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Ospedale e Territorio: insieme
contro il carcinoma ovarico
Trattamento di seconda linea e oltrelinea e oltre
Roberta Buosi
Alessandria, 19 settembre 2018
Dimensione del problema
� > 80% of cases diagnosed > 50 years age.
64 per 100,000
� Considering chemotherapy, up to 10% of patients might not respond to first-line chemotherapeutic treatment and, of those who do respond, between 55% and 75% of
� 64 per 100,000in women aged ≥ 85 years.
� with BRCA-deficient tumours, the age of diagnosis can be about 10 years earlier.
respond, between 55% and 75% of people will relapse within 2 years.5
Fattori prognostici e OS
Prognostic factors thought to influence outcome (i.e. response to treatment and survival) are:
� the stage of the disease at diagnosis (FIGO stage)
Relative 5-year survival rate is > 90% for
early stage disease but falls markedly to <
10% for later stages (FIGO stage)
� Age
� patient’s general health (typically referred to as performance status) at the time of presentation
� grade tumour histology.
� residual disease after debulking surgery are considered to be strong predictors.
Relative 1- and 5-year survival rates (%) for two time periods
OS 1year5 years
1971–5 42.0 %
21.0 %
2005–9 72.3 %42.9 %
Obiettivi di cura
Prolungamento della sopravvivenza
riduzione del n di recidive
Controllo dei sintomi (o dilazione della loro comparsa)
Miglioramento della qualità di vita complessiva (o dilazione del peggioramento)
> percentuale delle platino sensibili
CRONICIZZARE
TEAM INTERDISCIPLINARE
INTER -PROFESSIONALE
Analisi costi
An analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics for 2006–8 of patients dying from prostate, breast, lung, upper gastrointestinal, colorectal or ovarian cancer indicates that patients with ovarian cancer and in their last year of life required 53,700 elective bed-days (at a cost of £14,274,623) and 216,723 emergency bed-days (at a cost of £58,606,527).
On a per-person basis, ovarian cancer had a longer elective stay and a longer emergency length of stay than the other cancers.
Ovarian cancer also had the highest overall cost,
at £8000 per person.
Alkeran,
RT
CDDP +doxo,
Carbo +
paclitaxel
Target
Therapy
Immunoterapy
Development of therapy
CTX
monoDoxo lipo,
Topotecan, +doxo,
PECImmunoterapy
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
mono
1960
Topotecan,
trabectedina
2016
Decisional node PFI
OS PS ovarian cancer
Overall survival for the subgroup of patients with FPS ovarian cancer
Overall survival for the subgroup of patients with PPS ovarian cancer
Studi di fase III
Paz platino
resistenti
C. Aghajanian JCO 2012
PFS OS
NON c’è consenso da parte di molti Panel diesperti per l’uso di Bevacizumab inassociazione alla chemioterapiaDa preferire alternative terapeutiche
Fattori Predittivi?
BRCA1-2 mutation
identified mutations now recognized to be related to the HRR pathway in ap- proximately 30% of high-grade
WILDE TYPE
ap- proximately 30% of high-grade serous ovarian cancers.
This included somatic mutations
in BRCA1/2 (3%), ATM and ATR (2%), the FANC family (5%), and hypermethylation of RAD51C (3%), as well as germlinemutations in BRCA1 (9%) or
BRCA2 (8%)MUTATO
Patients with epithelial ovarian cancerand germline or somatic BRCA1 orBRCA2 mutations demonstrate impairedability to repair double-strand breaksthrough HRR, which likely explains theincreased sensitivity to platinum and
the potentially more favorable
PARP1 and PARP2 are enzymes, activated byDNA damage, which facilitate DNA repair inpathways involving single-strand breaks (SSBs)
and base excision repair (BER)
BRCA – PARP meccanismi cooperatori di riparazione del
DNA
the potentially more favorable
outcome compared with patients who
are wild-type.
these cancers may have sensitivity
to immune checkpoint inhibitors
targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway
and base excision repair (BER)
After binding to altered DNA, PARP1 increases its catalytic activity and uses NAD+ to create polymers of poly(ADP- ribose) (PAR) and transfers it to acceptor proteins, including PARP itself This auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation recruits various other proteins to the site of DNA-
damage, initiating a repair complex.
Meccanismo d’azione di PARP-I
LG AIOM
Olaparib for Maintenance Treatment of BRCA 1 or 2 Mutated, Relapsed, Platinum-
Sensitive Ovarian, Fallopian Tube and Peritoneal Cancer in People Whose Relapsed
Disease has Responded to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy
phase II, double-blind randomised controlled trial that recruited 265 patients with PSRserous ovarian cancerNo selection about BRCA
Primary endpoint PFSPrimary endpoint PFS
olaparib, 400 mg bdPFS: HR 0.35; 95% CI 0.25–0.49; P < 0.00001), extending the median time toprogression or death following chemotherapy by 3.6 months (from 4.8 to 8.4 months).Only 38% BRCA test
OS not different (38% first interim analysis)
96% tested for BRCA1/2 mutation (BRCAm),
PFS HR 0.18 (11,2 vs 6.9 m)
But second interim analysis revealed no
statistically significant overall survival
(OS) benefit (58%)
Olaparib
� Olaparib come mantenimento nelle
� Olaparib di mantenimento nelle recidive platino sensibili
EMA ottobre 2014 FDA dicembre 2014
mantenimento nelle recidive platino sensibili ca ovaio sieroso papillare di alto grado
(studio 19)
mantenimento nelle recidive platino sensibili dopo 2-3 linee di trattamento
(studio 42: 34% pazrispondenti)
Treatment with olaparib monotherapy in the maintenance setting significantly improves progression-free survival in
patients with platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer:
Eric Pujade-Lauraine,1 Jonathan A Ledermann,2 Richard T Penson,3 Amit M Oza,4 Jacob Korach,5
Tomasz Huzarski,6 Andrés Poveda,7 Sandro Pignata,8 Michael Friedlander,9 and Nicoletta Colombo10
Funded by AstraZeneca; ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01874353
platinum-sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer:Results from the Phase III SOLO2 study
SOLO2/ENGOT-Ov21: study design
Placebon=99
Olaparib 300 mg bid
n=196 Primary endpoint
Investigator-assessedPFS
Patients• BRCA1/2 mutation• Platinum-sensitive relapsed
ovarian cancer • At least 2 prior lines of
platinum therapy
Random
ized2:1
*Primary endpoint for HRQoL was trial outcome index (TOI) of the FACT-O (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Ovarian)
Sensitivity analysis: PFS by blinded independent central review (BICR)
• Key secondary endpoints:– Time to first subsequent therapy or death (TFST), time to second progression (PFS2),
time to second subsequent therapy or death (TSST), overall survival (OS)– Safety, health-related quality of life (HRQoL*)
n=99platinum therapy• CR or PR to most recent
platinum therapy
Random
ized
Characteristic
Olaparib(n=196)
Placebo(n=99)
Age, median (range) 56 (28–83) 56 (39–78)
Ovarian 162 (82.7) 86 (86.9)
Demographic and baseline characteristics
Primary tumor type, n (%)
Ovarian 162 (82.7) 86 (86.9)
Fallopian tube or primary peritoneal 31 (15.8) 13 (13.1)
Other/missing 3 (1.5) 0
Prior platinum regimens, n (%)
2 lines 110 (56.1) 62 (62.6)
3 lines 60 (30.6) 20 (20.2)
≥4 lines 25 (12.8) 17 (17.2)
Platinum-free interval, n (%)6–12 months 79 (40.3) 40 (40.4)
>12 months 117 (59.7) 59 (59.6)
Response to platinum therapy, n (%)Complete response 91 (46.4) 47 (47.5)
Partial response 105 (53.6) 52 (52.5)
100
90
80
70
60
50
free s
urvi
val (
%)
Olaparib
Olaparib (n=196)
Placebo (n=99)
Events (%) 107 (54.6) 80 (80.8)Median PFS, months 19.1 5.5
HR 0.3095% CI 0.22 to 0.41
P<0.0001
PFS by investigator assessmentPFS sensitivity analysis using BICR
Olaparib (n=196)
Placebo (n=99)
Events (%) 81 (41.3) 70 (70.7)Median PFS, months 30.2 5.5
HR 0.2595% CI 0.18 to 0.35
P<0.0001Olaparib
No. at risk
OlaparibPlacebo
19699
18270
15637
13422
11818
10417
8914
8212
296
30
20
00
50
40
30
20
10
0
Pro
gre
ssio
n-fr
ee s
urvi
val (
%)
Months since randomization
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
19.1
Placebo
5.5
Median follow-up was 22.1 months in the olaparib group and 22.2 months for placebo
Months since randomization
00 33
30.25.5
No. at risk
OlaparibPlacebo
306
10
Secondary efficacy endpoints
27.9
7.1
18.4PFS2
Time to first subsequent therapy,
or death (TFST)
HR 0.2895% CI 0.21 to 0.38
P<0.0001
HR 0.5095% CI 0.34 to 0.72
Median not reached
Not reached
18.2
0 10 20 30Median (months)
Olaparib
PlaceboData immatureOverall survival
Time to second subsequent therapy,
or death (TSST)
P=0.0002
HR 0.3795% CI 0.26 to 0.53
P<0.0001
Median not reached
Characteristic, n (%)Olaparib(n=195)
Placebo(n=99)
Any AE 192 (98.5) 94 (94.9)
Any AE grade ≥3 72 (36.9) 18 (18.2)
Total adverse events
Any AE grade ≥3 72 (36.9) 18 (18.2)
Any SAE 35 (17.9) 8 (8.1)
Any AE leading to dose reduction 49 (25.1) 3 (3.0)
Any AE leading to discontinuation of study treatment 21 (10.8) 2 (2.0)
Any AE with an outcome of death 1 (0.5) 0
AE, adverse event; SAE, serious adverse event
Most common hematologic adverse events
Event, n (%) Olaparib (n=195) Placebo (n=99)
All grades Grade ≥3 All grades Grade ≥3
Anemia* 85 (43.6) 38 (19.5) 8 (8.1) 2 (2.0)
Neutropenia* 38 (19.5) 10 (5.1) 6 (6.1) 4 (4.0)
Thrombocytopenia* 27 (13.8) 2 (1.0) 3 (3.0) 1 (1.0)
MDS/AML: 4 cases in olaparib group (2.1%), including one case of CMML4 cases in placebo group (4.0%)
*Grouped terms
Most common non-hematologic adverse events
All grades (frequency ≥20%)
Olaparib Placebo
Dysgeusia 7.126.7
Nausea 33.375.9
Fatigue/asthenia 39.465.6
Vomiting 19.237.4
Diarrhea 20.232.8 Grade ≥3 (frequency ≥2.5%)
2.6
1.02.6
2.04.1
1.0
100 75 50 25 0 0 25 50 75 100
Adverse events (%)
Dysgeusia
Headache 13.125.1
Decreased appetite 11.122.1
Constipation 23.220.5
Abdominal pain 31.324.1
Other AEs of interestElevated ALT: 10 patients in olaparib group (5.1%) vs 4 patients in placebo group (4.0%)Elevated AST: 4 patients in olaparib group (2.1%) vs 4 patients in placebo group (4.0%)
3.0
2.6 3.0
0.5
Study conclusion
• SOLO2 demonstrated a statistically significant PFS improvement in patients receiving olaparib,by investigator assessment and BICR
• The PFS benefit was supported by a significant delay in TFST, PFS2 and TSST in the olaparibgroupgroup
• With the exception of anemia, toxicity was mostly low grade
• SOLO2 is the first Phase III trial of olaparib tablets as maintenance treatment and showed asignificant benefit in patients with platinum-sensitive, relapsed ovarian cancer and a BRCA1/2mutation
DOVE SIAMO ADESSO ….
• PARP-I rappresentano un cambiamento nel trattamento del carcinoma dell’ovaio
• Le mutazioni di BRCA sono i primi fattori predittivi nel carcinoma dell’ovaio per selezionare le pazienti da candidare a Target Therapy
• Resistenza agli PARP-I ?
dell’ovaio per selezionare le pazienti da candidare a Target Therapy
• Il test per valutare le mutazioni germinali è già parte della nostra pratica clinica per la selezione dei tumori dell’ovaio, e i test somatici pa la valutazione delle BRCAness sono stati validati e saranno precocemente introdottotti nell’uso quotidiano
Nuove molecole
ARIEL3: Rucaparib maintenance treatment for recurrentovarian carcinoma after response to platinum therapy
Fase IIICa ovaio recidivato
375 ptsRucaparib 600 mg
bid
PD o tossicità
recidivatoAlmeno 2 linee
di platinumbased CT
RC/RPdopo CT
R2:1
189 ptsPlacebo
bid
PD o tossicità
Stratificazione in base allo stato di BRCA (BRCA-mutated carcinoma or BRCA wild-type and high-LOH carcinoma)
Obiettivo primario PFS Obiettivi secondari: RR, Safety, OS
Caratteristicheal basale
Tossicità
BRCA mutate
Deficit di ricombinazione omologa
ITT population
EFFICACIA: PFS
ENGOT-OV16/NOVANiraparib Maintenance Therapy in Platinum-Sensitive, Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
MR. Mirza, NEJ Med 2016
Caratteristiche al Basale
EFFICACIA: PFS
PARP-I : PS ITT
Metanalisi – Cochrane 2016
PARP-I : PS Platinum sensitive onlyNessun vantaggio in OSneanche nel solo sottogruppodelle platino sensibili
Combinazioni
Olaparib + Cediranib vs Olaparib
Phase IICa ovaio Platino
sensibile90 pts
Cediranib 30 mg+ olaparib 200 mg bid
PD
inaccettabile
PDO Tossicità
inaccettabile
PDPD90 pts Olaparib 400 mg bid
Stratificazione in base allo stato di BRCA
Endpoint primario: PFS
inaccettabile
PDO Tossicità
inaccettabile
RISULTATI
OLA
+CEDIR
OLA
0RR % 79.6 47.8
PD 0 1
PFS 17.7 m 9 m
Toxicity G3 OLA +CEDI OLA
fatigue 27% 11%
diarrea 23% 0%PFS 17.7 m 9 m
BRCA WTORR %PFS
7616.5 m
325.7 m
BRCA MORR %PFS
8919.4 m
6416.5 m
34% of patients in the cediranib/olaparib arm had baseline
hypertension.
diarrea 23% 0%
ipertensione 41% 0%
J.F Liu, Lancet Oncol 2014
Surgical cytoreduction for recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer PS
surgery with complete cytoreduction (no visible residual disease) is associated with significant improvement in overall survival.
However, in the absence of RCT evidence, it is not clear whether However, in the absence of RCT evidence, it is not clear whether this is solely due to surgical effect or due to tumour biology. Indirect evidence would support surgery to achieve complete cytoreduction in selected women. The risks of major surgery need to be carefully balanced against potential benefits on a case-by-case basis.
quesiti:
Platino Resistenti
Nuove combinazioni? Nuove combinazioni?
IMMUNO CHEKPOINT-I?
Platino Resistenti/refrattarie
Da cosa
dipende la PR?
Dobbiamo ancora
definire la PR solo su
fattore temprale?
Come
superarla?
Fattori
biomolecolari
?
RANDOMI
AURELIA: study designPlatinum-resistant OCa
•≤2 prior anticancer
regimens
•No history of bowel
obstruction/abdominal
fistula or clinical/ Treat to
Treat to
PD/toxicity
Investigator’s
choice
Optional BEV
monotherapyd
BEV 15 mg/kg q3wc
Chemotherapy
ISE
PD = progressive disease.aEpithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal or
fallopian tube cancer; bStratification factors:
selected chemotherapy; prior anti-angiogenic
therapy; Treatment-free interval (<3 vs 3‒6
months from previous platinum to subsequent
PD); cOr 10 mg/kg q2w. d15 mg/kg q3w,
permitted on clear evidence of PD.
1. Adapted from Pujade-Lauraine E, et al. J Clin
fistula or clinical/
radiological evidence of
rectosigmoid involvement
Treat to
PD/toxicitychoice
(without BEV)
BEV 15 mg/kg q3w
+ chemotherapy
1:1
Chemotherapy options (investigator’s choice):
• Paclitaxel 80 mg/m2 days 1, 8, 15, & 22 q4w
• Topotecan 4 mg/m2 days 1, 8, & 15 q4w (or 1.25 mg/m2, days 1–5 q3w)
• PLD 40 mg/m2 day 1 q4w
AURELIA: Progression-free survival
Presented By Elise Kohn at 2017 ASCO Annual Meeting
OS: ITT populationCT
(N=182)
BEV + CT (N=179)
Events, n (%) 136 (75) 128 (72)
Median OS,months (95% CI)
13.3(11.9‒16.4)
16.6(13.7‒19.0)
HR (unstratified)(95% CI)Log rank p value (2-sided unstratified
0.85 (0.66‒1.08)
P<0.174
100
75
50
Ove
rall
su
rviv
al
(%)
Data cut-off: 25 January 2013.
Adapted from Pujade-Lauraine E, et al. J Clin
Oncol 2014; 32(13): 1302-8.
CTBEV + CT
No. at risk:182 130 98 63 29 12 1 0179 148 106 75 39 13 1 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42Time (months)
50
25
0
Ove
rall
su
rviv
al
(%)
Safety and Clinical Activity of the Programmed Death-Ligand1 Inhibitor
Durvalumab in Combination With Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor
Olaparib or Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1-3 Inhibitor Cediranib
in Women’s Cancers: A Dose-Escalation, Phase I Study
JM Lee, JCO 2017
RISULTATI
Nivolumab, in Patients With Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer
ORR
Efficacia
* Includes ovarian cancer (n = 15), triple-negative breast cancer (n = 2), cervical cancer (n = 2), and uterine leiomyosarcoma patients (n = 1)CI, confidence interval; DCR, disease-control rate; IC, immune cell; ORR, overall response rate; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; TC, tumor cell; TRAE, treatment-related adverse event, Tx, treatment
1. Hamanishi J, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(34):4015-4022. 2. Varga A, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(suppl): Abstract 5510. 3. Disis ML, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(suppl): Abstract
5533. 4. Infante JR, et al. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(Suppl 6): Abstract 871P. 5. Lee J-M, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(suppl): Abstract 3015.