Organizational Behavior

School of Communication & BusinessInspiring Creative Innovation

Meeting-12

Organizational Behavior

POWER

AND

POLITIC

Political power and political behavior areinterpreted as a bad thing

However, political power and behavior are naturalprocesses in organizations (which cannot beeliminated)

Political behavior is how power is obtained andimplemented

The Importance of Understanding Power and Politics

Definition of Power

A B

Power

The capacity that a person has (A) to influence the behavior of others (B), so that (B) is willing to do as desired by (A)

Dependency

A dependence (B) to another person (A), because (A) possesses / has something that is desired by (B)

Comparison of Leadership and Power

• Leadership Focus on achieving goals

Requires conformity of purpose with followers

Focus on downward influence

• Research Focus Leadership style and

relationships with followers

• Power Used as equipment/ tools to

reach the target

Requires follower dependency

Used to gain influence laterally and upward

• Research Focus Power tactics for obtaining

compliance.

Fundamentals of Power

Coercive power

Power is based on fear. For examplebecause he / she can: lay off, suspend,demote etc.

Reward Power

Compliance is obtained based on the abilityto provide valuable rewards. For example:salary levels, bonuses, promotions, awards,etc.

1. Formal Power / Position

Formed by individual positions in the organization;display the ability to coerce or reward, formed fromformal authority or from information control.

Legitimacy Power

Power received by a person because of his position in the structure / hierarchy of the organization

Information Power

Power that comes from the ability toaccess and control information

Expert Power

Influence based on ability or special knowledge. For example: doctors, computer experts, psychologists, etc.

Reference Power

Influence is based on the ownership of resources or the individual's preferred character. For others: idolize, respect, like, etc.

Charismatic Power

Expansion of reference power that comes from individual personalities and interpersonal relationships

2. Individual Power

Power Tactics

Power tactics:

Legitimacy

Rational persuasion

Inspirational appeals

Consultation

Exchange

Personal appeals

Ingratiation

Pressure

Coalitions

Power tactic is an individualway of translating the basicsof power into a specificaction

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Power Tactics:

• Legitimacy Based on the position of authority

• Rational persuasion Persuasion with logical arguments

• Inspirational appeals Emotionally attractive: values, needs,

expectations and inspiration

• Consultation Involve him/ them in deciding something

• Exchange Based on rewards

• Personal appeals Personal appeal: friendship, loyalty, etc.

• Ingratiation Lick: persuasion, praise, friendliness, etc.

• Pressure Warnings, threats, repeated requests, etc.

• Coalitions Make a list of support to persuade the target to

agree

Power Tactics

Power Tactics Based on Direction of Influence

Upward Influence Downward Influence Lateral Influence

Rational persuasion Rational persuasion Rational persuasion

Inspirational appeals Consultation

Pressure Ingratiation

Consultation Exchange

Ingratiation Legitimacy

Exchange Personal appeals

Legitimacy Coalitions

Power in Groups: Coalition

• Trying to increase their size togain influence.

• Look for diverse voters tosupport their goals.

• More common in organizationswith many tasks andinterdependent resources.

• More often if there is nostandardization of tasks androutines.

Coalition

A collection of individuals who join to achieve certain goals.

POLITIC

Politic

Political behavior

Activities that are not required as part of one’s formalrole in the organization, but that influence thedistribution of advantages within the organization

Legitimate Political Behavior

Normal everyday politics.

Illegal Political Behavior

Extreme political behavior that violates organizational rules

Organizational Politics:The use of power to influence decision making inorganizations

Politic

Examples of political behavior that influence decisions:

Withhold important information for decisions

Join the coalition

Giving false information

Spread rumors

Leak confidential information

Lobbying for certain interests

Factors Affecting Political Behavior

Employee Responsesto Organizational

Politics

Avoid changes:

Prevention of change

Personal protection (covering up information)

Defensive Behavior

Avoid being blamed:

• Polish

• Play safe

• Justify, to reduce responsibility

• Looking for scapegoats

• Misrepresentation (not showing the truth)

Avoiding Actions :

• Too subject to rules

• Throwing responsibility

• Silent (pretending not to know / able)

• Stall for time

• Cheat (fake support)

Impression Management (IM)

IM Techniques:

• Harmony

• Reason

• Apology

• Self promotion

• Praise

• Something fun

• Association

Impression Management:

The process by whichindividuals try to control theimpression of others aboutthemselves

IM Techniques:

• Alignment adjusts his opinion, for example: "I totally agree with you, .."

• The reason explaining something becomes difficult, for example: "I can't ......, but ... allof it turns out to be useless ..."

• Apologies the impression of regret seems to be responsible, for example: "Sorry formy report ………., Please forgive me …………."

• Self-promotion highlights the qualities of self-kindness, promotion of abilities, success(not necessarily true), underestimating shortcomings. For example: "Mr. A needs 1 year tocarry out ..... I just need 1 month ............................. .."

• Praise pleases others (licks), to be liked. For example: "You did well, I have never beenas good as you"

• Something fun please others (licks) to get approval. For example: "I have 2 concerttickets, take it, think of it as my gratitude for …………………………"

• Association enhances self-image, with associated people. For example: "Your boss is inthe same class as me ……………………. "

To make:“Mind Mapping” (Lecture Material in this Week)

Requirements

1) A maximum of 1 (one) page per topic

2) Informative (can be given a picture, color, symbol,

illustration, etc.)

3) No Cover (just write your name and NIM on the

Mind Map sheet)

4) Handwritten or printed (using Mind Map software)

5) Must not copy paste (must be individually unique)

6) Collected not more than 24 hours

7) Finalty 0.5 point per day if late collecting

Individual Task:

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