Carbon Compounds

Lysozyme –

a protein

Organic MoleculesOrganic molecules are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen, and often containing other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

Elements of LifeCarbon HydrogenOxygenNitrogenPhosphorusSulfur

Six elements make up 96% of your mass!

• Monomer: The simplest unit, or repeating unit

• Polymer: Combination of many monomers

Carbohydrates There are two types of carbohydrates: The simple sugars

Glucose, sucrose, fructose (and many others)

The complex carbohydrates Carbohydrates that are made of long chains of sugars

Starches, cellulose, glycogen

Simple SugarsAll

carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also called saccharide units).

Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit are called monosaccharides.

Glucose Fructose

Simple Sugars Disaccharides have two sugar units

bonded together. For example, common table sugar is

sucrose (below), a disaccharide that consists of a glucose unit bonded to a fructose unit. 

Complex Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates are polymers

of the simple sugars.  In other words, the complex

carbohydrates are long chains of simple sugar units bonded together.

For this reason the complex carbohydrates are often referred to as polysaccharides. 

Complex Carbohydrates Starch (below) is a polymer of the

monosaccharide glucose (n is the number of repeating glucose units and ranges in the 1,000's).

Starches and cellulose are complex carbohydrates used by plants for energy storage and structural integrity.

Complex Carbohydrates Glycogen, another polymer of

glucose, is a polysaccharide used by animals to store energy.

Both starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose.

Starch is a long, straight chain of glucose units, whereas glycogen is a branched chain of glucose units.

Structure of Glycogen

Carb Purpose (CHO) -Living things use Carbs as their

main energy sourceEx/Pasta!

-The breakdown of sugars (ex/glucose), supplies immediate energy for cell activities

Carbohydrates Recap

-Draw Diagram

Fats Fats are a sub-group of compounds

known as lipids that are found in the body and have the general property of being hydrophobic

(meaning they are insoluble in water). Other lipids include waxes, and steroids, such as cholesterol.

Lipids (Fats)•Monomers are Fatty Acids

• 2 types:–Saturated–Unsaturated

Lipids• Saturated:-Animal products -Processed Foods-Saturated with H atoms-No Double Bonds (max

amt of H+ ions)-Not heart healthy-Causes high cholesterol

• Unsaturated:-In nuts, avocados-Helps raise good

cholesterol (HDL)-Has double bonds

Lipids Structure and Purpose

• Made mostly of Carbon & Hydrogen atoms

• Lipids are used to store energy!

Lipids Recap

-Draw Diagram

Proteinso Proteins are polymers of

amino acids.

o Structure:

-The R in the diagram represents a functional group that varies depending on the specific amino acid in question.

Twenty amino

acids in human

metabolism

Ex/ enzymes

Proteins

When many amino acids bond together to create long chains, the structure is called a protein (it is also called a polypeptide because it contains many peptide bonds).

Function of Proteins• Helps in formation of bones and muscles

• Transportation of substances in or out of the cell (ex/ hemoglobin)

• Control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes

Protein Recap

-Draw diagram

Nucelic Acids

• Subunits or monomers are called nucleotides

• Consist of carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (CHONP)

3 parts are:

Nucleotide Function• Store and transmit (send) genetic or

hereditary information–EX/ DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid–EX/ RNA: Riblose Nucleic Acid