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1
Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVN) for Swine
Scientific Seminar at theDSM China Animal Nutrition Center
Gilbert M. Weber, PhD
Bazhou, Monday October 20, 2014
Page 1
DSM in Motion: Driving Focused GrowthDSM 2015 :
2
Macronutrients :Protein Carbohydrate Fat
Carbon dioxide Urea (ammonia) Methane (ruminants)
Micronutrients :Vitamins Amino Acids
From use of vitamins, no emissions are known
Ammonia
Minerals and Trace Elements:
Ca, Mg, P, NaSe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co( )
Phosphorus Heavy metals
Other Feed Additives :Enzymes Organic Acids Essential Oils Probiotics
Drug residues, e.g. antibiotics
From use of other feed additives, no emissions are known
Composition of Animal Feeds / Breakdown Products
Page 2
Page 3
OVN Vitamin Recommendations(OVN)
3
Page 4
Direct Effects Optimizes animal performance Improves animal health Supports nutrient absorption Nourishes gut microflora
Indirect Effects Optimized nutrient utilization (less waste)
Reduced mortality (animal losses) Less excretion of undigested material
Positive impact on fermentation of slurry
Effects of OVN on Environmental Issues(OVN)
Page 5
The goal of the OVN concept is a commercially viable animal production
, :to provide dietary vitamins at levels that permit optimum health and performance of domestic animals
to define the most cost-effective way of vitamin nutrition
OVN levels generally exceed requirements to prevent clinical deficiency :
recommended levels compensate for stress factors on the animal and on the feed
recommended levels ensure that the vitamin intake does not limit performance and health of animals
The OVN-Concept: Rationale
4
Page 6
The OVN concept describes a ‘cost-effectivewindow’ of vitamin supplementation in whichthe level of supplementation safely meets - butdoes not exceed - the target for optimum healthand productivity.
The OVN-Concept: Rationale
“
”, -
Page 7
Deficient
Sub-Optimum
Optimum
Excess
The OVN-Concept: Graphical Presentation
5
Page 8
Vitamins are active substances, essential for the life and well-being of the animal. Vitamins are constituents of the food. They are recognized by two characteristic properties:
The daily requirement for each vitamin is very small, usually measured in micrograms or milligrams.
Vitamins are organic compounds, differing in this respect from the trace elements
Vitamins exercise catalytic functions; they facilitate both synthesis and degradation of the nutrients, thereby controlling metabolism.
Vitamins: Definitions
Page 9
Water soluble vitamins(9) : :
vitamin B1 (thiamin )vitamin B2 (riboflavin )vitamin B6 (pyridoxine )vitamin B12 (cobalamin )Niacin (vitamin PP) pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)folic acid (vitamin M)Biotin (vitamin H)vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamins: Classification and Nomenclature
Fat soluble vitamins(4) :
vitamin A(retinol ) vitamin D(calciferols )vitamin E(tocopherols ) vitamin K(phylloquinone )
6
Avoid deficiency symptomsMinimum
Optimum)
Adequate
Criteria of Vitamin Requirements
Support optimum health and welfare
Develop superior product quality
Generate maximum performance and feed utilization
Satisfy needs for efficient nutrient metabolism
Maintain adequate vitamin plasma and tissue levels
Enable successful reproduction
Page 10
Page 11
Inadequate vitamin intake with the feedlow natural vitamin levels in feedstuffs, low availability
presence of vitamin antagonists (avidin [egg white] biotin)
insufficient vitamin supplementation levels / mixing errors.
Poor digestion and absorption of vitamins, e.g. due to diseases.
Increased vitamin requirementsdepending on diet composition (e.g. vitamin E for PUFA’s)
for immune response and during phases of stress or diseases.
Causes of Vitamin Deficiency
7
The Components of Sow Health and Productivity
Annual Sow Productivity:Piglets/sow/year weaned Culled Sows
Farrowing Interval Litter Size weaned
Gestation Length
Lactation Length
Interval from Weaning to
Effective Service
Litter Size born alive
Pre-weaning Mortality/health
Fertilization Interval Weaning-Estrus
Infertility Ovulation Embryonic Loss
Biotin( )
Fetal health
VE
, VC
Page 12
Vitamin A (Retinol):Loss of appetite; dry and scaly skin, xerophthalmia (dryness of the eye), keratinization of epithelia, poor absorption, reduced immune response, increased susceptibility to infection, death.
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol):lameness and muscular weakness, stiff and hesitant gait, deformed and brittle bones, enlargement of the epiphyses.
Vitamin E -tocopherol):muscular myopathy, anemia, Hepatosis dietetica (liver problem), mulberry heart disease, frequent health problems and diminished fertility.
Vitamin K (phylloquinone):increased blood-clotting time, hemorrhagic diseases, weakness.
Deficiency Symptoms: Fat-soluble Vitamins
Page 13
8
Page 14
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Vitamin A-deficient
Vitamin A-fortifiedReci
proc
al o
f Ab-
Tite
r
Harmon et al., 1963
Phase 1 Phase 2
Vitamin A and Immune Response in Pigs
2 dietary treatments (Phase 1):no vitamin A3,960 IU vit A/kg dry feed
A3960 IU A/kg
Antigenic challenge when serum vitamin A concentrations low
6 daily intraperitoneal injections with phenolized Salmonella pullorum antigen
Phase 2: Corn-soybean oil diet, regularly fortified with vitamins.
Piglets, weaned at 5 days and 12 hours, respectively feeding a semisynthetic milk diet, free of vitamin A (2 weeks)
5.5
VA
VA
050
100150200250300350400450500
liver lung adrenalglands
corpora lutea
vitamin A10 - 12 000 IU/day
vitamin A30 750 - 36 900 IU/day
ß-carotene ß-250 - 300 mg/day
ß-ca
rote
ne (n
g/g
tissu
e)
Schweigert et al. 1995
ß-Carotene in Different Organs after 14 Weeksof Feeding 14 ß-
ß-
Page 15
9
Number of sows Controls ß-Carotene
ßDifference
Piglets born alive1487 9.70 10.23 +0.53
Piglets born dead1287 0.66 0.65 -0.01
Number of piglets1262 10.36 10.91 +0.55
Weaned piglets1163 8.46 9.01 +0.55
Birth weight of piglets823 1.36 1.37 +0.01
Days open939 10.18 8.28 -1.9
Summary of Results of more than 20 ß-Carotene Field Trials 20 ß-
Page 16
Page 17
0.02.04.06.08.0
10.012.014.016.018.0
2 16 28
70 mg E/kg diet150 mg E/kg diet250 mg E/kg diet
Milka-tocopherol
LevelE
(mg/L)
Days of Lactation
Lauridsen et al., 2005
Concentration of -Tocopherol in Milk of Sows
10
Vitamin EE
Effect on the Sow Effect on the Piglet
Reduction MMAMMA
Enhanced Immune Response
Increased Disease ResistanceMilk Production
Reduced Piglet Losses
Benefits of Vitamin E in Sows
Page 18
Page 19 Mahan, 1994
11.611.7
11.811.9
1212.1
12.212.312.4
22 IU/kg 44 IU/kg 66 IU/kg
Tota
l pig
lets
bor
n, n
o
Effects of Vitamin E on Total Number of Piglets born
11
Lipid Oxidation = Deterioration of Meat Quality
Hydroperoxides, Cholesterol oxides
Potentially harmful
substancesDrip loss
Destructionof Membranes
Formation of Metmyoglobin
Colour changes
Aldehydes, Ketones
Oxidative rancidity, bad odour / flavour
Lipid Oxidation and Meat Deterioration
Page 20
Lipid Oxidation = Deterioration of Meat Quality
Hydroperoxides, Cholesterol oxides
Potentially harmful
substancesDrip loss
Destructionof Membranes
Formation of Metmyoglobin
Colour changes
Aldehydes, Ketones
Oxidative rancidity, bad odour / flavour
Lipid Oxidation and Meat Deterioration
Page 21
12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6TB
AR
S va
lues
0 3 6 10Days of cold storage
10 IU Vit E/kg100 IU Vit E/kg200 IU Vit E/kg
Asghar et al., 1991
Oxidative Stability of Pork Chops
Page 22
Pork chops
Left: with vitamin E
VE
Right: without vitamin E
VE
Lipid Vitamin E Reduces Drip Loss
Page 23
13
Page 24
Meat is an important component of the daily nutrition:
Nutritional Value of Pork Meat
it represents a reliable source of vitamins, particularly of the B-group.
supplementation of growing-fattening pigs with elevated levels of vitamins improves the nutritional value of the end product.
Page 25
• Bone health • Reproductive performance
• Immune functions• Growth performance
• Carcass and meat quality
• Muscle development
• Muscle function
Breeding pigs • Gilts • Sows • Boars
Growing-finishing pigs
Piglets
Exploring Potential Effects of Hy•D® in PigsHyD
14
Page 26
5
15
25
35
45
55
Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.
Plas
ma
25(O
H)D
3 (n
g/m
l)
ControlTest
100
120
140
160
180
200
Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.
Plas
ma
1,25
(OH
)2D
3 (p
g/m
l)
ControlTest
*
*p>0.05
Plasma 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 Concentrations of Sows25(OH) D3 1,25(OH)2 D3
Weber et al., 2014
25(O
H)
D3
1,25
(OH
)2D
3
Page 27
Milk 25-OH-D3 was low in colostrum and increased in mature milk; concentrations tended to be higher in treatments containing Hy•D (HD and HDD)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
P1: Colo
strum
P1: Lac
t. Day
9
P1: Wea
ning
P2: Colos
trum
P2: La
ct. D
ay 9
P2: Wea
ning
P3: Colo
strum
P3: Lac
t. Day
9
P3: Wea
ning
25-O
H-D
3 in
Milk
(nm
ol/L
)
DLDNHDHDD
*
* significantly differentfrom DL and DN
*
**
Concentration of 25(OH)D3 in Milk of Sows25(OH) D3
Weber et al., 2014
25-OH- D3 Hy•D 25-OH-D3
9
15
Page 28
BoneAsh
(%)
Hy•D® benefits the Ca and P metabolism and therefore the development of healthy bones
Effect is more pronounced with older animal as the ossification process is further going on
45.0
45.5
46.0
46.5
47.08- to 22-kg BW
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
50.0 65- to 95-kg BW
Control Hy D® Control Hy D®
Effect of Hy•D® on the bones ash content of pigs during two different feeding periodsHyD
Simões Nunes, 2003
Effect on Bone MineralizationHyD
Simões Nunes et al., 2003
HyDHyD
Page 29
100115130145160175190205
Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.
Pla
sma
Ost
eoca
lcin
(ng/
ml)
ControlTest
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
Insemination 28 Days p.i. 80 Days p.i. 5 Days p.p. 28 Days p.p.
Pla
sma
cros
slap
s (n
g/m
l)
ControlTest
Plasma Osteocalcin and Crosslaps Concentrations of Sows
Weber et al., 2014
16
Page 30
Gilts – Leg Conformation
In pig breeding companies, 30 to 50% of gilts are culled, because of poor leg conformation.30%-50%
Better Skeletal Conformation
Page 31
Proportion of gilts fit for breeding after selection
72
79 78.6
85.4
55.2
73
50
60
70
80
90
%
Hy D®
(50 mcg/kg)
HyD
Control
Germany Mexico Vietnam
Hy•D® improves frame development and therefore selection rates of gilts for herd replacements
Summary of Various Gilt StudiesHyD
HyD
17
Page 32
286
354
313
407
250
300
350
400
450
Junior boar Senior boar
Control HyDSe
men
Vol
ume(
mL)
414
386
428
400
350
375
400
425
450
Junior boar Senior boar
Control HyD
Sper
m c
ount
(m
illio
n pe
r cu
bic
mL)
ml
Total # AI boars: 2020
Penalba and Chung, 2004
Effect of Hy•D on Productivity of BoarsHyD
Page 33
7.60
8.43
9.38
8.50
11.10
9.00
9.779.50
9.90 9.80
9.109.62
7
8
9
10
11
12
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P1 - P5(avg)
Control HyD (50 mcg 25-OH-D3/kg diet)
Num
ber
of p
igs
born
aliv
e pe
r lit
ter
+2.17
+1.07+0.60
-2.00 +0.62+1.30
Penalba et al., 2008
Performance of 5-parity SowsHyD 1-5
18
Page 34Wenning et al., 2008
Parameter Control 50mcg Hy D®
Numbers of litters 114 113
Piglets born alive 10.9 ± 3.9 11.4 ± 3.6
Litter weight after birth 15.5 18.1
Litter weight at weaning 65.9 70.4
Piglets weaned 9.4 ± 2.9 9.5 ± 2.1
Reproductive PerformanceHyD
Page 35
All these elements are decisive for achieving an attractive economic benefit of the swine farmer
Hy•D optimizes 25-OH-D3 plasma levels in growing fattening pigs, in
sows and in suckling piglets
Hy·D ,
25-D3
Hy•D improves functionality of the
bones, i.e. ash/mineral
content, breaking strength, bone mineral density
Hy•D,
, ,
Hy•D increases the selection rate
in giltsHy•D improves the fertility of
boarsHy·D
Hy·D
Hy•D ameliorates the
reproductive performance of
the sowHy·D
Vitamin D3 SupplyD3
Bone Quality Sow ProductivityRearing/Maintenance of Reproductive Swine
Summary of Hy•D Benefits in Breeding SowsHy·D®
19
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin ):retarded growth, digestive tract disorders and reproductive problems
cyanosis of skin (blue color due to inadequate oxygen in blood) ( )
enlarged heart and fatty degeneration of heart muscle levels Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin ):
digestive tract disorder, reproductive problems and stunted growth
dry, scaly dermatitis and cataracts (clouding of eye lens) birth of weak pigs with skeletal abnormalities
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine ):Slow growth, convulsions and digestive tract disturbances
Dermatitis around eyes and snoutPoor vision or blindness, anemia and fatty infiltration of liver
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamine ):rough hair coat; retarded growth; reduced size and weight
Deficiency Symptoms: Water-soluble Vitamins (1)
Page 36
Niacin (Nicotinic acid) :slow growth; dermatitis; diarrhea, bloody intestinal lesions.
Pantothenic acid :poor coordination when walking (goose stepping); brown exudate weeping from eyes; slow growth, diarrhea, poor reproduction, lactation failure, adrenal gland disturbances and anemia
inflammation of colon Folic acid (Pteroylglutamic acid) :
retarded growth, anemia, poor reproduction, lactation problems in sows.
Biotin :skin lesions; cracked hoofs ; slow growth; poor reproduction; spasms in hind legs
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid):classical vitamin C deficiency does not occur, since swine are able to synthesize ascorbic acid in the kidneys.
C
Deficiency Symptoms: Water-soluble Vitamins (2)
Page 37
20
Page 38
Claw Problems in Pigs due to Biotin Deficiency
Page 39
33
39
45
51
57
63
80 Days 120 Days
Age of Piglets
Shor
e Va
lue
ControlGroup 1Group 2Group 3Group 4Group 5
Measurements in Rear Feet
Nucleus herd switched to 2’000 µg/kg biotin- five groups of pregnant sows in variousstages of gestation
- piglets supplemented with high biotin as well
Biotin in Sows: Horn Hardness of the Heel
Ostereschet al., 2003
21
Page 40
Piglets:Horn hardness of the heel (rear feet)Hematoma in horn wall (rear feet)Horn clefts (front and rear feet)Fissures in abaxial horn wallWhite line injuries (axial and abaxial side)Tears in heel and soleFissures in heel (axial and abaxial side)
Sows:Horn clefts (abaxial side wall)Tears in heel and sole (abaxial side)Fissures in heel (front and rear feet)
Biotin in Sows: Observed Improvements
Osteresch et al., 2003
Recent research on vitamin requirement of modern swine breeds under current husbandry conditions is limited; tabular recommendations may underestimate the actual needs of growing pigs and breeding sows.
Clinical / subclinical vitamin deficiency can still occur within industrial swine production:
optimum vitamin supplementation prevents from deficiency and exploits the genetic performance potential of swine.
Superior dietary supplementation levels of certain vitamins do provide additional value, such as improved stress and disease resistance,adequate welfare or better product quality.
OVN in Swine: Conclusions
Page 41
22