NkhJifj; jtph ;g;Gf ;Fk ; j Ph;Tf ;Fk ; Ntz;ba xOq ;fikg ... file282 1. mwpKfk; NkhJifj;jPh;T> rkhjhd cUthf ;fk ;> NkhJif eph ;zak ; Mfpa Jiwfspy ; gzpahw Wk; ; mNefkhd njhopy;rhh

281

gpnul;hpr; fpNsry;> &b ghy;hPr;

1 . mwpKfk; 282

2 . NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpaj;jsq;fshf mzpf;FOkk; 283

3. mzpf;FOk njhopw;ghl;bd; Ie;J kl;lq;fspYk; 284NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs;

mzpf;FOkj;jpd; jdpegh; NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatskhf mikjy; 284

cl;fplf;ifAk; vOtpdhf;fSk; NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf mikjy; 286

NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf Clhl;lk; my;yJ cstpaw; r%f kl;lk; 286

NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf eilKiw/Kiw kl;lk; mikjy; 288

NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf Gwepiy cwTfs; 293

4 . mzpf;FOk tsh;epiy fl;lq;fs; 295xd;W Nrh;tJk; xUq;fpUe;J rpe;jpg;gJTk; - Njbf;fz;Lnfhs;sYk;>

xUq;fpizjYk; 296

epakeph;zak; - Ra,af;fj;jpw;fhd tpjpfis jhq;fNs Njhw;Wtpj;Jf;nfhs;sy; 298

Mw;wYk; Mw;wYf;fhd jifikAk; 300

rPh;g;gLj;jy; - Rafl;likg;Gk; khWjYf;fhd jpwDk;;. 301

5 . mzpf;FOk tsh;Tk; Nkhjy;jPh;Tk; 304

FOtpd; jdpcWg;gpdh; kl;lj;jpy; 305

cs;slf;fk; Kidg;GW kl;lj;jpy;/vOtpdh kl;lj;jpy; 306

Clhl;l kl;lk; - cstpaw; r%f kl;lj;jpy; 307

eilKiwapd; -topKiw kl;lj;jpy; 308

Gwepiy cwT kl;lj;jpy; 309

njhlh;r;rpahd Nky;epiy Nehf;F 309

6 . KbTiuAk;> jpwe;j tpdhf;fSk; 310

7. crhj;Jiz E}y;fSk;> Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk; 311

NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk;

Ntz;ba xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk;

xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;

282

1. mwpKfk;

NkhJifj;jPh;T> rkhjhd cUthf;fk;> NkhJif eph;zak; Mfpa Jiwfspy; gzpahw;Wk;

mNefkhd njhopy;rhh; %d;whk; jug;gpdh; jhkhfNt VNjh xU tbtpy; mikg;GKiwahd

#oiktpy; nraw;gLtJld;> ghhpa mstpyhd mikg;Gfspd; FOkk; xd;wpy; cWg;gpdh;fshTk;

fUkkhw;Wfpwdh;. ,jd; tpisthf mth;fs; mbf;fb ntspf;fsj;jpy; jkJ nraw;ghLfis

ghjpf;ff;$ba gjw;wq;fSf;Fk;> NkhJiffSf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;.

1984 ,y; (fpNsry; 1984) nejh;yhe;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jt kjpg;gha;tpy;

ehnlq;fZKs;s r%fg; gzpahsh;fsplk; mth;fsJ mikg;Gr;#oypy; fhzg;gLk; NkhJiffs;

njhlh;gpy; tpdhf;fs; Nfl;fg;gg;gl;ld. jkJ NritNtz;Lehpd; 'jPtpu" NkhJiffis

(ntspg;gilahfTk;> $ba czh;r;rp Ntfj;JlDk; Ghpag;gLk;) xOq;fhfTk;> ntw;wpfukhfTk;

j Ph ;f ;Fk; mNj egh ;fs; ; > jhq;fNs jkJ gy "nfLgpb" NkhJiffspdhy; nrhe;j

mikg;Gf ;fspDs;Ns (kiwthf ntspg ;gLj ;jg ;gLk ; ) ghjpf ;fg ;gl ;lth ;fshfTk; ; >

njhopy;rhh;hPjpapy; ,tw;iwf; ifahStjw;Fj; jtwpAs;sijAk; tpisTfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

gjpyhf> mj;jifa NkhJiffs; (jPh;f;fg;glhJ) ,Oj;jbf;fg;gLtJld; me;j NkhJif

gw;wpa tplaj;jpy; NritNtz;LNthh; epiyg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; fbdkhd rpf;fw;ghLfSk;

Vw;glyhk;. NkhJiffspd; Kf;fpa jug;gpdh;fSk; ,jid xj;j kd mOj;jj;Jf;Nf

cl;gl;Ls;sdu;. rpy Ntisfspy; ,Jgw;wp Vw;gLk; mOj;jepiy fhuzkhf gpur;rpid

Kw;WKOjhf Rl;nlhpf;fg;gLtJ khj;jpuky;yhky; ,j;JiwapypUe;J thg]; ngwg;gLfpd;w

epiyikapidAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;. NkhJiffspd; gpujhd tfpghfKilNahUk; ,j;jifa kd

mOj;jq;fSf;F MshtJz;;L.

,jd; fhuzkhfNt mzpfspilNaAk;; mikg;GfspDs;NsNaAk; NkhJiff;fhd

rhj;jpag;ghLfs;; njhlh;ghd Kiwahd njspT ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vLj;Jf;$wg;gLfpwJ.

,t;tj;jpahaj;jpy; NkhJiffs; rk;ge;jkhf nghpJk; rhj;jpag;ghl;L %yq;fis gUtiuthf

vLj;Jf; fhl;LNthk;. gpd;dh; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijAk; jPh;itAk; Vw;gLj;jf;$ba

tifapy; rhj;jpakhd topfs; gw;wp gUtiuthf vLj;Jf;$wg;gLk;. ,Wjpahfg; ghh;f;ifapy;>

jPtpukhf;fypd; Kjy; %d;W gbfspd;NghjhfpYk; (fpNsry; 1999> 83) ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdNu

ntw;wpf;fhd ey;y re;jh;g;gq;fSld; NkhJifj; jPh;Tg; gzpfis tof;fkhfg; nghWg;Ngw;fKbAk;.

mjd; gpd;dNu NkhJiffs; njhlh;ghd jkJ nrhe;j cs;sfg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F

mikg;Gf;fs; NkhJif epGzh;fsplkpUe;J njhopy;rhh; ntspthup cjtpia ngwNtz;ba

Njit vOk; (fpNsry; 1999> 118ff).



NkhJifj;; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk;

Ntz;ba xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk;

xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;

283

2. NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpaj;jsq;fshf mzpf;FOkk;

mzpfshtd> $l;L xj;Jiog;Gld; epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;ba nraw;ghl;Lg; Mw;Wif

nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzpf;FOf;fshf tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,J FOf;fspypUe;J

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; jdpg;gl;l fw;if tpisTfisg; ngWtjw;F tpioAk; my;yJ ntWkNd

r%f kw;Wk; gpw tbtj;jpyike;j njhlh;Gfis tsh;g;gjw;F Kayf;$ba gpw FOf;fspypUe;J

njspthf mtw;iw NtWgLj;Jfpd;wJ.

tpUk;gj;jFe;j ,r; nray;epiwNtw;wj;ij va;JKfkhf mzpfspDs; Ie;J

kl;lq;fspYk; ey;y epiyikfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; my;yJ cUthf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. (cU 1)

mzpapdhpd; gzpfspd; Ie;J kl;lq;fSk; fPNo tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd :

1. jdpg;gl;l FO cWg;gpdh;fs;: ,J jdpg;gl;l MSikfs;> czh;twpjy;fs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;>

vz;zq;fs;> czh;r;rpfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; elj;ijfs; vd;gd rk;ge;jkhdjhFk;.

2. cs;slf;fk;> thjtpla kl;lk;: ,q;F ftdk; thjtplaj;jpYk;> epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;ba

gzpkPJNk cs;sJ.

3. ,ilj;jhf;fk;> cs r%f kl;lk;: FO mq;fj;jth;fspd; gu];gu kdg;ghq;F mj;Jld;

mth;fspilNa epyTk; njhlh;Gfspd; epiy> mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l fhyepiy> ghj;jpuk;>

elj;ijg;ghq;F MfpaitAk; Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

4. eltbf;ifKiw> topKiw kl;lk;: gFg;gha;T Kiwfs;> jPh;khdnkLj;jy; Kiwfs;> Gj;jhf;f

njhopy;El;gq;fs;> mzpf;fhd tpjpKiwahd cs;sf tpjpfs; kw;Wk; Jiz topfspd;

gad;ghL Nghd;w mzpapd;; gpur;rpid jPh;f;Fk; njhopy;El;gq;fs;.

5. ntspaf FO cwTfs;: gpujpepjpfSf;F mjpfhuk; toq;Fjy; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; mlq;fyhf>

gpw mikg;Gf;fSld; jfty;fSk;> njhlh;GfSk; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kiw.

1. jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jpdh;fs;

5. FOtpd; ntspthupj; njhlh;Gfs;

2. cs;slf;fk; =gpur;rpid kl;lk;

Mw;Wif

cU 1 FOkg;g;gzpapd; Ie;J kl;lq;fs;

4. eltbf;ifKiw

= Kiwtop kl;lk;

3. ,ilj;jhf;fk; =csr;r%f kl;lk;

NkhJifj; jtph;g;Gf;Fk; jPh;Tf;Fk; Ntz;ba

xOq;fikg;G mgptpUj;jpfSk; xUq;F epiyg;gl;l mzpAk;

NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;fhd ,aYikia mjpfhpj;jy;

284

,t;ite;J kl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;wpdhYk; NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatsj;ij

cUthf;fKbAk;. MfNt NkhJifj;jPh;Tf;fhd xU ey;y Muk;gj;jhdkhfTk; ,it ,Uf;fKbAk;.

kl;lq;fs; gu];gu tiyaikg;gpy; mike;Js;sjhYk; mth;fs; kw;w xt;nthUth;kPJk; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jp NkhJiff;fhd kiwKfkhd rhj;jpatsj;ij NkYk; cUthf;f KbAk;. ,jd;tpisthf

xU FOtpd; ,af;ftpayhdJ Muha;tjw;F rpf;fyhdJk;> gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;F fbdkhdJkhFk;.

mbf;fb nghUj;jkw;w Kiwfspy; rpf;fyhd jPh;khdk; xd;W vLf;fg;glNtz;b tUk;NghJ xU

kl;lj;jpy;> cjhuzkhf 4Mk; kl;lj;jpy; gpur;rpid xd;W vOfpd;wJ. Mdhy; gu];gu rpd%l;lypdhy;

FOj;njhlh;Gfs;kPJ gSNtw;wg;gLk;NghJ> cjhuzkhf 3Mk; kl;lj;jpy; (,ilj;jhf;f / cs

r%ftpay; kl;lk;) ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,Wjpahf> (jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jpdh;) xU egh;

FOittpl;L tpyfj;jPu;khdpj;jhy; mzpf;F mtuJ mwpTk; jpwDk; fpl;lhJ NghFk; NghJ ,J

1 Mk; kl;lj;jpYk; Nkyjpf tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

3. mzpf;FOk njhopw;ghl;bd; Ie;J kl;lq;fspYk;

NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs;

3.1 mzpf;FOkj;jpd; jdpegh; NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatskhf

mikjy;

FO cWg;gpdh; xUth; cs;shh;e;j cstpay; gjw;wq;fSlDk;> NkhJiffSlDk;

Nghuhlf;$Lk;> mj;Jld; gpw FO cWg;gpdh;fSld; gzpahw;Wtjw;F KaYk;NghJ ,jid

mth; ntspg;gilahf ntspg;gLj;Jthh;. ,e;j #oiktpy; njhpe;j NkhJif topKiwaikg;G

(&gpd;> GUl;> fpk; 1994> 11 ff, fpNsry; 1997> 34 ff, fpNsry; 1999 19ff) toikahf jdpg;gl;l

egh;fspDs;NsNa Njhd;WtJld; (25.3) mth;fsJ GyDzh;T> rpe;jid> cs;Szh;T>

tpUg;gj;JzpT mj;Jld; ntspaf elj;ij Mfpatw;iw Coy;gLj;Jk;. ,t;Ts;shu;e;j cstpay;

topKiwaikg;Gfisg; nghJthfNt vLj;Jf;fhl;lKbAk;. vdpDk;> mzpfspy; my;yJ

mikg;Gf;fspy; NkhJiffis ntw;wpfukhf nray;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;Jtjhapd; mtw;iwg;

Ghpe;Jnfhs;StJ jPh;khdfukhdjhFk;.


kd mOj;jk;> gjw;wk; kw;Wk; neUf;Fthuk; Mfpatw;wpd; tpisTfs; fhuzkhf

jdpegh; xUthpd; czh;twpjy; Mw;wy; td;ikahfg; ghjpg;gilayhk;. ,e;j tpisT

njhpe;njLf;fg;gl;l my;yJ jphpgile;j czh;twpjy; mwpthw;wy;rhh; Kd;dwp jpwdpd;ik

tha;nkhopahd

kw;Wk;

tha;nkhop

rhuhelj;ij

mfta ntspg;ghLfs;

cU : 2 cs;shh;e;j cstpay; fhuzpfs;

mfta

Gwta

tpisTfs;

ghjpg;Gfs;

tpUg;gj; JzpT nray;

Nehf;fq;fs; ce;J

tpirfs;

czh;T kdg;ghq;Ffs;

kdepiyfs;

rpe;jid

vz;zf;fUf;fs;

mftakhf

czug;gLk;

czh;twpjy;fs;

285

my;yJ Kw;$l;bNa czug;gl;l glj;Jf;F mikTwhJ ,Uf;Fk; czh;twpTfs; kq;fptplf;$baepiy

tpisTfSf;Fk; ,l;Lr;nry;yf;$Lk;. ,t;thwhfNt Kd;ida czh;twpjy;fSf;F khwhf

,Uf;ff;$ba rfy rhd;WfSk; mlf;fg;gl;Lk;> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Lk; gf;fr;rhh;Gfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;L> epiyepWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

mj;jifa jphpgile;j czh;twpjy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; cUthf;Fk;

vz;zf;fUf;fSk;> rpe;jidfSk; Nkyjpf rhd;Wfs; my;yJ czh;twpjy;fshy; mjw;F

NkYk; vspjpy; jpUj;jKbahj xU gf;fr;rhh;ghd> fWg;G nts;isf;fhl;rpfshf ,Wf;fkilfpd;wd.

gf;fr;rhh;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jk; jfty;fs; kl;LNk Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

czh;r;rpfs ; Jiwapy; gpwh;epiy czh;jy; vd;gJ tw;wpg;Nghfpd;wJ. jkJ nrhe;j

czh;Tfspd; ifjpfshf kf;fs; xUthplkpUe;J kw;nwhUth; jdpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ghptpuf;fKk;

ntWg;Gk; JUtg;gLj;jg;gl;l czh;r;rpfs;rhh; fhl;rpia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. NkhJiffs; mjpfhpj;jhy;

ntsp cyfpw;fhd njhlh;Gj; jhdq;fs; midj;Jk; ,of;fg;gLtjhy; ,J r%f ajhh;j;jj;

njhlh;gpd;ikg; ghpkhzq;fis milaf;$Lk;.

tpUg;gj;JzpTj; Jiwapy; czh;tw;w my;yJ miu czh;Tld;$ba ce;JtpirfSk;>

nray; Nehf;fq;fSk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. nray; tpUg;ghw;wy; ,Wjp vr;rhpf;if tbtpy;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; Nfhhpf;iffshy; jdpr;rpwg;gspf;fg;gLk;. “midj;Jk; my;yJ vJTkpy;iy”

vd;w mZFKiwahf ,Wf;fkilifapy; tplhg;gpbj;jd;ikahd Nghf;fpw;Ff;$l ,lNkw;gLk;.

czh;twpjy;> rpe;jid> czh;T> tpUg;gk; Mfpa midj;Jk; xU jPa RUs;

tl;lj;jpy; gu];guk; tYT+l;lg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; mit xd;Wf;F xd;W NkhJk;NghJ vOk;

gjw;wk; kpfTk; fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. NkhJif mjpfhpg;G ntspg;Gwkhfr; RoYk;NghJ

tpOkpaq;fSld; njhlh;Gs;s midj;J tplag;gug;GfspYk; gpd;dilT Vw;glf;$Lk;. kf;fs;

jkJ taJf;Nfw;w elj;ijapy; Kjph;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy. khwhf NkhJiffspy; jkJ

vjpuhspfisr; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ mth;fsJ rpe;jid> czh;r;rp> tpUg;ghw;wy; Mfpait Ke;jpa

mgptpUj;jpf;fl;lq;fSf;F $Ljy; nghUj;jkhd ghq;Ffis vLf;fpd;wdNtad;wp> epahakhf

mth;fsplkpUe;J vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; Kjph;r;rpapd; msTf;F mikTWk;tifapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

,j;jdpg;gl;l egh;fspd; ntspthup elj;ijapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gytPdk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

nraw;ghl;lhsu;; jkJ nraw;ghLfspd;kPJ gaDWjpkpf;f fl;Lg;ghl;il ,of;Fk;NghJ elj;ij

khwhepakk; nfhz;ljhfTk;> tYf;fl;lhakhd msTf;Fk;$l rPuopaf;$Lk;. Mjyhy; tskhd

gy khwpfs; ,of;fg;gLfpd;wd.

jtph;f;f KbahjthW ,J Ra tpopg;Gzh;T ,og;G mjpfhpg;Gf;F epfuhd NkhJif

elj;ij tpisTfSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;. ,t;thwhf> tpUk;gg;glhj mbAzh;Tf;Fhpa gf;f tpisTfs;>

jd; tpUg;ghh;e;j elj;ijfspd; tpUk;gg;gLk; kdjwpe;j tpisTfistpl NkNyhq;fp epw;Fk;.

NkhJifj; jPh;Tf;fhd cj;jpfs; ,j;Jiwfs; xd;wpy; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ltw;wpy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;; gpuNahfpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy; nraw;gLk;

gy;Rtl;L mDFKiwahdJ Ez;zpay;G mj;Jld; ,ilj;ju r%fj;Jiwfs; ,uz;bYk;

Vw ;fdNt rpy fhykhf eilKiwg;gLj ;jg ;gl ;LtUfpwJ. jph pGw ;w czh;twpjy ;

topKiwaikg;Gf;fisj; njspTgLj;jp> ,Wfpg;Nghd vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fiug;gjw;F

,lkspf;Fk;tifapy; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; jtwhd czh;twpjy;fis rPh;nra;Ak; gzpapy;

<Lgl;bUe;jdh; (gpNsf;> Nkhw;wd; 1964: Nghu;l;ld; 1969; Nthy;w;wd; 1969). ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf>




286

mth;fs; gpwh;epiy czh;jiy kPl;Fk;tifapy; JUtg;gl;l czh;r;rpfisf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjpy;

rpwpjsT ntw;wpfz;Ls;sdh;. khw;W nraw;ghl;L eltbf;iffis ghprPypg;gjd;%yKk; xUtuJ

nrhe;j tpUg;gj;JzpTg; ghq;Ffis kPsha;T nra;tjd;%yKk;> ,Wjpf; nfLTf;fhd fhyk;

Kiwahf epiyepWj;jg;glyhk;. mth;fs; ,q;F Fwpg;gpLk; elj;ijfs; rpy Nehf;fk;

nfhz;litahfTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$baitahfTk; mikayhk;.

3.2 cl;fplf;ifAk; vOtpdhf;fSk; NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf

mikjy;

cj;jpNahfG+h;tkhf> gpur;rpidfNs ,zf;fg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfspd; gpujhd nghUshFk;.

midtUk; Gwta Nehf;Fs;sth;fshf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ NkhJiffs; vohJ vd gFj;jwpTs;s

jdpegh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. vt;thwhapDk;> xU NkhJif mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ> thjk; njhlh;ghd

tplaq;fSk;> cs; ika ,ay;ghd tplaq;fSk; mjpfhpj;jstpy; xd;Wfye;JtpLfpd;wd. xU

gpzf;fpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW fUg;nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;J ntspg;gLj;jp mtw;iw NkYk;

Jy;ypakhf Nehf;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. nraw;ghl;lhsu;;fs; NtWgLk; tpla xOq;FKiwfspd;

NtWgl;l fz;Nzhl;lq;fspypUe;J tpj;jpahrkhf ve;j xU gpur;rpidiaAk; czh;e;jwpe;J

kjpg;gplKbAnkd czuj; jtWk;NghJ NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpatsk; vspjhf cUthFk;.

JujpU\;ltrkhf> NkhJiffis midtuJ jpUg;jpf;FNkw;g njspTgLj;JtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd

nrayhFk;. ,jd; tpisT jg;ngz;zKk;> jtwhd nghUs; ciuj;jy;fSk; MFk;. cz;ikahd

gpur;rpidia ,dq; fhzj; jtwTk;$Lk;.

3.3 NkhjYf;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf Clhl;lk; my;yJ cstpaw;

r%f kl;lk;

FOf;fs; jkJ NtWghLfis ntspg;gilahff; ifahStjw;F fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

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fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; Jiwfspy; gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;.


287

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jiyg;gLfpd;wd.

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mOj;jk; fhl;Lk;NghJ;

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czUk;NghJ;

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vd czUk;NghJ;

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* mtuJ tfpghfj;Jf;F chpajy;yhj tiutpyf;fzj;Jf;F mg;ghy; nrd;W Ra

tiutpyf;fzj;Jf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;Gk;NghJ;

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njhluNtz;Lk; my;yJ khwhf FOtpDs;Ns #o;epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jk;nghUl;Lg;

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nry;thf;Fr;nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;




288

Ntisfspy; MjuTg;gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;th;. jkJ nrhe;jg; ghj;jpuq;fspy; kpf td;ikahf

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3.4 NkhJiff;fhd rhj;jpag;ghlhf eilKiw/Kiw kl;lk;

mikjy;

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cjhuzkhf nghUj;jkw;w xU Kiw%yk; jPh;khdk; xd;W vLf;fg;gbd; ,jd; fhuzkhf FO

mq;fj;jth;fspilNa gjw;wk; Vw;glf;$Lk;. cjhuzkhf jpUfhzp nrYj;jpiaf; nfhz;L

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ghpr;rakilaNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld; ve;j Nehf;fj;Jf;F ve;j eltbf;ifKiw kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ

vd;W rhpahd jPh;khdk; vLg;gjpy; Njh;r;rpailaNtz;Lk;.

eilKiwapy; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW Kiwfs; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

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vt;thW nra;ayhk;?

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gaDWjpAld; vt;thW ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKbAk;?

,t; tpjpKiwfSk;>

* epr;rakw;w jd;ikapd; msT (fpilf;ff; $ba jfty; my;yJ mwpT ,y;yhik)

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nghWj;J NtWgLk;.

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cz;ikfs;> juTfs; midj;Jk; mwpag;gbd;> epiyahd epr;rakw;w jd;ikAld; $ba

#o;epiyapy; vLf;fg;gLk; KbtpypUe;J NtWgl;l xU jPh;khdj;ij vLf;fKbAk; . cjhuzkhf>

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rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s egh;fs; my;yJ FOf;fs; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj Fwpg;gpl;l Mh;tj;ij epiyehl;Ltjpy;

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289

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jkJ nrhe;j cw;gj;jpahf epiyehl;l tpiofpd;wdh;. ,jd; tpisthf> mNefkhf kpfr; rpwpa

khw;wq;fSld; kl;LNk $ba xNu Kiwfs; ntt;NtW ngah;fspy; %ykhftpUe;j Kiwf;Fk;

mjid cUthf;fpatUf;F my;yJ MrphpaUf;Fk; chpa kjpg;G mspf;fhj epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; jkJ nrhe;j mZFKiwNa rpwe;jJ vd;Wk;> cyfshtpahPjpahf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$baJ vd;Wk; chpik ghuhl;bdhy; jfuhW Vw;gLtijj; jtph;f;fKbahJ. FO

mq;fj;jth;fs; ntt;NtW gapw;rp mkh;Tfspy; gq;Fgw;wpapUg;gpd;> jkf;F ve;j Kiw rpwe;jJ

vd;gijj; jPh;khdpg;gjpy; xUth; kw;nwUtUld; Nkhjf;$Lk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fj;Jf;F ve;j

Kiw rpwe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fz;L> njspthf tiuaWj;jhy; kl;LNk jfuhWfisg; gaDWjpAld;

jPh;f;fKbAk;.

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jdJ khjph papy ; (ghy ;h Pr ; 2000 Ig ; ghh ;f ;f) ,uz;L tifahd Kiwtopfis

NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;bAs;shh;.

(1) rpe;jpj;jy;> mwpthw;wy; ghij ; mjhtJ rpwe;j mwpitg; ngWKfkhf gpur;rpid xd;iw

gFg;ghuha;T nra;tjw;fhd my;yJ fz;lwpAk; Kiwtopfs;> mj;Jld;

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,dq;fz;L> njupTnra;Ak; Kiwtopfs;

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cs;sthW tpsf;f KbAk;.

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vLf;Fk; ghijapy; Neh;-thpirKiwahd rpe;jidf;Nfw;g Nfh\;b ,yf;Ffs; Kjypy;

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ghijfisg; ghprPypj;J njhpTnra;aKbAk;.




290

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tUk; mNj Ntis> cUthf;fg;gl;l vz;zf;fUf;fs; czh;twpjy;fs; mbg;gilapy; kPz;Lk;

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291

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jPh;khdk;

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nra;J tpisthd eltbf;iffisf;

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293

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294

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297

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299

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300

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vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; ,lh; xd;Ws;sJ. Gjpjhf cUthfg;gl;l

elj;ijg;ghq;FfSk;> Gjpjhfj; jhgpf;fg;ngw;w eltbf;ifKiwfSk; vspjhf Nt&d;wp> ePz;lfhyj;jpy;

nefpo;Tj; jd;ikaw;Wg;NghFk;. ,jw;F vjpuhfg; ghJfhf;Fk;nghUl;L ghj;jpu nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia

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mq;fj;jth;fspd; ghj;jpuq;fisAk;> jiyikj;Jtg; gq;fspg;igAk; vg;NghJk; rPh;nra;aNtz;Lk;.

vdNt> jiyikj;Jtk; VjhtJ xU egiu ikakhff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ:

khwhf> jdpg;gl;l nghWg;G> mh;g;gzpg;G czh;T mbg;gilapy; vg;NghJ Gjpa Kd;Kidg;GfSk;>

MjuTk; Njitg;gLk; vd;gij czh;e;J jkJ gzpiaf; nfhz;Lelhj;Jtjw;Ff; FO

mq;fj;jth;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;th;. #o;epiyf;Nfw;g jiyikj;Jtk; khWk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilg;

gpd;gw;wp mth;fs; jhkhfNt Njitahd topfhl;Lk; J}z;ly;fis toq;Fth;. rpy J}z;Ljy;fs;

jug;glNtz;Lnkd;gJ Kf;fpak;. MapDk;> vthplkpUe;J mit tUfpwJ vd;gJ mt;tsT

Kf;fpaky;y vd;gij mth;fs; Kiwahf czh;e;J nfhs;th;.

,J ntw;wpngWtjw;F> FO 'cau; njhlh;gpy;" Njh;r;rp ngwNtz;Lk;: FOtpy; eilngWk;

rk;gtq;fSf;F Nkyhf mit gw;wpa #o;epiyiaAk;> nray; epiwNtw;wj;ijAk;


301

Nkk;gLj;Jk;nghUl;L Njit vd fz;Lzug;gl;l njhlh;Gfs;. mj;Jld; mJ “cau; fw;wiyAk;”

gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;. vt;thW rpwg;ghff; fw;fyhk; vd;gijf; FO fw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld;

FO mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> nray; epiwNtw;w Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; gq;fspg;G ey;Fk; nray;f@lhf Ez;zwpit

nraw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

,j;jWthapy;> Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fs; ,ize;j gzpapy; jkJ KOikahd Mw;wiy

gpuNahfpf;ff;$ba msTf;F Nfh\;bAlDk;> mjd; gzpfspd; Nehf;nfy;iyAlDk; xd;WgLth;.

gzpapd; tpisTfs; kpfr; rpwe;jsTf;F mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;. NkYk; FOf;fs; mit ,d;dKk;

Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fSf;F G+h;thq;f mDjhgk; fhl;bdhYk; “ehk;” vd;w czh;it

mDgtpg;gjw;Fk;> jPtpukhf tsh;g;gjw;Fk; Kad;whYk;> ntspahUldhd mjd; cwTfis

ntspg;gilahfTk;> nfsutkhfTk; fl;likj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.

,e;jj; jWthapNyNa Nfh\;b ek;gfkhd ngWkjp epiyg;gLj;jy; kl;lj;Jf;F Kjph;r;rp

milfpd;wJ. rhh;Gepiy> vjph;-rhh;Gepiy Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd Kd;ida Nghuhl;lk; (ngd;dp];

kw;Wk; n\g;gh;l; vd;Nghh; 1956 ,d; gpufhuk;) Mf;fG+h;tkhd “,ilr;rhh;Gepiyahf” khwpAs;sJ.

gy;NtW tbtq;fspyhd ntspaff; fl;Lg;ghLfisg; Gj;jprhjphpaj;Jld; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F FO

mq;fj;jth;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Ra-jPh;khdj;Jf;Fk;> ntspthupj; jPh;khdj;Jf;FkpilNa

rhpahd xU rkepiyia va;Jtjw;fhd toptiffisAk; fz;L czh;e;Jnfhs;tu;.

4.4 rPh;g;gLj;jy; - Rafl;likg;Gk; khWjYf;fhd jpwDk;;.

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mq;fj;jth;fs; jkJ Mw;ww; rhj;jpag;ghLfis xd;Wjpul;b xOq;fikg;gij ,g;gzpf;FO

mwpe;Js;sJ. ,t;tpU Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; khWghlhditahf ,Uf;fNtz;bajpy;iy. khwhf>

gzp Mw;wiyf; Fwpj;njhJf;FtJk;> mzp mq;fj;jth;fspd; nrhe;j mgptpUj;jpAk; xd;wpnyhd;W

jq;fpAs;s mzp Fwpapyf;FfshFk;.

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,irthf;fk;nra;J GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;sg; gofpf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,J njhlh;r;rpahfr;

RahjPdkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba xU jpwdhFk;. ,k; Kiwtopapy; $wpathW mth;fs;

kuzpj;jypdJk;> Njhd;WjypdJk; rf;jpiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;th;. mzp Gjpa gzpfisAk;

mq;fj;jth;fisAk; njhlh;e;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gzpr;#oYk;> FOtpdJ cs;sf/nrhe;j

tho;f;ifAk; njhlh;e;J khWfpd;wd vd;gij mth;fs; czh;e;Jnfhz;Ls;sdh;.

gy etPd mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ ghj;jpu my;yJ tpRthr NkhJiffspdhy; ghjpf;fg;glhJ

xNu Neuj;jpy; gy;NtW mzp nra;jpl;lq;fspy; jkJ NkYj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; gzpahw;wNtz;Lnkd

vjph;ghh;f;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;F FOtpYk;> FOtpDs;Sk; njhlh;r;rpahd khw;wq;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ>;

khWtjw;fhd mgptpUj;jpaile;j Mw;wYk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fs;

cld; epfOk; fUj;jpl;lf; mzp gytw;wpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ug;gJ xU JNuhfkhff; fUjg;glhJ>

khwhf> gzpr;#oypd; xU Kf;fpa gFjpahff; fUjg;glNtz;Lk;.

#o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAld; nraw;glNtz;Lkhapd;> mjhtJ

cz;ikapy; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; xU mzp> jdJ nrhe;j mgptpUj;jpia gaDWjpAld;

xOq;fikf;ff;$ba xU FOthf miktjw;F mzpapDs;NsAk;> mjd; ntspaf #oypYk;

Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis kpfr; nrk;ikahf mwpe;J nfhz;L> mjd;Nky; ,tw;iw gaDWjpAld;

ifahStjw;fhd jpwikia mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; mgptpUj;jpnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. eilKiwapy;




302


,jd; fUj;J vd;dntdpy; Kd;ida FO mgptpUj;jpapd; jdpg;gl;l fl;lq;fspy; mJ ngw;Wf;

nfhz;l gzp ,yf;Ffs;> gq;Ffs;> tpjpfs; Mfpatw;iw mJ njhlh;e;J kPs;tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j

Kw;gLk;NghJ gy epr;rakw;w fl;lq;fisj; jhz;lNtz;bapUf;Fk; tUk;. Gjpa gzpfisg;

nghWg;Ngw;Fk;nghUl;L jd;idj;jhNd kPsikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> ,t;tpyf;if kdjpy; nfhz;L

mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fspy; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; FO fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> gzp

epiwnta;jpaJk; gioa gpizg;Gf;fs;> eyd; tpUk;gpfs; kw;Wk; czh;TfspypUe;J tpLglNtz;ba

Njitia mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.

jk;ikj;jhNk kPs; fl;likj;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba> ,t;thwhf nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAld;

khwf;$ba FOf;fs; RakhfNt ,k; Kiwtopiaf; ifahStjw;Ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd.

mth;fshy; vg;NghJk; mzp mq;fj;jth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;Gfs;> FOtpd; Kiwtop> #oypd;

Njitfs; (Fwpg;ghf mikg;Gfs;> thbf;ifahsh;fspd;) Mfpatw;wpy; KOf;ftdk; nrYj;jp

jk;ikj;jhNk GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;s ,aYkhftpUf;Fk;. ,j;jpwikfspy; Njh;r;rpailtjhy; kl;LNk

mzp etPd mikg;Gfspd; cs;sf> ntspaf tiyaikg;Gf;fspDs;Ns gaDWjpAld;

gzpahw;Wtjid vjpu;ghu;f;f KbAk;.

RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;tjhapd;> ,e;ehd;F mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wg;ghijapd;

Fwpg;gpl;l rpy mk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd:

* Mokw;w mh;g;gzpg;gpypUe;J Mo;e;j> mh;g;gzpg;Gzh;T.

* czh;tw;w ntspthupr;; nrYj;jpfspypUe;J ntspthup> Ra ,af;f epiyf;fpilNa czh;T

G+h;tkhd rkepiy

* xU gf;fr;rhh;ghf jq;fpapUj;jiyr; #oTs;s Nghuhl;lq;fspypUe;J xd;wpnyhd;W

jq;fpapUj;jiy Mf;fG+h;tkhff; ifahSk; ,aYik.

gpnahd;(1961) jdJ FO mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;if cUthf;Fjy;> fpsh;r;rp Mfpatw;wpd;

Kjw;gbfspy; gpujhdkhff; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhh;. FWfpafhy gapw;rpf;FOf;fSldhd ,tuJ

gzpfs; ,t;thuk;g #o;epiyia Muha;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpd. ,jpypUe;J FOf;fs; kPz;Lk;

gpd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;yf;$ba Mgj;J njhlh;e;Jk; Vw;gLtij mtuhy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

MapDk;> gzp njhlh;ghd nraw;FOf;fspd; kPJ NkYk; Muha;r;rp elhj;jpajpy; ,jw;Fk;

mg;ghy; mzpfs;; Kjph;Tepiyapd; NkYk; gy fl;lq;fis vjph;ghh;f;fKbAnkdf; fhl;baJ.

,it jhkhfNt mgptpUj;jp milAk; vd;gjpy;iy. khwhf> Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUg;Gld; ,J

nra;ag;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld;> FOf;fs; me;jg; ghijiaNehf;fpr; nry;Yjy;%yk; fw;if>

mgptpUj;jp nray;Kiwfspy; Cf;fKld; gq;Nfw;fNtz;Lk;.

jdpg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpg; gbfspy; NkhJiffSf;fhd gy;NtW rhj;jpatsq;fs; cs;sd

vd;gij ,e;j tpghpg;G vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

cUthf;Fjy;> fpsh;e;njOjy; fl;lk; 1 ,y;:

*mzp ];jpuepiyapd;ik>

* Njhw;wq;fs;> gjtpfSf;fhd Nghuhl;lKk; Mjutspf;Fk; $l;bizg;Gf;fspd;

cUthf;fYk;: mzpahdJ ,e;j Muk;gg; ghq;FfSf;F kPz;Lk; fpukkhfr; nry;yf;$Lkh

my;yJ khwhf mJ mLj;j mgptpUj;jpf;fl;lj;ij Nehf;fpj; Jzpr;rYld; nry;Ykh vd;gijf;

fhl;Lk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf NkhJiffs; njhlh;ghd kdg;ghq;fpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NtWghLfs;

Vw;gLk;.

303

epakg;gLj;jy; fl;lk; 2 ,y; :* kpf tpiuthd nghUj;jkw;w epakg;gLj;jYk;> nefpo;r;rpaw;w jd;ikAk; ;

* fPo;tUtdtw;Wf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; NkNyhl;lkhd mwpthh;e;j Nkw;gug;G gputhfj;Jf;Fk;

czh;r;rpfs; rk;ge;jkhd fPNohl;lj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd gjw;w epiy:

* ,ul ;ilj ; jiyikj ;Jtg ; g hj ; j p uq ; fSf ;Fk ; > KiwNa mth ; fisg ;

gpd;njhlh;NthUf;Fkpilapyhd NkhJiffs;; my;yJ>

* FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; czh;TG+h;tkhd ghpkhzq;fSf;F epahak; toq;Fk; Kaw;rp> mNj

Ntis epahaj;ij tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fhik> gpwhpd; ,ilaPl;il td;KiwhPjpapy; jLj;jy;:

,J Muk;gj;jpy; kpfTk; $Ljyhd epakg;gLj;jypdhy; va;jg;ngWk;.

* cl;fpilahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhj ghj;jpu xJf;fPLfspypUe;J tpLgl;L khwhf Gjpa

ghj;jpu tiutpyf;fzq;fis tpUj;jpnra;tjw;F KaYjy; : vt;thwhapDk;> ,jw;F jil

eltbf;iffs; gpuNahfpg;gjd;%yk; jw;NghJs;s ghj;jpu xOq;Ffis tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F

tpioAk; gpw mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; vjph;g;Gf;fhl;lf;$Lk;>

* mirah epakg;gbkq;fs; mjpfhpj;jtifapy; kl;Lg;gLj;JtjhfTk;>

epiyg;gLj;JtjhfTk; vz;zg;gl;L> epuhfhpf;fg;gLtjhy; Vw;gLk; mzp NkhJiffs;.

nray;epiwNtw;wf; fl;lk; 3 ,y;

* mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Njit gw;wp gy;NtWtiffspyhd jiyikj;Jtk;

kw;Wk; fl;likg;G Kd;Kidg;Gfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw Kd;nkhopAk; NghJ, Xh; mq;fj;jth;

Kiwtopiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;j tpUk;Gk;NghJ> VidNahh; mjd; Ntfj;ijf; Fiwf;f tpUk;Gth;;

* njhlh;ghly; khw;wj; Njit my;yJ mjd; gaDWjp njhlh;ghf NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ; “NgRtijg; gw;wpg; NgRtJ” gadw;wJ vdf; mzp mq;fj;jth; xUth; fUjf;$ba mNjNtis>

,k; Kiwtop gpwUf;F ngWkjpahd Mokhd njhlh;ghlYf;fhd Xh; Muk;gkhfj; Njhw;wyhk;.

* r%f Nghl;bj;jfT Fwpj;j kpjkpQ;rpa cah; vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fisAk;> Nfhhpf;iffisAk;

jpzpg;gjd;%yk; gpwh;kPJ mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; jhh;kPfk;rhh;> cstpay;rhh; mOj;jq;fisg;

gpuNahfpj;J gjw;wj;ijj; J}z;Lk;NghJ; ,q;Fs;s gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy;> Nfh\;b

mq;fj;jth;fs; xt;nthUtUk; xUNghJk; rkkhd gyj;ijf;nfhz;bUf;fkhl;lhh;fs; vd;gjhy;>

ntt;NtW FO mq;fj;jthplkpUe;J xNutpjkhd gq;fspg;Gfis vjph;ghh;g;gJ ajhh;j;jkw;wJ

vd;gij mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; czuj;jtWtNjahFk;.

* ,jd;tpisthf FOkPJk;> mzpapd; gzpkPJk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j Cf;fKk;> jdpg;gl;l

mq;fj;jth;fs; xUth;kPJ xUth; nfhz;bUf;Fk; kjpg;Gk; Kjypy; mjpf czh;TG+h;tkhd

kpjkpQ;rpa kjpg;ghfTk;> epahakw;w Nfhhpf;iffshfTk; khwp> gpd;dh; Ra ntspaf

rpWikg;gLj;jy; er;Rtl;lj;jpy; Ngha; Kbfpd;wJ. Vkhw;wj;ij mDgtpj;jgpd;dh; “kiw

cah;T etpw;rpapy;” mzpia js;sptpLfpwJ:

* %d;whtJ mgptpUj;jpf;fl;lkl;lj;jpy; gzpahdJ cah;e;j mstpyhd kdQ;rhh; nraw;ghL>

Mf;fj;jpwd;> nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;gk; Mfpatw;iwf; NfhUk;: rpy mzp

mq;fj;jth;fs; epakg;gLj;jypd; vspa tpjpfSf;F kPz;Lk; nrd;W ,yFthd tho;f;if

elhj;j KaYk;NghJ gpw FO mq;fj;jth;fs; ,jid vjph;f;ff;$Lk;.




304


rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; 4 Mk; fl;lj;jpy; :

* gpujhdkhd FOj; Njly;nray;Kiwfs; rk;ge;jkhf FO mq;fj;jth;fs; NtWgl;l msTfspy;

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midj;Jk; Fiwe;j tpUj;jpaile;j gbfspy; nray;epiwNtw;wj;Jf;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk;tifapy;

mOj;jj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.

* mzp; nray; Kiwfs; ,iltplhJ kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nra;ag;gLtjhYk; rpy mzp

mq;fj;jth;fs; ntspg;gilahd toikahd gq;Fgw;wypy; <LgLtjhYk; VidNahh;

,ij Neh;ikaw;wnjd;Wk;> Mjutw;wnjd;Wk; vhpr;rY}l;Ltnjd;Wk;> vz;zyhk;.

* #oy; njhlh;ghd mzpapy; mbg;gilahd jpwe;j jd;ik nghJthd “rq;fkpg;gjw;fhd

Mtiyf;” nfhz;bUe;jhy;> jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jth;fSf;F mJ cshPjpahf rypg;G+l;Ltjhf

mikayhk;: mjhtJ jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jth;fspd; jdpj; jd;ik $l;Lj;jd;ikahy;

mlf;fg;glyhk;. ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; mbf;fb Vw;gLk; gjw;wj;Jf;fhd %yfhuzk; ,ilkhw;w

neLf;fbfshFk; (tPyd; 1990Ig; ghh;f;f). GyDzh;TfSk;> mgpyhirfSk; khWtjhy; kl;LNk

NkhJiffs; vof;$Lk;. ehk; jw;NghJ ve;jf;fl;lj;jpy; cs;Nshk;? vjph;fhyj;jpy; ve;jj;jpirapy;

ehk; mgptpUj;jp mila Ntz;Lk;? ve;j eltbf;iffs; ,g;NghJ mtrpakhdit> ve;j

eltbf;iffs; chpa fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpait? mLj;jfl;lj;ij Nehf;fp efUtjw;F Kd;dh;

Fwpg;gpl;l VjhtJ fl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;Lg; G+h;j;jpnra;ag;glNtz;Lkh?

5. mzpf;FOk tsh;Tk; Nkhjy;jPh;Tk;

mzpg; gzpapy; Ie;J kl;lq;fspd;NghJk;> mzpapd; ehd;F mgptpUj;jpf;

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mzp mgptpUj;jpapd; nghUj;jkhd Kiwfs; Kiwahfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lhy; mzpg;

gpur;rpidfis mit vOtjw;F Kd;dh; my;yJ vOk;NghJ gaDWjpAld; ifahsKbAk;.

mzp mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Kiwfs; mNjNeuj;jpy; NkhJifj; jLg;G mj;Jld; NkhJifj;jPh;Tf;fhd

KiwfshfTk; gad;glyhk;.

xt;nthU Fwpj;Jiuj;j #o;epiyapYk; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Muk;gj;jpy; mzpapd;; mgptpUj;jp

me;j];ijg;gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fNtz;Lk;:

* FOtpy; vtUf;NfDk; rpukq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mit ahUf;F cs;sJ?

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* ve;jf; fl;lj;jpy; mzp jhk; jw;Nghija fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf czh;fpd;wJ?

* ntspg;gilahd gjw;wq;fs; FOtpd; mgptpUj;jp neUf;fbia Rl;bf;fhl;Lgitahf cs;sdth?

* my;yJ jdpg;gl;l FO mq;fj;jthpd; gpur;rpidfs; FOkPJ Vw;wg;gLfpwjh? NkYk;> ,J

,t;thwpUg;gpd;> ,g; gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F mzp vd;d nghWg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ?

gaDWjpAs;s nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fspd; tpUg;GfisAk;>

,yf;FfisAk; kjpg;gha;T kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T nra;aNtz;Lk;:

* mzp mgptpUj;jpapd;nghUl;L ve;j msT rf;jpia mspg;gjw;F xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk;

jahuhf cs;shuh?

305

* FOit NkYk; vt;thW tpUj;jp nra;ayhk; vd;gJ njhlh;ghf xt;nthU eghpdJk; fUj;Jfs;

vd;d?

* ,e;j jdpg;gl;l vz;zq;fSk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; gu];guk; xj;jpay;Giladtha; cs;sdth?

mit NkhJfpd;wdth? FOtpd; mgptpUj;jp me;j];jpd; NtWgl;l kjpg;gPLfis mit

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wdth?

mzp mgptpUj;jpahdJ Fwpg;gpl;l Neuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk

toikahd gzpfSf;F ,ilA+whf eilngWk; “Ntiyf;Fg; Gwk;ghd” eltbf;ifahff;

fUjg;glyhfhJ. cz;ikapy; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; gzpahdJ rpe;jpj;jy;> fw;if Neuq;fSld;

njhlh;Gw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhy; “gzpia mz;ba” “gzp GhpAk; Nghjhd” eltbf;iffshff;

fUjyhk;. mzp eltbf;iffspd; Ie;J ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfspd;

gpd;dzpapy; mzp ; gzpr; nray;Kiwfs; fpukkhf kPsha;Tnra;ag;gl;lhy; mzp

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd J}z;Ltpirfs; “gzp GhpAk;NghJ” $l cUthfyhk;. ,e;jtifahd

gFg;gha;Tf;F Mjuthf Row;rp mbg;gilapy; ,irTgLj;Jeh ; mj;Jld; /my;yJ

mtjhdpg;ghsh; ghj;jpuq;fSk; xJf;fg;glyhk;. ,J mzpapd; tho;f;iff; fhyg;gFjpapy;

gy ;NtW re ;jh ;g ;gq ;fspy ; xt ;nthU mzp mq;fj ;jtUk ; mtjhdpg ;ghsuhfTk ; >

nraw;gLeuhfTk; gzpahw;Wtij mDkjpf;fpd;wJ.

NtiyiaAk;> fw;ifiaAk; kpf neUf;fkhf ,izg;gjpy; xU mzp ntw;wpfz;lhy;

khj;jpuNk mJ xU fw;wy;Kiwahf khwKbAk; vd;gJ njspthFk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l ve;j xU kl;lj;jpYk; mj;jifa FO mgptpUj;jp Muk;gpf;fyhk;.

5.1 FOtpd; jdpcWg;gpdh; kl;lj;jpy;

nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; xt;thU cs;sf cstpay; fhuzq;fSf;Fk; Kfk;nfhLf;Fk; tifapy;

gzpahw;w KbAk;:

* mzp kw;Wk; mjd; Kiwahd #oy; Nghd;w mjd; jdpg;gl;l glq;fis Nrfhpg;gjd;%yk;

jphpGgLj;jg;gl;l jdpegh; czh;twpjypypUe;J tpLgly; :

* Nfs;tpf; nfhj;Jf;fs;%yk; jw;NghJs;s rpe;jidg;ghq;Ffis kjpg;gha;Tnra;tjd;%yKk;

,tw;iwf; FOtpy; my;yJ gq;fhsh; kj;jpapy; gphpj;Jg;ghh;g;gjw;fhf gFg;gha;T nra;jy;:

* fw;gdhtsj;Jld; kw;Wk; fiy EZf;fkhd ,ilaPLfspd; Clhf czh;TfisAk;>

kdg;ghq;FfisAk; czh;TG+h;tkhd kl;lj;Jf;F cau;j;Jjy;.

* nrhe;j ,yl;rpak;> kw;Wk; ngWkhd vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf

mzpapd; xl;Lnkhj;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fSld; ,it ve;jsTf;F xj;jpaYfpd;wd vd;gij

Muha;e;J tpUg;gj; jpzpTg; gug;ig mb czh;T> miu czh;T epiyapypUe;J> rpe;jid

czh;T kl;lj;Jf;F cah;j;Jjy;.

* jdpg;gl;l elj;ijg; ghq;Ffisg; ntspg;gLj;jp mitFwpj;Jr; rpe;jpg;gjw;F kPSl;ly;

Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

toikahf> nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; ,g;ghpNrhjidfis mit KOikahd FOtpDs;>

cg FOf;fspDs>; my;yJ fw;if gq;Filikapy; ,Ug;gpDk;> FO ,ilaPLfSld; ,ize;J




306


elhj;jKbAnkd;gijf; fz;Lnfhs;th;. vt;thwhapDk;> mzp mq;fj;jth;fspilNa mgptpUj;jp

Vw;gl;lhy; kl;LNk mzpapd;; xl;Lnkhj;j mgptpUj;jpAk; rhj;jpakhFk;. rpwg;ghf> mzp mgptpUj;jpahdJ

jdpg;gl;l GyDzh;Tfs;> gpur;rpidfis mwpAk; jpwd;> NkhJifiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd Mw;wy;>

r%fj;Njh;r;rp Mfpatw;wpd; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd Nkk;ghl;Lf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jdJ nrhe;j czh;TfisAk;> Nehf;fq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba

Mw;wiyg;NghyNt Cf;fKld; nrtpkLj;jy;> gpwh; czh;twpjy; ,aYik kw;Wk; mth;fsJ

fUj;Jf;fspd; nry;jfit Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; MfpaitAk; mNjasT Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

gaDWjpkpf;f NkhJifj; jPh ;T ,aYik $l;LwT elj;ijf;Fk;> tpl;Lf;

nfhLj;jYf;fhd tpUg;gj;Jf;Fk; JizGhpAk;. mzpapd; nray;epiwNtw;wy; Mw;wy; ,Wjpahf

mjd; jdpg;gl;l mq;fj;jth;fspd; (xl;L nkhj;j) jifikfspy; jq;fpAs;sjhy; ,J kpfTk;

jPh;khdfukhdjhFk;. ,jpy; njhopy;El;gj;jpwd;fis kl;Lky;yhJ> r%f ,aYikfs; kw;Wk;

RahjPdj;Jf;fhd Njh;r;rp vd;gtw;iwAk; cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; jkJ

mDgtj;Jf;fhd nghWg;ig Vw;W> jkJ nrhe;j rpe;jid czh;T> tpUg;gj; Jzpthw;wy;

Mfpatw;iw czh;TG+h;tkhf kPsha;Tnra;Ak; ,aYikia mgptpUj;jpnra;J> Fwpg;gpl;l

#o;epiyapd; Njitf;F Vw;wthW (“ePq;fNs cq;fs; Mrdj;jtprhsh;”) nghUj;jkhd cs;sPLfis

FOTf;F toq;Ftjw;fhd Mw;wiyAk; tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,jw;F ajhh;j;jG+h;tkhd

Rakjpg;gPL> xUtuJ nrhe;j ,aYik gw;wpa rhpahd rpe;jid> NkhJifr; #o;epiyfspy;

tpopg;Gld; nrayhw;Wjy; mj;Jld; cah;e;j kl;lj;jpyhd rfpg;Gj; jd;ik Mfpait Njitg;gLk;.

,it midj;Jk; mzp mgptpUj;jpia NkYk; mjpfhpf;Fk;. ehk; fhl;bAs;sgb>

,e;j mgptpUj;jp xUgf;fk; jq;fp epw;wypypUe;J gu];guk; xUthpnyhUth; jq;fpapUf;Fk;

epiyf;Fk;> ntspaf fl;Lg;ghl;L elj;ijapypUe;J gaDWjpkpf;f Ra jPh;khdj;Jf;Fk; mj;Jld;

RahjPdj;Jf;Fk; vspikahd #oypy; jd; Ra cWjpg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J mjpf rpf;fyhd

#o;epiyfisf; ifahSk; jpwid Nehf;fpAk; efUk;.

Fwpg;gpl;l mzpapd; #o;epiyiag;nghWj;J> jdpg;gl;l egUf;Fk; mzpf;F;FkpilNaAs;s

vjpnujph; epiyfs; tpj;jpahrkhff; ifahsg;glyhk;. gy;NtW tbtq;fspyhd FO mOj;jq;fs;

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd jdpg;gl;l Nehf;nfy;iyia kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpFwpfs; ,Ug;gpd;

nghUj;jkhd gpujpr;nraw;ghLfs>; jdpeghpd; Raeph;zaj;ijAk;> RatiuaiwiaAk; NkYk;

Nkk;gLj;jf; $ba eltbf;iffis mtrpag;gLj;Jk;. epakg;gLj;jy; fl;lj;jpy; FOtpd; mwpthh;e;j

Nkw;gug;G ePNuhl;lk; jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fis mlf;Fk; msTf;F Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpapUe;jhy;

,JNt epr;rakhd epfo;thf ,Uf;Fk;.

5 .2 cs;slf;fk; Kidg;GW kl;lj;jpy;/vOtpdh kl;lj;jpy;

,q;F gpur;rpid tplaq;fis Mf;fG+h;tkhf nraw;gLj;JKfkhfg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy;

gpzf;Ffspd; gy;NtW tplaq;fisg;gw;wp KOikahff; fye;JiuahlNtz;ba Njitia

mq;fPfhpf;Fk; Kiwfspy; kl;LNk nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; ntw;wpailaf;$ba rhj;jpak; cz;Lk;.

,e;j #oiktpy; gpwh; nra;jJ Nghy; <];kd; (1978) kpfTk; gaDWjpkpf;f njhopy;El;gq;fis

tpUj;jp nra;Js;shh; “gpzf;F tplaq;fisg; ghpkhzg;gLj;Jtjd;” %yk; nghpa mstpyhd

nghJikg;gLj;jy;fistpl rpwg;ghfTk;> fhj;jpukhfTk; fye;Jiuahlf;$bathW mk;rq;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jk;tifapy; ghhpa fUg;nghUl;fis rpwpa cg-jiyg;Gfshf nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;

gphpf;f KbAk;. xU Ngr;Rthh;j;ij miktpy; ,ij va;Jk;nghUl;L `hthh;l; ghlrhiy (gp\h;

kw;Wk; VidNahh;> 1991) Kad;W ghPl;rpf;fg;gl;l Kiwfisj; je;Js;sJ.

307

jdpg;gl;l mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; xt;nthUtuJk; njhopy;El;gj; jpwikiaAk;>

epGzj;Jtj;ijAk; KOikahf;Fk;nghUl;L xUthplkpUe;J xUth; njhlh;r;rpahff; fw;Wf;nfhz;L

NkYk; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. mzpapd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Njh;r;rp

ngw;wpUg;gh;. ,Wjpahf epGzh;fisAk;> ty;Yeh;fisAk; fye;jhNyhrpg;gJ gpur;rpid njhlh;ghd

NtWghLfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F rpwe;j top vd;gijf; mzp mq;fj;jth;fs; fz;Lnfhs;th;.

5.3 Clhl;l kl;lk; - cstpaw; r%f kl;lj;jpy;

mNdfkhd mzp mgptpUj;jp ,ilaPLfSf;F ,J xU tifAjhuzg; Gs;spahFk;. ,jpy;

fPo;fhZk; rhj;jpakhd mZFKiw topfs; xd;Nwh> gyNth mlq;fpapUf;ff;$Lk;.

* ml;il kjpg;gha;Tfs;> Nfs;tpf;nfhj;Jfs;> epwe;jPl;ly;> mirT mg;gpahrq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw

gad;gLj;jp nghJthd FO #o;epiyia kjpg;gha;Tnra;J> rpe;jpj;J> fye;jhuha;jy;. ,k;Kiwfs;

midj;Jk; gpd;D}l;ly; mspg;gjw;fhd Kiwahd eilKiwapNyNa jq;fpAs;sd.

* NkNy tpghpf;fg;gl;lthW FOtpd; mgptpUj;jpepiyia kjpg;gha;Tnra;jy; $ba Ghpe;Jzh;itg;

ngwf;$ba tifapy; jiyth; vd;w mjpfhuj;ij jw;fhypfkhfj; jsu;j;JjYk;> Nfh\;bapd;

jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; nray;Kiwfis gaDWjpAs;stifapy; njspTgLj;JjYk;> gpur;rpidfisAk;

NkhJiffisAk; NkYk; tpiuthf Nky;kl;lj;Jf;F nfhz;LtUk;. ,e;j NkhJiffs; vt;thwhapDk;

Mf;fG+h;tkhd NkhJif xOq;FgLj;jiy fbdkhf;Fk; msTf;F ,Oj;jbf;fg;gLtjw;F

,lkspj;jyhfhJ. jdpg;gl;l gzpapd; ,aYikapNyw;gLk; njhe;juTfs; VNjDk; gpur;rpid

njhlh;ghd gzpfisj; njhlh;tjw;F Nky; Kd;Dhpik ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w tpjpia gpuNahfpg;gJ

gadspf;Fk;. FO fyhrhuk; ,e;j tpjpia Kiwahf kjpj;jhy; gzp nray;epiwNtw;Wjypy;

rpf;fy;fs; vjidAk; ePf;Ftjw;F> my;yJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs;> nray; Kiwfs; my;yJ

xUtUldhd njhlh;Gfspy; cs;s epiyFiyTfs; vjidAk; ePf;Ftjw;F jilfSk;> njhe;juTfSk;

ce;Jtpirahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;thwhf> Kuz;ghLfs; Mf;fG+h;tkhd cjtpahsh;fs; MtJld;

Njitahd Nkk;gLj;jy;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd;

* FO gz;ghl;il njspTgLj;jp mjd; mgptpUj;jpia czh;TepiyAld; fl;likj;jy; : -

,J FOf;fs; jkJ ngWkjpfs;> epakq;fs; Mfpatw;iw EZf;fkhf kPsha;Tnra;tjw;Fk;>

jilahapUf;Fk; elj;ijg;ghq;Ffis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk;> ,tw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd

Fwpj;Jiuj;j eltbf;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; FOf;fs; jkJ tpOkpaq;fisAk;>

epakq;fisAk; tpkh;rd hPjpahf kPs;ghh;it nra;tjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. FO gzp ,yf;ifr;

rhjpg;gjpYk;> FOtpDs; xj;Jiog;ig Vw;gLj;JtjpYk; cjtf;$ba tpjpKiwfis $l;lhf

tpghpg;gjpy; ntw;wpfz;lhy; mJ xU Kf;fpakhd gbiaf; Fwpg;gjhf mikAk;. ,g;Gjpa

topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfis mh;j;jKs;stpjkhf ntspg;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,it RakhfNt epfohJ. khwhf> tof;fkhd ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ay;ghd rpwg;Ghpik

mlq;fyhd elj;ij tof;fq;fspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk;NghJ kl;LNk epfOk;. ,jid epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd

rpy topfs; 1970 ,y; fpy;> nyk;rd; (fpNsry; 1999> 155ff) MfpNahuhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

“eltbf;ifKiwapy;” Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; “tpisahl;bd; ,ufrpa tpjpfis” tpsf;Fk;

];nfhl;-Nkhh;fd;> kw;Wk; ypw;wpy;(1994) MfpNahhpd; kpf mz;kpa KiwfSk; jq;fpAs;sd.

* mzpapDs;Ns FO cwTfisAk;> ghj;jpuq;fisAk; tpsf;fpf;fhl;Ljy;. cjhuzkhf

“Kiwikahd epuy;fis” gpuNahfpg;gjd;%yKk;> cstpay; ehlfk;Nghd;w Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;jp gpur;rpidahd cwTg;ghq;Ffis xOq;fikj;jy;%yKk; FOf;fs;> mzp




308


cWg;gpdh;fspilNa cs;sf xj;jpirthw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; ntw;wpailAKfkhf

mb czh;Tld; tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;l vOjg;glhj ghj;jpu xg;ge;jq;fs; njspthf;fg;gl;L>

cwTfs ; k Psha ;T nra ;ag ;glNtz;Lk ; . MNuhf ;f pakhd FO ,af ;ft pay ; >

ntspg;gilahd nfsutkhd ,ilkhw;wq;fshy; kl;LNk tpUj;jpailAk; vd;gjhy;

gy gjw ;wq ;fSk ; NkhJiffSk; ntw ;w pnfhs ;sg ;glNtz;Lk ; . Muk ;gj ;j py ;

gpur;rpidnjhlh;ghd fUg;nghUs;fistpl FOtpd; mgptpUj;jpf;Nf ,e;j NkYk;

$Ljyhd czh ;TG +h ;tkhd nray ;Kiwfs; Kf ;f pakhdjhapUf ;Fk ; . NkYk ;

gaDWjpkpf;f gpur;rpidnjhlh;ghd gzpfSf;F ,e;j fhl;rp epiyia ntw;wpfhZjNy

gpujhdkhd Kd; epge;jidahFk;:

* nuh[h; `hprd; (1971) mth;fshy; vLj;jpak;gg;gl;l “ghj;jpu-,zf;fg;Ngr;R” ,J

njhlh;gpy; Fwpg;ghfg; gaDs;sjhf ,Ue;Js;sJld;> gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fk; xg;gPl;lstpy;

vspjhf cs;sJ. (fpNsry; 1999> 139ff IAk; ghh;f;f): ,e;j mZFKiw jkJ

Nfh\;b rfhghbfspd; elj;ijapy; khw;wq;fisf; fhz;gjw;F Nfh\;b mq;fj;jth;fs;

ntspg;gilahf tpUg;gk; njhptpg;gij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.,e;j Ntz;LNfhs;fs; gpd;dh;

gu];guk; rkh ;g ;gpf ;fg ;gl ;L> tpsf;fg;gl ;L> nfhLj;Jg;ngWjy; vd;w epahakhd

Kiwtopapy; Ngrp> ,zf;fg;ghL vl;lg;gLk;. gpd;dh;> tpisthd xg;ge;jq;fs; tphpthf

kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L> jpUj;jg;gLk;.

e hk ; Vw ;nfdNt gu] ;guk ; khwhe pakg ; gbkq ;fisj ; njspTgLj ;j p

ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;jp> NkhJiffSf;fhd rhj;jpatsq;fis tpsf;Fk;

gy;NtW topfis tpghpg;gjw;F ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;. ,Jnjhlh;gpy; gpNsf; kw;Wk;

VidNahhpd; (1964) “GyDzh;T njspthf;fy;” Kiwfs; Fwpg;ghfg; gaDs;sitahFk;

(fpNsry; 1999> 146ff Ig; ghh;f;fTk;). NkhJk; jug;gpdiu (jdp egh;fs; my;yJ cg

FOf;fSk;) mth;fs; kw;iwa jug;gpdiu mftaNehf;fpy; vt;thW fz;Ls;sdh; vd;gij

Kjypy; gjpTnra;Ak;gb Nfl;gNj ,t;ntz;zf;fUthFk;. gpd;dh; mth;fs; ,jid kw;wthplk;

rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; jkJ Ra cUtk; kw;iwa jug;gpduhy;

jug;gl;l mth;fsJ Xtpaj;jpypUe;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT NtWgl;Ls;sJ vdf;fz;lhy;

mth;fs; njhlh;e;J “mj;jifa xU GyDzh;it gpwhpy; Vw;gLj;Jk;tifapy; ehk; vd;d

nra;Js;Nshk;? vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,j;jifa xU vjph;kiwahd gbkk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLtijj;

jtph ;f ;FKfkhf ehk; vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk;?” vdf; Nfl;fNtz;Lk;. mspf;fg;gl;l

t psf ;fq ;fSk ; > ngwg ;gl ;l KbTfSk ; g pd ;dh ; jug ;g pdh pilNa gh pkhwg ;gl ;L

tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,k; Kiwapay; njhlh;ghd tpghpg;Gfs; vd;d nra;aKbAk; vd;gjw;fhd nghJthd

xU Rl;bahFk;. mtw;wpd; Kiwahd gpuNahfk; xNu msthd mwpT mDgtj;ij Kd;

Cfpj;jitahf ,Ug;gJld; Nfh\;b kw;Wk; mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jpapy; Nghjpa msT mDgtk;

nfhz;l nraw;ghl;lhsh;fsplk; tplg;glNtz;Lk;.

5.4 eilKiwapd; -topKiw kl;lj;jpy;

,q;F gphpT 111(4) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gy;NtWtifahd ,ilaPLfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;.

nghJthf> cs;r%f kl;lj;jpd; gzpfis eltbf;ifKiw> Kiw kl;lg; gapw;rpAld;

njhlh;GWj;JtJ kjpEl;gkhdJ.

309

5.5 Gwepiy cwT kl;lj;jpy;

,e;j kl;lj;jpy; gzpfisj; njspTgLj;jy;> Njh;r;rp tplag;gug;Gfs; kw;Wk;

mikg;igg;nghWj;j tiuapyhd Nfh\;bapd; Nehf;nfy;iy vd;git ,e;j kl;lj;jpyhd

tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l NkhJif Kfhikj;Jt topKiwfshFk;.

,jid elj;Jtjw;fhd kpfr;rpwe;jtop nra;;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jt El;gq;fs; vd;gJ

ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:

* Nfh ;bapDs;Sk; > Nfh ;bf ;Fk ; mikg ;g pd ; VidNahUf ;FkpilapYkhd jfty;

ghpkhw;wj;ij ,yFgLj;Jk; tifapy; ,ilj;jhf;f tbtikg;GKiwfis mgptpUj;jp

nra;jy;.

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311

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gaDWjpAs;stifapy; xd;wpizg;gjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

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