PL511 URP LECTURE004 Planning History - Part 1

PL 511 | Urban & Regional PlanningSlideshow developed by: Arch. Edeliza V. Macalandag, UAPBohol Island State University | College of Architecture & Engineering

P lann ing : H i s to r i ca l Overv iew and Infl uencesA history of urban and regional planning from its early development up to the present.

PART1

THE BEGINNINGS

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SETTLEMENT DESIGN • Agricultural Societies • Rectilinear Plotting

LAYOUT 1. Grid (or Rectilinear) – product of the farmer 2. Circular (Fencing)

• product of the herdsman • defensive role

3. Radiocentric – when circular settlements enlarge

– fortress cities (i.e. Paris)

“And when we saw all those cities and villages built in the water and other great towns on dry land, and that straight and level causeway leading to Tenochtitlan, we were amazed…Indeed, some of our soldiers asked if it was not all a dream” (Spanish chronicler, Bernal Diaz del Castillo) – describing Aztec Chinampa agriculture

Circular Layout

Circular Layout

Radio-centric Layout

Radio-centric Layout

ANCIENT GREECELANDSCAPE – powerfully assertive HIGH PLACES – fortified hilltop

– sacred precinct TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE

• Aristotle’s ideal size of city = 10,000 – 20,000 people• Never attempted to overwhelm nature • Buildings give a sense of human measure to landscape

THE STREET – not a principal element but as a leftover space for circulation

PLACE OF ASSEMBLY – market (agora)

Acropolis

Acropolis

The agora was a central spot in ancient Greek city-states. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city.

Athens Agora

Ancient Athens

Ancient Athens

Ancient Athens Priene City BlockAncient Athens Houses

Priene

ANCIENT ROME

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URBAN DESIGN • Greek : sense of the finite • Romans : political power and organization

USE OF SCALE • Greek use of scale is based on human

measurements • Romans used proportions that would relate parts

of building instead of human measure

ANCIENT ROME

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MODULE • Greek use of house as module for town planning • Roman use of street pattern as module

to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur made for military government

THE STREET• Greeks : as a leftover space for circulation • Romans: street are built first; buildings came later

PLACE OF ASSEMBLY• Greeks: market (agora) • Romans: market, theater, and arena

Roman Forum

Imperial fora overlapping other sites

Trajan Forum

MEDIEVAL ERA

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DECLINE OF ROME• “Dark Ages”, but not for urban design

URBAN SETTINGS• Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns

MILITARY STRONGHOLDS • Acropolis and Capitoline Hill

CASTLES• Built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls• Radiocentric growth

MEDIEVAL ERA

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MONASTERIES• Citadels of learning• Laid out in rectilinear pattern

MEDIEVAL TOWNS • Like Greek towns, small and finite in size• Lacks geometry • Became parts of larger territorial states • Growth and population created the need

for marketplaces

MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN

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VISIBLE EXTERIORS • Suit the viewing conditions of small

spaces VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE

• Fine accents in landscape STREET LAYOUT

• Functional• But with no logical form


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MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for RENAISSANCE • Skill of builders• Wealth of bourgeoisie and nobility • Organization of the military and new force in

gunpowder • Development of political powers and expertise • New organizations • Scholarly knowledge of the church


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3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES

• Dawn of science• Fall of Constantinople • Discovery of the New World

Lucca, Tuscany

Carcassonne, Languedoc-Roussillon, France

FROM MEDIEVAL ERA TO RENAISSANCE ERA

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MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN were to be discarded• Sense of scale • Intimate relation between house and street

MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN

• Truly livable• Humanist basis

RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN • Role of the individual as builder of his town

was lost

RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

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IDEAL CITIES• 1440 (beginning of Renaissance) • Leon Battista Alberti

Foremost theoretician

• Alberti’s De Architectura Treats architecture and town design as single

theme (just like Vitruvius)

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE • Public Works • Civic improvement projects


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REBUILDING FERRARA • Palazzo Diamanti

Most famous structure

• Biaggio Rossetti Architect and town planner Regarded as one of the world’s earliest modern urban designers

Rossetti’s plan • Street widening, new buildings, wall improvement • Enlarge the town • Carry on with the plan o build upon


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LESSONS FROM ROSSETTI’S EFFORT • Repair an existing city• Plan for enlargement • Decide which to concentrate effort • Lay down a plan that is logical and realizable • Provide framework for others to build upon

“Ferrara is the first MODERN city in Europe.” (Jacob Burckhardt, 1860)

Palazzo Diamanti , Ferrara

Palazzo Diamanti , Ferrara

RENAISSANCE – LEONARDO DA VINCI

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• SKETCHED A CITY STRADDLING A RIVER• RIVER STREAMS – supply water and carry away waste • MULTILEVELS – for multiple functions • PROPOSED MOVABLE HOUSES – anticipated the

“greenbelt” concept • SATELLITE TOWNS – for workers • LESSONS: Growth or functional improvement is not

necessarily an advantage • POPES IN ROME – the “real say” in urban design at that

time

Ideal City by Leonardo da Vinci






RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME

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PROBLEMS Circulation Defense Water supply Sanitation

SOLUTION Popes have to undertake civic improvement projects

PILGRIMAGE • St. Peter’s Cathedral improved • Campidoglio (Rome’s city hall) improved

RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME

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DOMENICO FONTANA • Architect commissioned by Pope Sixtus V

FONTANA’S PLAN• Streets were visually accented using OBELISKS

OBELISKS • As “stakes”, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city • as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive designers

DESIGN PRINCIPLE• Architecture of ancient Rome • New design of early Renaissance

RENAISSANCE – BUILDING GROUPS

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ST. PETER’S CATHEDRAL – Bramante TEMPIETTO – miniature version of St. Peter’s Cathedral CARLO FONTANA – basilica inside the Colosseum BORROWED DESIGN – Renaissance from Medieval, Romans from Greeks ANDREA PALLADIO – developed precise theories of proportion and module

PALLADIO’S PROTOTYPES • Roman country villa (rural) • Roman Forum (urban)PALLADIAN INFLUENCES – George Washington and Thomas Jefferson “FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE” – examples of plazas (the modern forum)“COLOSSAL” or “GIGANTIC” ORDER – Palladio’s San Giorgio Maggiore

Renaissance Rome

In a classic example of Baroque planning, the encircling arms of the colonnade of Bernini’s St Peter’s basilica, crowned with sculptures by the same artist, reach out into the wider vista towards the Tiber river. (Thomas Mawson, Civic Art, 1911, p107)

Renaissance Rome

Renaissance Rome

Renaissance Rome

RENAISSANCE – THE CAMPIDOGLIO• Piazza del Campidoglio

– One of MICHELANGELO’s finest works

• Seen at a distance as a whole composition • EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius

– Serves as Centerpiece or Guidepost

• ENTRANCE RAMPS– widen toward the top – perspective effect and stairs appear shorter – similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel

• Significance of a REMODELLING JOB

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il Campidoglio or Monte Capitolino





Campidoglio




RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND

JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU (520 -1586)– French architect who visited Rome – Brought plaza idea to Paris, France

INIGO JONES– First significant English architect, brought the

Renaissance plaza to London– Bedford Square – started in 1631 – Covent Garden – modeled after Livorno

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Les plus excellents bastiments de France (The Most Excellent Buildings in France—1576–9). A major document of Renaissance Europe, Androuet du Cerceau’s 2-volume survey of French buildings includes nearly 150 engraved plates of 36 palaces, castles, and other major buildings.

Les plus excellents bastiments de France

Plan of the enlargements for Catherine de Medici by Jean Bullant. Les plus excellents bastiments de France.

Plan of Bedford House and garden in Covent Garden drawn around 1690.

RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND

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OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON– Leicester Square – started in 1635– Bloomsbury Square – 1665 – Six more plazas were built before 1700

RENAISSANCE PLAZA – one of the elements of urban design par

excellence– but did not tie whole city together– Rossetti’s Ferrara (street system); Fontana’s Rome

(guidepost system)

RENAISSANCE – LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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PARKS and GARDENS– tie the city together – connecting the palace and the town

VILLA & GARDEN– rural counterpart of PALACE & PLAZA

ITALY– gardens are never too large– built as TERRACES because of hilly land

RENAISSANCE – LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

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FRANCE– elaborate system of landscape design– roots from large HUNTING FORESTS – ROND POINTS: high ground intersections

RICHELIEU– application of “rond points” idea – 1630, landscape design of palace started– Jacques Lemercier: architect

ANDRE LENOTRE– landscape architect of Richelieu– Western world’s master of landscape architecture

RENAISSANCE – FRENCH, ENGLISH & ITALIAN LANDSCAPE

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FRENCH– Regarded natural landscape as barbaric – Man-made, preferably geometric creations – PHILOSOPHY: absolute command of nature

ENGLISH– Characterized by an attitude of sympathy with

nature – PHILOSOPHY: practice of taming nature

ITALIAN– Terraced garden is best model of gardening in

limited space

RENAISSANCE – LENOTRE AND VERSAILLES

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LENOTRE’S MAJOR CLIENT – Louis XIV, the “Sun King” of France

VERSAILLES– Lenotre’s greatest work, Started in 1670, completed by 1710 – “Goose Foot”/ patte d’oie -- three roads in a single view

PIAZZA DEL POPOLO– patte d’oie entrance to Rome– appeared accidentally as result of Fontana’s plan – not formally finished until early 19th century, by a French architect,

incidentally

Louis XIV’s Palace of Versailles (built 1668–74), with its famous gardens by André le Notre, had bisecting land and water axes that created impressive vistas. It inspired Pierre L’Enfant when he designed Washington DC as the new capital of the United States of America in 1791.

Versailles, France

RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING LONDON

The GREAT PLAGUE (1664–1666) was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in the Kingdom of England (modern day United Kingdom). It happened within the centuries-long time period of the Second Pandemic, an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347, the first year of the "Black Death" and lasted until 1750.

** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London

Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666

Th Great Plague of London 1664-1666

THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman City Wall. It threatened, but did not reach, the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums.[2] It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants.

**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London

Th Great Plague of London 1966

Th Great Fire of London 1666


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SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS • Christopher Wren > Robert Hooke > John Evelyn > Valentine Knight

1707-1709 • laws banning use of combustible materials, led to extensive use of bricks

JOHN GWYNN • produced plan for London 1766 “London & Westminster Improved” • heralded the “Golden Age” of building • key figure in the introduction of the Building Act 1774 which improved

standards of materials and workmanship

John Gwynn believed that the Great Fire of the previous century had created a great opportunity to plan and improve London. This volume includes four engraved and hand-colored maps showing the proposed improvements to Westminster and London.

As an early architectural critic, John Gwynn sought to improve London after the Great Fire and vehemently fought for coherent town planning. In a stand against the 'Wrenaissance', he described London as 'inconvenient, inelegant and without the least pretension to magnificence or grandeur.’

Gwynn wanted a scenic London, with boulevards pointing to noble buildings. Looking at congested bottlenecks like Charing Cross and Temple Bar, the refuse piling up at street corners, and open sewers like the Fleet, Gwynn asked: 'Where is the taste and elegance?'

One of his achievements came in with the Building Act of 1774, which graded houses both in measurements and materials. The first triumph was Bedford Square, with 'first-rate' materials being used. It thus became desirable quarters for lawyers and other professionals.

Bedford Square is a square in the Bloomsbury district of the Borough of Camden in London, England. Built between 1775 and 1783 as an upper middle class residential area, the square has had many distinguished residents, including Lord Eldon, one of Britain's longest serving and most celebrated Lord Chancellors, who lived in the largest house in the square for many years. The square takes its name from the main title of the Russell family, the Dukes of Bedford, who were the main landlords in Bloomsbury.


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GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period • ADELPHI TERRACE

work of the Adam brothers; built along the River Thames

• BATH created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr. 1702, discovered by the aristocrats 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square) 1754, great circle (King’s Circus) 1767, Royal Crescent EDINBURGH – 1767, Scottish architect James Craig

END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial era

Adelphi is a district of London, England in the City of Westminster. The small district includes the streets of Adelphi Terrace, Robert Street and John Adam Street. Picture shows the main terrace of Aldelphi Terrace raised high above the noise and smell of the river on an arcade of warehouses.

The Adelphi Terrace built alongside the Thames. Mostly demolished in the 1930's, though some parts survive, such as the Royal Academy of Arts.


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GOLDEN AGE : encompassed a 30-year period • ADELPHI TERRACE

work of the Adam brothers; built along the River Thames

• BATH created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr. 1702, discovered by the aristocrats 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square) 1754, great circle (King’s Circus) 1767, Royal Crescent EDINBURGH – 1767, Scottish architect James Craig

END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA : coming of industrial era

Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England.The City of Bath was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987.

The city was first established as a spa with the Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by the Romans sometime in the AD 60s about 20 years after they had arrived in Britain (AD43), although verbal tradition suggests that Bath was known before then.

Much later, it became popular as a spa town during the Georgian era, which led to a major expansion that left a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from Bath Stone. The Circus is a perfect circle of Georgian houses constructed out of the startlingly white Somerset stone that cloaks the entire city.

The Royal Crescent is a residential road of 30 houses laid out in a crescent in the city of Bath, England. Designed by the architect John Wood the Younger and built between 1767 and 1774, it is among the greatest examples of Georgian architecture to be found in the United Kingdom.

The Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, England.

The Circus and the Royal Crescent, Bath, Somerset, England.

References• LeGates, Richard and Stout, Frederic. Modernism and Early Urban

Planning, 1870-1940.• Knox, Paul. Urbanization.• Cullingworth, Barry. Planning in the USA .• Various online sources.

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Documents

PL511 URP LECTURE004 Planning History - Part 1