layers throughout the world; used for
relative dating
3.
Radioactive elements
Used to determine the absolute age of rock layers or fossils
4.
Information from fossils
1. Structural similarities
5.
2. Organisms have changed over time
3. Some organisms have gone extinct
Similar biochemistry
1. DNA has similar sequences of bases (A, T, C, G)
6.
2. Organisms that are related have similar enzymes
Similar body structures
1. ex. Lion leg, bat wing, dolphin fin
7.
2. Embryos are similar in early development
Divergent evolution
Organisms of the same species evolve and become different species
8.
Ex.) different species of finches that Darwin found on the Galapagos Islands
Convergent evolution
Unrelated species develop similar traits because their environments are similar
9.
Ex.) dolphins and fish have similar body structues
Co - evolution
Two organisms evolve so that they function together in an ecosystem
10.
Ex.) Bees have body structures that are adapted to pollinate certain flowers; the flowers produce nectar to feed the bees.
Who: CHARLES DARWINWHAT: Theory of Natural Selection
11.
WHERE: around the coast of South America to the Galapagos Islands
WHEN: 1831-1836 voyage and observations
WHY: Data and observations indicated common ancestryHOW: observations of fossils and living organisms
Natural Selection1. Overproduction of offspring
12.
2. Competition for resources
3. Variation of traits
4. Survival of the fittest – organisms that are unable to adapt go extinct
Gene Pool
All the genes in an entire population
13.
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment
14.
Evolution
Process by which a species gradually changes over time
15.
Ecology
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment
16.
Biotic
living
17.
Abiotic
nonliving
18.
Population
All the members on ONE SPECIES in an environment
19.
Community
All the members on ALL SPECIES in an environment
20.
Ecosystem
all species (living, biotic) PLUS
environment (nonliving, abiotic)
21.
Biosphere
The part of the entire earth that supports life
22.
Habitat
The environment that an organism is adapted to survive in
23.
Exponential growth
time
24.
popu
latio
n
Limiting factor
something that stops a population from increasing beyond a certain number.
Ex. Food supply, disease, space
25.
Carrying capacity
time
26.
popu
latio
n
The maximum number of a population that a habitat can support because of limiting factors
Niche
The specific role that an organism plays in its habitat
27.
Niche
The specific role that an organism plays in its habitat
28.
Symbiotic relationship
Two organisms live together so that at lest one depends on the other
29.
Parasitism
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed.
30.
Commensalism
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected at all
31.
Mutualism
Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit
32.
Producer / autotroph
• Organism that makes its own food by doing photosynthesis
• Gets energy directly from the sun
• Bottom of energy pyramid
• Beginning of food chain or web
33.
Consumer / heterotroph
• Organism that obtains food from other organisms
• Gets energy directly the level below it on the pyramid
34.
Herbivore
Animal that eats only plants
35.
Carnivore
Animal that eats only animals
36.
Omnivore
Animal that eats both animals and plants
37.
Omnivore
Animal that eats both animals and plants
38.
Decomposer / saprophyte
• Feeds off of dead organisms• Helps nutrients recycle into the soil
39.
Food chain
• Shows energy flow through an ecosystem
• means “is eaten by” or “energy is transferred to”
• Always starts with a producer
40.
Food web
• Many interrelated food chains
41.
Biodiversity
• Number of different species that exist in an ecosystem
42.
Introduced species
• Species that is brought to an ecosystem by humans
• May or may not disrupt the existing food webs and niches
43.
Introduced species
• Species that is brought to an ecosystem by humans
• May or may not disrupt the existing food webs and niches
44.
Conservation biology
• Study of ecosystems with the goal of preserving biodiversity
45.
Ecological Succession
• Each species of plants modifies the environment so that the next
species can survive.• See page 13
46.
Ecological Succession
• Each species of plants modifies the environment so that the next
species can survive.• See page 13
47.
Homeostasis
• Stable, constant internal conditions.
• All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
48.
Enzyme
• Protein molecule that helps break down (digest) food into usable
molecules• Specific shape
• Works best at a specific temperature
49.
Glucose
Molecule that cells use to release energy
50.
Amino acid
• Molecule that forms chains to build protein
• Follows the instructions in DNA base sequence (A, T, C, G)
51.
How does the blood maintain homeostasis?
• Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
• Transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
52.
How do red blood cells maintain homeostasis?
• Transport oxygen to cells
53.
How do white blood cells maintain homeostasis?
• Part of the immune system• Produce antibodies to fight
antigens
54.
How do alveoli maintain homeostasis?
• Air sacs in the lungs full of capillaries where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes
place.
55.
How does the skin maintain homeostasis?
• Sweating to release excess heat and lower body temperature• Shivering to raise body
temperature• Barrier against outside changes
56.
Contrast response by the nervous system with a response by the endocrine system.
• NS responds quickly but for short duration
• ES responds slowly but for long duration
57.
Hormone
• Chemical released into the blood by a gland
• Has a specific shape to match a receptor in a cell membrane
58.
Neurotransmitter
• Chemical that communicates between nerve cells (neurons)
• Has a specific shape to match a receptor in the membrane of the
next nerve cell
59.
Receptor protein
• In or on a cell membrane• Shape fits the shape of specific
hormone or neurotransmitter
60.
Antibody
• Produced by white blood cell• Matches the shape of an antigen
to destroy it
61.
Antigen
• Foreign substance or cell that enters the body
• Pathogen = living antigen (bacteria, virus)
62.
Vaccine
• Weak pathogen or part of a pathogen
• Triggers WBC to make antibodies that match the shape of that
pathogen
63.
Insulin
• Hormone made by the pancreas• Allows glucose to move from the
blood into cells
64.
Pancreas
• Organ that makes insulin and glucagon
• (and many other digestive enzymes)
65.
Glucagon
• Hormone that allows glucose to re-enter the blood to move to
other cells• Made by the pancreas
66.
Adrenaline
• Hormone that increases heart rate, breathing, energy
• Made by adrenal glands (on top of kidneys)
67.
Noradrenaline
• Hormone that decreases heart rate, breathing, energy
• Counteracts adrenaline effects• Made by adrenal glands (on top of
kidneys)
68.
Feedback
• Up and down changes that work to maintain homeostasis
68.