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Part 1: Mac OS X BasicsTask 1: Logging In, Setting Automatic Login, and Logging Off
Task 2: Acting as Another User
Task 3: Shutting Down, Restarting, and Putting the Computer to Sleep
Task 4: Setting the Clock and Date
Task 5: Setting the Volume
Task 6: Viewing a Contextual Menu
Task 7: Browsing the System
Task 8: Closing, Hiding, and Exposing Windows
Task 9: Creating Aliases and Utilizing the Sidebar
Task 10: Ejecting a Removable Disc
Task 11: Taking and Printing Screen Shots
Task 12: Installing New Software
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COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
Logging In, Setting Automatic Login,and Logging Off
OS X allows multiple users to use the same OS X system, with each user hav-ing different desktop settings, access to certain programs and files, and other
features. This task explains how to log into and out of an OS X system, and howto set a specific user (such as yourself) to automatically log in. Since you’ll almostcertainly start logged into a system, you’ll begin by logging off.
1. Choose Apple ➪ Log Out. The dialog shown in Figure 1-1 asks ifyou are sure you want to log out.
Figure 1-1: The Log Out dialog.
2. Click the Log Out button in the dialog shown in Figure 1-1 to logout. (The system automatically logs you out after two minutes if youdo nothing.) A dialog appears, showing the names of the useraccounts on the system.
3. Click your user name. The dialog changes to show only your username and a field for a password.
4. Type your password in the field and press Return, or click the Log Inbutton. If you accidentally clicked someone else’s user name, click theGo Back button to return to the display of the list of users.
5. Click the System Preferences icon in the Dock, or choose Apple ➪System Preferences. The System Preferences window appears, asshown in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1-2: The System Preferences window.
notes• Only an administrator can
delete other accounts. Noone can delete the useraccount that is currentlylogged in.
• You can edit or deleteaccounts if you haveadministrator-level access.
• Only the administrator candelete an account, and noone can delete the useraccount that is currentlylogged in (you can’t deleteyourself without logging outand logging back in assomeone else).
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tips• If you are the only user of
this OS X system, set your-self up to automatically login to save time.
• You may not want to set upautomatic login if the OS Xsystem is in a place whereothers can use it withoutyou being around (such asan office).
• You can also log out with the key combinationÔ-Shift-Q.
• If you are the only user ofthe OS X system, set upautomatic login to skip the login process.
• You can set applications tostart automatically whenyou log in, and also to havethem hide automaticallyafter they start up.
cross-references• Changing your password in
the My Account pane ofSystem Preferences is dis-cussed in Task 13,“Changing Your Passwordand Icon.”
• Part 2, “Setting Up YourDesktop and Your Account,”discusses other ways tomodify your OS X system.
• Part 5, “Managing Users,”shows you how to modifyuser accounts and preferences.
6. Click the Accounts icon in the System row to show the Accountspane in the System Preferences window, as shown in Figure 1-3.Click the Login Options below the list of user names.
Figure 1-3: The Accounts pane of the System Preferences window.
7. Click the box next to “Automatically log in as.”
8. Click the drop-down box next to “Automatically log in as” and selectyour user name.
9. A drop-down sheet displays the user’s name and an empty passwordfield, as shown in Figure 1-4.
Figure 1-4: The user’s password must be entered in the drop-down sheet to allow theuser to be logged in automatically.
10. Enter the user’s password. Click the OK button.
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Acting as Another User
In some cases, you will have other user accounts on the system. There may betimes when you will want to be that user. You can have multiple user accounts
for yourself created with different access to programs and files, or with differentsettings for the screen and Dock, depending on how you want to use the com-puter. This task shows you how to access the system as another user.
1. Choose Apple ➪ Log Out. A dialog shown in Figure 2-1 asks if youare sure you want to log out.
Figure 2-1: The Log Out dialog.
2. Click the Log Out button to log out. (The system automatically logsyou out after two minutes if you do nothing.) A dialog appears, show-ing the names of the user accounts on the system.
3. Click the name of the user account under which you wish to log in.The dialog changes to show only the chosen user name and a fieldfor a password.
4. Type the user account’s password in the field and press Return, orclick the Log In button. If you accidentally clicked a user name otherthan the one you wish to log in as, click the Go Back button to returnto the list of users.
5. You can also act as another user on the command line, with the Unixcommand su. To use the command line to act as another user, double-click the hard disk icon on the OS X desktop to open it.
6. Double-click the Applications folder to open it.
7. Double-click the Utilities folder to open it.
8. Double-click on the Terminal application icon to start it. Figure 2-2shows the open Utilities folder with the Terminal icon in the back-ground and a Terminal window open in the foreground. Looking atthe prompt, you can see the following, which shows that you arelogged in to the Rosanne-Groves-Computer system with the mike-jones account.
Rosanne-Groves-Computer:~ mikejones$
notes• In Figure 2-3, the prompt
shows that you are nowacting as the James Masonaccount only in theTerminal application. If youclick the desktop, the OS Xsystem still has you loggedin as the first user account.
• A recently created useraccount has the defaultsettings, and does notinherit any custom systemsettings you’ve made toyour account. Also, the newuser will have the defaultsetting for any applications,whether or not you oranother user has cus-tomized those applications.
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tips• Preferences for applica-
tions are separate for eachuser. For example, if youuse iTunes and then log inas a new user, you’ll needto go through the setup foriTunes for the new useraccount.
• To see what account you’recurrently logged in as, openthe Accounts pane inSystem Preferences. Thecurrent account is in theleft column under theheading My Account.
• Shutting down the systemautomatically logs you andeveryone else out.
• You can also log out with the key combinationÔ-Shift-Q.
cross-references• Shutting down without log-
ging out automatically logsout the current account.When the system restarts,the user defined as auto-matic login (if there is one)will be logged in. To set auser to automatically login, see Task 1, “Logging In,Setting Automatic Login,and Logging Off.”
• To see who you are, openthe Accounts pane ofSystem Preferences, as pre-sented in Task 13, “ChangingYour Password and Icon.”
• Part 2, “Setting Up YourDesktop and Your Account,”discusses ways to modifyyour OS X system.
Figure 2-2: The Terminal window and the Applications/Utilities folder.
9. Enter the following and press Return:
su jmason
10. When the Password prompt appears, type the password for the useraccount you are switching to (in this case, mason’s password). Figure2-3 shows the new prompt in the terminal window.
Figure 2-3: Switching users in the Terminal does not affect the OS X system desktop.
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Shutting Down, Restarting, and Putting the Computer to Sleep
When not in active use, the computer system can be “put to sleep” to con-serve power (especially important for extending battery life if the system is
a notebook computer) or can be shut down. Sleep is a pausing of the system fromwhich it can “wake up” more quickly than it can restart or shut down and restart.This task takes you through several ways to shut down and restart a system, andalso shows you how to put a system to sleep and wake it up.
1. To put a system to sleep, choose Apple ➪ Sleep, as shown in Figure3-1. The screen shuts off, and the hard disk stops spinning. However,the system is not completely shut down, and the system will not quitany open applications.
Figure 3-1: The Apple menu offers the options to Sleep, Restart,or Shut Down the system.
2. To wake up the system, press a key on the keyboard. If you have anotebook computer that is sleeping, opening the screen and tappingthe spacebar wakes up the system.
3. To shut down the system, choose Apple ➪ Shut Down from themenu (refer to Figure 3-1). A dialog shown in Figure 3-2 appears,asking if you are sure. Click the Shut Down button in the dialog (or just press the Return key) and the screen shut offs. The hard diskstops spinning, and the system shuts down completely. If the systemis a desktop or tower system, you can unplug the power cord andmove the machine at this point.
notes• A sleeping system uses
less energy than an activelyrunning one. If your systemhas a wireless (Airport)card in it, you can also turnAirport off if you’re out ofrange of a wireless network(to conserve more energy).
• To restart your system inClassic mode (Mac OS 9),use the Startup Disk paneof the System Preferenceswindow.
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tips• If the OS X system is a
notebook computer, youcan put it to sleep simplyby closing the notebook. Ifyou use another way to puta notebook to sleep, youcan close the screen with-out waking up the system.
• Since a sleeping systemuses much less power thanan “awake” system, you canimprove battery life on anotebook computer byputting the system to sleepwhen you aren’t using it.
• Restart a crashed system bypowering the system off andon. OS X does diagnosticchecks after a power cycle,so startup may take slightlylonger.
cross-references• For information on adjust-
ing energy use of OS X systems, see Task 27,“Adjusting Sleep andEnergy Saving Settings.”
• To restart the system withOS 9 (Classic mode), seeTask 22, “Setting theStartup Disk.” For informa-tion on troubleshootinghung or crashed systems,see Part 19, “Maintenance,Troubleshooting, andGetting Help.”
Figure 3-2: A dialog makes sure you don’t accidentally shut down the OS X system.
4. Another way to shut down an OS X system is to press the Power keyon the keyboard if one is present. A dialog shown in Figure 3-3 offersthe options to Restart, Sleep, Cancel, or Shut Down. To shut downthe system, you can either use the mouse or trackpad to click theShut Down button, or press the Return key on the keyboard tochoose the highlighted button.
Figure 3-3: The dialog displayed when the Power key is pressed offers the options toRestart, Sleep, Cancel, or Shut Down the system.
5. To restart the system, choose Apple ➪ Restart from the menu (referto Figure 3-1). The OS X system shuts down all applications andrestarts itself.
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Setting the Clock and Date
When OS X is installed on a system, the OS X Installer prompts you to set adate and time. The date and time is used by the system to track when it
does certain things (for example, the Software Update system application can beset to automatically check for new software every Sunday night). This task showsyou where and how to set the date and time, where to change the format of thedate and time, and how to set the system to use a network time server.
1. Choose Apple ➪ System Preferences to show the System Preferenceswindow.
2. Click the Date & Time icon in the System row to show the Date &Time pane of System Preferences, as shown in Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-1: The Network Time is set on the Date & Time tab of the Date & Time panewith the checking of a box.
3. To change the date, click the portion of the date you would like toadjust (month, day, or year). You may also use the calendar below thedate to select the day.
4. To start using a network time server, click the checkbox next to “SetDate & Time automatically.” Choose a server from the drop-downbox, as shown in Figure 4-1. The time will be set automaticallywhenever the system is restarted or awakened and connected to theInternet.
5. Click the Time Zone tab in the Date & Time pane. The correct timezone must be indicated so that the correct network time is set.
6. Click on the area closest to where you are on the map to set the cor-rect time zone, as shown in Figure 4-2.
notes• Only an administrator can
set the system date andtime. If you can’t changethe date and time, youdon’t have administrativerights on this OS X system.Log out and log back in asan administrator, or asksomeone who has adminis-trator rights on the systemto help you.
• An application called Clockis included with OS X in theApplications folder. You canset it to display as a digitalor analog (with hands)clock in the Dock or in afloating window.
• When a file is created oredited, it uses the systemdate and time to time-stamp the creation or editing time.
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cross-references• The OS X Software Update
system application is pre-sented in Task 240,“Running Software Update.”
• Adding an application tothe Dock is presented inTask 18, “Setting the DockPreferences.”
• For more information aboutsetting up the SystemAdministrator account, seeTask 54, “Enabling theSystem AdministratorAccount.”
Figure 4-2: The Time Zone is set using the map or the drop-down list.
7. The formats for display of the date and time are not set in the Date& Time pane of System Preferences, but in the International pane.To switch to the International pane, choose View ➪ International.
8. Click the Formats tab to change the date format, as shown in Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-3: The Formats tab of the International pane of System Preferences sets theformat to use to display dates, times, and numbers.
9. Choose the format you want the system to use to display the date,time, and numbers by choosing the region in the Region drop-downlist at the top of the Formats tab. You may customize the default set-tings for the chosen region by clicking on the Customize button forthe date, time, or numbers.
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Setting the Volume
OS X provides several ways to control audio volume. If the volume is set toohigh, a system beep for a common action such as receiving email may startle
you. Also, having the system volume too loud may distract others who might bearound in a home or work environment. This task explains how to set the volumeto your preferred level.
1. Choose Apple ➪ System Preferences, as shown in Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-1: Open System Preferences from the Apple menu.
2. Click the Sound icon in the Hardware row to open the Sound pane,as shown in Figure 5-2.
Figure 5-2: The Sound pane of the System Preferences window.
notes• The Output volume bar is
visible no matter which ofthe three tabs of the Soundpane you select.
• Applications have their ownvolume controls, but themaximum application vol-ume is limited to the maxi-mum system volume.
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tips• You can mute certain appli-
cations with their volumecontrol and still have thesystem volume be audiblefor other applications.
• For extra volume (for exam-ple, to make playing gamesmore interesting), externalspeakers can help a greatdeal. Again, you might consider what effect thelouder volume might haveon others in the area.
• Most Macintosh keyboardswill have keys for muting(silencing), decreasing, andincreasing the system vol-ume. If these keys are pre-sent on your keyboard, theywill most often be locatedalong the top edge of thekeyboard and marked witha speaker icon.
• If the system volume ismuted, then no soundcomes out of the speaker.
• If you have the volume iconvisible in the menu bar, youcan Ô-click the icon anddrag it to rearrange itsposition in the menu bar.
cross-reference• For more advice on audio
usage, see Part 14, “Audiowith iTunes.”
3. Adjust the sound volume by moving the slider in the Output volumebar at the bottom of the Sound pane.
4. Click the Mute checkbox to mute the output volume completely.Uncheck the Mute checkbox to use the setting of the Output volume bar.
5. You can also mute the output volume by dragging the slider in theOutput volume bar to the far left.
6. Click the Output tab. Check the checkbox to the left of “Show vol-ume in menu bar” to show a small volume icon in the menu bar ofthe screen. Clicking the volume icon displays an icon, as shown inFigure 5-3.
Figure 5-3: The volume icon in the menu bar allows volume adjustment without having to open System Preferences.
7. Adjust the volume by clicking the volume icon in the menu bar andadjusting the slider. The number of curved bars to the right of thevolume icon changes to represent the level of sound output you’vechosen, from three bars at near full volume up to no bars at low-to-muted volume. Look at the volume icons in Figure 5-3 and Figure5-4: The volume icon in Figure 5-3 is at medium volume as shownby two bars, and the volume icon with no bars in Figure 5-4 showsthat the volume is muted.
Figure 5-4: The menu bar volume icon adjusts to show the output volume.
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Viewing a Contextual Menu
OS X provides many useful shortcut actions by way of a contextual menu. A con-textual menu is a set of commands for a given item or situation, and contains
only selected commands. This task shows you how to use a contextual menu.
1. To view a contextual menu, you can start on the desktop. Move thecursor to a blank area of the desktop on your OS X screen.
2. Press and hold the Control (Ctrl) key while moving the cursor. Thecursor changes to include a small rectangle to the lower right of thecursor. Click the cursor to show the contextual menu for the desktop,as shown in Figure 6-1. (This action will be referred to throughoutthis book as a “Ctrl-click” or “Ctrl-clicking.”)
Figure 6-1: Contextual menus are available for almost everyobject on the OS X desktop.
3. Ctrl-click the icon of your OS X system’s hard disk. A different con-textual menu appears, as shown in Figure 6-2.
Figure 6-2: Contextual menus change to show onlyappropriate actions for objects.
4. Ctrl-clicking a file (such as a text document or a graphic) brings up adifferent contextual menu. Figure 6-3 shows the contextual menudisplayed when you Ctrl-click a PDF file created and then saved inAdobe Acrobat file format. As you can see, the contextual menu forthe file gives you the option of opening the file either with Preview,Adobe Reader 6.0, Adobe Photoshop 7.0, ColorSync Utility, orFreehand 10. These are the applications on this OS X system that areidentified as being able to open files in the Adobe Acrobat format.
notes• Contextual menus are also
present in almost all third-party applications, not justwithin OS X itself.
• Menus are translucent inOS X so you can seethrough them to the desk-top, windows, and iconsunderneath.
• Preferences for applica-tions are separate for each user.
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tip• If you are using a multibut-
ton mouse, trackball, orother input device, you maybe able to program it tosend a Ctrl-click pair whenyou use a specific mouseor trackpad button.
cross-references• Browsing the contents of
the hard disk on your OS Xsystem is presented in Task7, “Browsing the System.”
• More help with files is pre-sented in Part 4, “Findingand Working with Files.”
• Customizing the Finder isdiscussed in Task 21,“Setting FinderPreferences.”
Figure 6-3: Contextual menus for files can provide alternate applications to work withthe chosen file.
5. Ctrl-clicking the Finder icon in the Dock provides a quick way tochoose between multiple windows on the desktop. As shown inFigure 6-4, the Applications window is checked in the Finder’s con-textual menu because it is in the foreground. To move one of theother windows to the front, choose it from the list in the Finder’scontextual menu.
Figure 6-4: The contextual menu for the Finder provides a fast way to choose one openwindow among many and move it to the front.
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Browsing the System
OS X introduced several important changes from OS 9, from the Unix-basedfoundation of the operating system to the new look of the desktop. This task
helps you use some of the new desktop features to navigate through multiplewindows on the OS X desktop, as well as customize how you view the contents ofthe windows.
1. Close all windows. Press Ô-N to create a new window.
2. Click the hard disk icon in the sidebar to show the window in Figure7-1. This is the top level of your OS X hard disk. Notice the Back arrowin the upper left is now usable. You’ve gone from the first view of thewindow to a different view, so now you have somewhere to go back to.The Forward arrow is grayed out and unusable because you haven’t goneback yet, so there’s no forward path yet for the window to remember.
Figure 7-1: A new window, using the Icon View setting.
3. Click the Back button, and you’ll see the same image, except thatnow the Forward button is usable. The Back button is now grayedout again, because you’re back to where you began and there’snowhere further back for you to go.
4. Click the Forward button to return to the view shown in Figure 7-1.
5. As you can see, the icons are scattered about in the window.Sometimes it’s easier to find an item you’re looking for if you don’thave the icons. Find the three view buttons next to the Back andForward arrows in the toolbar of the window. Click the middle but-ton (the button with four horizontal straight lines on it). The windowchanges to the List View mode shown in Figure 7-2.
notes• A view stays the same for a
given folder. If you set theApplication folder to ListView, that folder will be dis-played in List View the nexttime you open it.
• Starting from the left end,the title bar of a windowhas a close button, a mini-mize button, a resize but-ton, the title of the folderand the small icon as used in List View, and thelozenge button used toshow and hide the toolbar.
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tips• In the List View, click a file
and use the up and downarrows on your keyboard toscroll up and down throughthe list of files.
• In Column View, use the upand down arrows to scrollthrough files and folders inthe current folder column,and use the left and rightarrows to scroll through thedirectory structure.
cross-reference• More help with files is pre-
sented in Part 4, “Findingand Working with Files.”
Figure 7-2: In List View, folders and items can be easier to find.
6. In List View mode, you can sort the items in the window in severaldifferent ways. In Figure 7-2, the items are sorted by name in ascend-ing order. This is shown by the Name column header being high-lighted, and the upward-pointing arrow at the end of the columnheader. Click the Name column header to reverse the arrow pointer.The sort order is now descending (Z . . A).
7. Click the Name header a second time to restore the order, as shownin Figure 7-2.
8. Click the Date Modified header to switch the sorting of the items inthe window from alphabetical by name to most recently modified.Click the Name header again to restore the view to the one shown inFigure 7-2.
9. Click the right button of the view choices in the window toolbar toshow the Column View, as shown in Figure 7-3.
Figure 7-3: Column View shows you the folders and files in a kind of file browser view.
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Closing, Hiding, and Exposing Windows
As with a physical desktop, you can have so many windows, files, and icons onyour OS X desktop that you have trouble finding what you want to work
with at any given time. OS X has several ways to unclutter a desktop with multi-ple windows. This task discusses how to simplify your view of the OS X desktop.
1. You’ll need some objects to work with. Double-click the hard diskicon on the desktop to create a single Finder window. Press Ô-n tocreate a second window.
2. Click the Safari icon in the Dock to open a third window, as shown inFigure 8-1. Safari is Apple’s Web browser.
Figure 8-1: It can get messy when there are three or more windows on the desktop.
3. Now the desktop is cluttered with three windows. Press the F11 keyto expose your desktop.
4. Press F11 again to return your desktop to the way it was.
5. Click the yellow window button in the upper-left corner of the Safariwindow, as shown in Figure 8-2. The window is minimized on theright side of the Dock. Click the button in the Dock representing thewindow to restore it.
Figure 8-2: These three buttons are the window controls.
notes• When the window is mini-
mized it is just an incredi-bly small representation ofthe exact same window.
• When you open a newFinder window by using Ô-n, the window opens toshow your home directory.
• Starting from the left end,the title bar of a windowhas a Close button, aMinimize button, a Zoombutton, the title of thefolder, the small icon usedin List View, and the ovalbutton used to show andhide the toolbar.
caution• The Finder opens a window
to the last place it wasbefore it was minimized tothe Dock.
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tips• Look at the Dock and
you’ll see some of theicons in the Dock havesmall triangles underneaththem, pointing upward.These arrows show whichapplications in the Dockare currently running andhave open windows.
• The Finder icon is alwaysthe icon on the far-left endof the Dock.
• Exposé is a new feature inOS X that allows you toeasily see all the windowsyou have open, chooseone, or move them all outof the way.
• In the List View, click a fileand use the up and downarrows on your keyboard toscroll up and down throughthe list of files.
cross-reference• Taking a snapshot of your
desktop is explained inTask 11, “Taking andPrinting Screen Shots.”
6. Press the F9 key. Now you can see all the windows that you haveopen on the desktop, as shown in Figure 8-3. Click the Finder window for your hard disk to make it your active window.
Figure 8-3: All of the windows appear as if by magic thanks to Exposé.
7. Press the F10 key. You can see all the Finder windows you have openon the desktop. Notice that the Safari window looks grayed out inthe background. Press the F10 key again to return the hard diskFinder window to the foreground.
8. Click the Red button in the upper-left corner of the window to closethe hard disk Finder window.
9. Click the Safari icon in the Dock to bring the Safari window to theforeground. Click Safari ➪ Hide Safari in the menu. Safari com-pletely disappears. It’s not minimized, but there is still an arrowunder the icon in the Dock, as shown in Figure 8-4.
Figure 8-4: The Dock shows what programs are running even if the windows are hidden.
10. Click the Safari icon with the arrow beneath it. Now, click the greenbutton in the upper-left corner of the window. This Zoom buttontoggles between the standard window size and the last size you man-ually set for the window.
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Creating Aliases and Utilizing the Sidebar
One of the goals of OS X is to help you save time by simplifying the task ofgetting to the things you access the most. The sidebar in the Finder windows
enables you to list your most commonly accessed files, folders, programs, anddisks for quicker access. The sidebar list contains aliases, which are “shortcuts”that tell the system to go to another location to access the source of the alias.This task shows you how to make aliases, and place them in the sidebar.
1. Start with an empty desktop. Double-click the hard disk icon to opena new Finder window.
2. Click the Applications icon in the sidebar to display the Applicationswindow.
3. Click the Utilities folder within the first Applications folder.
4. Click File ➪ Make Alias in the menu bar. Another Utilities foldernow points to the original, as shown in Figure 9-1.
Figure 9-1: One way to create an alias is by using the menu.
5. Drag the Utilities alias to the sidebar under Pictures, and drop it.Now close all of the windows you have open by pressing Ô-Q onyour keyboard.
6. Click the Finder icon in the Dock. A Finder window opens and dis-plays your Home folder. Notice the Utilities icon in the sidebar, asshown in Figure 9-2.
notes• An alias icon always dis-
plays the small arrow in thelower-left corner of theicon. However, you can editthe name and remove“alias” from the name.
• You can also Ctrl-click anicon and choose the MakeAlias command from thecontextual menu to makean alias.
• When an alias is created,its name is automaticallyselected. Type a name toreplace the selected textwith your preferred namefor the alias, or click thedesktop to accept thedefault name.
• The arrow on the alias iconis required, but you canchange the name of thealias icon.
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tips• The Dock can be a good
place to store aliases, butbe careful that the Dockdoesn’t get too crowded.
• A Dock alias is differentfrom a normal alias. To addan alias to the Dock, justdrag the icon from the desk-top to the Dock and drop it.The Dock icon created inthis way has no arrow.
cross-references• If you have trouble seeing
the Utilities folder, you maywant to switch to List Viewand sort by name, as dis-cussed in Task 7, “Browsingthe System.”
• For more options OS X hasfor using the Dock, see Task18, “Setting the DockPreferences.”
Figure 9-2: The Utilities alias will appear in every Finder window now that it has beenadded to the sidebar.
7. Click the Applications icon in the sidebar. Point to the Calculatorapplication. Press and hold the Option and Command keys and dragthe Calculator Icon onto the desktop. An alias for the Calculator nowappears on the desktop, as shown in Figure 9-3
Figure 9-3: An alias has an arrow on the icon when it is created.
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Ejecting a Removable Disc
ACD-ROM is one of several kinds of volumes OS X can work with. A volume isa hard disk (or a portion of a hard disk acting as a separate disk), a CD-ROM,
or an external drive connected by SCSI, USB, or FireWire. OS X has several waysto manipulate volumes. This task describes how to eject a removable disc.
1. Find a CD somewhere, such as the Mac OS X Install discs that likelycame with your OS X system, or even a music CD.
2. Insert the CD into the CD drive on your OS X system. The icon forthe CD should appear on the desktop. Figure 10-1 shows the Downwith Love DVD/CD (digital video disc) on the desktop. If any appli-cations start up automatically, quit them by Ctrl-clicking the applica-tion’s icon (or just click the icon and hold the mouse button downuntil the contextual menu pops up) in the Dock, and choosing Quitfrom the application’s contextual menu.
Figure 10-1: CDs appear on the desktop.
3. Click the CD icon to select it. The disc darkens when it is selected.
4. From the menu bar, select File ➪ Eject to eject the CD, as shown inFigure 10-2.
Figure 10-2: Removable discs can be ejected using the menu bar.
notes• In general, a mounted disk
or volume is a separateicon that appears on theOS X desktop when it ismounted.
• A removable disk can beejected using the contex-tual menu.
• When you are ejecting aremovable disk, a largeejection symbol appears inthe middle of the screen.
caution• Always eject a disc before
removing it from a drive.Always eject a removablevolume (such as a FireWirehard disk) before discon-necting the cable.
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cross-references• The OS X system can be set
to display or not display cer-tain types of volumes, asdiscussed in Task 21,“Setting Finder Preferences.”
• Inserting a blank CD-ROMcauses OS X to prompt youwith a dialog asking whatto do with it. See Task 43,“Transferring Files byPhysical Means,” for moreinformation.
• You can set an applicationto start automatically, as dis-cussed in Task 20, “SettingApplications to StartAutomatically on Login.”
5. Reinsert the CD into the CD drive on your OS X system, and clickthe icon again to select it.
6. Eject the CD with the keyboard shortcut Ô-F12.
7. Reinsert the CD into the CD drive on your OS X system.
8. Double-click the CD icon to open it in a Finder window. The CD isnow in the sidebar with an eject icon to the right of it. Close theFinder window.
9. Click the CD icon to select it, and drag it to the Trash to eject theCD. Notice that, while you are clicking and dragging the CD, theTrash icon has changed to a triangle above a horizontal line, asshown in Figure 10-3. If you have a key on your keyboard with thatsymbol, pressing that key should also eject the CD.
Figure 10-3: Dragging a removable disc icon to the Trash ejects the disc.
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Taking and Printing Screen Shots
Screen shots are snapshots of your desktop. You might take screen shots for avariety of reasons, from saving an error message in an application to saving
your high score in a game. This task explains how to take screen shots, some-times called screen captures.
1. Simultaneously press Ô-Shift-3 on your keyboard. A PDF fileappears on your desktop named “Picture 1.”
2. Double-click the file icon to view the picture, as shown in Figure11-1. Notice the screen shot doesn’t show the Picture 1 PDF file.
Figure 11-1: Ô-Shift-3 saves the screen as a PDF file.
3. Close the Preview window showing the screen capture.
4. Press Ô-Shift-4. Your cursor changes to large crosshairs. This letsyou choose a section of the desktop to capture.
5. Move the crosshairs to the left of and below the Picture 1 icon, andpress and hold the mouse or trackpad button as you drag thecrosshairs to the right and above the hard disk icon. A second PDFfile named “Picture 2” appears on the desktop.
6. Double-click “Picture 2” to see the selection of the desktop as yoursecond screen capture, as shown in Figure 11-2.
7. Close the Preview window showing Picture 2.
notes• The screen capture in Step
1 captures the entire desktop.
• The 10-second delay canbe useful to position iconsand objects on the desk-top, or to get a capture ofan application screen whiledoing something else.
• The Selection Grab dialogin Step 10 will not beincluded in the selectiongrab.
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tips• Ô-Shift-4 changes the cur-
sor to crosshairs and actsas the Grab selection bydefault. Pressing thespacebar toggles thecrosshairs to a cameraicon, and allows you totake a snapshot of only thewindow the camera is over.
• You can also take screenshots from the commandline. Open a Terminal win-dow and type screencap-ture at the prompt to seethe help information for thescreencapture command.
• You can also use the Go ➪Applications command inthe menu bar to open theApplications folder.
• The screen capture keys inthis task save the graphicas a PDF file. The Grabapplication saves files asTIFF format files.
cross-reference• Part 15, “Managing Still
Pictures with iPhoto” dis-cusses how to crop, edit,and modify pictures suchas screen shots.
Figure 11-2: Ô-Shift-4 saves your chosenselection of the screen as a PDF file.
8. Open the hard disk, open the Application folder, then open theUtilities folder. Double-click the Grab icon shown in Figure 11-3 tostart the Grab screen capture application included with OS X.
Figure 11-3: The Grab application menus offer more options for screen captures.
9. Choose Capture ➪ Timed Screen from the menu bar. A dialogshown in Figure 11-4 appears and explains you have 10 seconds afterclicking the Start Timer button before the screen shot is taken.
Figure 11-4: If Grab is running, Ô-Shift-Z saves thescreen after a 10-second delay.
10. From the menu bar, choose Capture ➪ Selection. A dialog appearsthat explains you should drag a rectangle with the cursor of the areaof the screen you want to capture. When you do so, only the selectedarea is saved as a screen capture.
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Installing New Software
Installing new software can differ from program to program. For some pro-grams, installation is a matter of copying the compressed file to your OS X sys-
tem, double-clicking on the compressed file to uncompress it, and copying thefolder or application to your hard disk (normally to the Applications folder). Thistask uses the Apple QuickTime application as an example to discuss the processof installing software using the Apple Installer.
1. Download the QuickTime installer from Apple Computer. Use yourWeb browser and go to www.apple.com/quicktime/download/.Select the correct operating system, and click on the DownloadQuickTime button. The file downloads to your OS X system as acompressed disk image, with a .dmg extension.
2. The compressed image will automatically decompress. The diskimage is opened and begins to install automatically. The disk imageappears on the desktop as a virtual volume or disk. Close all openedwindows, and cancel the installation that began.
3. Double-click the QuickTime disk image to open the volume window.You can see the package file named QuickTime.pkg, along with theicons for the compressed and uncompressed disk images in the window,as shown in Figure 12-1.
Figure 12-1: Disk images appear on the desktop as mounted volumes.
4. Double-click the QuickTime.pkg icon to start the QuickTimeinstaller.
5. Click the Continue button to display the Important Information win-dow. You should read this over to see what the new software will do,
note• Some applications will
require you to quit all otheractive applications wheninstalling them. Sometimesthe application’s installerwill provide an easy way toquit all applications fromwithin the installer, or youmay have to go to thedesktop and quit the otherapplications yourself.
caution• Some applications may
require you to enter a serialnumber before use, andsome applications mayrequire a separate serialnumber for each individualwho installs the software.
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tips• Sometimes the software
Installer will prompt you torestart your OS X systemafter installation. You maywant to keep the down-loaded compressedinstallers available in adownload folder, or perhapscopy them to a CD-ROM, incase you want them again.
• Some software uses itsown installer, which maybehave much differentlythan the Apple Installerdoes.
• To reserve software for yourown use, install the appli-cation into your useraccount’s Home folder.
cross-references• You can add applications
to the Dock as shown inTask 18, “Setting the DockPreferences.”
• You can set an applicationto start automatically asshown in Task 20, “SettingApplications to StartAutomatically on Login.”
and what the system requirements for installation are. You can oftensave this to a separate file, or print it, for later reference.
6. When you’re finished reading, click the Continue button to displaythe Software License Agreement. Again, you can save or print thelicense for later reference.
7. When you click the Continue button on the Software LicenseAgreement window, a window prompts you to agree or disagree, asshown in Figure 12-2. If you click Agree, the next screen appears.
Figure 12-2: You must agree to the Software License terms before installation can proceed.
8. On the next screen, you choose a destination disk to install the soft-ware to. The Installer searches for available disks and scans them forthe requirements of space and correct versions of any related soft-ware. Click a destination disk.
9. Click the Install button to install the software. You are prompted toenter your password, as shown in Figure 12-3.
Figure 12-3: The OS X system prompts you to enter your password (or phrase) beforeinstalling.
10. Enter your password. QuickTime then begins the installation. There willbe a prompt to restart the computer when the installation is complete.
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