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Gateway to
the Future
Nonwood Lignin as a
Binder for Pet FoodSabrina Burkhardt
TAPPI PEERS 2019
Pet food today
Human trends
Grain-free
Organic/GMO-free
High-protein
No by-products
Locally made
Small batch/minimally processed
Personalization of diet
“Pet Parents”
Premiumization
Labels
Binders used in dog and cat food
Grains (corn, rice, wheat,
etc.)
Starches (tapioca, potato,
corn, pea, etc.)
Legumes
Gluten
Dried egg products
Gelatin
Plasma and animal by
products
Gums (Xanathan, Cassia,
Guar)
Wheat
Straw
Cooked
StrawCoProduct
Liquor
Pulp Fines Minerals Sugars Lignin
SFT Proprietary
Treatment
Refining,
Screening, and
Dewatering
Sulfur-free, water soluble, slightly
alkaline, low odor, salty taste, non-
GMO, less condensed, gluten-free
USDA BioPreferred
Paper
Products
Phoenix
ProcessTM
Nutrient Profile – Unbleached Wheat
Straw CoproductComponent As DM
Crude protein, % 5.0
Crude fat, % 2.3
Est. Carbs, % 44.9
Ash, % 47.8
Total Digestible
Nutrients, %
46
K, % 1.92
Na, % 11.87
Ca, % 0.11
P, % 0.06
Mg, % 0.05
Animal Nutrition lab analysis
Est Carbs includes other organic
material (lignin)
Other nutrients detected at
ppm level (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn)
Heavy metals not detected
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Lignosulfonate(%)
Carbohydrates(%)
Lignin (%) Sulfur (%) Sulfonic groups(%)
Sodium (%) Ash (%)
Lignosulfonates
PhoenixCoproduct
Compositional Data – Lignosulfonates and Phoenix Coproduct
Regulations – AAFCO Existing Labels
Binders (73.106-130)
73.107 Lignin Sulfonate
Ammonium calcium, magnesium, or sodium salts of the extract of spent sulfite liquor derived from the sulfite digestion of wood or of abaca (Musa textilis) or of Sisal (Agave sisalana)
Other Oilseed Products (71)
71.4 Flax Straw By-Product
Ground product after the removal of the longer fiber material from flax straw by mechanical processing.
Pelleting Aids (73.241-249)
73.310 Sodium Hydroxide Lignin Dehydrated
Obtained from the acid precipitation of lignin from spent black liquor produced in the sodium hydroxide and steam digestion of wheat straw without a bleaching process.
Molasses and Molasses Products (63)
63.5 Hemicellulose Extract
By-product of the manufacture of pressed wood. It is the concentrated soluble material obtained from the treatment of wood at elevated temperature and pressure. Contains pentose and hexose sugars
Trial Plan
Create dog kibble at pilot extruding facility in Kansas
Base flour mix compatible with premium diets (grain-free, high protein)
Compare wheat straw binder to gelation, dried egg product, tapioca starch
5% target binder incorporation rate
Test kibble at Summit Ridge labs
20 dogs
Palatability round robin
Dog food formulas
Percentage Ingredient
30.4 Chicken meal
19.4 Pea Flour
16.4 Pea protein
17.9 Potato, whole, dried
8.9 Beet pulp
6.0 Flaxseed
0.6 Fish oil
0.2 Vitamin mix – cat/dog
0.1 Trace minerals – cat/dog
*0.5% salt added to gelatin, egg, and tapioca binder diets
Base Flour Mix Composition
Manufacturing
Mix
Die-cut
Bake
Manufacturing
Mix
Die-cut
Bake
Manufacturing
Fat Coating
(4% incorporation)
Results
Lower than expected incorporation
rates for Wheat straw lignin binder
Only 1.2% required on a dry basis
Tapioca, egg, gelatin remained at 5%
Kibble expansion (puff):
Tapioca > gelatin > egg
Lignin equal to gelatin
Results
Testing
2 days of testing per
diet
20 beagles, males and
females
400 grams of 2
comparable diets
Consumption and first
choice preference
were recorded
Dog preference: Tapioca Results – Lignin vs.
Tapioca
Lignin Lignin LigninTapioca Tapioca
Dog Preference: No PreferenceResults – Lignin vs.
Gelatin
GelatinLignin Lignin Gelatin Lignin
Dog Preference: Wheat Straw LigninResults – Lignin vs.
Dried Egg Product
EggLignin Lignin Egg LigninEgg
Summary
85% of dogs preferred or had no preference for lignin-based binder vs egg
Drop in replacement for gelatin
75% less of binder needed to achieve same level of binding as gelatin, egg or
tapioca
Complete replacement of sodium in kibble diet
Gluten and grain-free alternative to existing binders
Reduction in use of binders allows for less “fillers”
Local sourcing and “Made in USA” opportunities
