Poland Education

8/3/2019 Poland Education

1/27

Poland

Structure of Educational System

Admissions to Higher Education and Recognition of Foreign CredentialsStudent Life

International Cooperation and Exchanges

INSTITUTION TYPES & CREDENTIALS

Types of higher education institutions:

(University)

(Technical University)

(Academy of Medicine)

(Teacher Training Academy)

(Academy of Agriculture)

(Academy of Economics)

(Academy of Music, Fine Arts,Theatre,and Cinematography)

(Teacher Training School)

(Academy of Physical Education)

(Academy of Theology)

(Merchant Navy School)

(Military School)

Schools supervised by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration

(State School of Higher Professional Education)

(Non-State School)

(Non-State School of Higher Professional Education)


2/27

STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM

Pre-higher education:

Duration of compulsory education:

Age of entry: 6

Age of exit: 18

Structure of school system:

Pre-Primary

Type of school providing this education: Nursery School or Nursery Division at Primary Schools

Length of program in years: 1

Age level from: 6 to: 7

Primary

Type of school providing this education: Primary School



Certificate/diploma awarded: Certificate of Completion of Primary School Education

Basic Vocational

Type of school providing this education: Basic Vocational School



Certificate/diploma awarded: (Certificate of Completion of Education in the Basic Vocational School)

Lower Secondary

Type of school providing this education: Gymnasium




3/27

Certificate/diploma awarded: (Certificate of Completion of Education in the Gymnasium)

Technical Secondary

Type of school providing this education: Technical Secondary School



Certificate/diploma awarded: (Maturity Certificate of the Technical Secondary School) ukoczenia(Certificate of Completion of Education in the Technical Secondary School)

Upper Secondary

Type of school providing this education: General Lyceum



Certificate/diploma awarded: (Maturity Cetificate of the General Lyceum) or (Certificate of Completionof Education in the General Lyceum)

Vocational Secondary

Type of school providing this education: Specialized Lyceum (Liceum Profilowane)



Certificate/diploma awarded: (Maturity Certificate of the Specialized Lyceum) or (Certificate ofCompletion of Education in the Specialized Lyceum)

School education:

Before the 1999 reform, primary education lasted for 8 years and led to the (Certificate of Completion ofPrimary School Education). Secondary general education was provided in the four-year general lyceumSecondary vocational education was provided by a range of schools , i.e. four-year liceum ( lyceum),liceum zawodowe (vocational lyceum), liceum techniczne (technical lyceum) and a 5-year technikum(secondary technical school). The graduates of all secondary schools were awarded either thewiadectwo dojrzaoci (Maturity Certificate of a given kind of secondary school) or the wiadectwoukoczenia (Certificate of Completion of Education in the given kind of secondary school). In addition,there were basic vocational schools (zasadnicza skola zawodowa) whose graduates obtained the

wiadectwo ukoczenia szkoly zasadniczej (Certificate of Completion of Education in the basic vocationalschool). After the 1999 reform, 6-year primary schools and 3-year gymnasia were introduced. Secondaryeducation is provided in 3-year general lyceums (liceum oglnoksztacce) or in vocational secondaryschools such as the 3-year liceum profilowane (specialized lyceum) and 4-year technikum (secondarytechnical school). In addition, there are 2-3-year basic vocational schools (zasdnicza szkoa zawodowa)whose graduates obtain the wiadectwo ukonczenia zasadniczej szkoy zawodowej (Certificate ofCompletion of Education in the Basic Vocational School). The secondary school credentials of the formersystem will be issued until 2005. In the transition period, both the former and the new types of secondaryschool will co-exist. The credential that gives right to access higher education before and after the reformis the wiadectwo dojrzaoci issued after completion of education in a secondary school and passing the


4/27

Maturity examination (egzamin dojrzaoci/matura).The only type of post-primary school that does notgive access to higher education is the basic vocational school, both in the old and new system. Thegraduates of these schools may continue their education in different types of complementary secondaryschools: liceum uzupeniajce (complementary lyceum) or technikum uzupeniajce (complementarytechnical secondary school). Following completion of education in these schools they can pass thematurity examination and obtain a Maturity Certificate and thus become eligible for entrance to higher

education

Higher education:

The present organization of higher education is based on the law on higher education of July 27th, 2005.The higher education system comprises both public and non-public institutions. Before 1990, there wereonly state higher education institutions (with the exception of the Catholic University of Lublin). TheHigher Education Act, introduced in 1990, enabled the creation of non-state higher education institutions.When the Schools of Higher Professional Education Act came into force in 1997, courses of higherprofessional education were created. Thus, at present, there are both university-type and non-universitytype (professional education) institutions in Poland. Graduates of the first level courses (studiapierwszego stopnia) are awarded the professional title of licencjat or inynier (or equivalent) after 3-4years' study. Graduates of the second level courses (studia drugiego stopnia) are awarded the

professional title of magister or equivalent after 1.5 to 2-year complementary magister level courses.There are also uniform 5-year magister level courses (jednolite studia magisterskie). Most highereducation institutions are under the responsibility of the Ministry of National Education and Science.Some, however, are under the control of other competent Ministries: Ministry of Health (Academies ofMedicine) and Ministry of Culture (Academies of Music, Fine Arts, Theatre, and Film Studies). There arealso schools that are supervised by the Ministry of National Defence (military schools), the Ministry ofInternal Affairs and Administration (main school of fire service, school of police) and the Ministry ofInfrastructure (merchant navy schools).The total number of state higher education institutions is 129 andthere are 303 non-state higher education institutions. The credential giving access to higher education isthe wiadectwo dojrzaoci (Maturity Certificate) of a given kind of secondary school. Admission to highereducation is based on the result of the Maturity examination. Higher education institutions may alsoorganize entrance examinations and check the knowledge and abilities which were not tested in theMaturity examination.

Main laws/decrees governing higher education:

Decree: Act on Academic Titles and Degrees of 14th March Year: 2003

Concerns: Requirements for awarding the academic degrees of Doktor, Doktor Habilitowany, Doktorsztuki, Doktor habilitowany sztuki and the academic title of Profesor.

Decree: Law on Higher Education of July 27th Year: 2005

Concerns: Civilian, state higher schools; non-public schools

Academic year:

Classes from: Oct to: Jun

Long vacation from: 1 Jul to: 30 Sep

Languages of instruction: Polish


5/27

Stages of studies:

Non-university level post-secondary studies (technical/vocational type):

Non-university level:

Non-university level education in Poland is provided by szkoy policealne and szkoy pomaturalne. Theszkoy policealne train students in a variety of vocational fields. The graduates obtain the wiadectwoukoczenia szkoy policealnej (certificate of completion of education in post-secondary school), and canthen take a vocational examination and obtain the dyplom uzyskania tytuu zawodowego (vocationaltitle diploma). The vocational training in this type of schools lasts between 1 and 2.5 years, dependingon the field of studies. The szkoy pomaturalne train only nurses and midwives, and the graduates areawarded the dyplom ukoczenia szkoy pomaturalnej (diploma of completion of education in the post-secondary school). The duration of education is 2.5 years. Since 1999 the training of nurses andmidwives is organized as higher studies.

University level studies:

University level first stage:

First level studies are organized both by university-type higher education institutions and the institutionsof higher professional education (wysze szkoy zawodowe). The graduates are awarded theprofessional title of licencjat (after 3 years of study) or inynier (after 3.4 or 5 years of study) following athesis or diploma project. Until 2004, they obtained the dyplom ukoczenia studiw wyszych (diplomaof completion of higher studies). Since 2005 the name of the qualification awarded is dyplomukoczenia wyszych studiw zawodowych (diploma of completion of higher professional studies). Thegraduates can continue their education at university-type institutions and non-university-type institutionsin complementary courses of the second level and obtain the title of magister or equivalent. Theprofessional title of licencjat has been awarded since 1992. Additionally, since 2005 the title of licencjat

poonictwa is awarded to graduates of higher professional studies in midwifery and the title of licencjatpielgniarstwa in nursing. The graduates of higher professional studies in architecture are awarded thetitle of inynier architekt.Military schools and the School of Police award the title of oficer dyplomowanyto the graduates of first level studies. The Main School of Fire Service grants them the title of inynierpoarnictwa.

University level second stage:

The studies of the second stage are organized in the university-type and non-university-type highereducation institutions as uniform studies lasting for 5-6 years or as complementary studies lasting for1.5 - 2 years. They are offered to holders of the professional titles of licencjat or inynier or equivalent.The graduates are awarded the title of magister or one of its equivalents after submitting and defendinga thesis or a diploma project (with the exception of studies in medicine). Until 2004, the graduates of

magister-level courses obtained the dyplom ukoczenia studiw wyszych (diploma of completion ofhigher studies). Since 2005, the graduates of uniform magister-level studies obtain the dyplomjednolitych studiw magisterskich (diploma of completion of uniform master-level studies) and thegraduates of complementary magister-level courses obtain the dyplom ukoczenia uzupeniajcychstudiw magisterskich (diploma of completion of complementary magister-level studies). The holders ofthe title of magister or its equivalent may continue their education at postgraduate level.Theprofessional titles that are equivalent to the title of magister are awarded by different kinds of secondlevel higher education after studies usually lasting for 5 years.


6/27

University level third stage:

The academic degree of doktor can be obtained in two ways: by students of third level (postgraduate)studies that usually last for 3-4 years, or by persons who combine their professional work withacademic research and the elaboration of a dissertation. All candidates must hold the professional title

of magister or equivalent. To be awarded the degree of doktor, the candidate must submit andsuccessfully defend a doctoral dissertation that is assessed positively by two supervisors and passdoctorate examinations.The degree of doktor can be conferred either by higher education institutionsor by research institutes entitled to award it. Since March 2003, the name of the qualification awardedas an equivalent to the degree of doktor in artistic disciplines is doktor sztuki (former name: kwalifikacjepierwszego stopnia).

University level fourth stage: Doktor habilitowany:

The degree of doktor habilitowany is awarded to candidates who already hold the degree of doktor. Itcan be obtained either by academic staff of higher education institutions and research units, or bypersons who combine their research work with other professional activities. To be awarded theacademic degree of doktor habilitowany the candidate must: have remarkable scientific or artistic

achievements; submit a habilitation dissertation which contributes to the development of a givenscientific discipline; receive a favourable assessment of his/her dissertation from three supervisors;pass a habilitation examination and deliver a favourably assessed habilitation lecture.Since March2003, the name of the qualification awarded in artistic disciplines as an equivalent to the degree ofdoktor habilitowany is doktor habilitowany sztuki (former name: kwalifikacje drugiego stopnia).Theholders of the doktor habilitowany degree are eligible for the academic post of professor at highereducation institutions and can be awarded the academic title of profesor conferred by the President ofthe Republic of Poland.

Teacher education:

Training of pre-primary and primary/basic school teachers

Since 1990, teacher training in Poland has been organized as tertiary education. Primary school andgymnasium teachers are trained in a kolegium nauczycielskie (teacher training college). There are alsoforeign language teacher training colleges (nauczycielskie kolegium jzykw obcych). The graduatesare awarded the dyplom ukoczenia kolegium nauczycielskiego and the professional title of licencjat(conferred by the higher education institution which supervises the given college).Before 1990, theeducation of pre-primary and primary teachers was organized in a range of secondary/postsecondaryteacher training schools. The qualification awarded was wiadectwo dojrzaoci (maturity certificate)and/or dyplom ukoczenia of a given kind of school (diploma of completion of education in .institute). The education of the graduates of primary schools who wanted to become teachers lastedfrom 4 to 6 years, and that of graduates of secondary schools 2 or 3 years. The names of those teachertraining schools and institutes are: liceum pedagogiczne (teacher training lyceum), studium

nauczycielskie (teacher-training institute), studium wychowania przedszkolnego (pre-primary educationinstitute), studium nauczania pocztkowego (beginning learning institute), pedagogiczne studiumtechniczne (technical teacher training institute).

Training of secondary school teachers

For secondary school teachers, holders of the degree of magister or its equivalent who have pursued apedagogical course are eligible. Since 1990 secondary school foreign language teachers can also betrained in foreign language teacher training colleges (nauczycielskie kolegium jzykw obcych). The


7/27

graduates are awarded the dyplom ukoczenia kolegium nauczycielskiego and the professional title oflicencjat (conferred by the higher education institution which supervises a given college).

Training of higher education teachers

Academic teachers are recruited among the holders of the doktor and doktor habilitowany degrees.

The academic teachers of lower grade can be graduates of higher education institutions, i.e. holders ofthe degree of magister or its equivalent, who are preparing for the doctorate.

Non-traditional studies:

Lifelong higher education

Higher education institutions and research institutes can organize courses for holders of highereducation diplomas (magister equivalent), the aim of which is to update or develop their professional oracademic knowledge. Graduates of these courses are awarded the wiadectwo ukoczenia studiw

podyplomowych (certificate of completion of postgraduate studies). The duration of the programmedepends on the field of study and the institution.

Role of governing body: Elaborating educational policies at the national level, coordinating other

governing bodies, controlling higher education institutions supervised by this Ministry.

Role of governing body: Cooperates with the Minister of National Education and the other national

bodies in the implementation of tasks concerning higher education; in particular, defines the

requirements for organizing new fields of study an the conferring of professional titles, as well as

minimum curriculum requirements for each field of study.

Role of governing body: Quality assurance, advisory and controlling tasks in establishing new higher

education institutions and award of licences to organize new fields of study in the existing ones.

Role of governing body: Supervises the conferring of the academic degrees of Doktor and Doktor

habilitowany; entitles the faculties of the higher education institutions and research units to award these

academic degrees.

ADMISSIONS TO HIGHER EDUCATION

Admission to non university higher education studies

Name of secondary school credential required: wiadectwo dojrzaoci

Minimum score/requirement: 30% in the grading system introduced in 2005 (grade 2 before)

For entry to: Szkoa pomaturalna


8/27

Name of secondary school credential required: wiadectwo ukoczenia (of a given kind of secondaryschool)


For entry to: Szkoa policealna

Entrance exams required:

There is an entrance examination for some courses (according to the institution). Some institutions alsohave qualifying tests or qualifying interviews for access to some of their courses.

Other admission requirements:

Sometimes the physical and mental predisposition of candidate to exercise a given profession must firstbe ascertained.

Admission to university-level studies

Name of secondary school credential required: wiadectwo dojrzaoci


For entry to: all institutions of higher education

Entrance exams required: There is an entrance examination for some courses (according to theinstitution). Some institutions also have qualifying tests or qualifying interviews for access to some of theircourses. Specific ability requirements are demanded for artistic studies, physical education andarchitecture, as well as for military and police schools.

Numerus clausus/restrictions: Higher education institutions are autonomous in this matter. The number ofstudents is decided by the senate of each institution.

Other admission requirements: Prize-winners of national competitions (olimpiada) in various secondary-school subjects are exempt from entrance examinations.

Foreign students admission

Definition of foreign student: A person enrolled at a Polish higher education institution who is not apermanent resident of Poland

Admission requirements: Candidates must hold a Secondary School-leaving Certificate entitling them toenter higher education in their country. It must be officially recognized as being equivalent to a Polish

Maturity Certificate by Polish local educational authorities or on the basis of a bilateral agreement onrecognition. There are no entrance examinations for foreign students. However, in the case of fields ofstudy in which special abilities are required, applicants must prove they possess them.

Entry regulations: Students must be in possession of a valid passport and a student visa or otherdocument entitling them to stay in Poland. Polish diplomatic missions abroad offer information on studiesin Poland (application forms) and assistance in applying.


9/27

Health requirements: Candidates seeking to be admitted to higher studies should submit a healthcertificate enabling them to study in the selected discipline.

Language requirements: Candidates must attend a Polish language course preparing for higher studiesorganized by one of the institutions recommended by the Minister of National Education and Sport orobtain confirmation of the host institution that their command of Polish is sufficient to enrol. Some

faculties also offer courses in foreign languages (mostly English or German).

Recognition of studies & qualifications:

Studies pursued in home country (System of recognition/accreditation): The State AccreditationCommission (Pastwowa Komisja Akredytacyjna) is responsible for quality assurance, the supervision ofthe foundation of new higher education institutions and branch campuses of the existing ones. Studyprogrammes of higher education institutions must fulfil the requirements of the Central Council of HigherEducation. The Minister of Education decides on the basis of the State Accreditation Commissionstatement.

Deals with credential recognition for entry to: University and Profession

Services provided & students dealt with: Confirmation of recognition of credentials issued by highereducation institutions from countries with which Poland has signed bilateral/multilateral agreements onmutual recognition, definition of the policy in the field of recognition of education, creation of the systemfor the recognition of foreign credentials by negotiating bilateral and multilateral agreements,coordination of the general system for recognition of EU/EEA professional qualifications.

Deals with credential recognition for entry to: University and Profession

Services provided & students dealt with: Information and guidance; confirmation of recognition ofcredentials issued by higher education institutions from countries with which Poland has signed

bilateral/multilateral agreements on mutual recognition of studies

Other information sources on recognition of foreign studies: The bodies responsible for the recognition offoreign credentials (higher education diplomas) are higher education institutions, and particularly thecouncils of faculties entitled to confer the academic degree of doktor. The recognition of foreign academicdegrees can also be obtained in a higher education institution: these rights are given to a council offaculty entitled to award the academic degree of doktor habilitowany. The above refers to cases ofcredentials obtained in the countries with which Poland has not signed bilateral agreements onrecognition of education. When such an agreement exists, no formal recognition procedure is required,though the holder of a foreign credential issued in one of these countries can obtain a confirmation of therecognition of his/her qualifications in the appropriate ministry (depending on the fields of study): in artistic

disciplines Ministry of Culture and National Heritage; medical studies Ministry of Health; merchantnavy schools Ministry of Infrastructure; military schools Ministry of National Defence etc. Othergraduates should apply to the Ministry of Education and Science via Polish ENIC/NARIC.

Special provisions for recognition:

For access to non-university post-secondary studies: All applicants must submit a secondary-leavingcertificate recognised as equivalent to Polish maturity certificate or with Polish certificate of completion ofeducation in a secondary school. Local educational authorities provide the recognition of foreign


10/27

certificates from the countries with which Poland has not signed any bilateral/multilateral agreements onthe mutual recognition of education credentials. Credentials issued in the latter countries do not need tobe submitted to any recognition procedure and will be accepted by the education institutions asequivalent to the Polish ones.

For access to university level studies: All applicants must submit a secondary-leaving certificate

recognised as equivalent with Polish maturity certificate, either on the basis of a bilateral/multilateralagreement on mutual recognition of school credentials, or if such an agreement does not exist thecertificate must be recognised by the appropriate local educational authoritykuratorium owiaty.

For access to advanced studies and research: All applicants must submit complete official academicdocuments together with their application form to the higher education institution or research institute. Incase there is no bilateral agreement between Poland and the country in which the credentials wereissued, his/her studies must first be recognised as equivalent with a given kind of studies in Poland. Foraccess to complementary magister-level courses, the applicant can be exempted from the recognitionprocedure. For access to doctoral studies, only the applicants from EU/EEA can be exempted fromrecognition procedure provided their credentials give right to access similar studies in their home country.

For the exercise of a profession: In the case of graduates from countries with which Poland has signed

bilateral agreements on mutual recognition of education, the applicants must present relevant documentsto the appropriate Ministry (see above), and in some cases (e.g. medical professions) fulfil therequirements of the professional body conferring rights to exercise the given profession. In case ofregulated professions, the qualifications of EU/EEA citizens are recognized under the special EUrecognition provisions. The graduates from other countries must have their credentials recognized at ahigher education institution first, and then fulfil the requirements of professional bodies.

Deals with: Grants

Category of students: Scholarships only granted on the basis of the agreements on scientific andcultural cooperation signed between the government of the particular country and the government of

Poland; allocates scholarships in the following programmes: CEEPUS, Kociuszkowski Foundation andFulbright programme.

GRADING SYSTEM

Usual grading system in secondary school

Full Description: 6-1: excellent (celujacy); very good (bardzo dobry); good (dobry); satisfactory(dostateczy); acceptable (dopuszczajcy); unsatisfactory (niedostateczny) - fail; themarks "+" and "-" areoften added to the principal grade. Grading system for the maturity certificate (wiadectwo dojrzaoci).Since 2005: 0-100 %Before 2005: 6 - 1 (excellent (celujacy), very good (bardzo dobry), good (dobry),satisfactory (dostateczy), acceptable (dopuszczajcy); unsatisfactory (niedostateczny) - fail; often, themarks '+' and '-' are added to the principal grade.

Main grading system used by higher education institutions

Full Description: 5 - 2 (5 very good, 4 good, 3 satisfactory, 2 unsatisfactory)


11/27

Highest on scale: 5 (very good)

Pass/fail level: 3 (satisfactory)

Lowest on scale: 2 (unsatisfactory)

Other main grading systems

For non-final exams, the marks '+' and '-' are often added to the principal grade. In some schools, thegrade 6 (excellent) exists.

List of universities in Poland

This is a list of state run universities in Poland. In total, there are approximately 500 universities and schools forhigher education in the country. Brackets give the Polish name followed by a standard abbreviation for theuniversity's name (if commonly used or if existent). Note that many of these institutions style themselves as"University" in English, even if they do not officially have the status of Uniwersytet.

niversities

University of Biaystok(Uniwersytet w Biaymstoku, UwB) [1]

Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz (Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, UKW) [2]

University of Gdask(Uniwersytet Gdaski, UG) [3]

Jagiellonian University in Krakw (Uniwersytet Jagielloski, UJ) [4]

John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawa II, KUL) [5]

Maria Curie-Skodowska University in Lublin(Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skodowskiej, UMCS) [6]

University of d(Uniwersytet dzki, U) [7]

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Uniwersytet Warmisko-Mazurski w Olsztynie, UWM) [8]

Opole University (Uniwersytet Opolski, UO) [9]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://www.uwb.edu.pl/indexen.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Wielki_University_in_Bydgoszczhttp://www.ukw.edu.pl/inne/english.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Universityhttp://www.ug.gda.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Universityhttp://www.uj.edu.pl/index.en.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublinhttp://www.kul.lublin.pl/uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_Universityhttp://www.umcs.lublin.pl/index.html?lang=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BAhttp://www.uni.lodz.pl/ang/portal/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warmia_and_Mazuryhttp://www.uwm.edu.pl/pl/str.php?b=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole_Universityhttp://www.uni.opole.pl/page.php?id=informationhttp://www.uni.opole.pl/page.php?id=informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole_Universityhttp://www.uwm.edu.pl/pl/str.php?b=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warmia_and_Mazuryhttp://www.uni.lodz.pl/ang/portal/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BAhttp://www.umcs.lublin.pl/index.html?lang=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_Universityhttp://www.kul.lublin.pl/uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublinhttp://www.uj.edu.pl/index.en.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Universityhttp://www.ug.gda.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Universityhttp://www.ukw.edu.pl/inne/english.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Wielki_University_in_Bydgoszczhttp://www.uwb.edu.pl/indexen.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland


12/27

Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna(Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, UAM) [10]

Rzeszw University (Uniwersytet Rzeszowski, UR) [11]

University of Silesia in Katowice (Uniwersytet lski, U) [12]

University of Szczecin (Uniwersytet Szczeciski, US) [13]

Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru(Uniwersytet Mikoaja Kopernika w Toruniu, UMK) [14]

University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski, UW) [15]

Cardinal Stefan Wyszyski University in Warsaw(Uniwersytet Kardynaa Stefana Wyszyskiego, UKSW) [16]

University of Wrocaw(Uniwersytet Wrocawski, UWroc) [17]

University of Zielona Gra (Uniwersytet Zielonogrski, UZ) [18]

[edit]Technical universities

University of Bielsko-Biaa(Akademia Techniczno-Humanistyczna w Bielsku-Biaej, ATH) [19]

Biaystok Technical University (Politechnika Biaostocka, PB) [20]

University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz (Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w

Bydgoszczy, UTP) [21]

Czstochowa University of Technology(Politechnika Czstochowska, PCz) [22]

Gdask University of Technology(Politechnika Gdaska, PG) [23]

Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice (Politechnika lska w Gliwicach, Plor Pol.l.) [24]

Kielce University of Technology (Politechnika witokrzyska, PSK) [25]

Koszalin University of Technology (Politechnika Koszaliska, PK) [26]

AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakw (Akademia Grniczo-Hutnicza, AGH) [27]

Cracow University of Technology (Politechnika Krakowska, PK) [28]

Lublin University of Technology (Politechnika Lubelska, PL) [29]

Technical University of d(Politechnika dzka, P) [30]

Opole University of Technology (Politechnika Opolska, PO) [31]

Pozna University of Technology(Politechnika Poznaska, PP) [32]

Polish Academy of Science Institute of Geography and Spatial Development (Polska Akademia Nauk Instytut

Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania, PAN-IGiPZ) [33]

Radom University of Technology (Politechnika Radomska, PR) [34]

Rzeszw University of Technology (Politechnika Rzeszowska, PRz) [35]

Szczecin University of Technology (Politechnika Szczeciska, PS) [36]

Warsaw University of Technology (Politechnika Warszawska, PW) [37]

part of which is located inPock([38])

Wrocaw University of Technology (Politechnika Wrocawska, PWr) [39]
http://www.uni.opole.pl/page.php?id=informationhttp://www.uni.opole.pl/page.php?id=informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84http://www.guide.amu.edu.pl/amu/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w_Universityhttp://www.univ.rzeszow.pl/eng/index2.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Silesiahttp://www.us.edu.pl/uniwersytet/english/index.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Szczecinhttp://www.us.szc.pl/ukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84http://www.uni.torun.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsawhttp://www.uw.edu.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski_University_in_Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski_University_in_Warsawhttp://www.uksw.edu.pl/main.php?p=uniwersytethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82awhttp://www.promocja.uni.wroc.pl/prospectus/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zielona_G%C3%B3rahttp://www.uz.zgora.pl/index_en.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82ahttp://www.ath.bielsko.pl/english/index.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Technical_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Technical_Universityhttp://www.pb.bialystok.pl/english.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Technology_and_Life_Sciences_in_Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.atr.bydgoszcz.pl/page.php?cat=2&lang=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pcz.pl/index.php?jezyk=enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pg.gda.pl/eng.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwicehttp://www.polsl.pl/alma.mater/generalinfo.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.tu.kielce.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.tu.koszalin.pl/eng/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGH_University_of_Science_and_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://www.agh.edu.pl/index_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pk.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pollub.pl/?kat=171http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BAhttp://www.p.lodz.pl/eng/index.jsphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.po.opole.pl/index.php?lang=enghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.put.poznan.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Academy_of_Science_%E2%80%93_Institute_of_Geography_and_Spatial_Development&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Academy_of_Science_%E2%80%93_Institute_of_Geography_and_Spatial_Development&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Academy_of_Science_%E2%80%93_Institute_of_Geography_and_Spatial_Development&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.igipz.pan.pl/home.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pr.radom.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rzesz%C3%B3w_University_of_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.prz.rzeszow.pl/english/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.ps.pl/anowe/dummy/index.php?id=882http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pw.edu.pl/english/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ockhttp://www.pw.plock.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pwr.wroc.pl/en_main.xmlhttp://www.pwr.wroc.pl/en_main.xmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pw.plock.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ockhttp://www.pw.edu.pl/english/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.ps.pl/anowe/dummy/index.php?id=882http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.prz.rzeszow.pl/english/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rzesz%C3%B3w_University_of_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.pr.radom.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radom_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.igipz.pan.pl/home.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Academy_of_Science_%E2%80%93_Institute_of_Geography_and_Spatial_Development&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.put.poznan.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.po.opole.pl/index.php?lang=enghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opole_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.p.lodz.pl/eng/index.jsphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BAhttp://www.pollub.pl/?kat=171http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pk.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.agh.edu.pl/index_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGH_University_of_Science_and_Technologyhttp://www.tu.koszalin.pl/eng/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszalin_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.tu.kielce.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.polsl.pl/alma.mater/generalinfo.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pg.gda.pl/eng.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.pcz.pl/index.php?jezyk=enhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_University_of_Technologyhttp://www.atr.bydgoszcz.pl/page.php?cat=2&lang=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Technology_and_Life_Sciences_in_Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.pb.bialystok.pl/english.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Technical_Universityhttp://www.ath.bielsko.pl/english/index.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bielsko-Bia%C5%82ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=2http://www.uz.zgora.pl/index_en.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zielona_G%C3%B3rahttp://www.promocja.uni.wroc.pl/prospectus/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82awhttp://www.uksw.edu.pl/main.php?p=uniwersytethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski_University_in_Warsawhttp://www.uw.edu.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsawhttp://www.uni.torun.pl/en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_University_in_Toru%C5%84http://www.us.szc.pl/ukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Szczecinhttp://www.us.edu.pl/uniwersytet/english/index.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Silesiahttp://www.univ.rzeszow.pl/eng/index2.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w_Universityhttp://www.guide.amu.edu.pl/amu/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84


13/27


14/27

[edit]Academies of music

Academy of Music in Bydgoszcz (Akademia Muzyczna w Bydgoszczy) [63]

Stanisaw MoniuszkoAcademy of Music in Gdask(Akademia Muzyczna im. Stanisawa Moniuszki w

Gdasku) [64]

University of Music in Katowice (Akademia Muzyczna w Katowicach) [65]

Academy of Music in Krakw (Akademia Muzyczna w Krakowie) [66]

Academy of Music in Pozna(Akademia Muzyczna w Poznaniu) [67]

Fryderyk Chopin Academy of Music in Warsaw (Akademia Muzyczna im. Fryderyka Chopina w Warszawie) [68]

Karol Lipiski University of Music inWrocaw(Akademia Muzyczna im. Karola Lipiskiego we Wrocawiu) [69]

[edit]Theological universities

The Pontifical Academy of Theology (Papieska Akademia Teologiczna w Krakowie) [70][edit]Universities of economics

Academy of Agrobusiness in oma [71]

Academy of Economics in Biaystok

Academy of Finance and Management in Biaystok

University of Economics in Katowice (Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach) [72]

Cracow University of Economics (Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie) [73]

Pozna University of Economics(Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu) [74]

Wrocaw University of Economics(Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocawiu) [75]

part of which is located in Jelenia Gra [76]

Warsaw School of Economics (Szkoa Gwna Handlowa, SGH) [77]

Academy of Humanities & Economics in d

[edit]Maritime universities

Gdynia Maritime University (Akademia Morska w Gdyni) [78]

Polish Naval Academy (Akademia Marynarki Wojennej w Gdyni) [79]

Szczecin Maritime University (Akademia Morska w Szczecinie) [80]

[edit]Military universities

Akademia Obrony Narodowej [81]

Air Force Academy in Dblin

Military University of Technology in Warsaw [82]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Music_in_Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.amuz.bydgoszcz.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko_Academy_of_Music_in_Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko_Academy_of_Music_in_Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko_Academy_of_Music_in_Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko_Academy_of_Music_in_Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.amuz.gda.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Music_in_Katowicehttp://www.am.katowice.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_Krak%C3%B3whttp://www.amuz.krakow.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Music_in_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Music_in_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.amuz.edu.pl/page.php/1/0/show/121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Academy_of_Music_in_Warsawhttp://www.chopin.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski_University_of_Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski_University_of_Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://www.amuz.wroc.pl/index_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pontifical_Academy_of_Theologyhttp://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Agrobusiness_in_%C5%81om%C5%BCa&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.wsa.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Economics_in_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Economics_in_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Finance_and_Management_in_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Finance_and_Management_in_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Economics_in_Katowicehttp://www.interrel.ae.katowice.pl/xsa/html/page_our_university.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_University_of_Economicshttp://www.ae.krakow.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economicshttp://www.ae.poznan.pl/erasmus/index1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Economicshttp://www.ae.wroc.pl/index.php?idMn=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3rahttp://www.ae.jgora.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Economicshttp://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Humanities_%26_Economics_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Humanities_%26_Economics_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gdynia_Maritime_University&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.am.gdynia.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Naval_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.amw.gdynia.pl/index_en.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szczecin_Maritime_University&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.am.szczecin.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_Obrony_Narodowejhttp://www.aon.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Academy_in_D%C4%99blin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Academy_in_D%C4%99blin&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_University_of_Technology_in_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.wat.edu.pl/http://www.wat.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_University_of_Technology_in_Warsaw&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Force_Academy_in_D%C4%99blin&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.aon.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_Obrony_Narodowejhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=10http://www.am.szczecin.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szczecin_Maritime_University&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.amw.gdynia.pl/index_en.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Naval_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.am.gdynia.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gdynia_Maritime_University&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Humanities_%26_Economics_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Economicshttp://www.ae.jgora.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3rahttp://www.ae.wroc.pl/index.php?idMn=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Economicshttp://www.ae.poznan.pl/erasmus/index1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_University_of_Economicshttp://www.ae.krakow.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_University_of_Economicshttp://www.interrel.ae.katowice.pl/xsa/html/page_our_university.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Economics_in_Katowicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Finance_and_Management_in_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Economics_in_Bia%C5%82ystokhttp://www.wsa.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Agrobusiness_in_%C5%81om%C5%BCa&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=8http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pontifical_Academy_of_Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=7http://www.amuz.wroc.pl/index_e.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski_University_of_Musichttp://www.chopin.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_Chopin_Academy_of_Music_in_Warsawhttp://www.amuz.edu.pl/page.php/1/0/show/121http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Music_in_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_Krak%C3%B3whttp://www.am.katowice.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Music_in_Katowicehttp://www.amuz.gda.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko_Academy_of_Music_in_Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.amuz.bydgoszcz.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Music_in_Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=6


15/27

Tadeusz Kociuszko Land Forces Military AcademyinWrocaw

[edit]Historical universities

Akademia Zamojska

Lubraski Academy

Politechnika Lwowska

Wilno University

Lww University

Wysza Szkoa Wojenna

Collegium Nobilium

Collegium Hosianum

Szkoa Rycerska

Jesuit Collegium in Pozna

Timeline of Polish science and technology

Education has been of prime interest to Poland's rulers since the early 12th century. The catalog of the library of the

Cathedral Chapter in Krakw dating from 1110 shows that Polish scholars already then had access to western

European literature. In 1364, King Kazimierz the Great founded the Cracow Academy, which would become one of

the great universities of Europe. The list of famous scientists in Poland begins in earnest with the polymath Nicolaus

Copernicus, who studied there.

In 1773 KingStanisaw August Poniatowskiestablished the Commission of National Education, the world's first

ministry of education.

After the third partition of Poland, in 1795, no Polish state existed. The 19th and 20th centuries saw many Polish

scientists working abroad. The greatest wasMaria Skodowska-Curie, a physicist and chemist living in France.

Another noteworthy one was Ignacy Domeyko, a geologist and mineralogist who worked in Chile.

In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing center of mathematics. Outstanding Polish

mathematicians formed the Lww School of Mathematics (with Stefan Banach, Hugo Steinhaus,Stanisaw Ulam)

and Warsaw School of Mathematics (with Alfred Tarski, Kazimierz Kuratowski,Wacaw Sierpiski). The events

of World War II pushed many of them into exile. Such was the case of Benot Mandelbrot, whose family left Poland

when he was still a child. An alumnus of the Warsaw School of Mathematics was Antoni Zygmund, one of the

shapers of 20th-century mathematical analysis.
http://www.wat.edu.pl/http://www.wat.edu.pl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Land_Forces_Military_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Land_Forces_Military_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_Zamojskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politechnika_Lwowskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%BCsza_Szko%C5%82a_Wojennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%BCsza_Szko%C5%82a_Wojennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Nobiliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Hosianumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szko%C5%82a_Rycerskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szko%C5%82a_Rycerskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_Collegium_in_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_Collegium_in_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisja_Edukacji_Narodowejhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Domeykohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Zygmundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Zygmundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tarskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_School_of_Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Domeykohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisja_Edukacji_Narodowejhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_Collegium_in_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szko%C5%82a_Rycerskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Hosianumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Nobiliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wy%C5%BCsza_Szko%C5%82a_Wojennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politechnika_Lwowskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubra%C5%84ski_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_Zamojskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_universities_in_Poland&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Land_Forces_Military_Academy


16/27

Today Poland has over 100 institutions of post-secondary education technical, medical, economic, as well as 500

universities which are located in most major cities such

asGdask, Krakw, Lublin,Pozna, Rzeszw and Warsaw. They employ over 61,000 scientists and scholars.

Another 300 research and development institutes are home to some 10,000 researchers. There are, in addition, a

number of smaller laboratories. All together, these institutions support some 91,000 scientists and scholars.

Timeline

1951 - the present

Blue laser - first blue laser in Poland (third in the world)

Artificial heart - an implant, program: "Polish Artificial Heart"

PSR 1257+12 - a pulsar located 2,630 light years from Earth. It is believed to be orbited by at least four planets.

These were the first extrasolar planetsever discovered (by a Polish astronomer, Aleksander Wolszczan, in

1992). Polish astronomy has traditionally been among the best in the world.

Foundation For Polish Science - since (1991)

PZL W-3 Sok- a helicopter, FAA certificate in (1989)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84skhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84skhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84skhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_blue_laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Artificial_Heart&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_1257%2B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_For_Polish_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pan-tnw.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krzesiny_120RB.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laser-symbol-text.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pan-tnw.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krzesiny_120RB.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laser-symbol-text.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pan-tnw.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krzesiny_120RB.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laser-symbol-text.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_W-3_Sok%C3%B3%C5%82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_For_Polish_Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_1257%2B12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polish_Artificial_Heart&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_blue_laserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84skhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Poland


17/27

PZL Kania - a helicopter, first prototype (1979), FAR-29 certificate (early 1980s)

Odra (computer) - a line of computers manufactured inWrocaw(1959/1960)

K-202- first Polish microcomputer invented byJacek Karpiski(1971)

Polish Polar Station, Hornsund - since (1957)

PZL SW-4 Puszczyk - a Polish light single-engine multipurpose helicopter manufactured by PZL Swidnik

EP-09 - 'B0B0' Polish electric locomotive class

PT-91 - a Polish main battle tank. Designed at the Research and Development Centre of Mechanical

SystemsOBRUM (OrodekBadawczo-RozwojowyUrzdzeMechanicznych) in Gliwice

Grom (missile) - an anti-aircraft missile

206FM - class minesweeper (NATO: "Krogulec")

Meteor (rocket)- a series of sounding rockets (1963)

PZL TS-11 Iskra - a jet trainer aircraft, used by the air forces of Poland and India (1960)

Lim-6 - attack aircraft (1955)

ThePolish Academy of Sciences, headquartered in Warsaw, was founded in 1952.

[edit]1901-1950

Polish mine detectorwas a metal detector used for detecting land mines, developed during World War

II (194142) by Polish LieutenantJzef Stanisaw Kozacki. It contributed substantially to British Field

Marshal Bernard Montgomery's 1942 victory over German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at El Alamein.

Cryptologic bombwas a special-purpose machine designed in 1938 by Polish mathematician-

cryptologist Marian Rejewski to speed the breaking of the Enigma machine ciphers that would be used by Nazi

Germany in World War II. It was a forerunner of the "Bombes" that would be used by the British at Bletchley

Park, and which would be a major element in the Allied Ultra program that may have decided the outcome

of World War II.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_Kaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odra_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-202http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Karpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Karpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Karpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Polar_Station,_Hornsundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_SW-4_Puszczykhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_Swidnikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP-09http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OBRUM&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grom_(missile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/206FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_(rocket)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_TS-11_Iskrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_mine_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_mine_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kozackihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kozackihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kozackihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alameinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Rejewskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Alameinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kozackihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_mine_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_TS-11_Iskrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_(rocket)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/206FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grom_(missile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliwicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OBRUM&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP-09http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_Swidnikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_SW-4_Puszczykhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Polar_Station,_Hornsundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Karpi%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-202http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odra_(computer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL_Kania


18/27

Biuro Szyfrw(Cipher Bureau) was the Polish military intelligence agency that made the first break (1932, just

as Adolf Hitler was about to take power in Germany) into the German Enigma machine cipher that would be used

by Nazi Germany through World War II, and kept reading Enigma ciphers at least until France's capitulation in

June 1940.

Czochralski process - a method of crystal growth used to obtain single crystals of semiconductors (e.g. silicon,

germanium and gallium arsenide), metals (e.g. palladium, platinum, silver, gold) and salts (1916)

Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV - the first device to allow the tank commander to have a 360-degree view from his

turret, invented by engineer Rudolf Gundlach (1936)

Polish notation - also known as prefix notation, is a method of mathematical expression (1920)

Reverse Polish notation - (RPN), also known as postfix notation (1920)

Zygalski sheets, also known as "perforated sheets" (invented in 1938 by Henryk Zygalski), were one of a

number of devices created by the PolishCipher Bureauto facilitate the breaking of German Enigma ciphers.

Stefan Banach - mathematician, Banach space, Banach algebra, Functional analysis

Lww School of Mathematicswas a group of eminent Polish mathematicians that includedHugo

Steinhaus,Stanisaw Ulam, Mark Kac and many more.

7TP - light tank of the Second World War (1935)

PZL.23 Kara- light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft designed in the PZL (1934)

PZL.37 o- twin-engine medium bomber designed in the PZL byJerzy Dbrowski(mid-1930s)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Tank_Periscope_MK.IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Gundlachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygalski_sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygalski_sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Zygalskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7TPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.23_Kara%C5%9Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.23_Kara%C5%9Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.37_%C5%81o%C5%9Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.37_%C5%81o%C5%9Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_D%C4%85browskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_D%C4%85browskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_D%C4%85browskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PZL-37_Los.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7TP.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PZL-37_Los.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7TP.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_D%C4%85browskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.37_%C5%81o%C5%9Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZL.23_Kara%C5%9Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7TPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Kachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_School_of_Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_algebrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Banachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Zygalskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygalski_sheetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_notationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Gundlachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Tank_Periscope_MK.IVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czochralski_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Bureau


19/27

LWS-6 ubr- initially a passenger plane. Since the Polish airline LOT bought Douglas DC-2 planes instead, the

project was converted to a bomber aircraft (early-1930s)

SS Sodek- the first ship built in Poland after World War II (1948)

Mieczysaw Wolfke- "one of precursors in the development of holography" (said:Dennis Gabor)

LWS - an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer Lubelska Wytwrnia Samolotw(19361939)

PZL - an abbreviation name used by Polish aerospace manufacturers (1928present)

RWD - an abbreviation name used by Polish aircraft manufacturer (19201940)

TKS - a tankette (1931)

RWD-1 - sports plane of 1928, constructed by the RWD

Marian SmoluchowskiPolish scientist, pioneer of statistical physics - *Einstein-Smoluchowski relation

[edit]1851-1900

Maria Skodowska-Curie - on December 26, 1898, Marie Curie announced the existence of a

new substance, radium.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWS-6_%C5%BBubrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWS-6_%C5%BBubrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWS-6_%C5%BBubrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_So%C5%82dekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_So%C5%82dekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Wolfkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Wolfkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWS_(aircraft_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWD_(aircraft_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWD-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWD_(aircraft_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Smoluchowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einstein-Smoluchowski_relation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyplom_Sklodowska-Curie.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SOLDEK_in_GDANSK,_POLAND_2004_ubt.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyplom_Sklodowska-Curie.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SOLDEK_in_GDANSK,_POLAND_2004_ubt.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Einstein-Smoluchowski_relation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Smoluchowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWD_(aircraft_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWD-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RWD_(aircraft_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWS_(aircraft_manufacturer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Wolfkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_So%C5%82dekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWS-6_%C5%BBubr


20/27

Zygmunt Florenty Wrblewski and Karol Olszewski - the first to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from

the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form

as vapour) (1833)

Ignacy ukasiewicz- the first to distill clear kerosene from seep oil (1853)

ThePolish Academy of Learning, an academy of sciences, was founded in Krakw in 1872.

[edit]1801-1850

Ignacy Domeyko - geologist and mineralogist, a geological map of Chile, describing the Jurassic rock formations,

and discovered deposits of a rare mineral (1846)

Pawe Edmund Strzelecki- nobleman, explorer, and geologist, wrote Physical Description of New South

Wales(1845)

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz - scholar, poet, and statesman

[edit]1751-1800

Commission of National Education(Polish:Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), founded in 1773, was the world's

first national Ministry ofEducation.

Stanisaw Staszicwas an outstanding Polish geologist, philosopher, poet and writer almost a one-

man academy of sciences. ThePolish Academy of Sciences'Staszic Palace, in Warsaw, is named after him.

[edit]1601-1650

Johannes Hevelius was an outstanding astronomer who published the earliest exact maps of the moon and the

most complete star catalog of his time, containing 1,564 stars. In 1641 he built an observatory in his house.

Jan Broek(Ioannes Broscius) was the most prominent 17th-century Polish mathematician. Following his death,

his collection of Nicolaus Copernicus' letters and documents, which he had borrowed 40 years earlier with the

intent of writing a biography of Copernicus, was lost.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Florenty_Wr%C3%B3blewskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Olszewskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewiczhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewiczhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Domeykohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Edmund_Strzeleckihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Edmund_Strzeleckihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewiczhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_National_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_National_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staszic_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staszic_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staszic_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Heveliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moon_merged_small.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Heveliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staszic_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_of_National_Educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewiczhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Edmund_Strzeleckihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Domeykohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3whttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewiczhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Olszewskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Florenty_Wr%C3%B3blewski


21/27

[edit]1551-1600

Bartholomus Keckermann - A Short Commentary onNavigation(the first one written in Poland)

Josephus Struthius - published in 1555 Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V. in

which he described five types of pulse, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body

temperature and nervous system on pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works

[edit]1501-1550

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium(On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres). Nicolaus Copernicus

began writing De Revolutionibusin 1506, and finished in 1530.

Nicolaus Copernicuswas a true Renaissance polymath an astronomer, mathematician, physician, lawyer,

clergyman, governor, diplomat, military leader, classics scholar and economist, who developed theheliocentric

theoryin a form detailed enough to make it scientifically useful, and described "Gresham's Law" the year (1519)

that Thomas Gresham was born.

[edit]1351-1400

Krakw Academy (Akademia Krakowska) founded in 1364 by King Kazimierz the Great.

[edit]1251-1300

Witelo(ca. 1230 ca. 1314) was an outstanding philosopher and a scientist who specialized in optics. His

famous optical treatise,Perspectiva, which drew on the ArabicBook of Opticsby Alhazen, was unique

in Latin literature and helped give rise to Roger Bacon's best work. In addition to optics, Witelo's treatise made

important contributions to the psychology of visual perception.

Numerus clausus
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Keckermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_Struthiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Greshamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haythamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warszawa_Copernicus.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compass_thumbnail.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warszawa_Copernicus.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compass_thumbnail.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Baconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haythamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracow_Academyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Greshamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Revolutionibus_Orbium_Coelestiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_Struthiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Keckermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology&action=edit&section=8


22/27

Numerus clausus in Poland

Poland tried to introduce a formal Numerus Claususlaw in 1923, but faced objections from the League of Nations.

However a Numerus Claususwas unofficially introduced in 1937 by some universities and the share of Jewish

students was limited to 10%, which was the proportion of Jews in the population of Poland (compared to 2060%

before regulation).

The official reason for the policy was that during the Russian Tsar's rule, Poles were denied education in Polish, and

the schools were badly funded. The advocates of the solution pointed out that the limit would balance the chance to

enter university of all nationalities in Poland (Polish, Lithuanian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, German etc.).

The other reason given by the supporters of the idea was that it was an attempt to equal the chance of children from

countryside families who had very limited access to education to the chance of the children of Jewish families living in

the towns and cities. This was because, the Polish intelligentsia of Jewish origins formed at least 4050% of thewhole Polish educated class.

Similar policies, but based on preferential treatment of peasant children and working class children, were introduced

after World War II, with significant success. The children from working class families had preference over students

from the intelligentsia and bourgeois classes.

Education in the People's Republic of PolandPrimary and secondary education

Aleksander Zawadzki, Chairman of the Council of State, opening a new primary school
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795-1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Council_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openingapolishprimaryschool.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openingapolishprimaryschool.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openingapolishprimaryschool.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Openingapolishprimaryschool.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Council_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795-1918)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland

Documents

Poland Education