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Optimum Vitamin Nutrition Concept
Dr. Irmgard Immig
Global Category Manager Ruminants - Generente Global de Ruminantes
DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst (Switzerland)
Dairy cows
Cows and their nutritional requirements changed tremendously over the last 200 years
2,000
0
1800 1900 2000
Milk
pro
du
ctio
n (kg/c
ow
/ye
ar)
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
Year
Feed conservation technology
Corn silage
Concentrate feeding
Feed additives, minerals, vitamins
Breeding programs
AL, ET, Sire evaluation
Winter feeding
Milk performance testing
Breeders association
Health services
26%
16% 19%
23%
16%
Reproductiveproblems
Poor production
Others
Mastitis/Udder
Lameness
Dairy cows (%) culled for slaughter by reason for
culling (USDA, 2007)
More than 80% of the dairy cows are removed because feeding does not match their
nutrient requirements.
Challenges on dairy cows under intensive
production conditions
Vitamin Deficiencies?
Vitamins: Definitions and functions
Vitamins
• Are essential micronutrients, required for optimum health
and normal physiological functions such as growth,
development, maintenance and reproduction.
• Cannot be synthesized by the animals and must be fed
(exception vit C)
• Have catalytic functions; they facilitate synthesis &
degradation of the nutrients & control the metabolism.
• Are classified into two groups:
• Fat-soluble (4): A (retinol), D (calciferols),
E (tocopherols), K (phylloquinone)
• Water soluble (9): B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin), B6
(pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), niacin (vitamin PP),
pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), folic acid (vitamin M),
biotin (vitamin H), vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Consequences of insufficient dietary supply of vitamins
Temporary or chronic undersupply
• Animals suffer from subclinical deficiency, impacting
on performance, health and welfare.
Clinical vitamin deficiency
• Growth depression, deterioration of feed conversion,
irreversible serious disorders of various origin
• Can lead to death of the affected animal
Vitamin
Demand
Housing
Conditions
Genetics/
Breed
Feed
Composition
Life Stage
Performance
Stress
Infectious
Pressure
Temperature
/Humidity
Factors influencing vitamin requirements
Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVNTM) is about feeding animals high quality vitamins in the right amounts and
ratios appropriate to their life stage and growing conditions.
Optimum Vitamin Nutrition is cost-effective optimizing
• Animal Health and Welfare
• Performance
• Quality and Nutritional Value of Animal-origin Foods
The OVN™ Concept
Visible vitamin deficiencies Fat soluble Vitamins – Vitamins E & D
Vitamin E- deficiency
Muscle dystrophy
Vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
Not so obvious vitamin deficiencies Water soluble vitamins: Biotin
Biotin - deficiency
Hoof disorders
Biotin - deficiency
Suboptimal milk yield
Page
Effect of ROVIMIX® Biotin on monthly incidence of lameness in pasture fed dairy cows
Source: Fitzgerald et al., 2000
Period of heavy rains and high number
of wet days per month
Page
Effect of ROVIMIX® Biotin supplementation of pasture fed cows on hoof disorders
Source: Fitzgerald et al., 2000
* p<0.05
ROVIMIX® Biotin The mortar that binds hoof horn cells together
Structure of the hoof horn without
ROVIMIX® Biotin
Structure of the hoof horn with
ROVIMIX® Biotin
10 months later
Level of signifi cance at least p<0.05
Effect of ROVIMIX® Biotin increases milk
production in high yielding dairy cows
36,9 37,2 37,2
41,6 42,3
39,7 39,2 38,9
44,5 44,2
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
Zimmerly andWeiss, 2001
Margerison et al.,2001
Majee et al., 2003 Ferreria et al., 2007 Enjalbert et al.,2008
Milk p
roducti
on k
g/d
Control ROVIMIX® Biotin
Results from a series of research trials in Europe and the USA show that ROVIMIX® Biotin
increases milk production in high yielding dairy cows by > 2 kg/cow/d
Effect of close up period on vitamin levels in plasma of dairy cows
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Concentr
ati
on in p
lasm
a
Weeks before calving
ß-Carotene
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Weeks after calving
Source: Schweigert 1990
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
3,50
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
ß-C
aro
tene m
g/L
Weeks prior/after calving
Ovulatory cows Anovulatory cows
***
*** ***
*
Source: Kawashida et al., 2009
The close-up period is one of the most critical periods in the life of dairy
cows, vitamin deficiencies are not visible but have a strong effect on the
next lactation and fertility
Page
Targeted supplementation in a ß-Carotene deficient herd...
Dead Fetus Days to
1st oestrus
Control 10 79a
300 mg/d 0 76a
500 mg/d 0 71b
...alleviates the drop in
ß-Carotene levels before calving...
...reduces aborts and days to
1st oestrus
Source: (Bian et al. 2007)
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
21 7 10 60
ß-C
aro
tene μ
g/m
l
Control 300 mg/cow/g 500 mg/cow/d
Calving
(Weiss et al., 1997)
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1
0
-60 -50 -40 -30 20 30 40 50 60
Days pre calving and post calving
NRC recommended
minimum plasma level to
optimize immune function
Cows with low vitamin E concentration have a pronounced mastitis risk
Calving
-20 -10 0 10
Pla
sma α
-tocophero
l (m
g/l)
Serum levels of vitamin E in cows 30 days prepartum should exceed 5.4 mg/l, to have
a 90% chance of staying above marginal levels at calving (Meglia et al., 2004)
ROVIMIX® E supplementation reduces the
prevalence of clinical mastitis of dairy cows
at parturition
40
30
20
b
10
Parity 1 Parity > 1
a, b, c differ: p < 0.05: A, B differ: p < 0.05
Medium High
a
A A
B
Low
(Weiss et al., 1997)
Clinic
al m
ast
itis
(% q
uart
ers
infe
cte
d)
Treatment:
Vitamin E
Dry
period
Lactation
Low 100 mg/d 100 mg/d
Medium 1000 mg/d 500 mg/d
High 1000 mg/d
4000 mg/d
for
for
46
14
d
d
2000 mg/d
0 c
ROVIMIX® E and Se reduce the duration of clinical mastitis symptoms
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 Control
a
Selenium
b
Vitamin E
b
Vitamin E
+ Se
b
(Smith et al., 1984)
a, b differ: p < 0.05
Duration of clinical symptoms was reduced by 46% for the selenium group, 44% for the
vitamin E group, and 62% for the vitamin E-selenium group compared with the control
Treatments:
Vitamin E 1000 mg Vitamin E/
animal/day during dry
period
Selenium Injection of 0.1 mg Se/kg
BW on d 21 pre-calving
Month
s clinic
al per
quart
er
lacta
ting
OVN™ Solutions Our Package for Optimum Lifetime Performance in Dairy Cows
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Milk y
ield
(kg/d
)
Early lactation Middle–late lactation Dry period
Lactation
Yield/Composition/FCR Fertility/Udder Health
Ca-Metabolism
Reproduction
ROVIMIX® Biotin + ROVIMIX® AD3 E + CRINA® Ruminants + Tortuga Minerals
ROVIMIX® ß-Carotene
ROVIMIX® Hy•D
ROVIMIX® ß-Carotene
ROVIMIX® Niacin
RONOZYME® RumiStar®
Persistancy/Body Stores
• Recent research on vitamin requirement of modern farm animals is limited and
may underestimate the actual needs of ruminants
• Clinical/subclinical vitamin deficiency still occur:
• optimum vitamin supplementation prevents from deficiency and helps to
exploit the genetic potential of the animals.
• Superior dietary supplementation levels of certain vitamins do provide
additional value, such as improved stress and disease resistance, adequate
welfare and/or better product quality.
The OVN™ Concept: Summary