What are organic molecules? What are biological molecules? Compounds that contain carbon CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Nucleic Acids Organic Molecules Mostly water Carbon based molecules Why is carbon so significant for these molecules? An atoms bonding ability Is related to the number of electrons it must share to complete its outer shell Atomic number refer to Appendix 2 Each carbon acts as an intersection With 4 different branch points Creates endless variety of (organic) carbon molecules Vary in length Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules Activity: Diversity of Carbon-Based MoleculesUnbranched or branched Rings Different location of double bonds Methane is a hydrocarbon What is a hydrocarbon? .. Carbon & Hydrogen Methane is the simplest Examples of larger hydrocarbons Octane (in gasoline) Fatty foods Biological Molecules Carbs Oils Food DNA RNA Sugar Glucose Glycogen Cellulose Fatty acids (sat & unsat) Butter Structural Storage Enzymes Antibodies Carbohydrates Small (simple) sugar molecules What type of sugar is found in the following? Long starch molecules in pasta, potatoes These are our primary sources of dietary energy In plants, carbs used as building material Examples? Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Glucose Fructose Starch Cellulose Disaccharides LactoseSucrose Monosaccharides What type of sugar is found a sports drink? Glucose What type of sugar is found in fruit? Fructose What about honey? Its really sweet? Why? It contains both glucose and fructose Glucose and Fructose Have the same formula C 6 H 12 O 6 Why are they different? They are isomers Form rings in aqueous solutions Which sugar is this? Why are the carbons numbered? Glucose Disaccharides Are double sugars What are they constructed from? 2 monosaccharides Disaccharides Sucrose: Maltose:glucose and galactose andLactose: glucose and glucose fructose Lactose, another disaccharide Its a condition called lactose intolerance Some people have trouble digesting lactose Missing gene for lactase enzyme Sucrose The most common disaccharide is sucrose, what do you know it as? Common table sugar Sugar cane What plants do we use to extract table sugar? Roots of sugar beets Polysaccharides Are long chains of sugar units (polymers) (monosaccharides) Polysaccharides What are some polysaccharides? Starch Glycogen Cellulose Starch Glycogen Cellulose Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet Liver, muscle cells break down glycogen to release glucose when needed for energy Structural component, dietary fiber Describe some characteristics of the following: Carbohydrates Biological Macromolecule: Function: Dietary energy Monomer: Examples: Disaccharides Storage Plant structure Monosaccharides Polysaccharides (simple sugars) (double sugars) (long polymers) (glucose, fructose) (maltose, lactose, sucrose) (starch, glycogen, cellulose) Lipids Butter, lard, margarine, and salad oil Do these lipids mix well with water? Lipids This diverse group of molecules includes? Fatty acids Characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule Steroids (energy storage, cushioning, insulation) (cholesterol, in membranes) Fatty Acids Technically called? triglycerides Glycerol A fat molecule: saturated unsaturated 3 Fatty acids Double bond unsaturated Unsaturated fatty acids Have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons Saturated fatty acids Have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (plant oils) (butter) Double Bonds Saturated fats are solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats tend to be liquids at room temperature What is the significance of the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon tails? Saturated fats in the diet can lead to heart disease unsaturated fats are safer vegetable oils Example? butter and lard Impact on health? Steroids How does the structure differ from fatty acids? Ring structure, various functional groups How does the function differ from fatty acids? Functional groups affect function Example? causes differences between the hormones estrogen and testosterone (anatomical and physical development) cholesterol in membranes Reports 1.Steroids (hormonal) 2.Cholesterol 3.Trans fat 4.Omega-3 fats Biological Macromolecule: Function:Monomer: Examples: Lipids Long term energy storage Hormones Fats, oils Steroids (triglycerides) (butter, lard, margarine, salad ols) (lipid rings) (cholesterol, hormones) Proteins A three-dimensional biological polymer What is a protein? Constructed from a set of 20 different monomers Monomers are amino acids Structural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Defensive Proteins Receptor Proteins Enzymes Signal Proteins Sensory Proteins Gene Regulatory Proteins Activity: Protein Functions Activity: Protein Structure Structure, Function Structural 1. Hair, silk of spiders Storage Contractile Transport Defense Receptor Enzymes Signal Sensory Gene regulatory 2. Antibodies 3. Detect environmental changes 4. Change rate of a reaction 5. Control genes 6. Cell communication 7. Trigger changes inside cell 8. Carry molecules from place to place 9. Stockpile building materials 10. Can move parts of a cell or animal The Monomers What does each amino acid monomer consist of? A central carbon atom Bonded to four covalent partners Amino group Carboxyl group Each side group is unique Identifies each amino acids characteristics Examples of 2 different amino acids and their side groups Structure Primary Proteins are complex! To simplify, well describe them in terms of 4 levels of structure: Secondary Tertiary Quaternary a particular # and sequence of amino acids turns and folds, alpha helix, pleated sheet irregular loops and folds, 3-D shape 2 or more polypeptides combined What do they look like? Primary structure Quaternary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Biological Macromolecule: Function: Monomer: Examples: Proteins Many! Change rate of reaction Carry molecules Cell communication Amino group Carboxyl group Enzyme (lactase) Transport (hemoglobin) Defense (antibodies) = 20 amino acids Nucleic Acids What are nucleic acids? The cells information storage molecules There are two types of nucleic acids DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid RNA, ribonucleic acid These work together to synthesize protein DNA Synthesizing Protein It carries instructions for building all the proteinsproteins Information in DNA is transcribed into RNA What does DNA do? RNA acts as an intermediary in the protein-making process What does RNA do? DNA RNA Protein What else does RNA do? RNA then translates the (transcribed) information into the primary structure of proteins What does protein do? ProteinsProteins carry out cell activities Phosphate group What is the structure of nucleic acids? They are polymers of nucleotides What do the nucleotides contain? Sugar Nitrogen base (Deoxyribose) What do DNA nucleotides contain? Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Polymers of nucleotides Called polynucleotides or DNA strands A sugar-phosphate backbone joins them together Nucleotide Bases 2 DNA strands form helix How does this happen? Via complementary binding C always binds with G A always binds with T (and hydrogen bonding) RNA, different from DNA The RNA sugar has 2 OH groups vs 1 in DNA It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) in DNA (Ribose vs deoxyribose) Biological Macromolecule: Function: Monomer: Examples: Nucleic Acids Information storage DNA RNA Phosphate BaseSugar Review Chp. 3 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MONOMER/ SUB UNIT POLYMER/ CHAIN EXAMPLESMOLECULAR STRUCTURE CARBOHYDRATES Glucose/ Sugar monosaccharide starch, glycogen, cellulose polysaccharide Breads, pasta, potatoes, cokes, fruits C 6 H 12 O 6 LIPIDS Triglycerol or glycerol and 3 fatty acids Membrane, long chain of triglycerides Steroids, cholesterol, hormones Oils, butter, lard, margarine, hormones cholesterol C 3 H 5 O 3 and 3 units of CH bonded to CH 2 (several) PROTEINS Amino acids (peptide) 20 different kinds Amino group, carboxyl group, side group Polypeptide chains (several amino acids) Enzymes, hemoglobin, anti-bodies H 2 N bonded to CH bonded to COOH then one of 20 amino acids NUCLEIC ACIDS Deoxyribose nucleotide ATCG Ribose nucleotide AUCG DNA (chain of nucleotides) RNA (chain of nucleotides) Blueprint of life Transcriber/translator of blueprint C 4 H 5 O 2 sugar PO 4 phosphate 4 diff bases (CHO) C 4 H 5 O 3 sugar PO4 phosphate 4 diff bases (CHO) Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life Activities QuizWhich of these is a source of lactose? If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain? Sugar beets 25, milkpotatoessugar canestarch 150,50,75,200 Which of these is a polysaccharide? Sucrose, Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system. Immune, Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein? A BCDE glucose,galactose,celluloselactose, nervous,cardiovasculardigestive,integumentary, Matching: vocabulary definitions RNA Gene Polymer Protein Double helix Amino acid Nucleotides Polypeptide DNA _____ 1. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cells proteins. 2. A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. 3. An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins 4. The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group _____ 5. A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids _____ 6. A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds _____ 7. A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together _____ 8. The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. _____ 9. A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).