objectivesobjectives

To differentiate between the two major To differentiate between the two major categories of bacteria: Gram positive and categories of bacteria: Gram positive and Gram negative.Gram negative.

To understand how the Gram stain To understand how the Gram stain reaction affects Gram positive and Gram reaction affects Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria based on the negative bacteria based on the biochemical and structural differences biochemical and structural differences of their cell walls.of their cell walls.

To identify different structures of To identify different structures of bacteria.bacteria.

Importance of a Gram Importance of a Gram Stain:Stain:

ClassificationClassification Diagnosis (direct smear)Diagnosis (direct smear) Antimicrobial selection Antimicrobial selection

(treatment)(treatment) Statistical analysis and Statistical analysis and

EpidemiologyEpidemiology

Gram stain techniqueGram stain technique

Gram negativr Rod (Gram negativr Rod (E E colicoli))

Streptococcus pyogenesStreptococcus pyogenes

Spore stainSpore stain

Bipolar stainBipolar stain

Mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosistuberculosis

Capsule stainCapsule stain

Mycobacterium lepraeMycobacterium leprae

Gram positive cocciGram positive cocci

Vibrio cholerae on TCBSVibrio cholerae on TCBS

Klebsiella species on Klebsiella species on CLEDCLED

Blood AgarBlood Agar

Chocolate AgarChocolate Agar

Eosin Methylen Blue Eosin Methylen Blue AgarAgar

Eosin Methylen Blue Eosin Methylen Blue AgarAgar

Mac Conkey AgarMac Conkey Agar

Mannitol Salt AgarMannitol Salt Agar

Tissue CultureTissue Culture

Inoculation of Inoculation of Embryonated eggEmbryonated egg

Embryonated Embryonated egg(Inoculation Sites)egg(Inoculation Sites)

Citrate Utilization TestCitrate Utilization Test

Urease TestUrease Test

Oxidase TestOxidase Test

Asculine Hydrolysis TestAsculine Hydrolysis Test

CAMP TestCAMP Test

Nagler ReactionNagler Reaction

Indole TestIndole Test

Methyle Red TestMethyle Red Test

Sugar fermentation Test Sugar fermentation Test

Coagulase TestCoagulase Test

Results on kigller iron Results on kigller iron agaragar

Sensitivity TestSensitivity Test

Sensitivity TestSensitivity Test

Gas gangreneGas gangrene

Anthrax InfectionAnthrax Infection

Cutanious Anthrax Cutanious Anthrax InfectionInfection

Tetanous InfectionTetanous Infection

Mycetoma InfectionMycetoma Infection