Vision on Vitamins - DSM · Vision on Vitamins Gilbert M. Weber, PhD ... Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVNTM) is about feeding animals high quality vitamins in the right amounts and

Vision on Vitamins

Gilbert M. Weber, PhD

Senior Science Fellow Animal Nutrition & Health

DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst (Switzerland)

Atlanta (USA) - January 26, 2016

Increased Blood-clotting Time Depression of Appetite

Resorption Disorders Inflamed Mouth Susceptibility to Infection

Hepatic Necrosis Pododermatitis Osteomalacia

Cervical Paralysis Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome

Muscular Myopathy Necrosis of Heart Fibers Perosis

Diarrhoea Ascites Poor Absorption of Nutrients

Deformed /Brittle Bones Low Immune Response

Fertility Problems Paralysis / Lameness

Page 2

What is the Reason for Production

Problems such as …

Vitamin Deficiencies

Dry / Scaly Skin

Page 3

The Century of the Vitamins

1900 2012 1950

1929-1967: 12 Nobel Prices

awarded to 20 Scientists for

Synthesis, Characterization

und Elucidation of Function of

the Vitamins

1912: Term

“Vitamins”

coined by

Casimir Funk

1946: First Large-

scale, industrial

Synthesis of Vitamin A

by Roche

1934-87: Development of industrial

Production Processes for Vitamins by Roche,

starting with Vitamin C

2011: 12. Edition of the Vitamin

Recommendation Folder

DSM Vitamin Supplementation

Guidelines for Domestic

Animals published

1906-41: 13 Vitamins

identified and characterized

Page 4

It is Time for an Update of the DSM

Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines

• Vitamins are essential micronutrients, required for optimum health and normal

physiological functions such as growth, development, maintenance or reproduction

of the animal.

• Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the animals and therefore they must be

obtained from the feed.

• Vitamins exercise catalytic functions; they facilitate both synthesis and

degradation of the nutrients, thereby controlling the metabolism.

• Vitamins are classified into two groups:

• Fat-soluble (4): vitamin A (retinol), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E

(tocopherols), vitamin K (phylloquinone

• Water soluble (9): vitamins B1 (thiamin), B2 (riboflavin),

B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), niacin (vitamin PP), pantothenic acid

(vitamin B5), folic acid (vitamin M),

biotin (vitamin H), vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

Vitamins: Definitions and Functions

Page 5

Page 6

Vitamin

Demand

Housing

Conditions

Genetics/

Breed

Feed

Composition

Life Stage

Performance

Stress

Infectious

Pressure

Temperature

/Humidity

Factors influencing Vitamin

Requirements

• In case of a temporary or chronic undersupply with

vitamins, animals will suffer from subclinical deficiency,

impacting on performance, health and welfare.

• Clinical vitamin deficiency results in growth depression,

deterioration of feed conversion as well as in irreversible

serious disorders of various origin, which can lead to death

of the affected animal.

Consequences of Insufficient

Dietary Supply of Vitamins

Page 7

Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic

Syndrome (FLHS) Vitamin B12

and E Deficiencies

Encephalomalacia –

Vitamin E (and Selenium)

Vitamin Deficiencies in Poultry

Page 8

Rickets - Vitamin D3 Perosis - Biotin

Vitamin B1 Deficiency Vitamin B2 Deficiency

Vitamin Deficiencies in Swine

Biotin deficiency: severe

necrosis along coronet,

initial necrosis in skin.

Left: healthy new-born piglet.

Right: piglet from a vitamin C-

deficient sow, showing navel bleeding

Pantothenic acid deficiency: splayed hind legs Vitamin E deficiency: Mulberry Heart Disease Vitamin E deficiency: toxic liver dystrophy

Page 9

Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVNTM) is about feeding animals high

quality vitamins in the right amounts and ratios appropriate to their

life stage and growing conditions.

Page 10

Optimum Vitamin Nutrition is a cost-effective range of vitamin

supplementation optimizing

• Animal Health and Welfare

• Performance

• Quality and Nutritional Value of Animal-origin Foods

The OVN™ Concept

Total Vitamin Intake

Avera

ge A

nim

al Resp

onse

Deficient

Sub-optimum

Optimum

Special Applications

NRC

• Below NRC levels

• Animals at risks of

developing clinical

deficiency signs and

disorders

• Above NRC levels

• Preventing clinical

deficiency signs and

disorders

• Inadequate to permit

optimum health and

productivity

• Offsetting factors

influencing vitamin

requirement

• Permitting optimum

health, productivity

and food quality and

nutritional value

• Above optimum levels

• Optimizing certain

attributes such as

immunity, meat quality,

bone health, etc.

Optimum Vitamin Nutrition Graph

Page 11

0

1000

2000

0-21 days 0-40 days

Body Weight (g)

Industry OVN

Page 12

0

0.5

1

1.5

0-21 days 0-40 days

FCR (g/g)

Industry OVN

a b

Effect of Optimum Vitamin Nutrition on

Performance and Meat Yield of Broilers

Perez-Vendrell and Weber, 2007

a b

300

320

340

360

380

Breast weight (g)

Industry OVN

13.5

14

14.5

15

15.5

Breast yield (%)

Industry OVN

a b a b

Page 13

Authors Year Country ROI

1. Coelho 2000 USA n.a.

2. Perez-Vendrell et al. (IRTA) 2002 Spain n.a.

3. Perez-Vendrell and Weber (IRTA) 2007 Spain n.a.

4. Zhang et al.* 2011 China 13:1

5. Araujo et al. 2012 Brazil 5:1

6. Iglesias et al. (Granja Tres Arroyos, Cobb) 2012 Argentina 2:1

7. Aviagen Product Dev. Center 2012 USA 3:1

8. NKP FARM 2012 Thailand n.a.

9. Aviforum 2013 Switzerland 2,8:1

10. INRA & ITAVI 2013 France 5,2:1

* Trial on layers

OVN Trials in Poultry:

2000 - 2013

Genetic driven improved performance requires each year

an adjustment of vitamin supplementation in the range of 1%

The improved efficiency reduces vitamin intake per unit of productivity

and dictates the need for more dietary vitamin

1985 2005 ∆/year

Layer (1 kg) 2.7 IU/egg 2.1 IU/egg -1.1%

Broiler (2 kg) 40 IU/kg gain 34 IU/kg gain -0.8%

Turkey (14 kg) 55 IU/kg gain 48 IU/kg gain -0.6%

All diets containing 20 IU Vitamin E/kg feed

Leeson, 2007

Impact of Genetic Improvement

on Vitamin Supplementation

Page 14

• Many changes were made when producing the 2011 Vitamin Supplementation Guidelines

• After 5 years, a few adjustments have been required

• All vitamin levels are perfectly fitting with genetic companies

Broilers & Broiler Breeders

Broilers & Broiler Breeders Changes

Broilers

Category Phase Vitamin Change 2011 2016 Rationale

Broilers Starter A min 10,000 12,000 Aligned with Genetic Companies

D min 3,000 4,000 Aligned with Genetic Companies suggesting a straight requirement of 5,000 IU/kg

E max 300 200 In the footnote is recommended for optimum immune function to increase level up

to 300 mg/kg

Biotin min 0.2 0.25 A minimum requirement has been set e.g. by Oiolo, 1991 and Whitehead, 2000

around from 0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg

Grower D min 3,000 4,000 Aligned with Genetic Companies suggesting a straight requirement of 5,000 IU/kg

Biotin range 0.2 - 0.3 0.25 -

0.40

A minimum requirement has been set e.g. by Oiolo, 1991 and Whitehead, 2000

around from 0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg

Finisher D min 3,000 4,000 Aligned with Genetic Companies suggesting a straight requirement of 5,000 IU/kg

Biotin range 0.2 - 0.3 0.25 -

0.40

A minimum requirement has been set (e.g. Oiolo, 1991; Whitehead, 2000) around

from 0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg

Breeders Starter/Grower

(Pullets) D max 4,000 5,000

Aligned with Genetic Companies suggesting a straight requirement of 4,000 - 5,000

IU/kg

E range 80 - 100 100 - 150 In the footnote is recommended for optimum immune function to increase level up

to 300 mg/kg

B1 max 3 3.5 Slight increase for ensuring adequate plasma levels (Olkowski and Classen, 1999)

B2 range 6 - 8 8 - 10 Aligned with Genetic Companies (recommendation is up to 12 mg/kg)

B6 range 3 - 5 4 - 6 Aligned with Genetic Companies; higher levels can be recommended in case of foot

problems

Folic acid max 2 2.5 Aligned with Genetic Companies; already in 1997 Whitehead was recommending 2.0

to 2.5 as minimum

Biotin min 0.2 0.25 A minimum requirement has been set (e.g. Oiolo, 1991; Whitehead, 2000) around

from 0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg




Turkeys & Turkey Breeders

Turkeys & Turkey Breeders Changes

Turkeys


Turkey Starter E range 100 - 250 150 - 200 In the footnote it is recommended for optimum immune function to

increase level up to 300 mg/kg

Grower no changes -

Finisher 1 no changes -

Finisher 2 D range 2,000 - 3,000 3,000 - 4,000 Aligned with Genetic Companies suggesting a straight requirement of

4,000 IU/kg

Breeders Starter E max 250 150 In the footnote it is recommended for optimum immune function to

increase level up to 300 mg/kg

Grower no changes -

Layers and

male breeders no changes -




Layers & Other Poultry

Layers & Other Poultry Changes

Layers and other poultry species


Hens and Duck Layers Starter (Pullets) E max 100 70 In the footnote it is recommended for optimum immune

function increase level up to 100 mg/kg

Rearing (Pullets) D range 2,000 - 3,000 3,000 - 4,000 Alignment with genetic companies

Layers no changes -

Breeders Pullets, Layers

and Male Breeders no changes -

Ducks and Geese B2 range 7.0 - 9.0 5.0 - 7.0 Lower levels as given for the full grow-out phases

Partridges,

Quails and Pheasants no changes -

Ostrich and Emu no changes -

Page 21

Authors Vitamins Year Country ROI

1. Stahly et al. Group B 1995 USA n.a.

2. Lindemann et al. Group B 1999 USA n.a.

3. Castaing et al. OVN 2001 France 2,5:1

4. Weiss and Quanz OVN 2002 Germany 2,5:1

5. Commercial trial* OVN 2004 Spain +

6. Commercial trials (3 sites)* OVN 2005 Germany +

7. Stahly et al. Group B 2007 USA n.a.

8. IRTA (sows) OVN 2011 Spain n.a.

9. IRTA (pigs) OVN 2012 Spain n.a.

* ROI was not calculated but a positive net benefit was measured

Vitamin Trials in Swine:

1995 - 2012




Swine

Swine Changes

Swine


Fattening

Pigs Pre-starter Biotin range 0.2 - 0.4 0.3 - 0.5

To better prevent hoof problems; industry practice for higher levels reported

in some markets

C range 100 - 200 200 - 250 J. R. Bergstrom and M. S. Edmonds 2014 MW-ASAS, Abstract #189

Starter Biotin range 0.2 - 0.4 0.3 - 0.5 Wilt and Carlson, 2009

Grower no changes -

Finisher no changes -

Breeders Replacement

gilts K range 1.5 - 3.0 2.0 - 3.5 Some genetic companies recommend up to 4.0 to 4.5

B6 range 3.5 - 5.5 5.0 - 8.0 Dalto et al., 2015

Niacin range 20 - 30 25 - 35 Aligned with some industry practices and genetic companies recommending

35 mg/kg

Sows Niacin min 25 30 Aligned with some industry practices and genetic companies recommending

also >40 mg/kg

Pantothenic range 30 - 35 35 - 40 Aligned with some industry practices and genetic companies recommending

35 mg/kg

Boars Niacin min 25 30 Aligned with some industry practices and genetic companies

Challenges on Poultry under

Production Conditions

Page 24

Litter

Quality

Stocking

Density Air Quality

Noise

Level Humidity

Lighting

Conditions

Temperature

Changes

Diseases Stress Release of Free Radicals

/Reactive Oxygen Species Inflammation Disorders

Immune

Response

Accelerated Metabolic Rate

Higher Vitamin Requirements

• Infectious diseases can spread quickly

throughout a broiler or a turkey flock.

• The efficacy of the immune system, which is the

primary line of defense, is dependent on an

adequate nutrient supply for the development of

its key organs, for the rapid expansion of

effector cells and for the subsequent synthesis

of antibodies.

• Among the micronutrients, the vitamins A, D3

and its metabolite 25-OH-D3 (Hy•D®) as well as

the vitamins E and C were demonstrated to have

a direct modulating activity on the immune

system (Klasing, 1998).

Immune Responses and Health

Page 25

• Female broiler chicks (day-old)

• 4 dietary treatments:

• Basal diet (20 ppm Vit E)

• Basal diet + 100 ppm Vit E



• Vaccination at 28 days of age with

inactivated and emulsified

Newcastle disease virus

• Blood sample on days 7, 14, 21, 28,

38, 48 and 58

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

7 14 21 28 38 48 58

HI Anti

body T

iters

(lo

g2)

Days after Vaccination

Basal Diet BD + 100 ppm Vit E

BD + 200 ppm Vit E BD + 300 ppm Vit E

Franchini et al., 1986

Vitamin E: Humoral Immune

Response in Broilers

Page 26

• 25-OH-D3 [Hy•D®], the first metabolite in the

activation cascade of vitamin D3 is more readily

available to provide the classical benefits of vitamin

D3, i.e. better calcium and phosphorus utilization,

improved bone mineralization and prevention of

bone disorders (rickets, TD).

• Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD):

• delayed mineralization of the cartilage

in the growth plates of long bones

• can result in bending or twisting of

the bones

• induce lameness

• considered to be painful.

• Vitamin D3 metabolites (e.g. 25-OH-D3 [Hy•D®])

reduce both incidence and severity of TD.

Skeletal Problems / Leg Disorders

Page 27

Hy•D and Tibial Dyschondroplasia

Page 28

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

TD Severity TD Incidence

% a

ffecte

d B

irds

D3: 2’760 IU/kg Hy•D: 68.9 µg/kg

Hy•D: 344 µg/kg

AUBURN UNIVERISTY ROSLIN INSTITUTE

Control D3

(75 µg/kg)

Hy•D

(75 µg/kg)

Normal Tibial

Growth Plates: 35.0% 88.0%

Abnormal Tibial

Growth Plates:

Severity 0 25.0% 2.0%

Severity 1 12.5% 2.0%

Severity 2 16.7% 6.0%

Severity 3 10.4% 2.0%

100.0% 100.0%

• Stress of transport of broilers to the slaughterhouse:

• can reduce the quality of the end product

• is recognized as welfare issue.

• High levels of vitamin C (applied via the drinking

water just before catch):

• calm down the birds during transport

• improve important sensory properties of the

meat (field observation).

• Elevated levels of vitamin E reduce the negative

impact of heat stress on laying performance in hens

(Bollengier-Lee et al., 1999).

Stress: Transport and Others

Page 29

Pododermatits: A Welfare Issue

Page 30

Buda et al., 2000

Page 31

Surface of Reticulate Scales at

Digital Foot Pad of Turkeys

Biotin Group (2000 mcg/kg) Control Group (200 mcg/kg)

Claw Problems in Pigs due

to Biotin Deficiency

Page 32

Page 33

End Product Quality

• Eggs represent a perfect vehicle for the

transfer of vitamins to humans:

• most dietary vitamins are readily

deposited in the egg yolk and

accordingly are enriching eggs with

essential micronutrients.

• Meat is an important component of the

daily nutrition:

• it represents a reliable source of vitamins,

particularly of the B-group

• supplementation of meat-type poultry with

higher levels of vitamins improves the

nutritional value of the end product.

• When supplemented to poultry at elevated

levels, vitamin E interferes with lipid

oxidation in fresh and processed meat and

thereby reduces quality deterioration

through oxidative rancidity and drip loss.

Page 34

• Recent research on vitamin requirement of modern farm animals under current

husbandry conditions is limited; tabular recommendations may underestimate

the actual needs of poultry.

• Clinical / subclinical vitamin deficiency can still occur:

• optimum vitamin supplementation prevents from deficiency and helps to

entirely exploit the genetic performance potential of livestock.

• Superior dietary supplementation levels of certain vitamins do provide

additional value, such as improved stress and disease resistance, adequate

welfare or better product quality.

The OVN™ Concept: Summary

Documents

Vision on Vitamins - DSM · Vision on Vitamins Gilbert M. Weber, PhD ... Optimum Vitamin Nutrition (OVNTM) is about feeding animals high quality vitamins in the right amounts and