Maniche filtranti e introduzione alle candele ceramiche

Gianpaolo GiacconeManaging director BWF FTI Spa

BIOMASSA:OPPORTUNITA’ PER LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE?

VENERDI’ 5 GIUGNO 2015 – TAIO (TN), SALA CONVEGNI C.O .CE.A.

List of Contents

1. Composition of biomass

2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood

3. Filter media

4. References

5. Summary

6. Future

List of Contents

1. Composition of biomass2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood

3. Filter media

4. References

5. Summary

6. Future

Biomass - Composition

• Biomass consists mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

• The contents of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur are also important, because these are elements relevant for emission

Biomass - CompositionNitrogen (N) – direct influence on the formation of nitrogen oxides (Nox)

Nitrogen contant (N) [%]

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

pinewood

Miscanthus

Straw

Wheat grain

Hard coal

Biomass - CompositionSulphur (S) – formation of sulphur dioxide (SO 2)

Sulphur (S) [%]

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

Pine Wood

Miscanthus

Straw

Wheat grain

Hard coal

Su

Biomass - CompositionChloride (Cl) – formation of hydrochlorid acid (HCl )

Chloride (Cl) [%]

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4

Pine Wood

Miscanthus

Straw

Wheat grain

Hard coal

Biomass - Composition

• wide variation with biomass

• stalk / stem type biomasses in particular (straw from wheat corn) can give higher ash contents

• lower ash fusing temperatures

• favouring of caking and slagging

Ash Content and Ash Composition

List of Contents1. Composition of biomass

2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood3. Filter media

4. References

5. Summary

6. Future

Biomass - Wood

Classification of wood fuels

•Wood from forests and plantations, entire trees, st anding timber, residual forest wood, wood type biomass from landsc aping

•Industrial wood leftovers, chemically untreated woo d leftovers, chemically treated wood leftovers, fibrous waste fr om wood leftovers, fibrous waste from wood pulp and paper i ndustry

•Used wood chemically untreated wood, chemically tre ated wood

•Blends

•Biomass consists mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxy gen.•The contents of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur are also important, because these are elements relevant for emission

Wood is a frequently used biomass fuel

Biomass – Scrap Wood

Classification of old woodEuropean norms are still a work in progress(CEN TC 335 und CEN TC 343)

Relevant classifications in Austria and GermanyAustria: Q1 – Q7Germany: A1 – A4 and PCB-scrap woodComparability: A1 – A2 with Q1 – Q4

A3 – A4 with Q5 – Q7

Scrap wood is a fuel which is frequently used, part icularly in the medium and high capacity ranges of biomass fuel powered plants.

Biomass – Old Forest / Scrap Wood

• ash content

• chlorine (CI)

• sulphur (S)

• iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), silicium (Si)

• sodium (Na), potassium (K)

• heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg)

Scrap wood is an extremely inhomogeneous fuel of fo reign and disruptive materials

List of Contents1. Composition of biomass

2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood

3. Filter media

4. References

5. Summary

6. Future

List of Contents1. Composition of biomass

2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood

3. Filter media4. References

5. Summary

6. Future

m-Aramide (NO, NX)• Temperature 100° - 140°C continuous *

160° - 180°C peaks *

• Limited chemical stability

• Normally not used in flue gas cleaning unit of incineration applications

• Has been used for years in some smaller straw fired power stations

* talking into account the Arrhenius rule

Arrhenius Rule

According to Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist ( 1859 – 1927 )

A temperature increase of ∆t = 10°C results

a doubling of the chemical reaction velocity

It makes a difference, to which temperature level with the corresponding harmful gas components, textile filter media are exposed to

Polyphenylene Sulfide ( PPS )• Temperature 120° - 140°C continuous *

160° - 180°C peaks *

• Excellent chemical stability in acidic and alkaline conditions,

cannot be hydrolysed

• Sensitive to oxidative influences, bromine and heavy metals in the dust (possible catalytic effect)

* talking Arrhenius rule into consideration

Polyimide ( PI )• Temperature 120° - 180°C continuous operation *

260°C peak temperature *

• Good chemical stability with acids, oxidation and hydrolysistaking into account the bag house temperature

• Sensitive to oxidative influences, hydrolysis and alkaline conditions

* talking Arrhenius rule into consideration

FiberGlass + e -PTFEmembrane (PMTECGL750)

•Temperature 250°C continuous operation*280°C peak temperature*

•Average chemical stability, sensitive to acid attack and hydrolysis

•Inert fibre type

* talking Arrhenius rule into consideration

Polytetrafluorethylene ( PTFE )

•Temperature 250°C continuous operation280°C peak temperature

•Excellent chemical stability

•Inert fibre type

PM-Tec® membrane on the filter media

needlona ® needle felt Fibre glass

PM-Tec® = Perfect interaction of substrate, membrane and la mination

• high fibre consolidation• extremely stable and

mechanically robust• constant air permeability

• high durability• extremely stable and

mechanically robust• constant air permeability

Limitations

Max. NO2 concentrations for 24 months service life

Oxidative impacts by NO 2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

120 140 160 180 200

Temperature [ °C]

NO

2[m

g/N

m³] PPS

P84

Acid Dew Point Curves

0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000

75

100

125

150

175

200

SO3 [ppm]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

condensate

vapour

H2O 15 Vol.%

H2O 10 Vol.%

H2O 5 Vol.%H2O

& SO3

gaseous

H2SO4

sulphuric acid

Operation below Dew PointPhysical results

Heavy baked and crusty filter cake

High adhesive forces

Operation below the Dew Point

Chemical decomposing of Polyimide fibres by liquid ZnCl2Incineration of contaminated wood

List of Contents1. Composition of biomass

2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood

3. Filter media

4. References5. Summary

6. Future

m-Aramide Reference in DenmarkFilter Media needlona® NO/NO 401 CS29

Firing not specifiedFuel straw

Gas cleaning no neutralisation, no DeNOx

Dust load not specifiedCleaning Pulse Jet, p = 0,7 barGas volume 20.400 Nm³/hFilter area 369 m²a/c-ratio 1,33 m/min Temperature 122° - 130°C continuous

Gas composition O2 = 8,0 Vol.%

NOx = 415 mg/Nm³

Lifetime appox. 24 months

Comment m-Aramide chemically heavily damaged; filter bags, however, still fully operational

cross-section after 24 months lifetime

LA 29636 dated 08/2004

Polyphenylene Sulphide Reference in ItalyFilter Media needlona® PPS/PPS 554 CS18

Type of firing grate firingFuel natural wood, low proportion of RDFGas cleaning Dry sorption Ca(OH) 2Dust load 3 g/Nm³Cleaning Pulse JetGas volume 31.255 Nm³/hFilter surface area 876 m²a/c-ratio 0,93 m/min Temperature 155°C continuous

180°C peaksGas composition H2O = 8,0 Vol.%

O2 = 10,0 Vol.%NOx = 158 mg/Nm³

Time in service 24 months, still in operationComment PPS affected by oxidation after 24 months,

however, filter bags still in excellent condition

cross-section after 24 months serviceLA 32111 dated 06/2006

Polyimide Reference in SwitzerlandFilter Media needlona® PI/PI 551 MPS CS31

Firing Grate firingFuel natural wood, bark (S-content < 0,04 mass%)Gas cleaning Precoating during start-up, no neutralisation,Cleaning Pulse Jet, p = 4 bar, Δp-regulated

Gas volume 150.000 – 170.000 Am³/hFilter surface area 3.032 m²a/c-ratio 0,80 – 0,93 m/min Temperature 140°C continuous

(Design 140 – 170°C)Gas composition H2O = 16,0 – 24,0 Vol.%

O2 < 6,0 Vol.%NOx = 100 - 150 mg/Nm³

Lifetime 03/2007, still in operationEmission < 1,0 mg/Nm³Pressure loss 14 mbar

VetroCore Reference in NorwayFilter Media needlona® VetroCore 100

Firing Grate firingFuel woodGas cleaning not specifiedDust load < 0,5 g/Nm³

pre-separation by cycloneSeparation pulse jet

Gas volume 12.900 Nm³/hFilter surface area 592 m²a/c-ratio 0,60 m/min (@170°C)Temperature 130° - 180°C continuous; 200°C peak

Gas composition not specified

Start up end of 2003Emission < 20 mg/Nm³ (warranty)

Roh- und Reingasseite nach 3 Monaten Standzeit,

LA 28987 von 12/2003

PTFE Reference in GermanyFilter Media needlona® PTFE/PTFE 704 MPS CS18

Firing Fluidised bedFuel Scrap wood AI, AII, wood chips, tree cutGas cleaning Dry sorption with Ca(OH)2/HOKCleaning Pulse Jet

Gas volume 67.700 – 90.700 Nm³/hFilter area 3.080 m²a/c-ratio 0,56 – 0,78 m/min Temperature 144° - 163°C continuous

Gas composition H2O = 16,5 – 27,0Vol.%O2 = 4 – 7 Vol.% NOx = 110 – 230mg/Nm³

Start up October 2004, still in operationEmission < 2 mg/Nm³ monitoredPressure loss 14 mbar

PTFE Reference in GermanyFilter Media needlona® PTFE/PTFE 804 MPS CS18

Firing Grate firingFuel scrap wood, AI - AIVGas cleaning dry sorption with Ca(OH)2

integrated SNCRSeparation pulse jet

Gas volume 30.000 – 31.000 Nm³/hFilter surface area 1.100 m²a/c-ratio 0,82 m/min Temperature 140° - 155°C continuous

Gas composition O2 = 5 – 6 vol.%

Start up October 2002Emission < 4 mg/Nm³ measured

PMTECGL750 Reference in ItalyFilter Media Pm-TecGL750

Firing Grate firingFuel scrap wood, AI - AIVGas cleaning dry sorption with Ca(OH)2

integrated SNCRSeparation pulse jet

Gas volume 152.000 – 155.000 Nm³/hFilter surface area 4.890 m²a/c-ratio 0,6 m/min Temperature 135° - 190°C continuous

Gas composition O2 = 5 – 6 vol.%

Start up November 2012Emission < 2 mg/Nm³ measured

List of contents1. Composition of biomass

2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood

3. Filter media

4. References

5. Summary6. Future

Summary

•Textile filter media provide a wide range of types covering the diverse requirements of flue gas cleaning units in incineration applications of biogenous solid material

•Established experience gained over several years

•Achieved emission values are well below the legally imposed limit values

•in combination with a proper bag house design, it is possible to achieve service lives of several years

List of contents1. Composition of biomass

2. Wood and old timber / scrap wood

3. Filter media

4. References

5. Summary

6. Future

PYROTEX® KE – benefits at a glance• Withstands exhaust gas of up to 850°C continuous temperature

• Even peak temperatures of up to1,000°C can be achieved

• Non-flammable

• 100% spark resistant

• Superior chemical resistance

• Light-weight construction

• Emission levels of < 1 mg achievable

• Manufactured of non-carcinogenic,bio-degradable fibres

PYROTEX® KEconical collar with installation system

PYROTEX® KET-shaped collar

Sources:

A. Schuster Potenziale, Nutzungspfade und Eigenschaftennachwachsender RohstoffeOrientierungsseminar Bioenergie - Technische Grundlagen

J. Karl Einführung in die Technik der thermischen Verwertung von festen BiobrennstoffenOrientierungsseminar Bioenergie - Technische Grundlagen

H. Hartmann Klassifizierungsnorm und deren KonsequenzenVDI Berichte Nr. 1891

T. Brunner Altholzaufbereitung zur Verbesserung der Brennstoffqualität I. Obernberger VDI Berichte Nr. 1891M. Wellacher

Gianpaolo GiacconeManaging director BWF FTI Spa

Grazie per l‘attenzione