AED1313: Intro. To Built Environment

Urban & Regional PlanningUrban & Regional Planning

Part I: The beginnings of planning & urbanism

Part II: Overview of URP Part III: Planners’ Role in Built Environment Part IV: URP in Malaysia Part V: Sustainable Planning

Compiled by

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN, CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES, IIUM, PETALING JAYA

Part IThe beginnings of planning and urbanism

Mesopotamia Civilisation

Indus Civilisation

Greek Civilisation

Ancient Athens

The city can be a centre of industry, trade, education, or government or all of those activities.

The large community came about as a result of the growth of crops and the breeding of

animals on a permanent basis.

The production of grains that could be stored from year to year provided stability (wheat in the west, rice in the orient).

The ability to preserve food made it possible to diversify into other activities.

The development of a diversified economy provided employment in a variety of forms, and this brought about the enlargement of villages or hamlets into towns and cities.

The word city implies a large concentration of people in a given geographic area who support themselves from the economic activities of that area.

How Urbanism begins?

Coined after the organization of the city Namely, they are:

Grid: Greek cities Linear: cities along the river or sea Radial: Garden movement Nucleus/ centralized: business area as the

core

Types of City Plan

Part IIOverview of the urban & regional planning

What is planning?

Systematic, creative way to influence and respond to a wide variety of changes occurring in a neighborhood, in a city, in an entire region, or around the world.

A process for determining future appropriate actions to achieve a goal or a series of goals through a sequence of actions.

What is planning?

It requires and taking account: all aspects and implications of the

physical development of land Socioeconomic factors Cultural elements

Prime concern: PEOPLE and the relationship with the built environment

EVERYONE is involved!

Why do we need to plan?

A well-balanced life In terms of Urban and Regional planning:

To fulfill the societal, economical and environmental needs

Provide healthy environment (social interaction, sufficient facilities, condusive area for living)

Safety and security Employment Functional Central Business District (CBD)

To achieve a sustainable development

Planning Process

Sequence of actions which are designed to solve problems in the future.

Formulation of vision and objectives as the guide to the whole process.

Data collection and analysis is important stage where studies are being carried out by sectors:

socioeconomic (population, income level) infrastructure (water and drainage system, roads,

electricity, etc) public facilities (public hall, school, etc)

Identification of problem

Formulation of visions and objectives

Identification of issues and problems

The projection of the future situation

The generation and evaluation of alternative courses of action (plan)

The production of preferred plan

Implementation

Data collection and analysis

Public involvement

Flowchart of the General Planning

Process

The organization of all elements of a town or other urban environment.

The art and the science of ordering the land-uses and buildings siting and communication routes so as to secure the maximum level of economy, convenience and beauty (Keeble, 1969). management -of existing- and the

development -of proposed- urban and rural areas in order to protect and best serve the present and future generations.

URP is....

Takes all aspects of a city into consideration. It includes plans for safety, aesthetics and

common sense placement of everything from houses to factories = ZONING

All planning issues deal with conflicting demands = a planner has: to analyze and understand these demands and to

advise on the best options. to undertake comprehensive appraisals and

detailed analysis of all problems related to the physical environment, and offer planning solutions to the encountered problems.

to anticipate future population growth and planning ahead of time for such growth in all sectors from public services to infrastructure.

Thus, URP...

The Job scope of urban planners

Land Use Planning Process of organizing, managing, and

regulating the use of lands and their resources

to meet the socio-economic development of the country whilst safeguarding the environment

taking into account the land’s natural capacities Essential in physical environmental

management and biodiversity conservation.

conserving the environment. managing the population demand for resources

wisely = sustainability.

Development Control The process whereby a local planning

authority decides whether a planning application meets the requirements of planning policy, particularly as set out in development plans.

means by which planners enhance and protect our environment whilst at the same time allow the development necessary for our economic and social well being to take place in an acceptable manner.

relies on the "plan-led system" whereby Development Plans are formed and the public consulted. Subsequent development requires Planning permission, which will be granted or refused with reference to the Development Plan

done to prevent or minimize any potentially negative impacts from the development.

Part IIIThe planners’ role in the built environment

Nigel Ashton (1911-2008) … a hand in much of Sydney's development.

Planners’ Role

Umpire referee or judge whose duty is to resolve conflicts between

various interest groups involved in the built environment, enforce rules and impose controls in order to ensure that towns and cities develop logically and conveniently.

Technocrat use technical expertise to predict future population growth,

employment trends, car ownership and other variables

Planners’ Role

Economic Planner essential companion to

realistic town planning involves the allocation of

scarce resources, that is, urban land, goods and services, and is therefore seen as an aspect of economic planning

Environmental Guardian given increased powers to assess

the environmental impact of new developments

a requirement stipulated in the Environmental Quality Act 1974.

Town Planning Officer Corporate Town Planner Project Manager Property Developer Research Officer Town Planning Consultant or Adviser Specialist in the field of CADD,GIS… Urban Designer Academician Environmental Planner & Others

Career Opportunities

Part IVUrban & Regional Planning in Malaysia

URP in Malaysia

Planning in Malaysia started in the British era. Responsible body: Sanitary Board Today: Jabatan Perancangan Bandar & Desa

(JPBD) or Town & Country Planning Board Its responsibilities are:

To monitor and supervise the planning of an area Encourage public participation (Seranta) To prepare guidelines and regulation:

Town & Country Planning (TCP) Act National Physical Plan Structure Plan Doktrin Perancangan & Pembangunan Sejagat

(DPPS) Reference: JPBD

URP in Malaysia

Town and Country Planning (TCP) Act 1976 introduced a uniform system of town and country planning

in Peninsular Malaysia. involves regulating the use and development of land in the

public interest through two ways: development plan development control

The 1976 Act was amended in 1995 through the Town and Country Planning (Amendment) Act 1995 (Act A933) revised format for the development plan hierarchy. The two-tier system (Structure & Local Plan) now becomes a

three-tier system with a series of plans that covers the nation, the individual states and the districts.

This amendment emphasized environmental management in planning, such as conservation of topographical features and trees.

Source: "Report on the 2008 National Spatial Policy Seminar" (2009)National and Regional Planning Bureau, MLIT, Japan

Urban Planning in Malaysia Public participation or Seranta

Telling the community on the planning or development projects in their place

Major exercise: Public exhibition Stated in TCP Act 172

Mandatory during the formulation stage of a development plan and after a draft plan is approved

Between 1985 to 2000, a total of 106 Structure Plans has been prepared and exhibited to the public.

MIP (Malaysian Institute of Planners) “ to promote the science and art of Town

Planning for the benefit of the public…”

Public exhibition for Kuala Lumpur Structure Public exhibition for Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020Plan 2020

Part VSustainable Planning

“That which ensures the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds”.

United Nations global summit on the environment and development in Rio de Janeiro 1992

Sustainable Planning

integrate consideration of healthy natural, social and economic systems and the well being of future generations into decision- making processes.

Comprises of several concepts: Smart Growth New Urbanism Intelligent Urbanism Sustainable Urban Infrastructure

Smart Growth

Compact neighbourhood mixed use developments. affordable housing. Restrictions on suburban design forms

such

as detached houses and surface parking. inclusion of parks and recreational

areas.

Transit-oriented development designed to maximize access to public

transport, and mixed-use/compact neighborhoods tend to use transit at all times of the day

Pedestrian and bicycle-friendly

‘New Pedestrianism’ at a street in the renewed city center of Radovish, Republic of Macedonia: Pedestrians are dominant, but there is also place for cars (parked on the left).

Principles of New Urbanism Could be applied to any scale of projects. Branching from Smart Growth There are 10 principles:

Walkability Connectivity Mixed use and diversity Mixed housing Quality architecture and urban design Traditional neighborhood structure Increased density Smart transportation Sustainability Quality of life

Intelligent Urbanism