2 The chemistry of organisms. Another definition: the molecules that contain both carbon and...
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Biology: lecture one The chemistry of organic molecules Professor: Zied Jezawi
2 The chemistry of organisms. Another definition: the molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms. Inorganic moleculesOrganic molecules Usually
The chemistry of organisms. Another definition: the molecules
that contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms. Inorganic
moleculesOrganic molecules Usually contain +ve and ve ionsAlways
contain carbon and hydrogen Usually ionic bondingUsually covenant
bonding Always contain a small number of atoms Often quite large
with many atoms Often associated with nonliving matter Usually
associated with living organisms 3
Slide 4
The carbon chain of an organic molecules is called: skeleton or
backbone (R group). 4
Slide 5
It is the carbon tail of molecule and regards as inactive part
so it has no function in chemical reactions. 5
Slide 6
It is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts
in the same way, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton and
give the molecule its distinct properties. OH Carbon chain or (R)
group Hydroxyl group or Alcoholic group Butanol 6
Slide 7
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Slide 8
An organic compounds comprising only carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen e.g.- sugar, starch. 8
Slide 9
1- used as an immediate energy source in organisms. 2- play
structural roles in organisms. 3- the majority of carbohydrates
have carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1:2:1. 4- there are two
types of carbohydrates according to the number of structural units:
Polymers and monemers. 9
Slide 10
Consisting of only a single sugar molecule and have a carbon
backbone of three to seven carbons (multiple of CH 2 O). 10
Slide 11
Contain two Monosaccharaides that have joined during a
dehydration reaction. 11
Slide 12
It is a Polymers of Monosaccharaide. The function: 1-
short-term energy storage molecules 2- structural functions Starch:
stores in plants 12
Slide 13
Glycogen: stores in muscle and liver/ source of direct energy
Cellulose: form a structural fibers in plants/human can not digest
those fibers 13
Slide 14
In general lipids are Compounds that not soluble in water due
to their hydrocarbon chain. 14
Slide 15
Fats and oil contain two types of subunit molecules: fatty acid
and glycerol. 15
Slide 16
Lipids that contain phosphate group and have hydrophilic head
and hydrophobic tail. Plasma cell membrane consist primarily of a
phospholipids bilayer. 16
Slide 17
Kind of lipids have skeletons of four fused carbon rings.
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Slide 18
Type of steroids that is an essential component of animal
cells. May contribute to circulatory disorders. Cholesterol
accumulation 18
Slide 19
Long-chain fatty acids bond with long chain alcohols. Waxes
form a protective cuticle in plants. 19
Slide 20
Polymers of amino acid monomers. Proteins role: metabolism,
support, transport, defense, regulation and motion. 20
Slide 21
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Slide 22
DNA consists of three main elements: 1- nitrogen bases (Adenine
A Thymine T Guanine G Cytosine C). 2- phosphate group. 3-
deoxy-pentose sugar. Or (deoxy-ribose sugar). 22
Slide 23
RNA has the same structure of DNA except: 1- RNA has
oxy-pentose sugar. 2- RNA has uracil (U)nitrogen base instead of
thymine (T). 23
1- Which of the following is considered a macromolecule? A)
Nucleic acid B) Amino acid C) Fatty acid D) None of the above 2-
Which of the following is NOT one of the classes of primary organic
molecules? A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Salts D) Nucleic acids
3- The process by which polymers are turned into monomers is
called__________. A) dehydration synthesis B) ionization C)
hydrolysis D) phagocytosis 27
Slide 28
4- The molecule that stores the information about the order of
amino acids in a protein is _____. A) ATP B) RNA C) DNA 5- The
three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide is associated with its
_____. A) primary structure B) secondary structure C) tertiary
structure D) quaternary structure The nucleotide that supplies
energy for dehydration synthesis is _____. A) adenosine
triphosphate B) guanine C) thymine D) cytosine 6- 28
Slide 29
7- The two strands of DNA are held together by _____ between
the purine and pyrimidine bases. A) ionic bonds B) hydrogen bonds
C) covalent bonds 8- The bond between two amino acids is ______. A)
formed by hydrolysis B) an ionic bond C) nonpolar D) know as a
peptide bond 9- Dieticians recommend that the majority of our
dietary calories come from ______. A) saturated fats B) proteins C)
carbohydrates D) cholesterol 29
Slide 30
10- After hydrolysis of a triglyceride, we would have _____. A)
many amino acids B) different types of nucleotides C) fatty acids
and glycerol D) monosaccharides and disaccharides 11- Which is the
INCORRECT association between monomer and polymer? A)
monosaccharide - polysaccharide B) nucleic acid - polypeptide C)
nucleotide - nucleic acid D) amino acid - polypeptide 12- One would
expect in the structure of a DNA molecule thymine would always be
paired to ________. A) uracil B) adenine C) guanine D) cytosine
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Slide 31
13- Each nucleotide's structure should have all of the
following except: A) Sugar B) Nitrogenous base C) Phosphate group
D) Amine group 14- The action of disrupting the three-dimensional
shape of a protein is termed _______. A) dehydration B)
denaturation C) deamination D) hydrolysis 15- Fats which have one
or more double bonds within their fatty acid tails are labeled as
_____ fats. A) saturated B) waxy C) unsaturated D) greasy 31
Slide 32
16- Polysaccharides, the complex carbohydrates, break down into
reduced/simple sugars during which of the following processes? A)
Hydrolysis B) Osmosis C) Dehydration synthesis D) Electron
transport 17- All of the following are functional benefits of the
body's fat stores except ________. A) membrane structural material
B) enzyme action C) insulation D) a rich energy source 18- To which
group of organic compounds do both DNA and RNA belong? A) Amino
acids B) Fatty acids C) Nucleic acids D) None of these answers
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Slide 33
Which statement best describe the behavior of carbon? A) Carbon
can share pairs of electrons with two other atoms. B) Carbon can
share pairs of electrons with as many as six other atoms. C) Carbon
can lose up to three atoms. D) Carbon can share pairs of electrons
with as many as four other atoms. 20- Complex carbohydrates are
stored in animals in the form of A) Cellulose B) Glycerol C)
Glycogen D) Lactose 19- 33
