Organic molecules contain at least Carbon and Hydrogen
Hydrocarbons contain ONLY Carbon and Hydrogen Inorganic molecules
may have Carbon OR Hydrogen, but not both!
Slide 3
Practice Identify the following molecules as: Organic,
Inorganic, Hydrocarbon CH 4 C 6 H 12 O 6 H 2 0CO 2 C 2 H 5 OH
Slide 4
Why is carbon so nifty? Has 4 valence electrons, meaning it can
form 4 covalent bonds! It can form single, double, even triple
bonds!
Slide 5
Bonding Characteristics of Elements Different numbers of
valence electrons each element will make different numbers of
covalent bonds Carbon 4 Oxygen 2 Nitrogen 3
Slide 6
So what are cells made of? Water human body approx. 65-75%
Functions Solvent, temp regulation, transportation, cushion, etc.
Minerals (Fe, Ca, P, Cl, Na, I..) Function: help maintain fluid
balance; act as a pH buffer aid in structure of cells (body) allow
nervous system to work
Slide 7
What are cells made of? (cont) Organic Macromolecules are the
major organic components of the cell Macro Big Organic Contains
carbon and hydrogen Molecules Bonded together
BIG IDEAS The cells of organisms are ALL made of the same 4
types of macromolecules. AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL, LIFE IS PRETTY MUCH
ALL THE SAME! Organisms are constantly BUILDING UP and BREAKING
DOWN organic molecules
Slide 10
How to Build a Macromolecule Start with a small single molecule
MONOMER Linking many monomers together POLYMER
How we BUILD UP and BREAK DOWN Building Up Use DEHYDRATION
SYNTHESIS Dehydration removing water Synthesis Building - up
Breaking Down Use HYDROLYSIS Hydro water Lysis splitting apart
Slide 13
Dehydration Synthesis Monomers are linked together by the
removal of an OH from one side and an H from another to make
WATER
Slide 14
Slide 15
Hydrolysis Opposite of Dehydration Synthesis Water molecule is
put back in, which results in polymers separating into
monomers
Slide 16
Figure 2-15 Essential Cell Biology ( Garland Science 2010)
Remember, this whole unit is going to focus on how we BUILD UP and
BREAK DOWN the four major building blocks of macromolecules
Monomers Polymers MONOSACCHARIDES
Slide 17
CARBOHYDRATES Monomer of carbs : monosaccharide - means one
sugar - these are the simple sugars (taste sweet!) - made of C, H
and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Slide 18
Simple vs. Complex Carbs Glucose (monosaccharide) Starch
(polysaccharide)
Slide 19
Types of Carbohydrates MONOSACCHARIDES ONE SUGAR Ex GLUCOSE,
FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE DISACCHARIDES TWO SUGARS EX LACTOSE (Dairy),
SUCROSE (sugar in bowl) POLYSACCHARIDES MANY SUGARS STARCH storage
in plants GLYCOGEN storage in animals CELLULOSE plant cell
walls
Slide 20
Monosaccharides Called simple sugars (one unit) Called simple
sugars (one unit) Three simple sugars are absorbed with no
digestion (meaning.?) glucose found syrup or honey glucose found
syrup or honey fructose found in fruit - sweetest fructose found in
fruit - sweetest galactose found in dairy products galactose found
in dairy productsISOMERS!!!!!!!
Slide 21
Disaccharides Two monosaccharides are joined together to build
disaccharides Two monosaccharides are joined together to build
disaccharides sucrose (a sugar) can be produced by dehydration
synthesis of glucose and fructose. sucrose (a sugar) can be
produced by dehydration synthesis of glucose and fructose. Lactose
= Disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose. Lactose =
Disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose.
Slide 22
Polysaccharides Glycogen (animal starch) Short term energy
storage in animals (fat is what we use for long-term) Plant starch
stores excess sugar in a plant. Cellulose provides strength and
rigidity in plants We cannot digest! Long chains of
monosaccharides!
Slide 23
Polysaccharides as Energy Storage Molecules (cont.)
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Polysaccharides and YOU! You eat starch from plants and break
it down into glucose (monosaccharide) Your cells take the glucose
from your blood and A. Use it right away for cell energy B. Save it
for later by linking them together into large molecules of glycogen
(pasta party anyone?) The other polysaccharide plants make,
cellulose, is NOT DIGESTABLE by you. So, it is what we call dietary
fiber..hmmmm..?
Slide 27
Cellulose and our ecosystem Plants = Structurally made of
cellulose We (animals) cannot break it down when we eat it So, what
happens to all those leaves, grass clippings, banana peels etc?
DECOMPOSITION! BACTERIA AND FUNGI CAN BREAK DOWN PLANT
CELLULOSE
Slide 28
Lipids Lipids are a diverse group of macromolecules that are
insoluble in water. Fats and oils are well-known lipids used for
energy storage and other purposes. Phospholipids are components of
the membranes that surround cells. Steroids, which have a different
structure from most lipids, are used as hormones and for other
purposes.
Slide 29
Fats and Oils: Long-term Energy Storage Fats and oils contain
two subunits. Glycerol is a compound with three polar OH groups.
Fatty acids are long chain hydrocarbons. A fat or oil is formed
when a dehydration reaction adds fatty acids to the OH groups of
glycerol and broken down by hydrolysis reactions. Since three fatty
acids are attached to a glycerol, fats and oils are often called
triglycerides.
Slide 30
Triglycerides (large lipid molecule) Composed of fatty acids
and glycerol
Slide 31
Building a triglyceride Triglyceride formation animation How
would we break one down????
Slide 32
Slide 33
Fatty Acids Have a long hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen) chain
with a carboxyl group. Chains usually contain 16-18 carbons
Slide 34
SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED SATURATED FATTY ACIDS HAVE ONLY
SINGLE BONDS FORM STRAIGHT CHAINS COMPACT AT ROOM TEMP. (solid
fats) UNSATURATED FAS HAVE ONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS KINK LIQUID AT
ROOM TEMP. (oils) Polyunsaturated More than one double bond in the
carbon chain.
Slide 35
Fatty Acids (cont.)
Slide 36
Slide 37
Slide 38
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids See your Lipids
reading/questions for info on these. You are responsible for
structural differences between each of the following and the effect
of those differences: Saturated Unsaturated (polyunsaturated)
Hydrogenated Trans
Slide 39
Slide 40
LIPIDS: FUNCTIONS LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE STORED IN ADIPOSE
(fat) TISSUE More energy per gram than glycogen STRUCTURAL CELL
MEMBRANES] HYDROPHOBIC dislikes water (repels water)
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/images/plasmamembranefigure1.jpg
Slide 41
Fat vs. Carbs for energy storage?
Slide 42
Phospholipids: Membrane Components Phospholipids are lipids
that contain a polar, hydrophilic phosphate group (instead of a
third phosphate group.) In watery media, the hydrophilic phosphate
groups are oriented towards the water. Phospholipids can form
bilayers that separate two compartments of water. Phospholipids
comprise the membranes that surround cells and internal structures
within cells.
Slide 43
Phospholipids: Membrane Components (cont.)
Slide 44
Steroids: Four Fused Rings Steroids are lipids that have four
fused hydrocarbon rings with different functional groups attached.
Cholesterol, found in animal cell membranes, and the sex hormones
testosterone and estrogen are steroids. An anabolic steroid is a
synthetic testosterone.
Slide 45
Steroids: Four Fused Rings (cont.)
Slide 46
PROTEINS IMPORTANCE!?!?! Some important functions of proteins
are listed below. enzymes (chemical reactions) hormones storage
(egg whites of birds, reptiles; seeds) transport (hemoglobin)
contractile (muscle) protective (antibodies) membrane proteins
(receptors, membrane transport, antigens) structural toxins
(botulism, diphtheria
Slide 47
Protein monomers Amino Acids Twenty different amino acids are
used to make protein. Each has a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino
group (NH2).
Slide 48
Amino Acids: Subunits of Proteins (cont.)
Slide 49
Proteins There are 20 different amino acids - all have same
amino end, carboxyl end and central carbon - EACH has a different R
group Amino acids are made of: C, H, O, N, and S (in R group of
some)
Slide 50
Amino Acid Bonding Amino acids are joined together by a peptide
bond. Formed as a result of a dehydration synthesis
reactiondehydration synthesis
Slide 51
Peptide Bond Animation
Slide 52
Slide 53
Peptide Bond How is it different than the dehydration reaction
we looked at with carbs and lipids?
Slide 54
BUILDING A PROTEIN Amino acids are linked together to form
polypeptides To become a protein a polypeptide must be folded into
a unique 3D shape Only proteins have a job. Polypeptides dont work
until folded into a specific shape
Slide 55
4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE PRIMARY AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
[CODED BY YOUR GENES] SECONDARY PLEATED SHEET OR HELIX TERTIARY
GLOB QUATERNARY 2 OR MORE GLOBS TOGETHER Not all proteins go to
this level!
Slide 56
Slide 57
DENATURATION LOSS OF SHAPE LOSS OF FUNCTION. CAUSED BY HIGH
TEMPRATURES, SALT, OR pH CHANGES.
http://www.aeb.org/KidsAndFamily/images/color-broken-egg.gif
http://whatscookingamerica.net/Eggs/EggDone2.jpg
Slide 58
NUCLEIC ACIDS: Examples DNA [DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID] RING OR
HELIX, DOUBLE STRANDED RNA [RIBONUCLEIC ACID] SINGLE STRANDED.
FUNCTIONS INFORMATION STORAGE DIRECTIONS FOR HOW TO BUILD PROTEINS
YOU!
Slide 59
NUCLEIC ACIDS: MONOMER NUCLEOTIDE 5-Carbon Sugar + Nitrogenous
Base Phosphate Group SUGARS DEOXYRIBOSE OR RIBOSE
Slide 60
Structure of Nucleotide P o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P =
Phosphate = H 2 PO 3 Elements of NA: C,H,O,N and P
Slide 61
NUCLEIC ACIDS: NITROGEN BASES make the nucleotides different
DNA Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)
Slide 62
Structure of DNA Two long chains of nucleotides Connected
between ribose groups by phosphates Paired nitrogen bases (A-T;
C-G) Forms a double helix with H bonds
Slide 63
Structure of Nucleic Acids - Build/broken down using same
reactions!! P o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P = Phosphate = H 2 PO
3
Slide 64
o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H H20 o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P P = H 2
PO 3 P
Slide 65
o H H H H Base CH 2 H o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P P
Slide 66
Chain forms by connecting the sugar of one NT to the Phosphate
of the next Forms Phosphate- sugar backbone o H H H H Base CH 2 H o
H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P P
Slide 67
a t DNA structure Two long chains of nucleotides Connected
between ribose groups by phosphates Paired nitrogen bases (A-T;
C-G) Forms a double helix with H bonds Forms genes units of genetic
information a c g t t a g g c c s ps p s p
Slide 68
RNA Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar Uracil instead
of thymine A-U; C-G Single strand, highly folded Three types of RNA
t-RNA, m-RNA, r-RNA Each performs a different role in protein
synthesis
Slide 69
Relationship Between Proteins and Nucleic Acids The order of
amino acids in a protein determines its shape and function. The DNA
contains the instructions for the sequence of amino acids in each
protein. Errors or faults in the DNA can change the function of the
encoded protein.
Slide 70
Relationship Between Proteins and Nucleic Acids (cont.)