Peace Corps Final Evaluation Report on Impacts of the Five Year Rule IG1205E

7/31/2019 Peace Corps Final Evaluation Report on Impacts of the Five Year Rule IG1205E

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âuf Sokeborcor& Hkromxdr dj Mdecro}}kdeaf Rofaxkde}Maxlr{e Xldru~& Hkromxdr& ]xraxockm Kejdràxkde& Ro}oarml aeh ^faeekecFaXa}la @a}de& Amxkec Hkromxdr& Djjkmo dj Luàe Ro}durmo} @aeacoòexFk}a Bkfhor& Mlkoj Amquk}kxkde DjjkmorGd}o~l Lo~~& Mlkoj Jkeaemkaf Djjkmor

Hdrkeo Aehros}& Mlkoj Kejdràxkde DjjkmorBarr{ ]k`de& Hkromxdr& Djjkmo dj @ohkmaf ]orzkmo}M{exlka @mZa{& Hkromxdr dj Keedzaxkde


3/69

^oamo Mdr~}Djjkmo dj Ke}~omxdr Coeoraf

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7

K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo de D~oraxkde} dj xlo

^oamo Mdr~}KC-12->?-O

Gueo 2>12


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Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo k

O\OM_XKZO ]_@@AR[

Dzorzkos

Xlo Djjkmo dj Ke}~omxdr Coeoraf ,DKC+ mdehumxoh ae ozafuaxkde dj xlo k`~amx} dj xlo jkzo-{oarrufo ,J[R+ de xlo d~oraxkde} dj xlo ôamo Mdr~}& bdxl hdò}xkmaff{ aeh ke xlo jkofh& kemfuhkecxlo md}x k`~fkmaxkde} dj xlo J[R jdr xlo acoem{% Xlo J[R bomaò fas ke Aucu}x dj 1;:? sloeae aòehòex xd }omxkde 3,a+ dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx brduclx aff _%]% hkromx lkro ,_]HL+o`~fd{oo}& jdrokce aeh hdò}xkm& uehor xlo }aò ~or}deeof }{}xo`& fk`kxoh xlokr a~~dkexòex}xd a à|kù` dj jkzo {oar}& aeh cazoxlo Hkromxdr fk`kxoh auxldrkx{ xd ~or}deaff{ a~~rdzoo|xoe}kde} dj edx `dro xlae deo {oar%1 Xlo 1;:? aòehòex af}d ~or`kxxoh xlo acoem{ xd ro-lkrojdròr _]HL o`~fd{oo} def{ ajxor xlo o|~kraxkde dj a sakxkec ~orkdh oquaf xd xlo a`duex djxkò xlo{ lah sdrioh jdr xlo ôamo Mdr~} ke xlokr ~romohkec xdur ,xlo ke-dux rufo+% Ke ~a}}kecxlo J[R& Mdecro}} kexoehoh xd ~or`kx a mde}xaex kejfds dj eos bfddh aeh khoa}& xd ckzo xloacoem{ ah`kek}xraxkzo jfo|kbkfkx{ slkml k} edx ~d}}kbfo uehor xlo ro}xrkmxkde} dj xlo mkzkf }orzkmo

}{}xo`& aeh xd àio }uro xlax xlo acoem{} }xajj edx bo drcaekwoh de a maroor ba}k}%2

Xlo J[R k} ~arxkmufar xd xlo ôamo Mdr~}& àikec kx hkjjkmufx xd md`~aro xlo ôamo Mdr~}~or}deeof }{}xo`& dr xlo àeeor ke slkml xlo acoem{ k`~foòex} xlo J[R& xd dxlor johorafacoemko} dr ~rkzaxo drcaekwaxkde}% Xlo ùfxk~fo kexoehoh ~ur~d}o} dj xlo J[R lazo edx afsa{}booe }xaxoh ke quaexkjkabfo dr òa}urabfo xor`}% Jurxlor& xlo abuehaemo dj }xajj d~kekde}mdemorekec xlo J[R} k`~amx} de xlo ôamo Mdr~}& md`bkeoh skxl xlo fami dj òa}urabfo mrkxorkaacake}x slkml xd a}}o}} xlo ojjomxkzoeo}} dj xlo J[R dzor xlo ~a}x 8? {oar}& la} md`~fkmaxoh xlk}ozafuaxkde%

Ro}ufx} ke Brkoj

Dur ro~drx khoexkjkoh sa{} ke slkml xlo ôamo Mdr~} la} u}oh xlo J[R xd ammd`~fk}l slax kx sa}ho}kceoh xd amlkozo& }~omkjkmaff{7

ôamo Mdr~} }xajj a}}orxoh xlax xlo J[R ro}ufx} ke a `k}}kde-hrkzoe& oeorcoxkm&aeh d~xk`k}xkm sdrijdrmo axxramxoh xd xlo ôamo Mdr~} ke }~kxo dj xlo xkò-fk`kxoha~~dkexòex%

Xlo lkcl raxo dj }xajj xuredzor=

1 Xd Aòeh Jurxlor xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx& ûbfkm Fas ?8& 3? ]xax% :12 ,Aucu}x 28& 1;:?+

hrkzoe b{ xlo J[R la} affdsoh xlo acoem{ xd lkroo|xoe}kzof{ jrd` xlo roxureoh ôamo Mdr~} Zdfuexoor ,R^MZ+ ~d~ufaxkde--deo djxlo }xaxoh cdaf} bolkeh xlo o}xabfk}lòex dj xlo J[R% Gu}x dzor ?> ~ormoex dj aff_]HL} o`~fd{oh b{ ôamo Mdr~} jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> soro R^MZ} aeh xlo ôamo

2 ]% Ro~% Ed% 2:3& ax : ,1;:?+ aeh Mdej% Ro~% Ed% 32o`~fd{oo} fojx ke 2>1>& aeh xlo azoraco eu`bor dj o`~fd{oo} ke 2>1> sa} >& xlo xuredzor raxo sdufh bo 2?~ormoex%


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Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo kk

Mdr~} la} lkroh R^MZ} xlrducldux kx} lk}xdr{%

Xlo acoem{ la} o`~fd{oh R^MZ} ke a skho raeco dj juemxkde} sloro Zdfuexooro|~orkoemo k} ae k`~drxaex quafkj{kec jamxdr aeh la} o`~fd{oh xlo` ke foahor}lk~~d}kxkde}& ~arxkmufarf{ ax dzor}oa} ~d}x} sloro af`d}x ~ormoex dj aff _]HL

}xajj jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> la} booe R^MZ}% Djjkmo} o`~fd{kec fdsor ~ormoexaco}dj R^MZ} aro xld}o sloro Zdfuexoor o|~orkoemo k} fo}} mrkxkmaf xlae dxlorquafkj{kec jamxdr}%

Xlo kexoex dj xlo J[R xd ~rozoex ôamo Mdr~} o`~fd{oo} jrd` àikec fkjo-fdecmaroor} ax xlo acoem{ la} af}d booe òx& skxl raro o|mo~xkde}% Gu}x deo ~ormoex dj_]HL o`~fd{oo} sdrioh jdr ôamo Mdr~} jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> skxldux bokec}ubgomx xd xlo J[R%

Ldsozor& xlo J[R la} mroaxoh kx} dse uekquo ~rdbfo`} a} soff a} o|amorbaxoh md``deàeacoòex mlaffoeco}% Jdr ke}xaemo& kx la}7

Ammoforaxoh xlo aeeuaf ~amo dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor soff abdzo xlo acoem{} cdafdj 2> ~ormoex% Xuredzor la} booe boxsooe 2? ~ormoex aeh =< ~ormoex jdr aff {oar}so lazo booe abfo xd hkromxf{ mafmufaxo dr ro}oarml xlrducl romdrh}% ôamo Mdr~}xuredzor raxo k} a~~rd|kàxof{ quahru~fo xlax dj xlo ro}x dj xlo johorafcdzoreòex%

Mdexrkbuxoh xd ae abbrozkaxoh azoraco xoeuro dj _]HL o`~fd{oo} xlrducldux xloacoem{& soff }ldrx dj jkzo {oar}% Azoraco xoeuro dj hkromx lkro} dzor xlo ~a}x 1>{oar} la} booe gu}x xlroo {oar}% Abbrozkaxoh o`~fd{oo xoeuro aeh ammoforaxohxuredzor lazo md`~rd`k}oh xlo acoem{} ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ aeh o|amorbaxoh a

raeco dj dxlor àeacoòex mlaffoeco}%

@aho kx zor{ hkjjkmufx jdr xlo ôamo Mdr~} xd àeaco kx} ~or}deeof }{}xo` keioo~kec skxl johoraf }xaeharh} jdr luàe ma~kxaf àeacoòex aeh òrkx }{}xo`~rkemk~fo}% Ammoforaxoh o`~fd{oo xuredzor aeh abbrozkaxoh o`~fd{oo xoeuro lazouehor`keoh xlo acoem{} abkfkx{ dr soaioeoh kx} kemoexkzo} xd7 roxake o`~fd{oo}de xlo ba}k} dj xlokr ~orjdràemo9 ~fae jdr xlokr ozoexuaf }ummo}}kde9 oe}uromdexkeukx{ dj eoohoh }ikff} aeh abkfkxko}9 ~rdzkho xrakekec aeh ohumaxkde xdk`~rdzo ~orjdràemo9 aeh ho~fd{ kx} sdrijdrmo ojjkmkoexf{%

K`~ohoh& raxlor xlae jamkfkxaxoh& keedzaxkde ax xlo ôamo Mdr~}% ]xajj ro~drxoh xlax

xlo ammoforaxoh ~amo dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor& }ldrx azoraco xoeuro& aeh ke}ujjkmkoexke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ lazo mde}~kroh acake}x xlo acoem{} ojjdrx} xd khoexkj{&hozofd~& xo}x& aeh }ummo}}juff{ k`~foòex keedzaxkzo khoa}%

Md`~rd`k}oh xlo acoem{} abkfkx{ xd axxramx aeh roxake lkclf{ quafkjkoh ~or}deeofxd ~orjdr` mdro mdexramxkec& jkeaemkaf àeacoòex& kejdràxkde xomledfdc{&luàe ro}durmo} àeacoòex& aeh òhkmaf }u~~drx juemxkde}% Xlo raxkdeafo jdrxlo J[R a~~oar} fo}} rofozaex jdr djjkmo} mlarcoh skxl }u~~drxkec xlo acoem{}


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Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo kkk

kejra}xrumxuro& ~orjdr`kec md`~fkaemo-rofaxoh juemxkde}& dr oe}urkec a lkclquafkx{ Zdfuexoor loafxl maro ~rdcra`%

O|amorbaxoh xlo afroah{ hkjjkmufx mlaffoeco dj àeackec xlo jroquoex xrae}kxkde} djdzor}oa} _]HL ~or}deeof% Ho}~kxo xlo acoem{} ojjdrx} xd `kek`kwo zamaemko} ke

io{ hkromx lkro ~d}kxkde} dzor}oa}& dzor xlo ~a}x 1> {oar} xloro lazo booe `droxlae 1 zamaemko} fa}xkec ax foa}x => ha{}% ]xajj ro~drxoh xlax hkromx lkrozamaemko} dzor}oa} lah eocaxkzo k`~amx} de }xajj sdrifdah aeh `drafo& Zdfuexoor}u~~drx& ~rdcra``kec aeh xrakekec& aeh dxlor aroa}%

Soaioeoh xlo acoem{} mufxuro dj ~orjdràemo àeacoòex% Afxlducl xlo =>-`dexl xdur la} affdsoh àeacor} xd oa}kf{ }o~araxo uehor-~orjdr`kec o`~fd{oo}ax xlokr oeh-dj-xdur haxo}& }xajj ro~drxoh xlax xlo =>-`dexl xdur la} af}d affdsoh}u~orzk}dr} xd azdkh xlo ue~foa}aex aeh xkò-mde}u`kec xa}i dj mdejrdexkec aehàeackec uehor-~orjdr`kec o`~fd{oo} hurkec xlokr }orzkmo%

Edx foh xd R^MZ} xaikec foahor}lk~ ~d}kxkde} xlrducldux xlo acoem{ xd xlo o|xoexdrkckeaff{ oezk}kdeoh b{ xlo armlkxomx} dj xlo J[R& ho}~kxo xlo jamx xlax xlo acoem{la} lkroh o|xoe}kzof{ jrd` xlo R^MZ ~d~ufaxkde% Ba}oh de haxa jrd` 2>>> xd2>1>& def{ 28 ~ormoex dj xlo acoem{} }oekdr }xajj ~d}kxkde} lazo booe jkffoh b{R^MZ}%

Mroaxoh a hk}kemoexkzo jdr xlo acoem{ xd kezo}x ke }xajj hozofd~òex aehuehor`keoh xlo acoem{} abkfkx{ xd hozofd~ aeh ~rd`dxo xlo xafoex kx la}%

Krdekmaff{& foh xd kejfo|kbkfkx{ ke xlo acoem{} ~or}deeof }{}xo` xlax la}md`~rd`k}oh xlo ~dxoexkaf dj xlo drkckeaf ke-u~-dux khoa xd ~rd`dxo lkcl-

amlkozkec }xajj u~ xlrducl xlo raei} dzor a fdecor ~orkdh dj okclx xd xoe {oar}%

Kemroa}oh md}x} dj àeackec ~or}deeof xuredzor aeh mdexrkbuxoh xd ae keojjkmkoexu}o dj xlo acoem{} sdrijdrmo% Jdr xlo jkzo-{oar ~orkdh jrd` 2>>? xlrducl 2>>;&so o}xkàxoh xlax xlo J[R mdexrkbuxoh boxsooe (12%: `kffkde aeh (1?%? `kffkdedux dj (2>%3 `kffkde ke xuredzor àeacoòex md}x}%8

Romd`òehaxkde}

Slkfo xloro aro bdxl boeojkx} aeh mlaffoeco} jdr acoem{ d~oraxkde} uehor xlo J[R& dur ro~drxarxkmufaxo} a mfoar eooh jdr kx} md`~roloe}kzo o|a`keaxkde aeh jdr amxkde xd ahhro}} xlomde}xrakex} aeh ~rdbfo`} xlo J[R ~ro}oex}% Xd ahhro}} xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx} dj o|mo}}kzo

o`~fd{oo xuredzor aeh brkoj o`~fd{oo xoeuro de xlo d~oraxkde} dj xlo ôamo Mdr~}& soromd`òeh7

8 Xlk} o}xkàxo hkh edx xaio kexd ammduex md}x} xlax soro `dro hkjjkmufx xd quaexkj{& kemfuhkec7 xlo fd}} dj o|~orxk}osloe lkcl-~orjdr`kec }xajj a~~dkexòex} oehoh9 rohumxkde} ke ~rdhumxkzkx{9 dr ca~} ke ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ aehiedsfohco%


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Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo kz

1% Xlax xlo Hkromxdr marr{ dux xlo eomo}}ar{ rojdr`} xd xlo J[R& kemfuhkec }ooikecfock}faxkzo roòhko} kj roqukroh& xd rohumo xlo raxo dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor aeh kemroa}o xloazoraco foecxl dj o`~fd{òex dj xlo acoem{} hkromx lkro o`~fd{oo}%

2% Xlax xlo Hkromxdr khoexkj{ slkml juemxkde} }ldufh bo }ubgomx xd ~orkdhkm xuredzor xd òox

xlo eooh} dj xlo acoem{& aeh k`~foòex a ~rdmo}} xd àeaco xuredzor }d xlax xlo acoem{roxake} quafkjkoh ~or}deeof de xlo ba}k} dj òrkx aeh ~orjdràemo%

=% Xlax xlo Hkromxdr khoexkj{ xlo acoem{} mdro bu}keo}} juemxkde} aeh ~d}kxkde} xlaxmurroexf{ }ujjor jrd` jroquoex }xajj xuredzor aeh fami dj mdexkeukx{& aeh hoxor`keo aehk`~foòex a ~rdmo}} jdr amqukrkec aeh roxakekec quafkjkoh ~or}deeof xd ~orjdr` xld}ojuemxkde} de xlo ba}k} dj òrkx aeh ~orjdràemo%

8% Xlax xlo A}}dmkaxo Hkromxdr jdr @aeacoòex foah k`~rdzoòex} ke xlo acoem{}a~~rdaml xd ~orjdràemo àeacoòex b{ rak}kec o|~omxaxkde} xd amxkzof{ ahhro}}o`~fd{oo ~orjdràemo k}}uo} aeh b{ ~rdzkhkec }u~orzk}dr} skxl xlo xrakekec aeh }u~~drx

xd mdrromx keahoquaxo ~orjdràemo aeh }o~araxo o`~fd{oo} sld hd edx k`~rdzo%

?% Xlax xlo A}}dmkaxo Hkromxdr jdr @aeacoòex ~ux ke ~famo `dro rdbu}x ~rdmo}}o} aeh}{}xo`} xd caxlor aeh aeaf{wo haxa de xlo mau}o} dj uesaexoh& oarf{ o`~fd{ooro}kceaxkde}& aeh hozofd~ haxa-hrkzoe }dfuxkde} xd murb xlo ~amo ax slkml o`~fd{oo}ro}kce oarf{%


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10/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 1

BAMICRD_EH AEH KEXRDH_MXKDE

ûr ~d}o dj xlo Ozafuaxkde

Ke Jobruar{ dj 2>11& DKC kekxkaxoh ae ozafuaxkde dj xlo k`~amx} xlo acoem{} J[R la} lah de

d~oraxkde} dj xlo ôamo Mdr~}% Xlo ~ur~d}o dj xlo ozafuaxkde sa} xd hoxor`keo xlo J[R k`~amxde ôamo Mdr~} d~oraxkde}& bdxl hdò}xkmaff{ aeh ke xlo jkofh& aeh xlo md}x k`~fkmaxkde} dj xloJ[R jdr xlo ôamo Mdr~}%

Dzorzkos dj xlo J[R

Xlo J[R k} xlo }ox dj rufo} xlax àio} ôamo Mdr~} ~or}deeof }{}xo` ueu}uaf md`~aroh xd dxlorjohoraf acoemko} dr ~rkzaxo }omxdr jkr`}% Xlo J[R coeoraff{ fk`kx} aff _]HL }xajj xd jkzomde}omuxkzo {oar} dj o`~fd{òex skxl ôamo Mdr~}% Xlo J[R def{ a~~fko} xd _]HL}9 kx hdo}edx fk`kx xlo foecxl dj o`~fd{òex dj ~or}deaf }orzkmo} mdexramxdr} ,^]M}+ dr jdrokce }orzkmoeaxkdeaf ,J]E+ o`~fd{oo}& aeh kx hdo} edx a~~f{ xd o|~orx}?

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Xlo J[R bomaò fas ke Aucu}x dj 1;:?& jdur {oar} ajxor xlo ôamo Mdr~} sa} o}xabfk}loh% Keahhkxkde xd xlo jkzo {oar fk`kx de _]HL a~~dkexòex}& xlo 1;:? fas kexrdhumoh xsd dxlorjoaxuro} ke xlo acoem{} ~or}deeof }{}xo`7 ,1+ xlo ke-dux rufo roqukroh _]HL} ed fdecoro`~fd{oh b{ ôamo Mdr~} xd sakx jdr a} fdec a} xlokr ~romohkec xdur dj hux{ lah booe ke drhor xdbo ofkckbfo xd bo ro-lkroh ,xkò dux 5 xkò ke+9 aeh ,2+ kx cazo xlo Hkromxdr auxldrkx{ xd ~or}deaff{a~~rdzo xlo o|xoe}kde dj ae kehkzkhuaf} a~~dkexòex uehor }~omkaf mkrmu`}xaemo} jdr u~ xddeo {oar%

Xsoex{ {oar} faxor& ke Aucu}x dj 1;


11/69


Djjkmo dj Zkmxk`} Ahzdmam{ aeh o|o`~xoh xlo zkmxk`} ahzdmaxo ~d}kxkde,}+ jrd` xlo J[R% Xlk}fas af}d aòehoh }omxkde 3,a+ dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx }d xlax kx }laff edx a~~f{ xd xlo Ke}~omxdrCoeoraf ,KC+ dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} dr ae{ DKC o`~fd{oo}%

Dr kckeaf Kexoex dj xlo J[R

Deo dj xlo mlaffoeco} jamkec xlo jkr}x Hkromxdr dj xlo ôamo Mdr~}& ]arcoex ]lrkzor& aehlk} }oekdr }xajj ke xlo 1;:>} sa} xd romrukx o`~fd{oo} skxl rofozaex kexoreaxkdeafhozofd~òex o|~orkoemo aeh mrd}}-mufxuraf }ikff}% Hkromxdr ]lrkzor lk`}ofj lah }dòkexoreaxkdeaf zdfuexar{ o|~orkoemo ba}oh de lk} kezdfzoòex ke xlo 1;=>} skxl xloO|~orkòex ke Kexoreaxkdeaf Fkzkec} sloe xlo ôamo Mdr~} sa} lkrkec kx} jkr}x o`~fd{oo}& xlo acoem{ sa}coeoraff{ ueabfo xd romrukx ~od~fo skxl rofozaex kexoreaxkdeaf o|~orkoemo aeh mrd}}-mufxuraf }ikff} jdr xlo }k`~fo jamx xlax ke xlo oarf{ 1;:>} xloro sa} edxlkec fkio xlo murroexeu`bor aeh zarkox{ dj kexoreaxkdeaf hozofd~òex dr mufxuraf o|mlaeco drcaekwaxkde} ,}ooMlaeco} ke ôamo Mdr~} D~oraxkec Oezkrdeòex ]kemo 1;:1+%

Ke ro}~de}o xd xlk} oarf{ mlaffoeco& a mde}ufxaex sdrikec jdr xlo ôamo Mdr~}& Hr% Rdborx Xo|xdr&srdxo a ò`d de Homo`bor 11& 1;:1;

~rd~d}kec xlax ôamo Mdr~} lazo kx} dse ~or}deeof}{}xo` keho~oehoex dj xlo Mkzkf ]orzkmo Md``k}}kde aeh mlaramxorkwoh b{ xsd khoa}7 jkr}x& xlaxxlo acoem{ }ldufh lkro jdròr Zdfuexoor} a} }xajj a} }dde a} ~d}}kbfo xd jkff af`d}x aff}ub}xaexkzo gdb} YxlaxP kejfuoemo xlo }la~o aeh cu}xd dj ^M ~rdcra`}o%c% Djjkmor} keRomrukxòex& ]ofomxkde& Xrakekecaeh dzor}oa} Ro~ro}oexaxkzo}9 aeh }omdeh& xlax o`~fd{òexax ôamo Mdr~} }ldufh bo a fk`kxoh& ede-maroor a~~dkexòex xlax affds} oeducl xkò jdr }xajj xdbo ~rd`dxoh ammdrhkec xd ae ke-u~-dux ~rkemk~fo% Xlo kekxkaf }xajj o`~fd{òex fk`kx sa}~rd~d}oh a} ~orla~} okclx {oar}%

Hkromxdr ]lrkzor} laeh-srkxxoe edxo} ke xlo àrcke dj xlo 1;:1 ò`d o|~ro}}oh lk} oexlu}ka}`jdr xlo ~rd~d}oh ahzaexaco} dj xlo ~fae& slkml kemfuhoh7

a+ O|moffoemob+

,bomau}o def{ xlo bo}x R^MZ} sdufh bo }ofomxoh xd sdri a} }xajj+]dueh rdcra`}

m+ ,ho}kceoh b{ R^MZ} skxl jro}l& zafkh jkofh o|~orkoemo+

Ojjomxkzo Jkofh D~oraxkde}h+

,huo xd lkcl quafkx{ ke~ux jrd` R^MZ}+Lkcl @drafo

o+

,xlo d~~drxuekx{ xd lazo a foahor}lk~ rdfo ke xlo acoem{ sdufhbdd}x `drafo a`dec Zdfuexoor} aeh }xajj+Ofk`keaxkde dj Kea~~rd~rkaxo A~~fkmaex}

j+

,ed deo }ooikec a mu}l{ fkjo-fdec gdb sdufh a~~f{ xd sdri ax xlo ôamo Mdr~}+Jamkfkxaxkde dj Maroor}

c+

,xlo okclx-{oar fk`kxaxkde sdufh mroaxo rdd` jdr lkcl~orjdròr} xd `dzo u~+

K`~amx de Jdrokce dfkm{

l+

,}xajj sdufh foazo xlo ôamo Mdr~} jdr gdb} ax xloHo~arxòex dj ]xaxo aeh _]AKH aeh dxlor ~famo} xd kejfuoemo _%]% jdrokce~dfkm{+9 aeh[duxljufeo}}


12/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo =

Xlo 1;:1 ò`d la} booe qudxoh aeh ~ara~lra}oh loro ke hoxakf ke drhor xd mfarkj{ xlo drkckeafroa}dekec bolkeh xlo mroaxkde dj xlo acoem{} J[R& aeh bomau}o ke coeoraf xlk} ò`d roàke} aeammuraxo rojfomxkde dj slax xlo acoem{ o|~omxoh xd ammd`~fk}l xlrducl xlo o}xabfk}lòex dj a~or}deeof }{}xo` xakfdroh xd òox kx} eooh}%

Xlo ~rdbfo` dj oe}urkec xlax xlo acoem{} o`~fd{oo} mdufh uehor}xaeh xlo zdfuexoor o|~orkoemoaeh àio a~~rd~rkaxo ~dfkm{ homk}kde} ba}oh de xlax uehor}xaehkec sa} a mrkxkmaf deo jdr ôamoMdr~} ax xlo xkò& aeh a io{ `dxkzaxkde bolkeh xlo Hkromxdr} jdur-{oar ojjdrx xd `dhkj{ ôamoMdr~} ~or}deeof }{}xo` ammdrhkecf{% Mdrro}~dehoemo boxsooe xlo ôamo Mdr~} aeh xlo Buroaudj xlo Buhcox ,xdha{ xlo Djjkmo dj @aeacoòex aeh Buhcox+ fa{} dux Hkromxdr ]lrkzor} bofkojxlax kj xlo ôamo Mdr~} djjoroh kx} }xajj xkò-fk`kxoh raxlor xlae maroor a~~dkexòex}& kx sdufh7

oe}uro xlax xlo md``kxòex dj ~or}de} xaikec }xajj ~d}kxkde} ke xlo ôamo Mdr~} k} a quafkxaxkzof{hkjjoroex ikeh dj md``kxòex jrd` xlax dj ~or}de} xaikec gdb} ke rocufar Cdzoreòex acoemko}K xlkeixlax kj ~or}de} de xlo ôamo Mdr~} }xajj lazo àho a }~omkaf ikeh dj md``kxòex xd xlo ôamo Mdr~}& xlo{skff bo `dro fkiof{ xd ioo~ ke xueo skxl xlo Zdfuexoor} sld` xlo{ }orzo& aff dj sld` lazo àho a }k`kfar

md``kxòex%1>

Dzor kx} jkr}x jos {oar} dj d~oraxkde} uehor Hkromxdr ]lrkzor& xlo ôamo Mdr~} cros qukmif{% B{Gueo dj 1;:=& xlo acoem{ lah a xdxaf dj : ~oràeoex ~d}kxkde} jdr kx} Aòrkmae }xajj& aeh xlk}eu`bor sa} ~rdgomxoh xd rk}o xd ;2: b{ Gueo dj 1;:8%11

Ke @arml dj 1;:?& ajxor `dro xlae kehkzkhuaf} lah afroah{ oehoh xlokr Zdfuexoor }orzkmo& Hkromxdr ]lrkzor o|~fakeoh ke a ò`d xdxlo Slkxo Ldu}o sl{ xlo ôamo Mdr~} }duclx xd romrukx kx} }xajj jrd` xlo raei} dj roxureohZdfuexoor} aeh jdròr dzor}oa} }xajj7

ôamo Mdr~}$Sa}lkecxde la} a mrkxkmaf eooh jdr ~od~fo sld mae xrae}faxo xlo zafuo} aeh xlo òxldh} dj xloôamo Mdr~} dzor}oa} auhkoemo kexd Sa}lkecxde homk}kde àikecXlo ôamo Mdr~} àke }durmo dj }uml~or}de} k} kx} jdròr dzor}oa} }xajj aeh zdfuexoor}% Xd àio }uro xlax ax aff xkò} xloro aro ~famo} jdr

}kcekjkmaex eu`bor} dj jdròr dzor}oa} }xajj aeh zdfuexoor} ke ôamo Mdr~}$Sa}lkecxde& a ôamo Mdr~}skxl a }xabfo xdxaf fozof dj Sa}lkecxde o`~fd{òex maeedx cox mfdccoh u~ skxl maroor o`~fd{oo}%12

Ke Aucu}x dj 1;:? Mdecro}} aòehoh }omxkde }ozoe dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx& roqukrkec xlo ôamoMdr~} xd àio aff dj kx} a~~dkexòex} jdr bdxl hdò}xkm aeh dzor}oa} ~d}kxkde} uehor xlo Jdrokce]orzkmo Amx dj 1;8:& a} aòehoh% Ke ~a}}kec xlo J[R& Mdecro}} kexoehoh xd ~or`kx a mde}xaexkejfds dj eos bfddh aeh khoa}& xd ckzo xlo acoem{ ah`kek}xraxkzo jfo|kbkfkx{ slkml k} edx~d}}kbfo uehor xlo ro}xrkmxkde} dj xlo mkzkf }orzkmo }{}xo`& aeh xd àio }uro xlax xlo acoem{}}xajj edx bo drcaekwoh de a maroor ba}k}%1= Xlk} mlaeco ofk`keaxoh xlo maroor mkzkf }orzkmomdldrx jrd` xlo ôamo Mdr~}18

1> Mdrro}~dehoemo jrd` Hkromxdr ]lrkzor xd Ior`kx Cdrhde& Hkromxdr& Buroau dj xlo Buhcox% @a{ 21& 1;:=

aeh roqukroh aff ôamo Mdr~} hkromx lkro} bo o`~fd{oh de xkò-fk`kxoh& ede-maroor jdrokce }orzkmo a~~dkexòex}% Xlo 1;:? aòehòex} af}d àho ôamo Mdr~}~or}deeof }{}xo` ueu}uaf% _efkio dxlor jdrokce }orzkmo acoemko} }uml a} _]AKH aeh xloHo~arxòex dj ]xaxo& xlo ôamo Mdr~} sdufh ed fdecor lazo maroor mkzkf }orzaex} sdrikec jdr xlo

11 kbkh%12 @o`d jrd` Hkromxdr ]lrkzor xd Bkff @d{or}& ]~omkaf A}}k}xaex xd xlo ^ro}khoex%Lds xd Ioo~ xlo ûeml ke xloôamo Mdr~}% @arml ?& 1;:?%1= ]% Ro~% Ed% 2:3& ax : ,1;:?+ aeh Mdej% Ro~% Ed% 322%


13/69


acoem{} loahquarxor} ke xlo _ekxoh ]xaxo}% _efkio dxlor johoraf acoemko}& xlo ôamo Mdr~} sdufhbo ~rozoexoh b{ fas jrd` roxakekec kx} hkromx lkro o`~fd{oo} fdecor xlae jkzo mde}omuxkzo {oar},dr }k| {oar} uehor }~omkaf mkrmu`}xaemo}+%

Dur rozkos dj armlkzaf romdrh} }urrduehkec xlo o}xabfk}lòex dj xlo J[R hoxor`keoh xlax ke

aòehkec xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx xd ~ux ke ~famo a }xrkmx jkzo {oar fk`kx de o`~fd{òex aeh xlo ke-dux rufo& Mdecro}} hkh edx ckzo Hkromxdr ]lrkzor xlo jfo|kbkfkx{ lo lah }duclx% Hkromxdr ]lrkzorho}kroh xlo auxldrkx{ xd ~or}deaff{ a~~rdzo& de ae kehkzkhuaf ba}k}& ahhkxkdeaf xdur} dj u~ xd jkzo{oar} kj lo mde}khoroh kx xd bo ke xlo ~ubfkm kexoro}x& jdr u~ xd 1> {oar} djmde}omuxkzoo`~fd{òex9 lo mde}khoroh xlk} jfo|kbkfkx{ o}}oexkaf ke @a{ dj 1;:?1? % Xlo Hkromxdr af}d}duclx xlo auxldrkx{ xd ro-a~~dkex kehkzkhuaf} ajxor a xkò-dux ~orkdh dj 12 `dexl} dr uexkf xloo|~kraxkde dj a ~orkdh dj xkò oquaf xd xlo ~romohkec xdur& slkmlozor k} }ldrxor%1:

Xlo zor}kdedj xlo ôamo Mdr~} bkff ~rd~d}oh b{ xlo _%]% Ldu}o dj Ro~ro}oexaxkzo}& bux edx ~a}}oh kexd fas&sdufh lazo ~rdzkhoh xlo Hkromxdr xlo}o jfo|kbkfkxko}% Xlo bkff ~rd~d}oh b{ xlo _%]% ]oeaxomdexakeoh xlo }xrkmxor jkzo {oar fk`kx a} soff a} xlo ke-dux rufo%

Xabfo 17 1;:? ]oeaxo aeh Ldu}o Bkff} xd Aòeh xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx]oeaxo Zor}kde dj 1;:? ôamoMdr~} Fock}faxkde

Ldu}o Zor}kde dj 1;:? ôamoMdr~} Fock}faxkde

ôamo Mdr~}^rojoroemo ke 1;:?

?-{oar fk`kx de o`~fd{òex9Hkromxdr mae a~~rdzo 1 {oaro|xoe}kde} ,à|kù` : {oar}+

?-{oar fk`kx de o`~fd{òex9Hkromxdr mae a~~rdzo ? {oaro|xoe}kde} ,à|kù` 1> {oar}+

Ldu}o Zor}kde

O`~fd{oo mae bo ro-a~~dkexohajxor a xkò-dux ~orkdh oquaf xdfoecxl dj ~romohkec xdur

O`~fd{oo mae bo ro-a~~dkexohajxor a à|kù` xkò-dux ~orkdhdj 12 `dexl}

Ldu}o Zor}kde

]durmo7 Eaxkdeaf Armlkzo}% Aucu}x 2& 1;:? ò`d jrd` ôamo Mdr~} coeoraf mdue}of de ]oeaxo aeh Ldu}o zor}kde}dj bkff xd aòeh jurxlor xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx

Johoraf ôr}deeof ]{}xo`} aeh @orkx ^r kemk~fo}

Bomau}o xlo J[R ~famoh fk`kx} de xlo ôamo Mdr~} ~or}deeof }{}xo`& kx k} k`~drxaex xd rozkosxlo cdzoreòex-skho ~rkemk~fo} xlax cukho xlo àeacoòex dj johoraf ~or}deeof }{}xo`}% Johoraffas roqukro} o|omuxkzo acoemko} xd àeaco aeh k`~foòex xlokr ~or}deeof }{}xo`} mde}k}xoexskxl òrkx }{}xo` ~rkemk~fo}%13 Mdecro}} la} af}d hoxor`keoh xlax xlo Jdrokce ]orzkmo }ldufh bod~oraxoh de xlo ba}k} dj xlo òrkx ~rkemk~fo}%1 {oar}& ax foa}x xlroo àgdr aroa} dj mlaeco ke xlo acoem{} d~oraxkecoezkrdeòex }ldufh bo mde}khoroh ke rofaxkde xd xlo raxkdeafo aeh mdexkeukec eooh jdr xlo J[R7

1;? _%]%M 2=>2


15/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo :

,1+ crdsxl ke xlo eu`bor aeh x{~o} dj drcaekwaxkde} kezdfzoh ke kexoreaxkdeafhozofd~òex& afdec skxl hraàxkm crdsxl ke xlo }u~~f{ ~ddf dj xafoexoh kehkzkhuaf} skxlrofozaex o|~orkoemo9

,2+ xlo o|~orxk}o roqukroh xd u}o aeh àeaco eos xomledfdc{ xd oelaemo xlo acoem{}d~oraxkde}9 aeh

,=+ xlo iedsfohco aeh o|~orxk}o roqukroh xd }xa{ ke md`~fkaemo skxl mlaeco} ke johoraffas} aeh rocufaxkde}%

Xlo jkofh dj kexoreaxkdeaf hozofd~òex la} }ooe xroòehdu} crdsxl }kemo 1;:1% Xdha{& xlo }dmkafoexor~rk}o drcaekwaxkde Hozo|& slkml brkec} xdcoxlor kexoreaxkdeaf hozofd~òex ~rdjo}}kdeaf}aeh drcaekwaxkde}& mduex} af`d}x 8>>&>>> hozofd~òex ~rdjo}}kdeaf} aeh dzor ;&=>>kexoreaxkdeaf akh aeh hozofd~òex drcaekwaxkde} a`dec kx} ò`bor}% Xlo }u~~f{ dj xafoexohfabdr skxl rofozaex kexoreaxkdeaf hozofd~òex o|~orxk}o xdha{ k} hkjjoroex jrd` slax kx sa} ke

1;:1%

Ahzaemo} ke xomledfdc{ aeh xlo mdrro}~dehkec }ikff }ox} roqukroh xd u}o aeh àkexake xlo` lazocrdse hraàxkmaff{ }kemo 1;:1& aeh xlo ôamo Mdr~} roqukro} xlo abkfkx{ xd axxramx kejdràxkdexomledfdc{ ,KX+ ~rdjo}}kdeaf} skxl a brdah raeco dj o|~orxk}o xd }u~~drx aeh oelaemo xloacoem{} d~oraxkde}% Xlo ôamo Mdr~} ù}x md`~oxo skxl dxlor johoraf acoemko} a} soff a} skxljkr`} ke xlo ~rkzaxo }omxdr jdr quafkjkoh ~rdjo}}kdeaf} xd àkexake aeh àeaco xlo}o eosorxomledfdcko}%A} a johoraf acoem{& xlo ôamo Mdr~} ù}x md`~f{ skxl euòrdu} johoraf fas} aeh rocufaxkde}xlax lazo booe ~ux ke ~famo }kemo 1;:1& àe{ dj slkml soro ho}kceoh xd k`~rdzo ~orjdràemoaeh àeacoòex& xd àio cdzoreòex `dro ammduexabfo& aeh xd jurxlor ~rdjo}}kdeafkwo xlo sa{johoraf acoemko} ~fae aeh mdehumx xlokr bu}keo}}% Xlo}o fas} rofaxo xd johoraf jkeaemkaf aeh~orjdràemo àeacoòex& ~rdmuroòex aeh mdexramxkec& kejdràxkde àeacoòex& dzor}kclx&oxlkm}& romdrh} ammo}}kbkfkx{ aeh àeacoòex& xlo àeacoòex dj ~or}deeof }{}xo`}& aeh aexk-hk}mrk`keaxkde fas}% Jdr o|a`~fo} dj xlo}o fas} aeh rocufaxkde}& }oo A~~oehk| B% Xlo ôamoMdr~}& fkio dxlor johoraf acoemko}& eooh} quafkjkoh }xajj sld mae àeaco xlo acoem{} d~oraxkde}ammdrhkec xd xlo roqukroòex} dj xlo}o fas} aeh rocufaxkde}%


16/69


]OMXKDEA7XLO J[R] K@ÂMX DE O@^FD[OOX_REDZOR AEHXOE_RO

Xlo J[R la} }u~~drxoh xlo acoem{} ojjdrx} xd amlkozo kx} `k}}kde aeh cdaf} ke k`~drxaex sa{}&kemfuhkec romrukxkec `k}}kde-hrkzoe o`~fd{oo} skxl eos oeorc{ aeh khoa} aeh affdskec xloôamo Mdr~} xd lkro o|xoe}kzof{ jrd` xlo roxureoh Zdfuexoor ~d~ufaxkde% So }~dio xd àeacor}aeh o`~fd{oo} sld a}}orxoh xlax xlo J[R la} booe ae k`~drxaex joaxuro dj xlo acoem{}~or}deeof }{}xo`% Bofds aro }dò o|a`~fo} dj ro}~dehoex} zkos} dj xlo boeojkx} xlo ôamoMdr~} la} romokzoh jrd` xlo J[R7

Xlo roa}de} bolkeh xlo J[R mdexkeuo xd bo o|amxf{ rkclxxlo acoem{ }ldufh axxramx ~od~fo sld aro`k}}kde-hrkzoe aeh edx loro gu}x xd lazo a gdb% Xlo{ }ldufh acroo xd sdri loro ke }~kxo dj xlo J[R% Xlk} k}mrkxkmaf%

Xloro k} a roaf joofkec xlax à{bo ~rdbfo`} mae bo }dfzoh xlk} xkò%%% xlo J[R brkec} ke eos ~od~fo sldxaio a jro}l fddi ax kx aeh }a{& so mae jk| xlax% Aeh {du ieds slax4 Demo ke a slkfo xlo{ hd% ]d xlo acoem{cox} a fdx dj boeojkx jrd` lazkec eos ~od~fo mdò ke skxl xlk} axxkxuho%

ôd~fo skxl eos khoa} mdò ke aeh ~od~fo skxl a `k| dj o|~orkoemo mdò ke aeh xruf{ fdzo xlodrcaekwaxkde% Xlk} k} croax%

Xlo J[R hdo} mroaxo a }~omkaf o}~rkx ho mdr~} aeh {du maex dzor-o}xkàxo xlo zafuo dj xlk}% Mkzkf }orzkmohdo} edx mroaxo xlax ikeh dj }~krkx ax aff%

So mdufh edx }{}xoàxkmaff{ md`~aro xlo maàrahorko dr o}~rkx ho mdr~} a`dec ôamo Mdr~}}xajj xd dxlor johoraf acoemko}% Ldsozor& xlo acoem{} 2>11 O`~fd{oo Zkos~dkex ]urzo{2>

ro}ufx} kehkmaxoh xlax ôamo Mdr~} o`~fd{oo} raeioh xlo acoem{ ax dr abdzo cdzoreòex-skhoazoraco} de :8 dj 3< ,1> xlo ôamo Mdr~} sa} raeioh a} deo dj xlo xd~ ?

bo}x ~famo} xd sdri a`dec =8 }àff acoemko}%

[ox }u~~drx a`dec xlo acoem{} o`~fd{oo} jdr xlo J[R ho~oehoh de xlo ~arxkmufar o|~orkoemo}o`~fd{oo} lazo lah sdrikec xlrducl ~orkdh} dj }xajj xrae}kxkde aeh ~d}kxkde zamaemko} ax xlokrdjjkmo} dr ~d}x}% Ro}~de}o} xd dur }urzo{ abdux xlo ojjomx} dj _]HL xuredzor ax dzor}oa} ~d}x}kehkmaxoh xlax xlo J[R la} coeoraxoh zor{ `k|oh ro}ufx} ho~oehkec de slkml _]HL la} fojx&lds xlo xrae}kxkde jrd` deo _]HL xd aedxlor sa} àeacoh& aeh sld xlo ro~famoòex sa}%Bofds k} a }a`~fo dj md`òex} jrd` dzor}oa} jkofh }xajj rocarhkec lds _]HL xuredzor la}&ba}oh de xlokr o|~orkoemo& ajjomxoh xlokr ~d}x} abkfkx{ xd mdexrkbuxo xd xlo acoem{} `k}}kdecdaf}7

K mae#x }a{ kx} eocaxkzo dr ~d}kxkzo% Kx roaff{ ho~oeh} de xlo ~or}de foazkec xlo ~d}x aeh ke dur ~d}x so

lazo lah zor{ zafuabfo _]HL }xajj%

Kx k} larh xd xoff kj xlo xuredzor dj _]HL la} a ~d}kxkzo dr eocaxkzo ojjomxXlo k`~amx zarko} ho~oehkecde xlo ~d}kxkde aeh af}d croaxf{ de xlo ~or}deafkx{ dj xlo a}}kceoh }xajj%

2> A cdzoreòex-skho }urzo{ xlax òa}uro} o`~fd{oo}# ~ormo~xkde} dj sloxlor& aeh xd slax o|xoex& mdehkxkde} xlaxmlaramxorkwo }ummo}}juf drcaekwaxkde} aro ~ro}oex ke xlokr acoemko}%


17/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo >;-2>11& xlo ôamo Mdr~} ak`} xd amlkozo axuredzor raxo dj 2> ~ormoex%21

@orkx }{}xo` ~rkemk~fo} }xro}} xlax xlo johoraf sdri jdrmo }ldufh bo u}oh ojjkmkoexf{ aehojjomxkzof{ aeh xlax o`~fd{oo} }ldufh bo roxakeoh de xlo ba}k} dj xlo ahoquam{ dj xlokr~orjdràemo% Ahhkxkdeaff{& xlo acoem{} xuredzor cdaf}& skxlke xlo mdexo|x dj xlo mde}xrakex} djxlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx& }ldufh bo bafaemoh acake}x cdzoreòex-skho }xaeharh} xlo CAD la} }oxdux jdr luàe ma~kxaf àeacoòex xlax }xro}} xlo k`~drxaemo dj o`~fd{oo roxoexkde7 A} a ~arxdj kx} luàe ma~kxaf ~faeekec& àeacoòex }ldufh af}d mde}khor lds bo}x xd roxake zafuabfoo`~fd{oo}%

So jdueh xlax xuredzor ax xlo ôamo Mdr~} la} booe boxsooe 2? ~ormoex aeh =< ~ormoex jdr xlo{oar} so soro abfo xd mafmufaxo% Xlo òhkae aeeuaf xuredzor raxo jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> sa} =1~ormoex% Xlo mde}k}xoexf{ lkcl raxo dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor ax ôamo Mdr~} k} bo{deh slax sa}drkckeaff{ kexoehoh aeh o|mooh} xlo acoem{} cdaf dj 2> ~ormoex% Kx k} kemde}k}xoex skxl bdxl xlo

21ôamo Mdr~} Luàe Ma~kxaf @aeacoòex ^fae& J[2>>; xd J[2>11& ~%=2% Kx k} edx mfoar jrd` xlo Luàe Ma~kxaf@aeacoòex Ro~drx dr dxlor acoem{ romdrh} kj xlo acoem{} cdaf k} xd oe}uro xlax aeeuaf xuredzor k} ed `dro xlae 2>~ormoex dr ax foa}x 2> ~ormoex& dr }k`~f{ ae o|~omxaxkde xlax abdux 2> ~ormoex dj aff hkromx lkro} skff foazo oaml {oar&~or xlo J[R& a}}u`kec ae ozoe }~roah dj oexor-de-hux{ haxo} ke ae{ {oar%


18/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo ;

òrkx }{}xo` ~rkemk~fo xlax a johoraf sdrijdrmo }ldufh bo u}oh ojjkmkoexf{ aeh ojjomxkzof{ a} soffa} skxl johoraf }xaeharh} jdr luàe ma~kxaf àeacoòex%

Ke romoex {oar} xlo ôamo Mdr~} aeeuaf xuredzor raxo la} booe abdux jdur xkò} xlo raxo dj xloro}x dj xlo johoraf cdzoreòex%

Xabfo 2% Xuredzor ax ôamo Mdr~} Md`~aroh xd Ro}x dj Johoraf Cdzoreòexôamo Mdr~} Xuredzor Raxo 2>>8 2>>? 2>>: 2>>3 2>>< 2>>; 2>1>

Eu`bor dj O`~fd{oo}22 ; aeh LuàeMa~kxaf @aeacoòex Ro~drx& Homo`bor 2>1>%

sld}o mlakràe mduexoroh xlax xlo J[R sa} ueeomo}}ar{ckzoe xlo fozof dj xuredzor md``de ke xlo johoraf cdzoreòex ax xlo xkò% Ke kx} dbgomxkde& xloM]M }xaxoh xlax xlo J[R a~~oar} sldff{ ueho}krabfo jrd` xlo }xaeh~dkex dj cddh ~or}deeofàeacoòex coeoraff{ aeh ~dkexoh dux xlax johoraf xuredzor ke 1;:2 sa} 21 ~ormoex7 a`~fo xda}}uro }ub}xaexkaf xuredzor ax xlo ôamo Mdr~} skxldux rof{kec de a rufo xd fk`kx xoeuro% XloM]M roa}deoh xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} mdufh u}o ~rd~or }ofomxkde& ahoquaxo maroor ~faeekec& aehguhkmkdu} u}o dj o|k}xkec a~~dkexòex auxldrkxko} xd fk`kx xlo foecxl dj }orzkmo jdr slaxozor gdb}

2= ]o~araxkde} ke xlo jk}maf {oar soro horkzoh ba}oh de ~or}deeof haxa ~rdzkhoh b{ ôamo Mdr~} Luàe Ro}durmo}%28Boeoaxl xlo ]urjamo7 _ehor}xaehkec Axxrkxkde ax [dur Acoem{ aeh Sl{ kx @axxor}%ârxeor}lk~ jdr ubfkm ]orzkmo%Bddw Affoe La`kfxde% Edzo`bor 8& 2>1>%2? _exkf 1;3< xlo Mkzkf ]orzkmo Md``k}}kde àeacoh xlo _%]% cdzoreòex mkzkf }orzkmo% Mdecro}} abdfk}loh xloMd``k}}kde ke 1;3< skxl xlo ~a}}aco dj xlo Mkzkf ]orzkmo Rojdr` Amx aeh hk}xrkbuxoh kx} juemxkde} a`dec xlrooacoemko}7 xlo Djjkmo dj ôr}deeof @aeacoòex& @orkx ]{}xo`} ^rdxomxkde Bdarh& aeh Johoraf Fabdr Rofaxkde}Auxldrkx{%


19/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 1>

kx saexoh xd fk`kx% Xlo M]M romd`òehoh ke xlo }xrdeco}x xor`} xlax xlo jkzo-{oar fk`kx bohofoxoh jrd` xlo bkff%

Ke 1;3; a àgdr rozkos dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} b{ CAD jdueh xlax xlo acoem{} xuredzor raxo sa}xrk~fo xlax dj xlo ro}x dj xlo johoraf cdzoreòex& aeh xlax xlo J[R mdexrkbuxoh xd 8> ~ormoex dj xlo

acoem{} aeeuaf xuredzor raxo% Ke dxlor sdrh}& :> ~ormoex dj xlo acoem{} xuredzor raxo sa} huoxd dxlor jamxdr}& edx hkromxf{ hrkzoe b{ xlo J[R%

So rozkosoh ~rozkdu} }xuhko} dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor ke xlo johoraf cdzoreòex ke drhor xdmd`~aro xlo ôamo Mdr~} xuredzor xd xlo ro}x dj xlo johoraf cdzoreòex%2:

Xlducl xloro lazobooe def{ a laehjuf dj àgdr }xuhko} dj johoraf xuredzor& xlokr jkehkec} lazo booe mde}k}xoex7 deo}xuh{ jdueh xuredzor dj slkxo-mdffar sdrior} skxl ~oràeoex a~~dkexòex} xd bo 12%= ~ormoex9aedxlor jdueh xuredzor a`dec o|mo~xoh }orzkmo& C]-oqukzafoex o`~fd{oo} xd bo 11 ~ormoex9 aehxlo xuredzor raxo jdr eos sdrior} skxl fo}} xlae jkzo {oar} dj johoraf }orzkmo sa} lkclor& ax 1?%1~ormoex% ]xuhko} lazo jdueh a 2? ~ormoex xuredzor raxo a`dec aff johoraf sdrior} ke xlokr jkr}x{oar dj }orzkmo9 a 18 ~ormoex xuredzor raxo jdr johoraf sdrior} skxl jrd` deo xd xlroo {oar} dj

}orzkmo9 aeh ; ~ormoex xuredzor jdr sdrior} skxl 8-? {oar} dj }orzkmo% Xuredzor raxo} a`decjohoraf sdrior} xoeh xd }fds hdse skxl aco% Xsofzo ~ormoex dj sdrior} jrd` 21 xd =? {oar} dfhro}kceoh dr xrae}jorroh md`~aroh xd ?%1 ~ormoex dj sdrior} acoh =: xd ?> aeh gu}x 2%= ~ormoex djjohoraf sdrior} ?1 aeh dfhor% Ro}oarmlor} mdehumxkec xlo}o o|a`keaxkde} dj cdzoreòex-skhoxuredzor roa}deoh xlax xlo lkcl xuredzor raxo jdr eos johoraf sdrior} rojfomxoh xlo xoehoem{ dj~od~fo oarf{ ke xlokr maroor} xd bo `dro `dbkfo ke xlo sdrijdrmo%

Kj xlo }aò ~axxore lofh ax xlo ôamo Mdr~}& deo sdufh o|~omx xd }oo hkjjoroemo} ke xlo foecxl dj}orzkmo& skxlke xlo mde}xrakex} dj xlo J[R& b{ aco crdu~% Dur aeaf{}k} dj ~or}deeof romdrh} jrd`2>>> xd 2>1> }ldsoh xlax xlo azoraco foecxl dj o`~fd{òex dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} _]HLo`~fd{oo} ,o|mfuhkec xo`~drar{ sdrior}& kexore}& o|~orx} aeh sdrior} o|o`~x jrd` xlo J[R+hkh zar{ ammdrhkec xd aco crdu~% De azoraco& {duecor o`~fd{oo} fojx xlo ôamo Mdr~} a jos`dexl} kexd xlokr }omdeh => `dexl xdur ,?8 ~ormoex dj jkzo {oar}+& sloroa} sdrior} jrd` =: xd?> {oar} dfh md`~foxoh af`d}x jdur {oar}& 3: ~ormoex dj xlokr xkò azakfabfo uehor xlo J[R%

Xabfo =% Foecxl dj ]orzkmo dj ôamo Mdr~} O`~fd{oo}& b{ Aco Crdu~Aco Crdu~ 21 - =? =: - ?> ?1 aeh dfhor Aff aco}

Azoraco Foecxl dj ]orzkmo ,ODH23 2%3xd ]o~araxkde+ =%< =%? =

Xuredzor a`dec eosf{-lkroh ôamo Mdr~} o`~fd{oo} ro}o`bfoh cdzoreòex-skho azoraco}jdueh ke ~rozkdu} }xuhko}% Jrd` 2>>> xd 2>>3& xlo ôamo Mdr~} fd}x 22 ~ormoex dj kx} jkr}x-{oarhkromx lkro} xd xuredzor9 aeh dj mdur}o xlo J[R la} ro}ufxoh ke a lkclor xuredzor raxo a`decsdrior} skxl 8 dr ? {oar} dj }orzkmo% Bux o`~fd{oo xuredzor la} booe croaxf{ ammoforaxoh ax xloôamo Mdr~}& bo{deh xlo kexoehoh ojjomx dj xlo J[R& a`dec _]HL} skxl jrd` 1 xd = {oar} dj

2:O`~fd{oo Xuredzor ke xlo Johoraf Cdzoreòex% A ]~omkaf ]xuh{% Xlo Mdecro}}kdeaf Buhcox Djjkmo% Jobruar{

1;


20/69


}orzkmo7 88 ~ormoex }o~araxoh jrd` xlo acoem{ jrd` 2>>> xd 2>>3&2>> xd 2>>3+

22/ 88/ =3/

Xlo ~ro`k}o bolkeh xlo J[R sa} xlax kx sdufh affds xlo ôamo Mdr~} xd axxramx quafkxaxkzof{hkjjoroex sdrior} sld lah àho a }~omkaf ikeh dj md``kxòex xd xlo ôamo Mdr~} aeh sdufh bocoeoraff{ hk}kexoro}xoh ke xlokr ~or}deaf maroor mde}khoraxkde}9 xlax kx sdufh amx a} ae a~~fkmaexjkfxor aeh axxramx a }~omkaf brooh dj o`~fd{oo}& md`~d}oh dj a lkcl ~ormoexaco dj R^MZ}& sldsdufh ho}kro xd }orzo xlo acoem{} `k}}kde ke }~kxo dj xlo jamx xlax xlokr a~~dkexòex sdufh bo a

ede-maroor& xkò-fk`kxoh deo%

So hoxor`keoh xlax 82 ~ormoex ,1&218 dux dj 2&>> xd 2>1>}o~araxoh jrd` xlo acoem{ bojdro md`~foxkec xlokr jkr}x xdur ,=> `dexl}+ aeh àe{ dj xld}oro}kceoh zor{ oarf{% Xloro soro def{ `kedr hkjjoroemo} ke xlo }o~araxkde raxo} dj roxureohZdfuexoor zor}u} ede-R^MZ o`~fd{oo}7 8> ~ormoex dj R^MZ aeh 8? ~ormoex dj ede-R^MZo`~fd{oo} fojx xlo ôamo Mdr~} skxlke xlokr jkr}x xdur}%

2< So soro abfo xd mafmufaxo xuredzor raxo} a`dec o`~fd{oo} skxl jrd` 1 xd = {oar} dj }orzkmo xlrducl 2>>3% Ajxor2>>3& o`~fd{oo} sdufh edx lazo lah a mlaemo xd sdri jdr = {oar} aeh bo kemfuhoh ke dur }a`~fo dj ~or}deeofromdrh} xlax mdzoroh 2>>> xd 2>1>%


21/69


Jkcuro 1% _]HL ]o~araxkde} Skxlke xlo 1}x

Xdur ,2>>> xd 2>1>+

Jurxlor& a} dxlor }xuhko} dj johoraf xuredzor lazo }ldse& xlo }o~araxkde raxo dj johoraf o`~fd{oo}la} xoehoh xd rojfomx o`~fd{òex d~~drxuekxko} ke xlo brdahor _%]% omded`{% Hurkec xlo romoexomded`km romo}}kde xlo axxrkxkde raxo dj johoraf sdrior} }fdsoh a} o`~fd{oo} lofh dexd xlokr~d}kxkde}% Xlo ôamo Mdr~} xuredzor raxo& ammoforaxoh a} kx k}& af}d }ldsoh }oe}kxkzkx{ xd xloeaxkdeaf ueo`~fd{òex raxo& a} }ooe ke xabfo ?%

Xabfo ?% _eo`~fd{òex aeh Xuredzor

_eo`~fd{òex aehXuredzor Raxo}

2>>8 2>>? 2>>: 2>>3 2>>< 2>>; 2>1> 2>11

Eaxkdeaf _eo`~fd{òexRaxo2;

?%? ?%1 8%: 8%: ?%< ;%= ;%: ;%1

ôamo Mdr~} XuredzorRaxo

=2%2/ =>%;/ =2%2/ =>%?/ =2%;/ 2:%8/ 2?%2/ e$a

Cdzoreòex-SkhoXuredzor Raxo=>

e$a 3%< xd 2: ~ormoex ke 2>>; aeh 2? ~ormoex ke 2>1>% Kx k} roa}deabfo xd

mdemfuho xlax xlk} }fds hdse sa} hrkzoe b{ xlo romo}}kde aeh xlo coeoraf fami dj azakfabkfkx{ djgdb} dux}kho xlo acoem{& raxlor xlae b{ ae oelaemoh md``kxòex de xlo ~arx dj kx} o`~fd{oo}dzor xlax brkoj ~orkdh xd xlo oxlkm dj md`~foxkec xlokr ede-maroor& fk`kxoh a~~dkexòex}% Sloxlordr edx ôamo Mdr~} o`~fd{oo} lazo àho a }~omkaf ikeh dj md``kxòex xd xlo acoem{& xlo{ lazoro}~dehoh xd kemoexkzo} aeh d~~drxuekxko} ke xlo farcor omded`{& gu}x fkio dxlor sdrior}%

2; Azoraco aeeuaf ueo`~fd{òex raxo ba}oh de `dexlf{ ueo`~fd{òex raxo} jrd` xlo Buroau dj Fabdr ]xaxk}xkm}%=> Boeoaxl xlo ]urjamo7 _ehor}xaehkec Axxrkxkde ax [dur Acoem{ aeh Sl{ kx @axxor}% ârxeor}lk~ jdr ûbfkm ]orzkmo%Bddw Affoe La`kfxde% Edzo`bor 8& 2>1>%

R^MZ}

R^MZ}

R^MZ}

R^MZ} R^MZ}

R^MZ}R^MZ}

R^MZ}

R^MZ}

R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ} ede-R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ}ede-R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ}

ede-R^MZ}

>

2>

8>

:>

1>>

12>

18>

1:>

1

2>>

6 = d =-: d :-; d ;-12 d 12-1? d 1?-1< d 1 d

Xdxaf]o~araxkde}

_]HL 1}x Xdur ]o~araxkde} jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1>

Foecxldj O`~fd{ oex dj M ]xajj Sld ]o~araxoh Skxlke Jkr}x => dexl}


22/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 1=

So soro ueabfo xd jkeh o|a`~fo} dj dxlor cdzoreòex acoemko} dr ~rkzaxo jkr`} sld lazo ~ux ke~famo rufo} ke xlokr ~or}deeof }{}xo` xd jdrmo mde}xaex xuredzor aeh ~rozoex xlo`}ofzo} jrd`roxakekec zafuabfo o`~fd{oo}% Dxlor acoemko} aeh jkr`} a~~oar xd zkos }xajj axxrkxkde xlrducl ahkjjoroex foe}& aeh a `dro skhof{-ammo~xoh ~arahkc`7 xlax o|mo}}kzo axxrkxkde k} lar`juf&

o|~oe}kzo aeh ae k`~ohkòex xd xlo amlkozoòex dj ~orjdràemo cdaf}& aeh xlax acoemko} aehjkr`} lazo a ro}~de}kbkfkx{ xd xlo xa|~a{or dr xd xlokr }laroldfhor} aeh mu}xdòr} xd roxake lkcl~orjdr`kec o`~fd{oo} sld mdexrkbuxo xd xlo `k}}kde dr bdxxd`-fkeo% Xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amxroqukro} xlo acoem{ xd }o~araxo kx} hkromx lkro o`~fd{oo} ba}oh de xlokr oexor-de-hux{ haxo aeh amfdmi& skxldux rocarh jdr o`~fd{oo ~orjdràemo dr mdexrkbuxkde xd xlo `k}}kde k} kemde}k}xoexskxl johoraf }xaeharh} dj luàe ma~kxaf àeacoòex aeh òrkx }{}xo` ~rkemk~fo}%Aeh sloemd`~aroh xd dxlor acoemko} aeh jkr`} cdaf} aeh }xraxocko} xd }u~~drx o`~fd{oo roxoexkde& xloôamo Mdr~}& a} roqukroh b{ fas& k`~foòex} ae a~~rdaml xd ~or}deeof àeacoòex xlax k}ueeomo}}arkf{ md}xf{ aeh ax dhh} skxl skhof{ ammo~xoh ~rkemk~fo} dj }dueh ~or}deeofàeacoòex ,}oo ]omxkde H& Md}x} dj @aeackec Xuredzor ax ôamo Mdr~}+%

Deo ro}~dehoex ro~drxoh xd u}& Kj so fkjxoh xlo J[R xd`drrds so sdufh mafmkj{ skxl murroex}xajj% [ox skxldux xlo J[R xlo ôamo Mdr~} sdufh lazo a eaxuraf xuredzor raxo a} o`~fd{oo}ro}kce jdr a raeco dj roa}de}& xrae}jor xd dxlor johoraf acoemko}& rofdmaxo& aeh roxkro% Ke dur rozkosdj xlo acoem{} ~or}deeof romdrh} aeh xuredzor raxo} dj dxlor johoraf acoemko}& so hkh edx jkehozkhoemo xd }u~~drx xlo khoa xlax xlo J[R la} booe eomo}}ar{ xd cuaraexoo a mde}xaex kejfds dreos bfddh aeh khoa} dr xlax skxldux xlo J[R xlo acoem{ sdufh jamo a mrk}k} dj buroaumraxkmarxorkd}mford}k} a} ~rohkmxoh b{ xlo acoem{} jduehor} aeh }dò murroex }xajj%

Slkfo kx k} k`~d}}kbfo xd ~rohkmx o|amxf{ slax xlo acoem{} eaxuraf raxo dj aeeuaf xuredzor sdufhbo ke xlo ab}oemo dj xlo murroex J[R& kx k} roa}deabfo xd mdemfuho xlax ke drhor xd rohumo xloaeeuaf raxo dj xuredzor ax ôamo Mdr~} bofds 2> ~ormoex xlo acoem{ sdufh eooh xd }ub}xaexkaff{afxor xlo jkzo-{oar a~~dkexòex fk`kx% Ke ahhkxkde& afxlducl xlo J[R a~~fko} xd aff hkromx lkroo`~fd{oo} skxl zor{ jos o|mo~xkde}& xlo acoem{ la} amiedsfohcoh ke kx} Gueo 2>11Md`~roloe}kzo Acoem{ A}}o}}òex ro~drx xd Mdecro}} xlax xlo zafuo dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor axôamo Mdr~} ho~oeh} de slkml ~d}kxkde} boeojkx `dro jrd` jro}l oeorc{ aeh khoa} aeh slkml~d}kxkde} boeojkx `dro jrd` mdexkeukx{ aeh }~omkafkwoh }ikff}7

Slkfo xlo acoem{ boeojkx} croaxf{ jrd` lazkec xlo ~or}~omxkzo dj jdròr Zdfuexoor} aeh dzor}oa} }xajj axLoahquarxor}& a} soff a} jro}l oeorc{ aeh khoa}& edx aff ~d}kxkde} eomo}}kxaxo }uml ~or}~omxkzo sloemd`~aroh xd xlo zafuo dj ma~amkx{& mdexkeukx{& bu}keo}} juemxkde& aeh ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{% Jdr o|a`~fo&xlo mduexr{ ho}i djjkmor ~d}kxkde} ke oaml dj xlo rockde} aeh xlo romrukxor ~d}kxkde} ke rockdeaf romrukxòexdjjkmo} boeojkx jrd` xlo ~or}~omxkzo aeh oexlu}ka}` dj roxureoh Zdfuexoor}% Ldsozor& io{ bu}keo}}juemxkde} ~orjdròh b{ òhkmaf ~rdjo}}kdeaf}& mdexramx }~omkafk}x}& aeh luàe ro}durmo} }xajj jdr o|a`~fo&à{ edx oquaff{ eomo}}kxaxo }uml jkofh ~or}~omxkzo aeh murroexf{ }ujjor jrd` jroquoex }xajj xuredzor aeh fami

dj mdexkeukx{ ke a mdro bu}keo}} juemxkde dj xlo ôamo Mdr~}%

Xlo J[R la} mdexrkbuxoh xd ae azoraco foecxl dj o`~fd{òex ax ôamo Mdr~} xlax k} soff

}ldrx dj jkzo {oar}%

CAD la} arxkmufaxoh a }ox dj }xaeharh} jdr kexoreaf mdexrdf} jdr johoraf acoemko}& kemfuhkec}xaeharh} rofaxoh xd luàe ma~kxaf àeacoòex7


23/69


Ojjomxkzo aeacoòex dj ae drcaekwaxkde#} sdrijdrmo--kx} luàe ma~kxaf--k} o}}oexkaf xd amlkozkecro}ufx} aeh ae k`~drxaex ~arx dj kexoreaf mdexrdf% @aeacoòex }ldufh zkos luàe ma~kxaf a} aea}}ox raxlor xlae a md}xA} a ~arx dj kx} luàe ma~kxaf ~faeekec& àeacoòex }ldufh af}d mde}khorlds bo}x xd roxake zafuabfo o`~fd{oo}& ~fae jdr xlokr ozoexuaf }ummo}}kde& aeh oe}uro mdexkeukx{ djeoohoh }ikff} aeh abkfkxko}%

Dur aeaf{}k} dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} ~or}deeof romdrh} jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> kehkmaxo} xlax xlo J[R la}foh xd abbrozkaxoh xkò-ke-~d}kxkde aeh a }ldrx azoraco foecxl dj xdxaf o`~fd{òex dj _]HL}xajj% So mafmufaxoh xlo foecxl dj o`~fd{òex dj aff ~or}deeof sld sdrioh ax xlo acoem{ jrd`2>>> xd 2>1>% Xlo azoraco foecxl dj xkò _%]% hkromx lkro o`~fd{oo} }~oex ke xlo }aò ~d}kxkdedzor xlk} ~orkdh sa} 1%< {oar}% Xlo azoraco foecxl dj o`~fd{òex ,jrd` oexor-de-hux{ haxo xd}o~araxkde haxo+ dzor xlk} xoe-{oar ~orkdh sa} xlroo {oar}% Xlo acoem{} J]E aeh ^]Mo`~fd{oo} lah ùml fdecor azoraco xoeuro}& ax af`d}x ekeo {oar} jdr J]E} aeh dzor }k| {oar}jdr ^]M}%=1

Xabfo :% Azoraco ]orzkmo dj ôamo Mdr~} O`~fd{oo}7 2>>> xd 2>1>

Hux{ ]xaxkde Eu`bor dj

O`~fd{oo}

[oar} jrd` ODH xd

]o~araxkde ,_]HL}+

[oar} ke ]aò

^d}kxkdeLoahquarxor} Hkromx Lkro} 18;? 2%3? 1%:3Dzor}oa} _%]% Hkromx Lkro} 8:2 =%


24/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 1?

o`~fd{oo xoeuro mdehumxoh b{ D^@ hoxor`keoh xlax azoraco o`~fd{oo xoeuro& `oa}uroh ozor{ ?{oar} jrd` 1;


25/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 1:

]OMXKDE B7OJJOMX] DJAMMOFORAXOHX_REDZOR AEH ]LDRXO@^FD[OOXOE_RO DEACOEM[DÔRAXKDE]

Eocaxkzo Ojjomx} dj Lkcl Xuredzor Khoexkjkoh ke ^rozkdu} ]xuhko}

Xlo J[R la} booe mkxoh a} a rddx dr mdexrkbuxkec mau}o dj zarkdu} soaieo}}o} ke xlo acoem{}d~oraxkde}% ]~omkjkmaff{& ~rozkdu} ro~drx} lazo mdemfuhoh xlax xlo J[R mdexrkbuxoh xd7

o|mo}}kzo o`~fd{oo xuredzor& jroquoex }xajjkec zamaemko}& aeh hkjjkmufxko} roxakekecquafkjkoh }xajj9

a fami dj ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{9

a md`~rd`k}oh ma~amkx{ xd foare jrd` ~a}x `k}xaio} aeh }ummo}}juff{ k`~foòexkeedzaxkzo }dfuxkde}9 aeh

md}xf{ aeh keojjkmkoex o`~fd{oo romrukxòex amxkzkxko}%

Hurkec xlo 1;3>} xlroo àgdr rozkos}& kemfuhkec xsd b{ CAD aeh deo b{ xlo Eaxkdeaf Amaho`{dj ]mkoemo} ,EA]+& o|~ro}}oh mdemore} abdux xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx} xlo J[R lah de xlo ôamoMdr~}% Ke ahhkxkde& a ôamo Mdr~}$AMXKDE }xajj }urzo{ de xlo ojjomx} dj xlo J[R rozoafoh xlax aàgdrkx{ dj dzor =&?>> jdròr aeh murroex o`~fd{oo} bofkozoh xlo J[R sa} hk}ru~xkzo aeh}ldufh bo okxlor hrd~~oh afxdcoxlor dr }ub}xaexkaff{ `dhkjkoh% Ke 1;32 CAD hoxor`keoh xlaxjroquoex }xajj xuredzor& xdcoxlor skxl xlo acoem{} jakfuro xd k`~foòex romd`òehaxkde} jrd`~rozkdu} rozkos} dj Zdfuexoor xrakekec& lah mau}oh soaieo}}o} ke xlo acoem{} Zdfuexoorxrakekec ~rdcra`}% Ke 1;38 EA] hoxor`keoh xlax fk`kxoh haxa& xdcoxlor skxl xlo jroquoexxuredzor dj }xajj bomau}o dj xlo ?-{oar fk`kxaxkde de o`~fd{òex àho kx k`~d}}kbfo xd bukfhae ke}xrumxkzo fdeckxuhkeaf ~rdjkfo dj xlo acoem{% Xlo EA] ro~drx romd`òehoh xlax xlo ôamoMdr~} kezo}x `dro ro}durmo} ke roxakekec ae ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ aeh ro-ozafuaxo xlo J[R xdhoxor`keo kj xlo acoem{ }ldufh lazo `dro jfo|kbkfkx{ xd roxake o|~orkoemoh aeh ma~abfo ~od~fo kexlo drcaekwaxkde jdr fdecor ~orkdh}%

Ke 1;3; CAD mdehumxoh aedxlor rozkos xlax jdueh }kcekjkmaex ~or}deeof ~rdbfo`} ax xlo ôamoMdr~}& kemfuhkec o`~fd{oo xuredzor xrk~fo xlax dj dxlor acoemko} aeh ae keabkfkx{ xd jkff zamaemko}qukmif{% CAD hoxor`keoh xlax xlo ?-{oar rufok} xlo mau}o dj ùml dj xlk} xuredzor& aeh mkxohmdemore} xlax xlo J[R laròh xlo acoem{} ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{& k`~ohoh kx} abkfkx{ xd roxakexafoexoh aeh ma~abfo }xajj& aeh md`~rd`k}oh Zdfuexoor }u~~drx% O`~la}kwkec xlo EA] 1;38romd`òehaxkde} xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} lah edx amxoh u~de& CAD urcoh xlo ôamo Mdr~} acake xd}xuh{ xlo ojjomx} dj xlo J[R aeh hoxor`keo kj romd`òehaxkde} xd xlo Mdecro}} aro ho}krabfo%Slkfo xlo ôamo Mdr~} ro}~dehoh xd CAD} ro~drx b{ }a{kec xlax kx sdufh ozafuaxo xlo J[R& sohkh edx jkeh ozkhoemo xlax xlo acoem{ lah hdeo }d%

Ke 1;;> CAD rozkosoh mlaffoeco} jamkec xlo ôamo Mdr~} ke xlo 1;;>} aeh ro~drxoh xlax a lkclfozof dj dzor}oa} }xajj xuredzor sa} a mau}o dj ke}ujjkmkoex Zdfuexoor }u~~drx% Ke }ozoraf dj kx}]ARM} }kemo 1;


26/69


J[R la} }orzoh xlo acoem{ soff% ]oo A~~oehk| H jdr hoxakf de ]ARM} aeh xlo acoem{}ro}~de}o}%

Ke 2>>2 CAD ozafuaxoh xlo ôamo Mdr~} }ajox{ aeh }omurkx{ ~rdcra`% Xlokr 2>>2 ro~drx jduehxlax xlo acoem{} Zdfuexoor }ajox{ ~rdcra` lah booe ueozoef{ k`~foòexoh aeh xlax o|mo}}kzo

xuredzor aeh }ldrx o`~fd{oo xoeuro lah mdexrkbuxoh xd xlk} d~oraxkdeaf soaieo}}% CAD ro~drxohxlax xlo acoem{} lkcl xuredzor aeh ke}ujjkmkoex hdmuòexaxkde rofaxoh xd xlo acoem{} }ajox{ aeh}omurkx{ ~rdcra` lah ho~rkzoh xlo ôamo Mdr~} dj d~~drxuekxko} xd a~~f{ fo}}de} foareoh jrd`~rozkdu} }xajj xoeuro}% Xlokr ro~drx romd`òehoh xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} }ub`kx a ~rd~d}af xdMdecro}} xd mlaeco xlo J[R ke drhor xd k`~rdzo kx} Zdfuexoor }ajox{ aeh }omurkx{ ~rdcra`% KeJobruar{ dj 2>>= Mdecro}} cazo xlo Hkromxdr dj ôamo Mdr~} auxldrkx{ xd o|xoeh bo{deh jkzo{oar} xlo a~~dkexòex} dj }xajj kezdfzoh ke xlo }ajox{ dj xlo Zdfuexoor aeh xlo acoem{ fk}xoh 2=}uml ~d}kxkde}%

A 2>>= ozafuaxkde b{ xlo ôamo Mdr~} DKC dj xlo }{}xo` ôamo Mdr~} u}o} xd romrukx aeh ~famokx} Zdfuexoor}&Ozafuaxkde dj xlo Zdfuexoor Hofkzor{ ]{}xo`& jdueh xlax xlo J[R lah mdexrkbuxoh

xd ~rdxramxoh ~orkdh} dj }xajjkec zamaemko} jdr àeacoòex ~d}kxkde} rofaxoh xd romrukxkec&}mrooekec aeh ~famkec Zdfuexoor}& aeh xlax xlk} lah k`~ohoh xlo Zdfuexoor hofkzor{ ~rdmo}}%Ahhkxkdeaff{& xlo ro~drx jdueh xlax xlo Djjkmo dj Zdfuexoor ]ofomxkde aeh Romrukxòex ,ZR]+ lahlkcl o`~fd{oo xuredzor& aeh xlax xlo Djjkmo dj @ohkmaf ]orzkmo} ,D@]+ jamoh hkjjkmufxko}axxramxkec lkclf{ }ikffoh }xajj%

A 2>>8 aeaf{}k} dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} sdrijdrmo mkxoh aeeuaf xuredzor raxo} ax ôamo Mdr~} jrd`2? ~ormoex xd =3 ~ormoex jdr hkromx lkro}& aeh ae azoraco xoeuro dj xsd {oar}& jkcuro} mde}k}xoexskxl dur aeaf{}k} dj ~or}deeof romdrh}=8

% Xlo auxldr} }xaxoh xlax `d}x o`~fd{oo} rocarhohxuredzor a} o|mo}}kzo aeh xlax kx mdexrkbuxoh xd lkcl romrukxòex md}x}& jroquoex }xajjkeczamaemko}& keojjkmkoex d~oraxkde} aeh hk`kek}loh }xraxockm ~faeekec% Xlo ro~drx romd`òehohxlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} ~ur}uo fock}faxkde xd affds ùfxk~fo& fk`kxoh a~~dkexòex} jdr ae{o`~fd{oo ho`de}xraxkec o|moffoex ~orjdràemo dj juemxkde} jdr slkml xlo acoem{ la} amdexkeukec eooh% Xlo auxldr} }ucco}xoh xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} k`~rdzo kx} ~rdmo}} jdr a}}o}}kec}xajj ~orjdràemo a} a ba}k} jdr mdexkeuoh a~~dkexòex}& aeh xlax xlo acoem{ ~ux ke ~famo a fk`kx,2> ~ormoex+ de xlo ~ormoexaco dj hkromx lkro} sld mdufh romokzo ùfxk~fo xdur}% Ke ahhkxkde& xlo{romd`òehoh xlax ôamo Mdr~} `dhkj{ xlo xkò-dux ~orkdh xd bo a à|kù` dj => `dexl} edàxxor lds fdec ae o`~fd{oo} ~rozkdu} }orzkmo lah booe%

Xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx} dj o|mo}}kzo o`~fd{oo xuredzor mkxoh ke ~rozkdu} }xuhko} aeh ozafuaxkde}mdexkeuo xd lazo rofozaemo jdr ôamo Mdr~} xdha{% Xlo ro}x dj ]omxkde B ke xlk} ro~drx ho}mrkbo}murroex ojjomx} dj lkcl xuredzor aeh }ldrx xoeuro de ôamo Mdr~} d~oraxkde}& bockeekec skxl xloojjomx} dj hkromx lkro xuredzor de xlo acoem{} d~oraxkde} dzor}oa}%

Jr oquoex Hkromx Lkro Zamaemko} aeh O|mo}}kzo Xuredzor Lazo Laròh Dzor}oa} ^d}x}

Xlo armlkxomx} dj xlo J[R l{~dxlo}kwoh xlax kx sdufh lof~ xlo acoem{ xd amlkozo a croaxor hocroodj o|moffoemo& }dueh ~rdcra`}& aeh ojjomxkzo jkofh d~oraxkde}% Dur ozafuaxkde hoxor`keohxlax xlo ammoforaxoh ~amo dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor lah foh xd jroquoex ~orkdh} dj _]HL zamaemko} ax

=8 Aeaf{}k} dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} Sdrijdrmo aeh O`~fd{òex-Rofaxoh Auxldrkxko} aeh Rocufaxkde}% Jkeaf Ro~drx%]o~xo`bor 22& 2>>8% Bammlu}& Skffka` K% aeh @kmlof& Gaò}%


27/69


28/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 1;

]xajj so kexorzkosoh }akh xlax ~arx dj xlo acoem{} romurrkec àeacoòex mlaffoeco} a}}dmkaxohskxl ro~famkec _]HL ~or}deeof dzor}oa} lah xd hd skxl xlo fami dj }ummo}}kde ~faeekec aeh xloab}oemo dj }xajj crddòh xd `dzo kexd foahor}lk~ ~d}kxkde}& k%o% boeml }xroecxl7

Xlo acoem{ hdo} edx àio }uro xlax xloro k} ed ca~ ke mdzoraco jdr io{ ~d}kxkde}% Xsd ha{} dj dzorfa~ k}xlduclx dj a} cddh }ummo}}kde ~faeekec% Bux `dro djxoe xlae edx xloro aro ca~} sloe }xajj k} afroah{

}xroxmloh aeh aro xloe a}ioh xd hd ùfxk~fo gdb} hurkec xlo}o ca~}kx ~ux} Zdfuexoor} ax rk}i% Xlk} k}}orkdu} }xujj% So eooh a boeml dj dzor}oa} }xajjbamiu~ ~fa{or}%

Ke `{ o|~orkoemo xlo `d}x hkjjkmufx xkò mroaxoh b{ xlo ? {oar rufo k} xlo xkò boxsooe _]HL#} ax ~d}x%Xloro aro jroquoexf{ `dexl} dj sakxkec jdr xlo eos ~or}de xd arrkzo% Xlk} mae aeh }ldufh bo àeacohboxxor% Kx mroaxo} a }xrake de xlo ~d}x aeh kx} }xajj%

[du md`~aro slax so hd& slkml k} }d ah ldm& xd xlo }ummo}}kde ~faeekec ~rdmo}} ax xlo Ho~arxòex dj]xaxo% Ke xlo ]xaxo Ho~arxòex xloro k} a sldfo ~rdmo}} jdr jkcurkec dux sld ke xlo }{}xo` k} cdkec sloroeo|x& aeh sloe% Xloro} a }xrumxuroh bkhhkec }{}xo` sloro {du ieds `dexl} ke ahzaemo slax {dur eo|x~d}x k} cdkec xd bo& aeh {du ~fae jdr kx{du cox xrakeoh jdr kx& ke jamx% Ax ôamo Mdr~}& so lazo edxlkec fkioxlax ax aff% ]xaxo} xrae}kxkde àeacoòex ~rdmo}} k} ùml `dro ~rdcra`òh aeh àeacoabfo& bux skxlôamo Mdr~} kx k} ikeh dj maxml-a}-maxml mae% Aff dj a }uhhoe so lazo a mrk}k} aeh kj ~d}x maex mdzor so

lazo xd }oeh dux a ho}i djjkmor de a XH[% Xlax} edx afsa{} a croax }dfuxkde xd xlo }xajjkec k}}uo} ax xlo~d}x%

Xlo xruxl k} xlax xlo acoem{ ke coeoraf k} xdd }ldrx-}kclxoh ke xor`} dj ~faeekec aeh jkffkec }fdx}%

So a}ioh dzor}oa} jkofh }xajj& bdxl _]HL} ajjomxoh b{ xlo J[R a} soff a} }xajj edx }ubgomx xdxlo rufo& kj xlokr ~d}x lah booe skxldux a _]HL ~d}kxkde ke xlo fa}x xsd {oar} jdr a ~orkdh dj axfoa}x deo `dexl aeh& kj }d& lds xlo zamaem{ ajjomxoh xlokr ~d}x% A`dec dzor}oa} }xajj xloro sa} ahkjjoroemo ke d~kekde mdemorekec xlo }ozorkx{ dj xlo k`~amx dj a _]HL zamaem{ de ~d}xd~oraxkde}% _]HL} coeoraff{ o|~ro}}oh xlo zkos~dkex xlax xlo ab}oemo dj a _]HL ax xlo ~d}xlah a zor{ eocaxkzo ojjomx de Zdfuexoor }u~~drx9 dxlor }xajj ,^]M} aeh J]E}+ coeoraff{ ro~drxohxlax ke xlokr zkos xlo ojjomx} dj a zamaem{ soro okxlor `kekàf dr eocaxkzo& xlducl edx a} }ozorof{

eocaxkzo a} _]HL} kehkmaxoh% Xaioe xdcoxlor xlo àgdrkx{ dj dzor}oa} }xajj o|~ro}}oh xlax ke affaroa}& o|mo~x rofaxkde} skxl ld}x mduexr{ ~arxeor}& xlo k`~amx dj a romoex _]HL zamaem{ ax xlokr~d}x lah booe `d}xf{ eocaxkzo% Xlo mlarx bofds cra~l} xlo ~ormoexaco dj dzor}oa} }xajj sldro~drxoh xlax xlo ojjomx dj a _]HL zamaem{ ax xlokr ~d}x& ke xlokr o|~orkoemo& lah booe `d}xf{eocaxkzo%


29/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 2>

Jkcuro 2% ]u`àr{ dj ]urzo{ Ro}~de}o}7 Ojjomx dj _]HL Zamaem{ ax ^d}x

Xlo jdffdskec k} a }a`~fo dj xlo md`òex} }xajj kemfuhoh xd jurxlor kffu}xraxo xlokr zkos~dkex}mdemorekec xlo ojjomx} dj zamaex _]HL ~d}kxkde} ax xlokr ~d}x}%

Xlo MH ~d}kxkde sa} zamaex jdr af`d}x 2 `dexl} hurkec ~ro-}orzkmo xrakekec% Xlk} mroaxoh xdd àe{ro}~de}kbkfkxko} jdr xlo H^X sld sa} af}d xlo Amxkec MH aeh xlorojdro md`~rd`k}oh xrakekec aeh }u~~drx

xd zdfuexoor} sld soro MD]kec ax xlo }aò xkò%

@{ coeoraf o|~orkoemo k} xlax ~d}x}& kj fumi{& coeoraff{ }urzkzo xlo}o ab}oemo}% Xlo{ hd xaio a xdff de xlodjjkmor} sld roàke% Xlo{ af}d k`~oho keedzaxkde& mroaxkzkx{& aeh rojdr`% Ozor{ xkò K#zo booe jdrmoh xdjkff xsd ,dr `dro+ dj xlo}o ~d}kxkde}& K cox zor{ mfd}o xd buredux% Dj mdur}o& sloe xlo eos ~or}de mdò} debdarh& kx xaio} a cddh : `dexl} xd a {oar xd juff{ laehdzor xlo ro}~de}kbkfkxko} {du lah a}}uòh jrd` xlokr~d}kxkde%

Xloro k} afsa{} a }xrake sloe {du lazo josor ~od~fo aeh eooh xd mdzor ahhkxkdeaf aroa}%

Ke ahhkxkde xd a}ikec dzor}oa} ~or}deeof xd ro~drx }~omkjkmaff{ de xlo ojjomx} xlax ~orkdh} dj_]HL zamaem{ lazo lah ax xlokr ~d}x& so a}ioh dzor}oa} jkofh }xajj xd rojfomx `dro coeoraff{ dexlo mlaeco} ke _]HL ~or}deeof xlo{ lazo o|~orkoemoh aeh lds xld}o ~or}deeof mlaeco}

k`~amxoh ,~d}kxkzof{ dr eocaxkzof{+ ~d}x d~oraxkde}% Xlo}o quo}xkde} soro ho}kceoh xd caxlorzkos~dkex} jrd` dzor}oa} }xajj mdemorekec xlo ~d}kxkzo kexoehoh ojjomx} dj xlo J[R--xd foah xdquafkx{ ~rdcra`} dzor}oa}& aeh xd brkec ke jro}l bfddh aeh khoa}%

Ba}oh de acoem{ romdrh}& so khoexkjkoh 2?= hkjjoroex MH} jdr a crdu~ dj ?? ~d}x} xlax soro ked~oraxkde mdexkeudu}f{ jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1>% De azoraco oaml ~d}x} Mduexr{ Hkromxdr }xa{oh 2%={oar}% Xsoex{-ekeo dj xlo ?? ~d}x} so o|a`keoh ,?= ~ormoex+ oaml lah ax foa}x jkzo hkjjoroex MH}dzor xlk} 11-{oar ~orkdh ,ae azoraco MH xdur dj 1%; {oar}+% Xoe ~d}x} lah }k| dr `dro hkjjoroex

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Dzor}oa} ]xajj ]urzo{ Ro}~de}o}7 _]HL

Zamaemko} Eocaxkzof{ Ajjomx oamo Mdr~}


30/69


MH}& a} soff a} 38 dxlor hkjjoroex _]HL} ke okxlor xlo H@D dr H^X ~d}kxkde& jdr a xdxaf dj 1=:hkjjoroex hkromx lkro MH}& H@D} aeh H^X} jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1>& dr a eos hkromx lkro ke deo djxlo}o xlroo ~d}kxkde}& de azoraco& ozor{ ekeo `dexl}% De xlo dxlor laeh& gu}x }ozoe ~d}x} d~oejrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> lah xlroo dr josor MH} dzor xlo ~orkdh%

Xabfo >> xd 2>1>ôamo Mdr~} ^d}x}

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MH}

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MH$H@D$

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MH$H^X$H@D

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,`dexl}+Aff ~d}x} ?? 2?= 2%= :>? 2== =% :2 1%3 1=: ?2 8

^d}x} skxl ? dr `drohkjjoroex MH}

2; 1?3 1%; =:: 182 =%:

^d}x} skxl 8 dr josorhkjjoroex MH}

2: ;: 2%< 2=; ;1 8%1

^d}x} skxl = dr josorhkjjoroex MH}

3 2> =%: :> 22 8%=

Xloro sa} edx acrooòex boxsooe dzor}oa} jkofh }xajj a} xd xlo dzoraff ojjomx xlax mlaeco} ke_]HL ~or}deeof dzor}oa} lah de a ~d}x} abkfkx{ xd mdexrkbuxo xd xlo ôamo Mdr~} `k}}kde%Sloe xrae}kxkde} jrd` deo _]HL xd xlo eo|x soro àeacoh soff& J]E} aeh ^]M} xoehoh xdo|~ro}} xlo zkos~dkex xlax xuredzor dj _]HL ~or}deeof ax xlokr ~d}x} lah ae dzoraff ~d}kxkzoojjomx de xlokr ~d}x} abkfkx{ xd mdexrkbuxo xd ôamo Mdr~} `k}}kde% _]HL o`~fd{oo}& de xlodxlor laeh& xoehoh xd o|~ro}} xlo mdexrar{ zkos xlax _]HL xuredzor lah ae dzoraff eocaxkzok`~amx de ~d}x} abkfkx{ xd mdexrkbuxo xd xlo `k}}kde%

Xlo ò}}aco jrd` jkofh }xajj sa} edx zor{ md`~fkmaxoh7 xlo k`~amx dj _]HL ~or}deeof mlaeco}dzor}oa} ho~oehoh de sld fojx& sld maò a} a ro~famoòex& aeh lds ojjkmkoexf{ xlo xrae}kxkdejrd` deo _]HL xd xlo eo|x lah booe àeacoh% B{ ammoforaxkec xlo eu`bor dj _]HL xrae}kxkde}ax dzor}oa} ~d}x} aeh b{ accrazaxkec ~orkdh} dj zamaem{ ke xld}o ~d}kxkde}& xlo J[R la} ofozaxohxlo fozof dj rk}i keloroex ke xlo acoem{} ~or}deeof }{}xo`%

A} deo jdròr àeacor ro~drxoh xd u}7

Xloro aro dj mdur}o rk}i} a}}dmkaxoh skxl lkrkec ~od~fo& ke xlax {du eozor roaff{ ieds lds }dòdeo k}cdkec xd xure dux& aeh ozoe xlo bo}x lkrkec àeacor} dmma}kdeaff{ àio bah lkrkec homk}kde}% ]dò~ormoexaco dj eos lkro} aro cdkec xd bo huh}% ]d ôamo Mdr~}& bomau}o dj xlo J[R& kemroa}o} xlk} rk}i djbah lkro}% Aeh sdr}o& bah lkro} aro `dro lar`juf xd ôamo Mdr~} xlae xlo{ sdufh bo ax farcor acoemko}

sloro {du xoeh xd jkeh `dro ho~xl ke xlo }aò ~d}kxkde% Ax ôamo Mdr~}& kj {du àio a bah lkrkec homk}kde&{du à{ bo }xumi skxl a huh sld} xlo def{ deo ~orjdr`kec xlax juemxkde& aeh xloe kx gu}x hdo} edx cox hdeosoff aeh {du hdex lazo xlo buhcoxar{ dr JXO ho~xl xd sdri ardueh xlax ~orjdràemo k}}uo%

So khoexkjkoh eoarf{ 3>> _]HL xrae}kxkde} dzor}oa} jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1>& kemfuhkec 13; ke}xaemo}sloe a _]HL ~d}kxkde sa} zamaex jdr ax foa}x deo `dexl% Kx k} roa}deabfo xd mdemfuho xlax xlo~amo dj _]HL xuredzor la} }k`~f{ o|moohoh xlo acoem{} bo}x ojjdrx} xd àeaco kx aeh xlax a} aro}ufx dzor}oa} d~oraxkde} lazo booe eocaxkzof{ k`~amxoh oeducl xd bo a mau}o jdr mdemore%


31/69


Xlo J[R La} Eocaxkzof{ Ajjomxoh ]xajj Hozofd~òex aeh Xrakekec

Xlo CAD la} arxkmufaxoh a }ox dj }xaeharh} jdr kexoreaf mdexrdf} jdr johoraf acoemko}& kemfuhkec}xaeharh} rofaxoh xd luàe ma~kxaf àeacoòex9 òrkx }{}xo` ~rkemk~fo} af}d cukho johorafo`~fd{or} xd kezo}x ke }xajj ohumaxkde aeh xrakekec7

O`~fd{oo} }ldufh bo ~rdzkhoh ojjomxkzo ohumaxkde aeh xrakekec ke ma}o} ke slkml }uml ohumaxkde aehxrakekec sdufh ro}ufx ke boxxor drcaekwaxkdeaf aeh kehkzkhuaf ~orjdràemo%

Ke kx} Gueo 2>1> Md`~roloe}kzo Acoem{ A}}o}}òexro~drx xd Mdecro}}& xlo ôamo Mdr~}amiedsfohcoh xlax xlo ammoforaxoh ~amo dj xuredzor aeh }ldrx }xajj xoeuro} mau}oh b{ xlo J[Rmd`~rd`k}oh xlo acoem{} abkfkx{ xd ~rdzkho }ujjkmkoex xrakekec aeh ~rdjo}}kdeaf hozofd~òexd~~drxuekxko} xd kx} o`~fd{oo}7

Xlo ôamo Mdr~} md``kxòex xd ~rdzkhkec xrakekec xd a mde}xaex jfds dj eos o`~fd{oo} gdkekecxlo acoem{& ~dxoexkaff{ roqukro} a jkeaemkaf kezo}xòex lkclor xlae slax xlo acoem{ sdufh kezo}x kjkx soro edx ro}xrkmxoh b{ xlo jkzo-{oar rufo%

So jdueh xlax skxl a jos o|mo~xkde} xlo acoem{ coeoraff{ la} edx kezo}xoh ke jdràf&}xaeharhkwoh ~rdjo}}kdeaf hozofd~òex ~rdcra`} jdr kx} hdò}xkm }xajj aeh xlax kx la} edx afsa{}~rdzkhoh xrakekec xd kx} dzor}oa} ~or}deeof% Xlo J[R lah mdexrkbuxoh xd xlk} soaieo}} ke xsdsa{}7 b{ rohumkec kemoexkzo} xd kezo}x ke a }xajj skxl ammoforaxoh xuredzor aeh abbrozkaxohxoeuro}& aeh b{ ammoforaxkec xuredzor xd }uml ae o|xoex xlax xlo acoem{ la} booe ueabfo xd ioo~~amo skxl xlo xrakekec eooh} dj a mde}xaexf{ }lkjxkec }xajj% Kexoreaf a}}o}}òex} a} soff a} o|xoreafrozkos} aeh auhkx} lazo mde}k}xoexf{ edxoh xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx dj xlo J[R de }xajj hozofd~òexax xlo ôamo Mdr~}%

Ke kx} }omdeh ro~drx xd Mdecro}} ke 1;;>& }dde ajxor xlo djjkmo sa} o}xabfk}loh& xlo DKC ~dkexohdux xlax xlo J[R lah md`~rd`k}oh xlo acoem{} hozofd~òex dj kx} }xajj7

Bomau}o dj xlo jkzo-{oar rufo& xloro k} fk`kxoh d~~drxuekx{ xd hozofd~ mrkxkmaf àeacoòex }ikff}Ax~ro}oex xrakekec dj dzor}oa} }xajj k} àrckeaf% Edx aff aro ckzoe ae d~~drxuekx{ xd axxoeh dzor}oa} }xajjhozofd~òex xrakekec ax loahquarxor}Kx k} o}}oexkaf xlax ôamo Mdr~} hozdxo `dro ro}durmo} xd xrakekec xdke}uro xlax kx} ~rdcra`} aro ojjkmkoexf{ aeh ojjomxkzof{ àeacoh%

Xlo acoem{} 2>>3 Kexoreaf @aeacoòex A}}o}}òex Coxxkec xd Khoaf ho}mrkbo} }xajjhozofd~òex a} ae uehor-ro}durmoh& lkclf{-zafuoh& maxml-a}-maxml mae uehorxaikec ke xlo ôamoMdr~}& zor{ ho~oehoex de xlo md``kxòex dj àeacor}aeh xlokr mroaxkzo abkfkxko} ke jkehkecd~~drxuekxko} aeh ro}durmo}%

Ke kx} Gaeuar{ 2>>< ro~drx ôamo Mdr~}7 Luàe Ro}durmo} D~oraxkde} Auhkx Ro~drx Q= J[2>>3&

D^@ jdueh xlax o`~fd{oo} soro edx }axk}jkoh skxl maroor hozofd~òex dr xrakekec d~~drxuekxko}aeh bofkozoh xlax ôamo Mdr~} mde}khoroh kx kea~~rd~rkaxo xd kezo}x ke }xajj hozofd~òex huo xdfk`kxoh o`~fd{oo xoeuro% D^@} ro~drx jdueh xlax ôamo Mdr~} lah def{ ~arxkaff{ òx }xajjhozofd~òex }xaeharh}9 kx romd`òehoh xlax xlo acoem{ o|~aeh kx} Foahor}lk~ Hozofd~òexAmaho`{ aeh ~rdzkho `dro }xajj hozofd~òex d~~drxuekxko} jdr o`~fd{oo} ke àeacorkaf aeh}u~orzk}dr{ rdfo}%


32/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 2=

Murroex acoem{ }xajj ro~drxoh xd u} xlax xrakekec aeh }xajj hozofd~òex d~~drxuekxko} sorocoeoraff{ edx ~rdzkhoh xd xlo` aeh o|~ro}}oh xlo zkos~dkex xlax xlo J[R lah rohumoh xloacoem{} kemoexkzo xd kezo}x ke }xajj hozofd~òex7

Aedxlor hdsejaff dj xlo J[R k} xlax xloro k} ed decdkec ~rdjo}}kdeaf hozofd~òex ~rdzkhoh xd }xajj% Ajxoraff& sl{ kezo}x ke }dòdeo sld} gu}x cdkec xd foazo ae{sa{4

Sloe {du mae }oo xlax {duro edx coxxkec xrakekec& aeh xloro} edx rdd` jdr ~rdjo}}kdeaf dr maroor crdsxl&{duro cdkec xd foazo%

So lazo xd xafi abdux xrakekec ke xlk} hk}mu}}kde dj xlo jkzo {oar rufo% Kj {du djjor }dòdeo a ?-{oar xdurbux hdex ckzo xlo` d~~drxuekxko} xd crds a} a ~rdjo}}kdeaf& kx ~rdbabf{ sdex hd ùml cddh jdr xloacoem{%

Kx }ldufh bo a ~rkdrkx{ jdr xlo acoem{% Kx }ldufh bo a lkclor ~rkdrkx{ jdr ôamo Mdr~} bomau}o dj xlo J[Rso }ldufh lazo }xaeharhkwoh xrakekec%

Deo xlkec K saex xd }xro}} loro skxl {du k} xrakekec% LQ ke coeoraf& aeh `d}xf{ bomau}o dj xlo J[R slkmlrohumo} kemoexkzo} xd xrake& hdo} edx kezo}x ke xrakekec kx} }xajj%

So jdueh xlax afxlducl xlo acoem{ kexoeh} xd }oeh eosf{ lkroh dzor}oa} }xajj xlrducl aedrkoexaxkde aeh xrakekec ~rkdr xd xlokr }xarx haxo}& }uml xrakekec la} edx booe ~rdzkhoh xd aff eoslkro} ~rkdr xd xlokr dzor}oa} a}}kceòex& aeh dzor}oa} ~or}deeof jroquoexf{ bocae xlokr gdb}bojdro xlo{ lah romokzoh dzor}oa} }xajj xrakekec ,D]X+% @d}x dzor}oa} }xajj jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1>lah edx ~arxkmk~axoh ke ae D]X% Ae aeaf{}k} dj D]X ~arxkmk~aex fk}x} aeh o`~fd{òex romdrh}jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> rozoafoh xlax dux dj dzor 1&=>> kehkzkhuaf} ,kemfuhkec J]E}& ^]M} aeh_]HL}+ sld oexoroh de hux{ jdr ae dzor}oa} }xajj ~d}kxkde xlax la} ~arxkmk~axoh ke D]X& def{ =?~ormoex soro xrakeoh ax D]X% A`dec mduexr{ hkromxdr} skxl ae oexor-de-hux{ haxo jrd` 2>>> xd2>1>& 113 dux dj 1 dux dj =3 ,>< xd 2>1> soex xlrducl D]X%

Dur ozafuaxkde mdejkròh xlax murroex acoem{ o`~fd{oo} hkh edx bofkozo xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~}djjoroh }ujjkmkoex xrakekec aeh ~rdjo}}kdeaf hozofd~òex d~~drxuekxko}& aeh xlax oarfkora}}o}}òex} }uml a} D^@} 2>>< romd`òehaxkde} roàkeoh zafkh aeh k`~drxaex% Ba}oh de durrozkos dj ~rozkdu} }xuhko} aeh ro}~dehoex ke~ux& xlo ôamo Mdr~} lah edx ~rdzkhoh }ujjkmkoex}xajj hozofd~òex aeh xrakekec d~~drxuekxko}% O|mo}}kzo xuredzor aeh }ldrx o`~fd{oo xoeuromdexrkbuxoh xd xlo ôamo Mdr~} ~or}k}xoex soaieo}}o} ke kx} }xajj ohumaxkde aeh xrakekec~rdcra`}%

Lkcl Xur edzor La} Mdexr kbuxoh xd ae Ke}ujjkmkoex Ke}xkxuxkdeaf @o`dr{

Xlo abkfkx{ xd u}o deo} sdrijdrmo ojjkmkoexf{ aeh ojjomxkzof{ ho~oeh} ke ~arx de lazkec oeduclke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ xd azdkh ueeomo}}ar{ `k}xaio} aeh xd xaio ahzaexaco dj d~~drxuekxko} xdàio ~rdcro}} ke aroa} sloro ae drcaekwaxkde la} afroah{ xaioe k`~drxaex }xo~}& }d a} edx xd}quaehor ~a}x }ummo}}o}%

â}x ro~drx} aeh haxa mdffomxoh hurkec xlk} rozkos ho`de}xraxoh xlax xlo J[R lah eocaxkzof{ajjomxoh xlo acoem{} ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{% ]xuhko} mdehumxoh a} oarf{ a} 1;38 edxoh xloeocaxkzo ojjomx} dj }xajj xuredzor kehumoh b{ xlo J[R de xlo ôamo Mdr~}} ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{%


33/69


Ke a àgdr rozkos dj xlo ôamo Mdr~}& xlo Eaxkdeaf Amaho`{ dj ]mkoemo} ro~drxoh ke kx}a}}o}}òex dj ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ ax xlo acoem{7

Bomau}o dj xlo jroquoem{ dj }xajj xuredzor aeh xlo lkclf{ jracòexoh eaxuro dj ~rdcra`}& xlo ~rdbfo` djkhoexkj{kec eooh} jdr amquk}kxkde aeh uxkfkwaxkde dj haxa k} k`~drxaex jdr xlo ôamo Mdr~}% Xlo md``kxxoojoof} xlax ojjdrx} }ldufh bo hkromxoh `dro mde}k}xoexf{& aeh farcor ro}durmo} affdmaxoh& xd àkexakekec ae

ke}xkxuxkdeaf o`dr{%

Ke 1;3;& xlo CAD o|~ro}}oh mdemore} rocarhkec lar`juf ojjomx} dj xlo J[R de xlo acoem{}ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{% Kx} ro~drx uehor}mdroh xlax xlo EA] lah romd`òehoh jkzo {oar} oarfkorxlax xlo acoem{ ozafuaxo xlo J[R fk`kxaxkde% Kx af}d edxoh xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} lah edx hdeo }d%

Ke kx} jkr}x ]ARM& xlo ôamo Mdr~} DKC ro~drxoh xlax ae keho~oehoex auhkx dj xlo acoem{}jkeaemkaf àeacoòex }{}xo` b{ ôax @arskmi @ake * Md`~ae{ ke 1;>2 o|xoreaf ozafuaxkde dj xlo ôamo Mdr~} Zdfuexoor loafxl }{}xo` mdehumxoh b{ ûclOxxkecor @mMarxl{ A}}dmkaxo}& FFM& }xaxoh xlax xlo J[R àho xlo hozofd~òex aeh roxoexkde djke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ o}~omkaff{ hkjjkmufx7

Xlo jkzo-{oar rufo jdr ôamo Mdr~} o`~fd{oo} mroaxo} ae o|xra hocroo dj k`~drxaemo jdr xlo xa}idj hozofd~kec aeh ho~fd{kec srkxxoe ~dfkmko} aeh ~rdmohuro}% Ke àe{ drcaekwaxkde}& ke}xkxuxkdeafò`dr{ k} zo}xoh ke xlo ò`dr{ aeh sdri ~rdmo}}o} dj fdec-xor` o`~fd{oo}% Srkxxoehdmuòexaxkde k} k`~drxaex& bux slax k} `dro k`~drxaexaro xlo ò`drko} aeh o|~orkoemo} djo|k}xkec o`~fd{oo}% Xlo jkzo-{oar rufo xaio} asa{ xlk} d~xkde jdr xlo ôamo Mdr~} aeh àio} xlosrkxxoe hdmuòexaxkde dj ~dfkm{ aeh ~rdmohuro o|xroòf{ k`~drxaex }kemo xlo{ ù}x cukho xlosdri dj xlo drcaekwaxkde xlrducl ùfxk~fo coeoraxkde} dj ôamo Mdr~} o`~fd{oo} aeh foahor}lk~%

Ke 2>>3 xlo acoem{ mdehumxoh ae Kexoreaf @aeacoòex A}}o}}òex ,K@A+&ôamo Mdr~}Rockdeaf @aeacoòex7 Coxxkec xd Khoaf& slkml amiedsfohcoh xlax mde}xaex o`~fd{oo xuredzorlah mdexrkbuxoh keozkxabf{ xd xlo uehorhozofd~òex dj ae ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{%

DKC kexorzkos} mdehumxoh jdr xlk} ozafuaxkde af}d mdejkròh xlax o`~fd{oo} soro jru}xraxoh skxlxlo fami dj ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{ ax xlo ôamo Mdr~} aeh xlo{ mdeeomxoh xlk} ~rdbfo` hkromxf{ xdxlo eocaxkzo kejfuoemo dj jroquoex o`~fd{oo xuredzor% Xlo ojjomx} dj a fami dj ke}xkxuxkdeafò`dr{ aro hkjjkmufx xd a}}o}} ke k}dfaxkde bux iooef{ jofx b{ }xajj so kexorzkosoh7

Xlo{ mdò ke iedskec xlo{ lazo a fk`kxoh a`duex dj xkòôd~fo mdò ke& kcedro slax} booe hdeo&

aeh `dzo jdrsarh%

Deo dj xlo bkcco}x sa}xo} k} }xarxkec ~rdgomx} aeh io{ ~od~fo foazo aeh edbdh{ ieds} xlo }xaxu} dj a~rdgomx aeh xlo{ hk}a~~oar%

Sloe {du lazo a jkzo {oar rufo {du gu}x lazo `dro xrae}kxkde9 xlk} foah} xd fd}} dj ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{aeh lk}xdrkmaf iedsfohco%


34/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 2?

Kezarkabf{ a }kxuaxkde mdò} u~ xlax so lazoex jamoh dr ax foa}x maex jkcuro dux kj sozo ozor jamoh kx& aehkx k} hkjjkmufx xd ieds lds xlo acoem{ laehfoh }dòxlkec }k`kfar ke xlo ~a}x& bomau}o xlo òhkmaf romdrh}aro famikec%

Xloro sa} edxlkec ke srkxxoe jdr`9 roaff{ }ur~rk}kec xd jkeh edxlkec% Deo dj xlo àe{ xlkec} xlax }ur~rk}ohò sa} xlo fami dj hdmuòexaxkde%

Dur ozafuaxkde mdejkròh slax àe{ dxlor mdemoreoh db}orzor} lazo edxoh ~rozkdu}f{xlaxo|mo}}kzo xuredzor aeh }ldrx }xajj xoeuro ax ôamo Mdr~} lazo mdexrkbuxoh xd soaieo}}o} ke xloacoem{} ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{%

Xlo J[R La} Soaioeoh ôamo Mdr~} Abkfkx{ xd Axxramx aeh Roxake Quafkjkoh ôr }deeof xdôrjdr` Mdro @aeacoòex Juemxkde}%

Cdzoreòex-skho }xaeharh} rofaxoh xd luàe ma~kxaf àeacoòex maff jdr johoraf acoemko} xdmde}khor lds bo}x xd roxake zafuabfo o`~fd{oo}& ~fae jdr xlokr ozoexuaf }ummo}}kde& aeh oe}uromdexkeukx{ dj eoohoh }ikff} aeh abkfkxko}%

Xlo J[R a~~fko} xd aff hkromx lkro o`~fd{oo}& bux xlo acoem{ amiedsfohcoh ke kx} Gueo 2>1>

Md`~roloe}kzo Acoem{ A}}o}}òex ro~drx xd Mdecro}} xlax xloro aro }dò djjkmo} aeh juemxkde}ax ôamo Mdr~} jdr slkml xlo J[R à{ lazo `kekàf zafuo7

io{ bu}keo}} juemxkde} ~orjdròh b{ òhkmaf ~rdjo}}kdeaf}& mdexramx }~omkafk}x}& aeh luàe ro}durmo}}xajj jdr o|a`~fo& à{ edx oquaff{ eomo}}kxaxo }uml jkofh ~or}~omxkzo aeh murroexf{ }ujjor jrd` jroquoex}xajj xuredzor aeh fami dj mdexkeukx{ ke a mdro bu}keo}} juemxkde dj xlo ôamo Mdr~}%

So hoxor`keoh xlax xlo J[R lah o|amorbaxoh xlo acoem{} mlaffoeco dj axxramxkec aeh roxakekeclkclf{ quafkjkoh ~or}deeof xd }u~~drx mdro juemxkde} sloro o|~orxk}o aeh mdexkeukx{ aro mrkxkmaf&kemfuhkec mdexramxkec& jkeaemkaf àeacoòex& kejdràxkde xomledfdc{ àeacoòex& luàero}durmo} àeacoòex& aeh òhkmaf }u~~drx%

Amquk}kxkde} aeh Mdexramx} @aeacoòex

Xlo azoraco foecxl dj }orzkmo dj ôamo Mdr~} _]HL o`~fd{oo} ke xlo acoem{} Djjkmo djAmquk}kxkde aeh Mdexramx @aeacoòex ,DAM@+ jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> sa} 2%1> auhkx ro~drx b{ ôamo Mdr~} DKC ôamo Mdr~} ^rdmo}} jdr ]dfkmkxkec& Asarhkec& aehAh`kek}xorkec Mdexramx} hoxor`keoh xlax xlo fami dj xrakeoh MDXR} lah o|~d}oh xlo ôamoMdr~} xd rk}i}& kemfuhkec lkclor dr ueeomo}}ar{ md}x} rofaxkec xd xlo amquk}kxkde dj ~rdhumx} dr}orzkmo}% Xlo ro~drx ~dkexoh dux xlax mde}xaex xuredzor aeh }ldrx }xajj xoeuro lah md`~rd`k}oh


35/69

Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 2:

xlo acoem{} abkfkx{ xd ~orjdr` ahoquaxo amquk}kxkde ~faeekec% Xlo ro~drx jurxlor db}orzoh xlaxxlo ojjdrx} dj DAM@ }oekdr àeacor} xd k`~rdzo acoem{ mdexramx àeacoòex soro la`~orohhuo xd ro}durmo mde}xrakex}& xlo hkjjkmufx{ jkffkec zamaex ~d}kxkde} aeh roxakekec murroex }xajj huoxd xlo ede-maroor a~~dkexòex} roqukroh b{ xlo ôamo Mdr~} Amx%

Ro}~dehoex} ke DAM@ xdfh u} xlax dzor a ~orkdh dj okclx `dexl} jrd` 2>11 xd oarf{ 2>12& ?>~ormoex dj xlo mdexramxkec djjkmor} ke DAM@ }o~araxoh jrd` xlo acoem{% Xlk} xuredzor lah booehrkzoe b{ hkjjoroex mau}o}7 }dò mdexramxkec djjkmor} fojx xd }omuro ~oràeoex ~d}kxkde} aeh~rd`dxkde} skxl dxlor johoraf acoemko}9 }dò fojx jdr ~or}deaf roa}de}% Ojjdrx} xd axxramx quafkjkohmaehkhaxo} xd ro~famo xld}o sld lazo fojx lazo ~rdzoh ofu}kzo aeh xlo lkrkec àeacor ro~drxoh xdu} xlax DAM@ sa} lazkec a zor{ hkjjkmufx xkò axxramxkec quafkjkoh a~~fkmaex}& `d}x dj sld`mdufh }omuro ~oràeoex ~d}kxkde} skxl dxlor johoraf acoemko}% A} a ro}ufx& DAM@ la}o|~orkoemoh sdrifdah mlaffoeco} aeh xlo djjkmo} ojjdrx} xd u~haxo kx} ~dfkmko} aeh ~rdmohuro} xdioo~ ~amo skxl mlaeco} ke johoraf amquk}kxkde} rufo} lazo booe ~ux de ldfh slkfo }oekdr }xajjlazo lah xd xaio de d~oraxkdeaf huxko} raxlor xlae ~dfkm{ aeh }u~orzk}dr{ sdri%

Xlo J[R sa} ~ux ke ~famo ke 1;:? ke drhor xd ioo~ }xajj ke xueo skxl xlo Zdfuexoor aeh xd brkecke eos bfddh aeh jro}l khoa}% DAM@ roqukro} quafkjkoh }xajj xd àeaco xlo ~rdmo}} jdr}dfkmkxkec& asarhkec& aeh ah`kek}xorkec mdexramx} ammdrhkec xd md`~fo| rufo} aeh rocufaxkde}%Xlo rofozaemo dj xlo J[R xd xlo mdro }u~~drx juemxkde dj amquk}kxkde} aeh mdexramx} àeacoòexk} uemfoar& aeh xlo J[R la} ~ro}oexoh barrkor} xd DAM@} abkfkx{ xd lkro aeh roxake quafkjkoho`~fd{oo}& ~famkec xlo acoem{ ax ueeomo}}ar{ rk}i%

Jkeaemkaf @aeacoòex

Xlo azoraco foecxl dj }orzkmo dj ôamo Mdr~} _]HL o`~fd{oo} ke xlo acoem{} Djjkmo dj xloMlkoj Jkeaemkaf Djjkmor ,DMJD+ jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> sa} 2%;1 {oar}% Mdemore} lazo booero~oaxohf{ rak}oh abdux xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx} xlax lkcl raxo} dj o`~fd{oo xuredzor lazo lah de xloacoem{} jkeaemkaf àeacoòex ma~abkfkxko}% Ke 1;;> xlo DKC ro~drxoh xd Mdecro}} xlax kx laho|a`keoh ôamo Mdr~} d~oraxkde} aeh jdueh hoo~ aeh ~orza}kzo jkeaemkaf& àeacorkaf aehah`kek}xraxkzo ~rdbfo`} xlax lah booe ke o|k}xoemo jdr 2> {oar}& aeh xlax xlo J[R lahmdexrkbuxoh xd xlo acoem{} keabkfkx{ xd ro}dfzo xlo`7 xlo mdexkeukx{ eoohoh xd khoexkj{ xlo rddxmau}o} dj xlo}o ~rdbfo`} la} booe famikec% Ke a }ub}oquoex ]ARM& xlo DKC edxoh xlax ra~kh~or}deeof xuredzor lah laròh xlo kexocrkx{ dj xlo Acoem{} jkeaemkaf àeacoòex }{}xo`}%

Xlo acoem{} ôrjdràemo aeh Ammduexabkfkx{Ro~drx} lazo edxoh xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx xlaxo`~fd{oo xuredzor la} lah de jkeaemkaf àeacoòex ax ôamo Mdr~}% Ke lk} foxxor xd xlo Hkromxdrduxfkekec xlo acoem{} àeacoòex mlaffoeco} jdr J[ 2>>8& xlo KC romdcekwoh xlo acoem{}ojjdrx} xd k`~foòex a eos jkeaemkaf ammduexkec }{}xo` bux mauxkdeoh xlax jdr kx xd bo }ummo}}jufxlo acoem{ sdufh eooh xd k`~foòex a }xraxoc{ xd rohumo }xajj xuredzor aeh `kxkcaxo kx} rofaxohojjomx}%Ke xlo ho}mrk~xkde dj xlo acoem{} àeacoòex mlaffoeco} jdr J[ 2>>: xlo Amxkec KC~dkexoh dux xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx xlax xuredzor sa} lazkec de xlo acoem{} jkeaemkaf àeacoòex%Ke kexorzkos}& ro}~dehoex} xdfh u} xlax DMJD lah hkjjkmufx{ axxramxkec xlokr xd~ maehkhaxo} xd jkff~d}kxkde}& aeh lah xrdubfo roxakekec quafkjkoh }xajj huo xd xlo fami dj a maroor ~axl ax ôamo Mdr~}%


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Kejdràxkde Xomledfdc{

Xlo azoraco foecxl dj }orzkmo dj ôamo Mdr~} _]HL o`~fd{oo} ke xlo acoem{} Djjkmo dj xloMlkoj Kejdràxkde Djjkmor ,DMKD+ jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> sa} =%23 {oar}% ]oekdr àeacor} xdfh u}xlax xlo mde}xaex xuredzor a`dec DMKD ~or}deeof lah mdexrkbuxoh xd xlo jakfuro dj }ozorafkejdràxkde xomledfdc{ k`~rdzoòex ~rdgomx}& kemfuhkec7 jfoox àeacoòex& a sob-ba}oh

~rdcra``kec aeh xrakekec iedsfohco }larkec ~faxjdr`& aeh xlo drkckeaf zor}kde dj a hdmuòex-}larkec ~faxjdr`% Romoex DKC foxxor} xd xlo Hkromxdr mdemorekec xlo acoem{} J[ 2>11àeacoòex mlaffoeco} lazo af}d rojoroemoh xlo eocaxkzo ojjomx xlax lkcl fozof} dj xuredzor lazolah de DMKD} abkfkx{ xd md`~f{ skxl rofozaex johoraf fas} aeh rocufaxkde}%

Amlkozkec juff md`~fkaemo skxl johoraf fas} aeh rocufaxkde} xlax a~~f{ xd àeackec xlo ôamo Mdr~} KXkejra}xrumxuro aro mrkxkmaf àeaco oex mlaffoeco}% DMKD k} jurxlor mlaffoecoh b{ lkcl ~or}deeof xuredzorke io{ xomlekmaf aroa} ro}ufxkec& ax foa}x& ke ~arx jrd` xor` fk`kx a}}kceòex} k`~d}oh b{ fas aeh xloazakfabkfkx{ dj quafkjkoh ro}durmo}%

]xajj ke DMKD kejdròh u} xlax xlo mde}xaex xuredzor aeh jroquoex zamaemko} ke DMKD ~or}deeofòaex xlax xlo djjkmo lah edx ~ux xdcoxlor dr àkexakeoh ahoquaxof{ hdmuòexoh }xaeharh

d~oraxkec ~rdmohuro}& slkml& md`bkeoh skxl xuredzor}& buhcox mux}& aeh ~d}kxkde zamaemko}& lahmroaxoh a lomxkm d~oraxkec oezkrdeòex7

So aro rueekec ardueh 3? ~ormoex }xroecxl `d}x dj xlo xkò% Ax ae{ xkò so aro 2? ~ormoex hdse% Soroauxldrkwoh >xd 2>1> sa} =%>< {oar}% A 2>>2 o|xoreaf ozafuaxkde dj xlo Zdfuexoor loafxl maro ~rdcra`~orjdròh b{ ûcl& Oxxkecor @mMarxl{ A}}dmkaxo}& FFM& o|~ro}}oh mdemore} abdux xlo eocaxkzoojjomx xlax xlo J[R sa} lazkec de ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{& aeh xlo abkfkx{ dj D@] xd }ummo}}juff{khoexkj{ aeh k`~foòex drcaekwaxkdeaf mlaeco} xd k`~rdzo xlo quafkx{ dj xlo Zdfuexoor loafxlmaro ~rdcra`7

Xlo jkzo-{oar rufo af}d mroaxo} mlaffoeco} jdr }ummo}}kde ~faeekec ke àeacoòex aeh foahor}lk~~d}kxkde}& af`d}x aikec kexoreaf }ummo}}kde ~faeekec k`~d}}kbfo aeh kejfuoemkec drcaekwaxkdeaf o`dr{%Deo `kclx o|~omx xlax a }ummo}}kde dj eos àeacor} aeh foahor} sdufh ammoforaxo mlaeco& bux so edxohxlax xlo o|k}xkec mufxuro ro}k}x} ra~kh mlaeco aeh eos foahor} aeh àeacor} aro mdue}ofoh xd cd }fdsf{% B{xlo xkò a eos foahor la} }ujjkmkoex o|~orkoemo aeh iedsfohco abdux xlo sa{ xlax o|k}xkec ~rdmo}}o} sdriaeh homk}kde} aro àho& xlo skehds bocke} xd mfd}kec de foahkec àgdr mlaeco} huo xd xlo jkzo-{oar rufo%


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Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 2 hozofd~kec mduexrko}%

Bofds aro }dò dj xlo mdemore} o|~ro}}oh b{ }xajj aeh àeacor} ke mlarco dj dzor}kclx dj xloacoem{} Zdfuexoor loafxl maro ~rdcra`7

Xlo quafkx{ dj loafxl maro sdufh k`~rdzo skxldux xlo J[R%

Kx} edx a} kj {du mae gu}x fox xlo òhkmaf maro }fkho uexkf }dòdeo eos mdò} ke xd jkff xlo zamaem{% Xlosdri oxlkm aeh xlo daxl hoàeh xlax {du sdri dzorxkò& {du }xa{ faxo& {du sdri sooioeh}& {du hdslaxozor {du lazo xd hd xd ~rdzkho xlo bo}x ~d}}kbfo maro xd xlo Zdfuexoor%

Xlo ca~} xaio a fdec xkò xd jkff& slkml k} af}d ~arx dj xlo ~rdbfo`% Skxl }omurkx{ mfoaraemo} aeh gu}x aff

xlo ~rdmohuro} kezdfzoh ke lkrkec a johoraf o`~fd{oo& sloe a eur}o foazo} loro kx mroaxo} a bkc ~rdbfo`%

De xlo òhkmaf jfddr& xlo J[R eocaxkzof{ k`~amx} xlo loafxl aeh }ajox{ aeh xlo dzoraff juemxkdeafkx{ dj xloôamo Mdr~} loafxl maro hofkzor{ }{}xo`%

Ba}oh de dur rozkos dj ~a}x ozafuaxkde} aeh murroex }xajj ~or}~omxkzo}& so hoxor`keohxlax b{ ammoforaxkec xuredzor& md`~rd`k}kec ke}xkxuxkdeaf ò`dr{& aeh k`~ohkec xloabkfkx{ dj D@] xd axxramx lkclf{ quafkjkoh loafxl ~rdjo}}kdeaf}& xlo J[R la} eocaxkzof{ajjomxoh xlo Zdfuexoor loafxl maro hofkzor{ }{}xo`%

Luàe Ro}durmo} @aeacoòex

Aedxlor mdro àeacoòex juemxkde xlax la} booe hk}~rd~drxkdeaxof{ ajjomxoh b{ o`~fd{oo

xuredzor k} xlo Djjkmo dj Luàe Ro}durmo @aeacoòex ,LR@+% Jrd` 2>>> xd 2>1> xlo azoracoo`~fd{oo xoeuro ke LR@ la} booe a`dec xlo fdso}x jdr aff djjkmo} ax 2%= {oar}% Kx k} k`~drxaex xdedxo xlax xlk} djjkmo& slkml o|~orkoemo} a lkcl raxo dj xuredzor& k} af}d ro}~de}kbfo jdr ~rdmo}}kecxlo ~or}deeof amxkde} a}}dmkaxoh skxl àeackec xlo acoem{} xuredzor% Xlo 2>1> Md`~roloe}kzoAcoem{ A}}o}}òexro~drx ~dkexoh dux xlax LR@ sa} ae d~oraxkdeaf aroa ke eooh dj}xroecxloekec {ox kx lah axxramxoh def{ a }àff eu`bor dj quafkjkoh a~~fkmaex} xd ~orjdr` xlk}io{ d~oraxkdeaf juemxkde% Murroex LR@ àeacor} ro~drxoh xd u} xlax LR@ lah edx booe}ummo}}juf ke axxramxkec }ujjkmkoex eu`bor} dj quafkjkoh a~~fkmaex} xd jkff ~d}kxkde} ke xlo djjkmo


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Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo 2;

aeh xlax xlo J[R lah ~ux xlo ôamo Mdr~} ax a md`~oxkxkzo hk}ahzaexaco ke xlo àriox~famo jdrquafkjkoh LR@ ~rdjo}}kdeaf} skxl johoraf o|~orkoemo7

K hd edx xlkei xlax xlo J[R }ldufh a~~f{ xd LR@ ~d}kxkde} sloro xlo ro}~de}kbkfkxko} aro }d hrkzoe b{johoraf rufo} aeh fas} xlax }k`~f{ lazo xd bo jdffdsoh& aeh sloro {du eooh ~od~fo sld ieds xld}o rufo}aeh lazo o|~orkoemo sdrikec uehor xlo`% D^@ ioo~} md`kec u~ skxl eos ~rdcra`} xlax so lazo xd

jdffds }d {du eooh ~od~fo sld mae ioo~ u~ skxl xld}o ikeh} dj johoraf àehaxo}%

Xlo lkcl raxo dj xuredzor ke LR@ aeh xlo ha`~oekec ojjomx xlax xlo J[R la} de LR@}abkfkx{ xd axxramx aeh roxake quafkjkoh ~or}deeof ~famo} xlk} mdro àeacoòex juemxkde axrk}i%

Ke }u`& so hoxor`keoh xlax xlo J[R lah mroaxoh a eu`bor dj mlaffoeco} xlax k`~ohohxlax acoem{} abkfkx{ xd axxramx aeh roxake quafkjkoh ~or}deeof xd jufjkff mdro àeacoòexaeh md`~fkaemo-rofaxoh ro}~de}kbkfkxko} jdr xlo ôamo Mdr~}& }uml a} mdexramxkec& jkeaemkafàeacoòex& KX& luàe ro}durmo} àeacoòex& aeh òhkmaf }u~~drx juemxkde}%

Xlo J[R La} @aho ]ummo}}kde ^faeekec @dro _rcoex aeh Lar hor xd Ammd`~fk}lXlo lkcl hocroo dj xuredzor aeh }ldrx-xoeuro dj }xajj àio kx aff xlo `dro urcoex jdr xlo acoem{xd lazo a }dfkh }ummo}}kde ~faeekec ~rdcra` ke ~famo }d xlax xlo bo}x aeh brkclxo}x }xajj `dzokexd ~dfkm{-àikec aeh foahor}lk~ ~d}kxkde} sloro xlo{ mae àio }kcekjkmaex aeh fa}xkecmdexrkbuxkde} xd xlo cdaf} dj xlo acoem{% So hoxor`keoh xlax mde}xaex xuredzor aeh }ldrx }xajjxoeuro} lah o|amorbaxoh xlo afroah{ hkjjkmufx mlaffoeco dj }ummo}}kde ~faeekec ax xlo ôamoMdr~}%

A 2>>< D^@ auhkx jdueh xlo acoem{ hkh edx òox }xaeharh} jdr }ummo}}kde ~faeekec& huo xd xloha`~oekec ojjomx} dj xlo J[R7

]u~orzk}dr} kexorzkosoh farcof{ }xaxoh xlax }ummo}}kde ~faeekec sa} k`~d}}kbfo skxl xlo jkzo-{oaro`~fd{òex fk`kxaxkde rufo9 aeh uekzor}aff{& o`~fd{oo} kexorzkosoh soro ueasaro dj ae{}ummo}}kde ~faeekec% @d}x kexorzkosoo} }xaxoh xlax }ummo}}kde ~faeekec sa} kejdràf ax bo}x& skxl}ofomxkde} jdr zamaemko} bokec àho jrd` sldozor sa} azakfabfo ke xlo xafoex ~ddf ax xlo xkò& edxxlrducl ae{ }xraxockm jdrxkjkmaxkde dj xlo xafoex ~ddf%

]xajj so }~dio xd coeoraff{ hd edx bofkozo xlax xlo ôamo Mdr~} k} hdkec oeducl xd mddrhkeaxo}ummo}}kde ~faeekec& aeh xlax xlk} jakfuro k} lar`juf xd xlo acoem{} d~oraxkde}7

So }ldufh lazo boxxor }ummo}}kde ~faeekec9 à{bo xloro }ldufh bo }dòdeo lkroh xd mddrhkeaxo}ummo}}kde ~faeekec jdr xlo acoem{àio }uro xlax àeacor} aro ~ro~arkec xlo eo|x ~or}de xd lkx xlocrdueh rueekec& aeh xlax }xajj aro hdmuòexkec xlokr sdri aeh de-cdkec ~rdgomx}9 k`~rdzo romdrhàeacoòex9 k`~rdzo hdmuòexaxkde dj drcaekwaxkdeaf }xrumxuro aeh ro-}xrumxurkec ojjdrx}%

A fami dj }ummo}}kde ~ramxkmo} mau}o} jru}xraxkde aeh fd}x ~rdhumxkzkx{%

So }ldufhex sakx uexkf }dòdeo xure} xlokr KH ke bojdro so mae ro~famo xlo`% So hdex lazo a }{}xo`xlax àxmlo} dur eooh}%

]ummo}}kde ~faeekec k} a soai fkei& xlducl% So hdex crdd` }dòdeo xd xaio dzor% Def{ b{ ammkhoex hdso hd xlk}%


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Jkeaf Ozafuaxkde Ro~drx7 K`~amx} dj xlo Jkzo-[oar Rufo =>

A }ummo}}juf jkr` sdufh ~ux ke ~famo a cddh àeacoòex foahor}lk~ xrakekec ~rdcraà} ~arx dj a}ummo}

Documents

Peace Corps Final Evaluation Report on Impacts of the Five Year Rule IG1205E