43
1 Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Care Greg Dobash MD, FAAFP

Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    0

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

1

Opioids:  Love and Hate in Primary Care

Greg Dobash MD, FAAFP

Page 2: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

2

Disclosure

• Nothing to disclosure.

Page 3: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

3

Goals and Objectives

• Describe the CDC’s Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, including patient‐centered tapering practices.

• Define the DSM‐5 criteria for opioid use disorder (OUD).

• List the three approved medications for medication assisted treatment (MAT) and their indications.

Page 4: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

4

Opiophobia

• “The only way to prevent the development of an opioid use disorder is to keep a patient opioid‐naïve, a solution that for many is neither practical nor optimal care.”– (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6699803/)

Page 5: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

5

• “…The sheer numbers of patients taking a prescription opioid medication for long‐term chronic pain has placed an enormous burden on primary care where the majority of opioid prescriptions are written.”

Page 6: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

6

Opiophobia

• “Those Who Do Not Learn History are Doomed to Repeat It.”

Page 7: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

7

How Did We Get Here?

• “No drugs, more than opioids, have been the object of human fantasy since the dawn of human civilization.”

Page 8: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

8

How Did We Get Here?

• The use of opium predates human history.• Opium makes its way to the New World.• Opium abuse and addiction become problematic in the 18th and 19th century.

• The answer?

Page 9: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

9

Morphine!

• Produced commercially to treat pain.• Used as substitution therapy for opium addiction.

Page 10: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

10

Morphine!

• The hypodermic needle was developed in 1853.

• The Civil War rages 1861‐1865.– 1,125,453 American casualties.–Morphine addiction becomes known as “Soldiers Disease.”

• The answer?

Page 11: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

11

Heroin!

• Diacetyl morphine is produced and marketed by Bayer in the late 1800s as an alternative to morphine.

• Heroin and syringes are available in the Sears catalog.

Page 12: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

12

Harrison Narcotics Act

• “Considered to be the basis behind most anti‐drug legislations in the United States, the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 had a major impact on the national and international drug market.”

Page 13: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

13

Vietnam(1955‐1975)

• 20% of the enlisted were addicted to heroin.– Only 1% returned to use upon returning home. 

Page 14: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

14

The New Wave(s)

• 1991:  Deaths begin to increase after a sharp rise in opioid prescriptions for non‐cancer pain.

• 2010:  Rapid increase in deaths from heroin.• 2013:  Increases in deaths from synthetic opioids.

Page 15: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

15

Cautious Celebration?

• Overdose deaths are down to 68,557 in 2018.

Page 16: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

16

Overdose Prevention

• Improve opioid prescribing.• Reduce exposure to opioids.• Prevent misuse.• Treat opioid use disorder.• Reverse overdoses.

Page 17: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

17

Overdose Prevention

• Improve opioid prescribing.• Reduce exposure to opioids.• Prevent misuse.• Treat opioid use disorder.• Reverse overdoses.

Page 18: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

18

Improve Opioid Prescribing

• CDC Guidelines for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain.– Nonopioid therapy is preferred for chronic pain outside of active cancer, palliative, and end of life care.

– When opioids are used, the lowest possible effective dosage should be prescribed to reduce risks of opioid use disorder and overdose.

– Clinicians should always exercise caution when prescribing opioids and monitor all patients carefully.

Page 19: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

19

Overdose Prevention

• Improve opioid prescribing.• Reduce exposure to opioids.• Prevent misuse.• Treat opioid use disorder.• Reverse overdoses.

Page 20: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

20

Reducing Exposure to Opioids

• Screening for patients at high risk for misuse.• Trial of non‐narcotic pain medications.• Prescribing small amounts of medications for short periods of time.

• Tapering of opioids in patients who are at high doses, are on benzodiazepines, and/or have significant co‐morbidities.

Page 21: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

21

Reducing Exposure to Opioids

• Regular follow‐up to determine whether treatment goals are being met.

• Can opioid dose be reduces or discontinued?

Page 22: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

22

When to Taper

• Patient requests a lower dose.• Patient does not have a meaningful improvement in pain and function.

• Is on > 50 MME/day without benefit or is on benzodiazepines.

• Exhibits signs of substance use disorder.• Experiences an overdose or serious adverse event.

• Shows early warning signs of an overdose.

Page 23: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

23

How to Taper

• “Tapering plans should be individualized and should minimize symptoms of opioid withdrawal while maximizing pain treatment with nonpharmacologic therapies and nonopioid medications.”– CDC Pocket Guide:  Tapering Opioids for Chronic Pain

Page 24: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

24

The Taper

• If on opioids for less than a year, taper by 10% per week.

• If on opioids for greater than a year, taper by 10% per month.

Page 25: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

25

Overdose Prevention

• Improve opioid prescribing.• Reduce exposure to opioids.• Prevent misuse.• Treat opioid use disorder.• Reverse overdoses.

Page 26: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

26

Prevent Opioid Use Disorder

• Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs.• Patient education on the safe storage and disposal of opioid medications.

• Prescriber education and quality improvement programs regarding opioids.

Page 27: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

27

Overdose Prevention

• Improve opioid prescribing.• Reduce exposure to opioids.• Prevent misuse.• Treat opioid use disorder.• Reverse overdoses.

Page 28: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

28

Treat Opioid Use Disorder

• Or at least recognize it…– Screen.– Brief Intervention.– Refer for Treatment.

Page 29: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

29

Defining Addiction

• “Addiction is a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences.”  – American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) Board of Directors, 2019

Page 30: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

30

Defining Addiction

• “People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences.”– ASAM Board of Directors, 2019

Page 31: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

31

Defining Addiction

• “Prevention efforts and treatment approaches are generally as successful as those for other chronic diseases.”– ASAM Board of Directors, 2019

Page 32: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

32

Opioid Use Disorder

• 11 criteria broken into 4 categories:– Impaired control.– Social impairment.– Risky use.– Pharmacological properties.

Page 33: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

33

Opioid Use Disorder

• Mild:  2‐3 criteria.• Moderate:  4‐5 criteria.• Severe:  6 or more criteria.

Page 34: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

34

Opioid Use Disorder

• Physical dependence is different than addiction.

Page 35: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

35

Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT)

• Or Medication for Addiction Treatment.–Methadone.– Naltrexone.– Buprenorphine.

Page 36: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

36

Methadone

• Dispensed through a Opioid Treatment Program.

• Associated with QTc prolongation and respiratory depression.

• Associated with multiple drug interactions.

Page 37: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

37

Naltrexone

• Given IM every 28 days.• Acts as an antagonist at the mu receptor.• Extinguishes cravings.• Requires little training and no DEA waiver. 

Page 38: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

38

Buprenorphine

• Partial agonist at the mu receptor.• Blocks the effects of opioids.• Decreases cravings.• Retains patients in treatment.

Page 39: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

39

Buprenorphine

• Requires 8 hours of training to prescribe and a DEA waiver.– 30 patients in the first year.– 100 patients in the second year.– 275 patients in the third year.

Page 40: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

40

Barriers to Treatment

• Stigma.• Lack of addiction education.• Time.• Regulations.

Page 41: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

41

Buprenorphine

• 60.1% of rural counties have no physician with a DEA waiver to prescribe buprenorphine.

Page 42: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

42

Overdose Prevention

• Improve opioid prescribing.• Reduce exposure to opioids.• Prevent misuse.• Treat opioid use disorder.• Reverse overdoses.

Page 43: Opioids: Love and Hate in Primary Carepafp.com/images/Web-Dobash-OpioidRx-handouts.pdf · •Patient education on the safe storage and ... Microsoft PowerPoint - 0308-0830-Dobash-OpioidRx.pptx

43

Reverse Overdose and Prevent Death

• Prescribe Naloxone.– History of overdose.– History of substance use disorder.– Higher opioid doses (50 MME/day).– Concurrent benzodiazepine use.