American SlaveryAmerican Slavery

1. Most slaves were satisfied with their lot. They laughed a lot, appeared happy-go-lucky, and sang spirituals while 1. Most slaves were satisfied with their lot. They laughed a lot, appeared happy-go-lucky, and sang spirituals while they worked.they worked.

2. Most slaves led passive, tranquil lives.

3. There were few runaways.

4. Most Southerners owned slaves.

5. Most Northerners were avid abolitionists.

6. There were many slave suicides, and infanticides were fairly common.

7. Masters killed their old slaves when they could no longer work.

8. Slaves had no concept of a loving, caring family.

9. Most masters were benevolent. Many showed affection to their slaves, worked alongside them, and were buried in the same graveyards.

10. Most male slaves lusted after white women and were a threat to their safety.

11. Slaves were better off than Northern factory workers (Yankee wage slaves).

12. Slavery was a cheap, efficient labor system.

13. Most slave owners owned hundreds of slaves.

OverviewOverview

• Civil War about slavery and economy but also about Civil War about slavery and economy but also about viability of the Union as well.viability of the Union as well.

• Reconstruction: combination of weak northern will and residual southern power frustrated the goal of making emancipated blacks full-fledged American citizens.

Early Emancipation in the Early Emancipation in the NorthNorth

Early Emancipation in the Early Emancipation in the NorthNorth

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

• Cotton Kingdom develops to huge agricultural factory• Northern shippers reaped a large part of the profits from the cotton trade

• South produced more than half the world’s cotton supply-A fact that held foreign nations in economic bondage to the South.

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, in a Sugar-Boiling House,

18231823

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling House, in a Sugar-Boiling House,

18231823

Southern Society as an Southern Society as an Oligarchy rather than a Oligarchy rather than a

DemocracyDemocracy

• Planter aristocrats had the majority of the Planter aristocrats had the majority of the wealthwealth

–Educated their children in private schoolsEducated their children in private schools– Widened gap b/w rich and poorWidened gap b/w rich and poor–No reason to favor tax-supported public No reason to favor tax-supported public educationeducation

Southern PopulationSouthern PopulationSouthern PopulationSouthern Population

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

Note how your text deliberately (?) uses the word “bondswoman”

The “Wasteful” Plantation SystemThe “Wasteful” Plantation System1.1. Economic system becomes monopolisticEconomic system becomes monopolistic

2.2. Financial instability of the systemFinancial instability of the system

3.3. Agribusiness - King Cotton meant one crop economy. No Agribusiness - King Cotton meant one crop economy. No diversification or industrydiversification or industry

4.4. Southern planters resent watching North grow fat at their Southern planters resent watching North grow fat at their expenseexpense

5.5. Cotton Kingdom repelled large scale European immigrationCotton Kingdom repelled large scale European immigration

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in

Richmond, VA

Characteristics of the Characteristics of the Antebellum SouthAntebellum South

Characteristics of the Characteristics of the Antebellum SouthAntebellum South

1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”

3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860 * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US (57% of total US exports).exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.

6.6. Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

•1/4 of white southerners1/4 of white southerners owned slaves owned slaves

•Beneath them: Beneath them: 3/4 white southerners 3/4 white southerners owned no slavesowned no slaves

•Below themBelow them - “poor white trash” - “poor white trash”

All these whites without slaves had no direct All these whites without slaves had no direct stake in preservation of slavery yet they were stake in preservation of slavery yet they were among the stoutest defenders. Why?among the stoutest defenders. Why?

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack FreemenBlack FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population Total US Population 23,000,00023,000,000

[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

All these whites without slaves had no direct All these whites without slaves had no direct stake in preservation of slavery yet they were stake in preservation of slavery yet they were among the stoutest defenders. Why?among the stoutest defenders. Why?

““Thus did the logic of economics join with the illogic Thus did the logic of economics join with the illogic of racism in buttressing (supporting) the slave of racism in buttressing (supporting) the slave system”system”

Free blacks Free blacks • purchased freedom purchased freedom

•often illegal to marry within the state of often illegal to marry within the state of residenceresidence•Owned propertyOwned property•Owned other slavesOwned other slaves•Couldn’t testify in courtCouldn’t testify in court•Vulnerable to being kidnapped and Vulnerable to being kidnapped and sold into slaverysold into slavery•Freed blacks unpopular in NorthFreed blacks unpopular in North

–Compete with immigrant laborCompete with immigrant labor–Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Charleston, Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-SC-18561856

Slave Auction: Charleston, Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-SC-18561856

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Visual Perception TestVisual Perception Test

Exhibit IExhibit I AA BB CC

Visual Perception TestVisual Perception Test

Exhibit IIExhibit II AA BB CC

Visual Perception TestVisual Perception Test

Exhibit IIIExhibit III AA BB CC

A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00

Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy

Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00

Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00

Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

African American CultureAfrican American Culture

• Deep South - relatively staple culture so Deep South - relatively staple culture so more distinctive culturemore distinctive culture

• Dance, religion (Israelites in Egypt - “let Dance, religion (Israelites in Egypt - “let my people go”), “sister” and “brother”my people go”), “sister” and “brother”

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or

Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.

4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance2.Refusal to work hard.

3.Isolated acts of sabotage.

4.Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

Southern FearsSouthern Fears

• Nat TurnerNat Turner

• William Lloyd Garrison’s William Lloyd Garrison’s The LiberatorThe Liberator

• Nullification Crisis 1832Nullification Crisis 1832

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Southern Defense of SlaverySouthern Defense of Slavery

• Supported by authority of the BibleSupported by authority of the Bible• Wisdom of AristotleWisdom of Aristotle• ““happy lot of servants” vs. factory life of happy lot of servants” vs. factory life of

immigrant workersimmigrant workers• Post war - Freedom was bigger burden for Post war - Freedom was bigger burden for

African Americans?- no health care, no African Americans?- no health care, no literacy, no knowledge of law, no knowledge literacy, no knowledge of law, no knowledge of contract law (sharecropping) of contract law (sharecropping)

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

e Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.

e No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.

Gradualists Immediatists

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

e Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues.

e Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.

e Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4

The LiberatorThe Liberator

Premiere issue January 1, 1831

R2-5

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)

e Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.

e $40,000 bounty on her head.

e Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

“Moses”

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”

R2-12

1852 Speech of Frederick Douglass in honor of 1852 Speech of Frederick Douglass in honor of signing of Declaration of Independence,signing of Declaration of Independence,

“This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You “This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn…. Above your national, may rejoice, I must mourn…. Above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions”tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions”