NOEMÍ FINNEGAN

Spanish Grammar Book for 2nd Semester

Conditional Tense

The conditional tense is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is

usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.

ENDINGS

Form EndingsYo Ía

Tú Ías

Ella/El/Ud. Ía

Nosotros Íamos

Vosotros Íais

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

ían

Conditional Tense: IrregularsThe same twelve common verbs that are

irregular in the future tense are also irregular in the conditional tense. Their

endings are regular, but their stems change in the same way they change in the future

tense. The endings are the same as all other conditional tense verbs.

Caber Yo cabría

Haber Yo habría

Poder Yo podría

Querer Yo querría

Saber Yo sabría

Poner Yo pondría

Salir Yo saldría

Tener Yo tendría

Valer Yo valdría

Venir Yo vendría

Decir Yo diría

Hacer Yo haría

Present Prefect TenseIt is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.Because the present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed

by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the

past participle.Form (Haber)

Conjugation

Yo He

Tú Has

Ella/El/Ud. Ha

Nosotros Hemos

Vosotros Habéis

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Han

The past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido.When used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes to agree with the noun it modifies.

Past participle used as an adjective:La cuenta está pagada.The bill is paid.Past participle used in the present perfect tense:He pagado la cuenta.I have paid the bill.

*The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated.

Past PerfectThe past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past action.Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another. This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be stated; it can be implied.

The past perfect tense is formed by using the

imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with

the past participle.Form (Haber)

Conjugation

Yo He

Tú Has

Ella/El/Ud. Ha

Nosotros Hemos

Vosotros Habéis

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Han

Examples:Cuando llegaron los padres, los niños ya habían comido.When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten.Yo había comido antes de llamarles.I had eaten prior to calling them.

*The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated.

Present Perfect Irregulars

Verb Participle

Decir Dicho

Hacer Echo

Ver Visto

Escribir Escrito

Poner Puesto

Romper Roto

Volver Vuelto

Devolver

Devuelto

Morir Muerto

Abrir Abierto

Cubrir Cubierto

Subjunctive PerfectSubjunctive Mood:

-Attitudes -Indefiniteness -Uncertainty -Nonexistence-Hypothetical -Emotion-Will and Influence-Doubt, disbelief, and denial

It is formed as a formal command,

except you need to add the pronoun.-ar and –er verbs

have the same stem-changes as in the present indicative.

Form Ending

Yo Coma

Tú Comas

Ella/Él/Ud. Coma

Nosotros Comamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Coman

Form Ending

Yo Pida

Tú Pidas

Ella/Él/Ud. Pida

Nosotros Pidamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Pidan

Pedir (e:i)

Tanto y TanBoth tan and tanto (the latter of which can exist in feminine and plural forms) can be used in comparisons such as "as ______ as," which becomes either tan _____ como or tanto _____ como. The difference is that tan is used as an adverb in those constructions, while tanto is used as an adjective. Tan basically means "so," sometimes "such a" or "as," and is used only before adjectives or adverbs (or nouns used as adjectives). Example:Rita es tan alta como María. (Rita is as tall as María.)Tanto basically means "so much" or "so many" or, when used with como, "as much" or "as many.“Example:Tengo tanto dinero como Juan. (I have as much money as Juan.) Tanto also can be used to make other kinds of comparisons and has a wide variety of colloquial uses; under some circumstances it can be used not only as an adjective but also as a noun, pronoun or adverb.

Impersonal “Se”

We don't really have anyone specific in mind

when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We

mean people in general, and are otherwise known

as impersonal expressions.

Spanish adds the pronoun se in front of verbs to

make general statements. Impersonal voice using se

will use a singular verb since the se can be

replaced by uno ("one").

English Spanish Translation

How does one say "icecream" in Italian?

¿Cómo se dice "helado" en italiano?

You say "gelato". Se dice "gelato".

You pay the fines on Mondays.

Se paga las multas los lunes.

English Spanish Translation

They say that vegetarian pizza is healthy.

Dicen que la pizza vegetariana es saludosa.

They open the stores at 9:00am.

Abren las tiendas a las nueve de la mañana.

Plural Impersonal

* The plural impersonal (unknown "they") does

not use the se

Saber vs. Conocer

Both saber and conocer mean to know, however saber expresses facts or

information while conocer to know a person.

Form EndingYo Conozco

Tú Conoces

Ella/Él/Ud. Conoce

Nosotros Conocemos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Conocen

Form Ending

Yo sé

Tú sabes

Ella/Él/Ud. sabe

Nosotros sabemos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

saben

Saber Conocer

Ex: Sé tu dirección.I know your address.

Ex: Sabemos el número de teléfono.We know the telephone number.

Ex:Conozco a Felipe.I know Philip.

Ex:Maria y Jorge lo conocen.Mary and George know him.

Informal CommandsNegative CommandsA negative command is used when ordering, or telling someone not to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing familiar people.

Affirmative CommandsAn affirmative command is used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing familiar people.

To make a negative informal command do the following:(1) Take the present

tense “yo” form of the verb

(2) Drop the –o or –oy ending

(3) Add the opposite ending

(4) Add an “s”Ex:To tell someone to tell the truth, say: ¡Di la verdad!

To make an affirmative informal command, use the present indicative Ud. Form.

Verb Conjugation

Decir Di

Hacer Haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Ser Sé

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

Formal Commands Affirmative/Negative/Irregulars

Affirmative CommandsAn affirmative command is used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness.

Negative CommandsA negative command is used when ordering, or telling someone not to do something. In English, it is the “imperative” form of the verb. The formal commands are used when addressing unfamiliar people with a need to express respect and politeness.

To make an affirmative and negative formal command do the following:(1) Take the present

tense “yo” form of the verb

(2) Drop the –o or –oy ending

(3) For –ar verbs, add an e, for –er and –ir verbs, add an a.

Ex: To tell someone to sing in a formal command say: ¡Cante!

To tell someone “Don’t do it” in a formal command say: ¡No lo haga!

Irregular Negative Formal CommandThere are only three verbs that have irregular conjugations which are: ir, saber, ser. Ir goes to to ¡Vaya!, saber goes to !Sepa!, and ser goes to ¡Sea!

Ex:To tell someone not to be bad say: ¡No sea malo!

Irregular Affirmative Formal CommandThere are only three verbs that have irregular conjugations which are: ir, saber, ser. Ir goes to to ¡Vaya!, saber goes to !Sepa!, and ser goes to ¡Sea!

Ex:To tell someone to go to the front of the room say: ¡Vaya al frente de la sala!

Irregular Formal Commands

Verbs

Conjugations

Ser Sea… sean

Dar Dé…den

Estar Esté…estén

Ir Vaya…vayan

Saber

Sepa…sepan

The irregular formal commands include

the following:

-Car, -Gar, and –Zar verbs are conjugated as follows when put into formal commands:

-Car

-Zar

-Gar gue

ce

que

-Guir and –Ger verbs are conjugated as follows when put into formal commands: -Ger

-Guir

-Ja

-Ga

Nosotros Commands

Nosotros commands are more frequently used to suggest that others do some activity with you rather than to command, such as “let’sdo something.”The nosotros command is formed by using the nosostros form of the present subjunctive.

-AR Verbs emos-ER and -IR Verbs amos

Examples:Affirmative Nosotros Negative NosotrosEstudiemos (Let's study) No estudiemos Caminemos (Let's walk) No caminemos

Comer Comamos No comamosRecibir Recibamos No recibamos

Verbs ending in –car, -gar, and-zar change to:-CAR: C changes to QU-GAR: G changes to GU-ZAR: Z changes to C

If the verb has an irregular “yo” form in the present tense it also appears in the nosotros command:Pongo (I put) pongamosSalgo (I leave) salgamos -ar and -er stem-changing verbs do not have stem changes in the NOSOTROS form.-ir stem-changing verbs in the present tense have stem changes of e → i, or o → u in the NOSOTROS form.

Subjunctive VerbSubjunctive Mood:

-Attitudes -Indefiniteness -Uncertainty -Nonexistence-Hypothetical -Emotion-Will and Influence-Doubt, disbelief, and denialIn general, the subjunctive is a verb mood that is used to express an action or state of being in

the context of the speaker's reaction to it. Mostly (although not always), the subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses introduced by que (which, that, who) when the main clause expresses a wish, a strong emotional attitude, or

an uncertainty. Frequently, the sentences that contain a subjunctive verb are used to express

doubt, uncertainty, denial, desire/wish, commands, reactions or a strong emotional

attitude to the clause containing the subjunctive verb.

To form the subjunctive, form the verb as you woulda formal command.

Irregulars

Mentir Decir

Sentir Conocer

Dormir Conducir

Almorzar Tener

Jugar Salir

Sacar Poner

Pedir Hacer

Dar Traer

Entender Ser

Mostrar Ir

Pensar Estar

Ver Volver

Venir Saber

Traducir Paracer

Subjunctive: Irregulars

Form Ending

Yo Sepa

Tú Sepas

Ella/Él/Ud. Sepa

Nosotros Sepamos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Sepan

Form Ending

Yo Dé

Tú Des

Ella/Él/Ud. Dé

Nosotros Demos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

Den

Subjunctive Trigger Words

Trigger Word

Translation

a menos que ... unless ...

antes (de) que ...

before ...

con tal (de) que ...

provided that ...

cuando ... when ...

conviene que ...

it is advisable that ...

después (de) que ...

after ...

dudar que ... to doubt that ...

en caso de que ...

in case ...

es bueno que ...

it's good that ...

es fácil que … it's likely that ...

es imposible que ...

it's impossible that ...

es incierto que ...

it's uncertain that ...

esperar que ... to wish that ...

Impersonal Expressions with Subjunctive

Impersonal Expression

Translation

Es dudoso que It's doubtful that

Es genial que It's great that

Es triste que It's sad that

No es verdad que It's not true that

Es probable que It's probable that

Es increíble que It's incredible that

Es mejor que It's best that

Es lamentable que It's regrettable that

Es una lástima que It's a shame that

Emotional Expressions with Subjunctive

Emotional Expression

EnglishTranslation

Alegrarse de to be happy

Gustar To like

Sorprender To surprise

Temer To fear

Aburrir To bore

Asustar To scare

Enfurecer To infuriate

Fascinar To fascinate

importar To matter

Conjunctions of Time with Subjunctive Tense

Emotional Expression

EnglishTranslation

Antes (de) que Before

Apenas As soon as

Cuando When

En cuanto As soon as

Después de que

After

Hasta que Until

Mientras (que) While, as long as

Tan pronto (como)

As soon as

Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns

A demonstrative adjective describes a noun while a demonstrative pronoun takes the place of a noun.For example:Tino lee este libro.Tino reads this book.-This is a demonstrative adjective because it is answering the question "Which?" in relation to the nouns that they modify.

Tino lee este.Tino reads this.-This is a demonstrative pronoun because it takes place of the noun.

This That That over there

M este ese aquel

F esta esa aquella

These

Those

Those over there

M estos esos aquellos

F estas esas aquellas

This That That over there

M éste ése aquél

F ésta ésa aquélla

These

Those

Those over there

M éstos ésos aquéllos

F éstas ésas aquéllas

Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative Pronouns

Note: There are accent marks on the pronouns.

Es Tino con un libro!