URP 462 Final Project

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Table of

Preface …………………………………………..………………………………………………………………….

Section 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………

Abstract…………………………………..………………………………………………………………

Problem Statement…………………..………………………………………………………………

Purpose Statement…………………..………………………………………………………………

Section 2: Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………

Forms and functions of landfill redevelopment……………….………………………….

Expanding Wastelands……………..………………………………………………………………

Hypothesis & Theories……………………………………………………………………………

Section 3: Methodology………………………..………………………………………………………………

Site Identification and Problem Definition……………………..………………………….

Data Gathering………………………..………………………………………………………………

Variables Table…………………………………..………………………………..........

Interviews……………………………………………………………………………………Research and Analysis………………………….………………………..

………………………..

Section 4: Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………..

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Gordon NicholsURP 462 November 10, 2009Senior Project

Redevelopment of Former LandfillsInto Public Recreation Areas

The Farlex Free Dictionary defines a landfill simply as; a system of trash and garbage disposal where waste is buried between layers of earth; i.e. a wasteland; barren and uncultivated land. However due to land scarcity, the promotion of sustainable practices and need for environmental preservation the definition of landfill is changing. Landfills are humankind’s original environmental impact yet throughout the world these once neglected sites are being viewed as opportunities for valuable land reclamation. Successful cases of landfill redevelopment can be seen throughout North America. In Toronto, due to public pressure Canada’s largest municipal solid waste facility was closed and redeveloped into a large multi-acre recreation park and golf course. Another example of landfill reclamation can be found in Massachusetts at the Boston Islands, a former small pox quarantine site and 100 year old landfill, which was transformed into a national park with hiking trails and a nature preservation site. California has over a hundred active landfills state wide and dozens more decommissioned waste sites that remain undeveloped. The opportunity to reclaim a landfill site and create a valuable

Preface:

Jordan’s Furniture and Home Depot located at Walkers Brook Crossing, Located on a former municipal solid waste landfill in Reading, Mass. Image courtesy of

www.haleyaldrich.com/downloads/publications/WBC_Brownfields_News.pdf

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This report is focused on the responsible practices necessary to offset the negative effects of human settlements in the form of abandoned landfills. Redevelopment of landfills is an important planning issue because it deals with land-use, ecological justice and the redevelopment of a blighted environment yet landfills which present good opportunities for public recreational development are not being redeveloped.

Abstract

The Spadra landfill in Walnut, California presents a unique opportunity for redevelopment nevertheless the site remains without long-term plans. Abandoned and capped landfills such as Spadra can be redeveloped into usable public recreational areas however the significant remediation costs and negative connotations attached to landfills discourages any noteworthy redevelopment. The precautionary efforts that must be taken to ensure public safety and undisturbed waste deposit as well as the relative easy to develop on virgin green-fields rather than brown-fields and the additional cost associated with both are the three main reasons why more landfills are not being redeveloped into usable

Problem Statement

Section 1: Introduction

Trail of Anaconda, Montana Smelter Superfund Site that surrounds a golf course designed by Jack NicklausImage courtesy of http://www.epa.gov/superfund March 2001

URP 462 Senior Project Section 1

In a time of severe urban space and resource limitations many closed and capped landfills present superb new park sites for three reasons- cost, location and size (Harnik, P. pg. 83). From a broader social justice standpoint landfills are human “messes” which places the onus on government and community to continue to utilize existing developed land in a useful way rather than continuing to sprawl outward. Redeveloping wastelands such as landfills provide the opportunity to mitigate the negative impacts of

Purpose Statementhuman settlement on the environment. Capped landfills that are not redeveloped create ever expanding wastelands where as adjacent development is not desirable simply because of its proximity to a landfill. The California’s Integrated Waste Management Board list of abandoned waste sites as well as the Southern California’s Association of Governor’s State of the Region report 1 was used to identified the Spadra landfill, which is jointly owned by the California Polytechnic University Pomona, as a possible redevelop site. The choice to focus on this site was due to Spadra’s close proximity and the ease of

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natural world. The redevelopment of landfills into public recreational areas combines many aspects of planning including- design, redevelopment, environmental protection and social justice.

This research is an attempt to encourage the stakeholders of the study site and others like it to explore the benefits of redeveloping human wastelands and provide a guide to promote social and environmentally conscience projects. This report is intended for city managers, developers, site managers, property owners, the planning community at large and others with an interest in redeveloping landfills sites for recreational purposes. Using the literature and the BKK Landfill in West Covina as a best practices example, insight is offered to decision makers in order to encourage redevelopment of their landfills as well as determine the main reason why more former landfills in Southern California are not being redeveloped.

URP 462 Senior ProjectSection 2

Staton Island Landfill Redevelopment 2020 Rendering Image courtesy of http:nymag.com Jan 2007

Section 2: Literature Review“Trash Topography” by Pierre Belanger (2006) addresses the concerns

of Canada’s waste management and landfill capacity. In Toronto the Keele Valley Landfill, Canada’s largest municipal solid waste facility, was closed to much public fanfare and redeveloped into a large multi-acre recreational park and golf course. Peter Harnik’s article, “From Dumps to Destinations: The Conversion of Landfills to Parks,” is another article that gives examples of how former landfills and waste sites could be transformed into destinations for public use and in many cases returned to their former natural glory. Harnik detailed how landfills in large urban areas are prime sites for public open space. As discussed in the purpose statement it is humanity’s responsibility to clean up and maintain the area in which has been chosen to be wastelands after that purpose has been served. This sentiment is shared by the Environmental Protection Agency in their guide, “Reuse and Clean-Up Superfund Sites: Recreational Use of Land Above Hazardous Waste Containment Areas.” The EPA’s mission is to help communities with the redevelopment of waste sites and ensure the public health and environment protection. The onus is placed on the community to decide which sites should be redeveloped and for what function. According to the EPA recreational sites such as parks and trails are the most common types of redevelopments for waste sites because of the wide variety of restrictions for building on a landfill and the ease of using natural vegetation and coverings associated with waste site capping systems.

“Compost Remedies a Landfills and Grows a National Park” by Robert Rynk is an excellent case study of the tumultuous journey and landfill site can

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it help to provide real world answers on the best policies and practices to redevelop landfills. A refutation to redevelopment can be found in “The Wildlands of Cal Poly Pomona- In Memory” by Curtis Clark (2002), which is a conservational article which refutes the idea of landfill redevelopment, calling for a much more natural conservational approach when dealing with former landfills.

Clark describes how the last grove of California Black Walnut trees were cut down to make way for a golf course on the Spadra landfill rather than conserving the natural environment. To this date no golf course has yet been built in place of the destroyed Black Walnut groves.

URP 462 Senior Project

“In a time of severe

urban space and

resource constraints,

closed landfills present

excellent new park

sites.” - Harnik

Peter Harnik’s “From Dumps to Destinations: The Conversion of Landfills to Parks,” is just one of many forwarding thinking articles that details the practical approach of redeveloping landfills into public assets. Closed landfills present superb new park sites for three main reasons- cost, location and size (Harnik, P. pg. 83). Harnik details one example of a successful landfill-reclamation in Boston, Massachusetts at the city’s Millennium Park, twenty years ago know as the Garden Street Landfill. Today it host a 100 acre public recreational facility with sports fields, playgrounds, six miles of trails for walking and biking, and an outdoor classes and amphitheater. An estimated 500 landfill sites have been redeveloped for public use. Whether it be the famous Flushing Meadow Park in New York or the appropriately named Mt. Trashmore in Virginia Beach or relatively obscure inner city

Forms and Functions

Section 2

basketball and tennis courts or the spectrum of suburban golf courses successful land reclamation of landfills has proven to be a viable and valuable public good.

The earliest landfill parks date all the way back to 1916, well before the word landfill was coined, when the city of Seattle turned Rainier Dump into Rainer Playfield (Harnik, P. pg. 84). Even a portion of the now famous Washington Park Arboretum was built over the 62 acre Miller Street Dump. San Francisco’s Trust for Public Land (TPL) is the nation’s second largest conservation group next to the Nature Conservancy. TPL’s land-for-people mission has directed its focus to the old landfills in urban areas and now provides help to communities who wish to recycle the land for new public purposes. TPL also created an internal research arm; the Center for City Park Excellence (CCPE) which since 2003 has conducted studies to determine feasible ways to address the need for additional

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private wasteland can be transformed into public green space.The distinct characteristics of landfills prohibit most types of development.

Years of layering refuse and earth over one another leaves landfill sites susceptible to many damaging effects. Leakage, ground settling and methane build up are just some of the common troubles with closed landfill sites. These limitations often make landfills unattractive to developers however there is one type of land use that is perfectly suited to closed landfills, Recreation. Landfills once decommissioned are capped by a complex system of low permeability clay, geo-synthetic clay liners and flexible geo-membrane liners created from a variety of polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Compacted soil is placed over capping system in six inch lifts to achieve an average depth of two of more feet (frtr.gov). Once a landfill is permanently capped additional soil barriers are often added to create an environment suitable for vegetation and plant life. The layering process used in modern landfills along with the complex capping method

Landfills that have been closed and no longer accept refuse but remain undeveloped create an “Expanding Wasteland.” No, expanding wastelands are not some sort of refuse settling phenomenon brought about because of earthquakes or a toxic waste spill caused by poor maintenance. The term expanding wastelands refers to the attitude express by developers, homeowners and consumers when discussing the idea of building next to a former landfill. Landfills can range in size from as little as an acre to as large a 1000 square acres. The sizes and contents of a landfill often vary but the negative connotation surrounding a former dump remains the same, “Not in my backyard.” Therefore when a landfill is closed and left undeveloped the negative environmental impact may be mitigated but the negative impact in the consciousness of developers and homeowners remains.

The negative impact on public perception of a landfill can radiate outward for miles in every direction and be seen in a variety of variables associated with the surrounding community. Low rates of development, declining property values and large amounts of vacant land just to mention a few. Yet when a landfill is transformed into a public recreation area the rings of the expanding wasteland

Expanding Wastelands

Canada’s largest municipal solid waste facility, Keele Valley

Landfill, redeveloped into a park and golf course

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NIMBY: (noun);

opposition to the

locating of something

considered

undesirable (as a

prison or incinerator)

in one's neighborhood.

This research is intended to test the theory that the Spadra landfill is not being redeveloped because of the negative connotation attached to former dump sites which discourages redevelopment both by cities and developers. Significant remediation cost, additional precautionary efforts and the relative ease to build on virgin green-fields are other factors which will also be explored. Examining a variety of variable associated with both the Spadra landfill and other landfill sites may help to shed light on the subject as to why Spadra landfill and similar sites are not being redeveloped.

Hypothesis and Theories

Section 2

Figure 1.1 Example of the negative impact range an expanding wasteland can have on the surrounding developments.

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On April 8, 2000 the Spadra Landfill was officially closed to the public. From 1957 to 2000 Spadra served as the main disposal sites for the San Gabriel Valley, on average receiving 2500 tons of refuse per day. In 1985 a joint powers Resource Conservation Agreement was signed between the Los Angeles County Sanitation Department and California State Poly Technical University, Pomona to oversee post closure operations of the 320 acre site (lacsd.org). The agreement implemented several recovery programs which recovered from the site; 400,000 tons of green-waste, 475,000 tons of asphalt, 576 tons of metallic discards, 380 tons of tires and 55,000 gallons of oil. The green-waste and asphalt were beneficially reused to improve the site (lacsd.org). The 1985 plan also detailed a program by Cal Poly known as Landlab, education and research into sustainable uses such as recycling and the diversion of waste material. During the

Site Identification

Section 3

Landlab program over 2000 trees were planted on the Spadra site including 1287 California Black Walnuts, 611 Coast Live Oaks, and 186 Western Sycamores and over 1800 various native shrubs. In 2003 Spadra’s first major redevelopment efforts were put into motion in the form of a multi-acre private golf course. Unfortunately in 2004 funding and maintenance permits for the project fell through and the only action that was taken on the project was a “preemptive surveying and clearing” process which resulted in the clear cutting of all California Black Walnut tree groves on site (Clark, C.). The Spadra landfill today remains almost entirely undeveloped and barren under the supervision of the University’s Agriculture department whose main goal for the past four years has been to grow and maintain grass on the top shelf of the site. The Spadra landfill was chosen as the focus of this study because of its close proximity to residential land uses, unique form and the environmentally conscience ownership of Cal Poly Pomona. An in depth study of the variables surrounding the Spadra landfill

Section 3: Methodology

Aerial photograph of the Spadra Landfill in Pomona, California. Image courtesy of Google Earth

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The research methodology utilized in this study was a mixture of qualitative and quantitative techniques in an explorative practice with hopes of better understanding the factors that help create a fertile environment for the redevelopment of landfills. Several relevant variables were identified for the study of the Spadra landfill and two similar sites. The variables to be studied are; size, date closed, time elapse from closure to first development, owner, owner type, adjacent land uses, zoning of site, company in charge of maintenance, waste classification, community population and geographic features. The additional sites chosen were the BKK landfill in West Covina, California and the Dry Dock Depot in Upland, California. Both BKK and Dry Dock Depot were selected for the comparative analyses to Spadra because of there close regional proximity, BKK approximately 10 miles away and Dry Dock Depot approximately 19 miles away from Spadra.

The BKK landfill in West Covina, California is a large multi-classification landfill site that has been earmarked for redevelopment by the City of West Covina. The 583 acre site was once a large municipal landfill and toxic waste disposal facility until 1989. In 2004 the company in charge of maintenance operations for the landfill, BKK Corporation, relinquished responsibility of the site due to financial deficiencies (westcov.org). In recent years the City of West Covina has worked closely with the Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) to implement redevelopment plans for the BKK landfill. In 2003 the City of West Covina purchased 230 acres of non-landfill contaminated property from the BKK Corporation which includes property surrounding the closed Class I and Class III landfills for a total purchase of $6.24 million. Post closure development plans for the land includes the Big League Dreams project; a private baseball/softball facility featuring six major league baseball replica fields, restaurant and athletic facilities, commercial and retail shopping space are also planned as well as an eighteen

Data Gathering

Site plan for BKK landfill now referred to as the West Covina Sportsplex. Image courtesy of

www.westcovina.org

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Variables Spadra BKK Dry Dock Address 4125 W. Valley,

Walnut CA, 917892210 S. Azusa Ave,

West Covina, CA 91792

1450 N Campus Ave, Upland, CA, 91786

Size (acres) 320 583 36

Date Closed 2000 1989 1979

Date of 1st Development

N/A 2003 1998

Elapsed Time (between closure and redevelopment)

+9 yrs. (2000 to current)

14 yrs. 19 yrs.

Owner Cal Poly Pomona/ LACSD

DTSC/ City of West Covina

City of Upland

Owner Type State University/ Regional Agency

Federal Agency/ Local Municipality

Local Municipality

Adjacent Land Uses R-1 SFR (Hillside), Natural Open Space

C-1 Commercial,R-1 SFR

R-1 SFR

Site Zoning S- School C-1 Commercial,S-Special Use

SP-Special Land Use

Maintenance Company

Cal Poly Pomona Waste Management Enforcement Agency for the City of West

Covina (WMEA)

Dry Dock Depot Co.

Comm. Population (3 mile radius)

86,594 189,005 155,859

Geographic Features

hills, canyons, major streets

hills, valleys, freeway flat land, minor streets

Classification Class III: municipal waste

Class I: hazardous & municipal waste

Class III: municipal waste

Class III: municipal waste


The Upland Landfill, now know as the Dry Dock Depot, was officially closed in 1979. From 1992 to 1996 the land was leased to the B&B outdoor plant nursery but due to concerns about irrigated water infiltration the lease was terminated. The site is currently under lease by the Dry Dock Company who in 1998 began using the capped landfill site as a recreational vehicle (RV) storage site. The RV storage park was expanded in 1999 and again in 2003. Both the BKK and Dry Dock Depot sites are examples of successful land reclamation of former landfills. Table 1.1 details the list of comparable variables for each site.

Sport Complex with 6

baseball and soccer fields

built over Lapari Landfill in

New Jersey

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The above variables were obtained through email correspondence and the study of a variety of documents. City of Upland email correspondence was conducted with Iris Patronite; Redevelopment Department and Jennifer Alfaro and Steve Gapuzan; Public Works. City of West Covina variables are published on the cities website under link “BKK Landfill”. Correspondence with California Poly Technical University, Pomona was done with George Poole; Agricultural Education, Walter Marquez; Facilities Director and Debra Garr; Procurement Department.


Rendering of the

Fontana softball park.

Image courtesy of

www.bmla.net

A quantitative research approach yield a variety of results which helped to determining the necessary elements for a successful landfill redevelopment and/or land reclamation. The qualitative research method which included interviews, correspondence and publication examination confirmed similar components necessary in both policy and approach when redeveloping landfills. The study of variables mentioned in section 3 yielded significant results about the variables; adjacent land uses, owner type, elapse time and community population.

Adjacent Land-Use: The one common denominator between all three sites, the study site Spadra (undeveloped) and comparison sites BKK and Dry Dock (redeveloped), was that R-1 Single Family Residential zoning surrounded each of the former landfills. Both BKK’s and Dry Dock’s redevelopment approaches are designed to serve the adjacent

Research and Analysis

Section 3

community by providing retail, recreational and storage facilities. If the Spadra landfill were to be redeveloped successfully the examples of BKK and Dry Dock serve as models for what a viable land reclamation project could do.

Owner Type: Both BKK and Dry Dock Depot are owned or co-owned by a local municipality while Spadra is not owned by any form of local government such as a city. The owner type of the two redeveloped landfills may contribute to their successful reclamation or to Spadra’s lack of redevelopment interest. Local municipalities often have a greater vested interested in land-uses and serving the public good.

Elapse Time (from closure of landfill to first redevelopment): The elapse time from the closure of a landfill to the time of first redevelopment for both the BKK and Dry Dock site was approximately 15 to 20 years. This variable is of interested because the Spadra landfill has only been officially closed for 9 years. The longer a municipal landfill is closed the more time is available for vegetation to naturally

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due to their complex engineering nature however both the methane extractions process and final capping system are considered to be very important aspect to a landfill redevelopment.)

Community Population: Community population may be the most telling of all the variables in this study. Using the ESRI data base for complex demographic information it was determined that within a three mile radius of the Spadra landfill the adjacent population was only 86,594. Dry Dock Depot in Upland is surrounded by almost double the population at 155,859 and West Covina’s BKK landfill three mile radius population was even greater at 189,005. Density plays an important roll in any type of development or community improvement program. The main reason the Spadra landfill has not be redeveloped may be due to the low density of the surrounding community.

The quantitative variables suggest that a feasible landfill redevelopment site is one that is owned or operated by a local municipality, has been closed for 15 to 20 years, has a large community population and is surrounded by

Section 3

residential land-uses. The qualitative analysis in this study confirms that the aforementioned variables as important elements in a successful landfill redevelopment policy.

Both the City of Upland and the City of West Covina employees in the Community Services, Public Works and Redevelopment departments were very knowledgeable about their respective redeveloped landfill sites. The City of West Covina has even gone so far as to create a separate webpage which informs the community about post closure activities at the BKK landfill, including the sites history, purchase price, development process and future plans. The City of West Covina has made the redevelopment of a former toxic waste dump very public and created public information documentation about the project that is easily accessible. The redevelopment departments of each city were accessible and helpful in the data gathering process of this study which is in stark contrast when compared to the staff of Cal Poly Pomona. Neither the facilities department at Cal Poly nor the University’s Agriculture department were knowledgeable about any long term plans for the Spadra landfill. The University’s Procurement department was also unable to find the 1985 joint power’s agreement with the Los Angeles County Sanitation District, which is the only long term

"In its 43 years of

operation, the (Spadra)

landfill provided an

environmentally sound,

cost effective method of

disposal for

approximately 17 million

tons of refuse from the

eastern San Gabriel

Valley.”

-Charles W. Carry, Chief

Engineer & General

Manager for LACSD

Note: Because this study places a strong emphasis on redeveloping landfill sites into public recreation areas the Dry Dock Depot in the City of Upland, California was omitted from the recommendations and final conclusion comments. The choice to redevelop a former landfill site into a paved parking and storage facility is not recommended by this study due to the negative impact such sites have on the environmental.

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The finding of this study along with best practices examples given by the Boston Island project and the BKK site redevelopment have lead to the following recommendations for the Spadra landfill at Cal Poly Pomona. It is recommended that a large portion of the Spadra site be classified as a natural preserve for a variety of vegetations and trees. The site should also incorporate a nature trail for hiking and bicycling through the preserve area. A portion of the Spadra landfill, that most suited for a sports park, should be leased to either of the neighboring cities of Walnut or Pomona, California. As a condition of the lease the land should be developed by the local municipality into a “low-impact” public sports park.

Policy Recommendations

Figure 2.1 Adjacent Land-uses surround the Spadra Landfill in Pomona, California

Section 4: Recommendations

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Recommendation 1: Natural PreserveAs described in Clark’s article, “Wildland of Cal Poly Pomona- In Memory”

the Spadra landfill is home to a variety of plants and trees including the California Black Walnut and the Coast Live Oak two very rare species of trees. Many cities throughout the state have even implemented city ordinances which prevent the removal of any established Coast Live Oak or Black Walnut. Curtis Clark is a botanist and professor of Biological Sciences at Cal Poly Pomona and his concerns over the loss of wild lands surrounding Cal Poly University are echoed in this study. The recommendation to designate a large portion of the Spadra landfill as a natural preserve will allow the land to be studied by the University’s Regenerative Studies and Agriculture departments in the future as well as preserve and reestablish the positive policies of the former Landlab program which include planting trees and conservation. Both Boston Island and the BKK landfill have taken similar steps toward conservation. A natural preserve will also create a suitable setting for a nature trail.

Recommendation 2: Nature TrailThe need for public open space and recreation areas that promote public

health is at the top of the list for most major cities in the United States. A hiking and bicycle trail throughout a natural preserve area of Spadra would allow local residents to enjoy nature and improve their physical health. A trail though the Spadra preservation area could also be used as a learning tool by the adjacent public schools and universities. A hiking and bicycling trail that prohibits any motorized vehicles is inexpensive and easy to construct, turning Spadra landfill into Spadra natural preserve and trail in the hearts and minds of local residents.

Recommendation 3: Leasing of LandFollowing the example of the BKK landfill in West Covina this study

recommends the low cost leasing or sale of land to the neighboring local municipalities. This recommendation is based on the findings that local cities are more equipped and more apt in the redevelopment process. Leasing the land to a neighboring city creates a number of benefits including revenue from the sale or lease, management division of a large site and vested community interest. A lease or sale to either the City of Walnut or City of Pomona should also limit the land-use to a public recreation park.

Recommendation 4: Public Sports Recreational ParkThe main focus of this study is redeveloping former landfills into

Fontana Softball Park. Image courtesy of www.bmla.net

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often lowers when next to a landfill), create healthier residents and providing valuable afterschool activities for adolescents. The City of West Covina’s plans for the BKK landfill include private softball/baseball fields, currently under construction, and a public golf course. Located in the nearby City of Fontana “low-impact” sports parks are being designed to combat limitations in natural resources such as water (fontana.org). A low-impact sports park refers to the use of artificial field turf which limits irrigation and maintenance needs, the nominal use of permanent structures which mitigates the need for costly excavating and disruption below the soil. Drought tolerant plans and materials also minimize the need for the extensive irrigation normally society with sports parks. The one draw back to a low impact park however is the lack of electricity which limits the parks ability to be used during late night hours. Residents and sports leagues in Fontana nevertheless have found ways to address this problem by purchasing their own gas powered generators to run lights for evening games. A low-impact sports park

Conclusion

This research was intended to test the theory that the Spadra landfill is not being redeveloped because of the negative connotation attached to former dump sites which discourages redevelopment both by cities and developers. And that the significant remediation cost, additional precautionary efforts and the relative ease to build on virgin green-fields were also contributing factors of avoidance. After the examination of the variables and documentation associated with the Spadra landfill and other landfill sites, the conclusion of this study is that the initial theory was incorrect. According to this studies finding the main reasons the Spadra landfill has not been redeveloped are low density in the surround community and a management/ownership entity uninterested in providing community benefits through redevelopment. The recommendations made in this essay extend beyond the Spadra landfill to a majority of former landfills sites eligible for redevelopment. The research in this study clearly supports the need for the land reclamation of former landfills and the benefits a public recreation

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BibliographyFall 2009

Instructor: Professor

Marta PerlasAIA

Cal Poly Pomona University

Department of Urban and Regional Planning

Email:glnichols@csupomona.

edu

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(2009). Marquez, Walter; Cal Poly Pomona Facilities Director. Telephone interview.1 November 2009.

(2009). Garr Debra; Cal Poly Pomona Procurement Department. Telephone interview.2 November 2009.

Documents

URP 462 Final Project