STRATEGIJA RAZVOJA PREKOGRANIČNE SARADNJE KLASTERA SRBIJE I BUGARSKE

KROZ IPA PROGRAM PREKOGRANIČNE SARADNJE BUGARSKA-SRBIJA

CBC SER-BG CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGYTHROUGH THE BULGARIA-SERBIA IPA CROSS-BORDER PROGRAMME

Ovaj projekat se kofinansira od strane Evropske unije kroz IPA Program prekogranične saradnje Bugarska-Srbija.The project is co-funded by EU through the Bulgaria–Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme.

BALKANSKI KLASTER / BALKAN CLUSTER

N°: 2007CB16IPO006-2011-2-167

Beleške Note

STRATEGIJA RAZVOJA PREKOGRANIČNE SARADNJE KLASTERA SRBIJE I BUGARSKE

KROZ IPA PROGRAM PREKOGRANIČNE SARADNJE BUGARSKA-SRBIJA

CBC SER-BG CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

THROUGH THE BULGARIA-SERBIA IPA CROSS-BORDER PROGRAMME

Mart 2016, Niš & Sofija

March 2016, Nis & Sofia

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SADRŽAJ LISTA SKRAĆENICA ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 2 UVOD ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 4 KLASTER – ALAT ZA OSTVARIVANJE ODRŽIVOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA ................................................................................ 7 EKO-SISTEM KLASTERA .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 CLUSTER – A TOOL FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ......................................... 8 CLUSTER ECOSYSTEM .................................................................................................................................. 8 GEOGRAFSKA OBLAST POKRIVENA PROJEKTOM BALKANSKI KLASTER ...................................................................................... 9 OPŠTI SOCIO-EKONOMSKI KONTEKST GEOGRAFSKE OBLASTI ................................................................................................... 9 KONCEPT KLASTERA U TRANZICIONIM I POST-KONFLIKTNIM BALKANSKIM ZEMLJAMA .......................................................... 9 GEOGRAPHICAL AREA COVERED BY THE BALKAN CLUSTER PROJECT ....................................................... 10 THE GENERAL SOCIO-ECONONIC CONTEXT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA .............................................. 10 THE CLUSTER CONCEPT IN TRANSITIONING AND POST-CONFLICTS BALKAN COUNTRIES ........................ 10 SERBIJA & KLASTERI ................................................................................................................................................................. 11 SERBIA & CLUSTERS ................................................................................................................................... 12 MAPA KLASTERA NA PODRUČJU JI SRBIJE MAPPED CLUSTERS IN SE SERBIA .................................. 19 MAPA KLASTERA NA PODRUČJU GRADA SOFIJE MAPPED CLUSTERS IN SOFIA CITY REGION................... 20 BUGARSKA & KLASTERI ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 BULGARIA & CLUSTERS ............................................................................................................................. 22 SWOT CBC SER-BG STRATEGIJE RAZVOJA KLASTERA ............................................................................................................... 23 SWOT OF CBC SER-BG CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ..................................................................... 24 OPIS CBC SER-BG STRATEGIJE RAZVOJA KLASTERA.................................................................................................................. 25 IDENTIFIKACIJA POTREBA ........................................................................................................................................................ 25 DESCRIPTION OF THE CBC SER-BG CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY .................................................. 26 IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEEDS ............................................................................................................... 26 PREPORUČENI STRATEŠKI PRAVCI ........................................................................................................................................... 27 RECOMMENDED STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS ................................................................................................ 28

LISTA SKRAĆENICA

BDP Bruto domaći proizvod BG Bugarska CBC Prekogranična saradnja EU Evropska unija HR Ljudski resursi IKT Informaciono komunikacione tehnologije MMSP Mikro, mala i srednja preduzeća MSP mala i srednja preduzeća NVO Nevladina organizacija PCM Upravljanje projektnim ciklusom SRB Srbija

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BG Bulgaria CBC Cross-Border Cooperation EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product HR Human resource ICT Information Communication Technologies MSME Micro, small and medium sized enterprises NGO Non governmental organization PCM Project cycle management SER Serbia SMEs Small and medium sized enterprises

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UVOD

Projekat Balkanski klaster je ko-finansiran od Evropske unije kroz IPA Program prekogranične saradnje Bugarska-Srbija, sa ciljem kreiranja platforme za kolaboraciju klastera, MSP i institucija podrške u prekograničnom regionu Bugarske i Srbije. Ključne istraživačko razvojne aktivnosti projekta bile su mapiranje klastera; istraživanje potreba klastera; izrada nacrta strategije za razvoj mreže klastera na Balkanu, sa ciljem identifikovanja potencijala za izgradnju prekogranične saradnje Bugarske i Srbije. Istraživanje razvoja klastera u prekograničnom regionu SRB-BG je sprovedeno primenom “desk” istraživanja i terenskog rada – “licem u lice” intervjuisanje asocijacija i preduzetnika, članova lokalnih samouprava-opština, organizacija za lokalni ekonomski razvoj, regionalnih privrednih komora i obrazovnih institucija u Nišavskom, Pirotskom, Jablaničkom i Pčinjskom okrugu i gradskom području Sofije, sa aspekta ekonomskih indikatora i organizacionih formi i ponašanja, kao i jakih i slabih strana biznisa, institucionalnih i pravnih aspekata okruženja razvoja klastera. Ključni istraživačko razvojni rezultati projektnih aktivnosti su:

Više od 350 aktera klastera učestvovalo u različitim aktivnostima projekta, više od 220 treniranih u oblasti ekonomskog razvoja na bazi klastera i primene modela klastera EU

14 povezanih institucija - 7 Bugarskih i 5 Srpskih sa ciljem razvoja zajedničkih projekata, 4 potpisana ugovora o partnerstvu i 4 projektna predloga za pristup fondu INTERREG IPA CBC 2015/16.

Razvijena metodologija ocene potreba klastera i mapiranja

Razvijen Program izgradnje kapaciteta prekogranične saradnje za aktere klastera

Razvijeni alati komunikacije prekogranične saradnje klastera

Uspostavljena Balkanska kolaboraciona platforma klastera nazvana „Balkanski klastera“ 54 klastera i klasterskih inicijativa je identifikovano i mapirano. Sektori prekogranične saradnje Srbija-Bugarska mogu biti klasifikovani u 15 poslovnih tipologija saglasno strateškim izazovima: In the cross-border region 48 clusters and cluster initiatives were identified and mapped. The CBC SER-BG cluster development sectors are classified into 15 business typologies according to their strategic challenges:

energija, metal i elektro industrija

građevina i urbano planiranje

poljoprivreda i prerada hrane

prerada drveta, proizvodnja nameštaja

trgovina, turizam i ugostiteljstvo

tekstil, odeća, koža, obuća

transport i logistika

zdravstvena zaštita

žensko i omladinsko preduzetištvo

zanatstvo

konsalting i poslovne usluge

reciklaža

mediji

IKT

automobilska industrija Realizovano je 54 intervjua o oceni potreba klastera sa akterima klastera na terenu, i to 24 na srpskoj i 30 na bugarskoj strani. Intervjui su sprovedeni korišćenjem upitnika odobrenog od projekntog tima. U cilju boljeg fokusiranja Strategije, upitnik je bio struktuiran tako da prikupi informacije o klasterskoj organizaciji, aktivnostima, kompetencijama, potrebama, kao I na strateški potencijl za kreiranje mreže klastera u prekograničnoj oblasti.

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INTRODUCTION

The Balkan Cluster Project is co-funded by EU through the Bulgaria-Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme, aiming at creating a platform for collaboration of clusters, SMEs and supporting institutions in the cross-border region of Bulgaria and Serbia. The key research and development project activities were cluster mapping, survey of clusters’ needs and drafting of the Strategy for the development of the Serbia-Bulgaria clusters network, with the objective to identify the potentials for building of cluster cooperation in BG-SER cross border area. Survey of cluster development in the cross border region SER-BG were carried out through desk research and field work - face to face interviews with the associations of enterpreneurs, members of municipality governments, local economic development organizations, regional chambers of economy and educational institutions in the Nisava, Pirot, Jablanica and Pcinja districts and Sofia City region, in terms of economic indicators and organizational forms and behavior, as well as the strong and weak features of the business, institutional and legal environment of clusters development. The key research and development project activities outputs were:

Over 350 cluster actors – project beneficiaries and more than 220 trained participants in the field of cluster-based economic development & EU cluster development models

Created 14 linkages between institutions - 7 Bulgarian and 5 Serbian institutions, signed 4 Partnership Agreements and applied with 4 development projects to INTERREG IPA CBC Call 2015/16

Developed the Methodology of the cluster needs assessment and mapping

Developed the CBC Cluster Development Capacity Building Program for cluster actors

Developed the CBC Cluster Development Communication Tools

Set up the Balkan cluster collaboration platform named „The Balkan Cluster“ In the cross-border region 54 clusters and cluster initiatives were identified and mapped. The CBC SER-BG cluster development sectors are classified into 15 business typologies according to their strategic challenges:

Energy, metal and electro industry

Construction and urban planning

Agro and food processing

Wood processing, furniture production

Trade, tourism and catering

Footwear, textile, leather

Transport and logistics

Health care

Women and Youth Entrepreneurship

Craftsman

Consulting and Business Services

Recycling

Media

ICT

Automotive 54 interviews on cluster needs assessment with cluster actors, 24 on the Serbian side and 30 on the Bulgarian side of border, have been done on the field. Interviews had been done using survey questionnaires approved by the project team. In order to better focus the Strategy, this questionnaire aimed at gathering information on clusters’ organization, activities, competences, and needs, as well as on the strategic potential for the creation of Cross-Border Cluster Cooperation Network.

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Nacrt strategije prekogranične saradnje klastera Bugarske i Srbije je dizajniran saglasno rezultatima istraživanja i radionica za aktere klastera realizovanim u Nišu i Sofiji. Radionica, kao alat za strateški razvoj klastera, je master kurs specifično usmeren na klaster menadžere, sa ambicijom vođenja razvoja klastera na naredni nivo – transnacionalnu kolaboraciju klastera. Radionica omogućava poboljšanje profesionalnih veština umrežavanja, regrutovanja članica, inovacija, internacionalizacije i strateškog menadžmenta, dizajniranja i implementacije efektivne strategije međuklasterske saradnje. Rezultati radionice u oblasti strateške prekogranične saradnje klastera su:

Sinergija klastera u smislu podržavanja inicijativa za zaštitu čovekove sredine – predstavljena podrška klastera peticiji iniciranoj od Turističkog klastera “Banjac” iz Niške banje radi sanacije divljih deponija u okolini banje.

Razvoj zajedničkih projekata u oblasti turizma, prodaje, poljoprivrede, tekstila, građevine I arkitekture, dizajna I proizvodnje nameštaja.

Povezivanje privrednika iz Bugarske i Srbije kroz zajedničko učešće na umrežavanju i promotivnim događajima kao što su sajmovi, izložbe i studijske posete.

Organizovanje zajedničke mreže i obrazovnih događaja kao što su konferencije, seminari i treninzi.

Direktna veza proizvođača - B2B, B2C i C2C matchmaking, na primer, u tekstilnoj industriji zbog odgovora na zahteve kupaca u pogledu količine ili za zajednički nastup na tenderima.

Direktno povezivanje mladih za podsticanje preduzetničkog duha i pokretanje sopstvenog biznisa sa obe strane granice.

Uspešne inicijative klaster tra takođe su izgradnja kapaciteta facilitatora, poslovnih lidera, državnih službenika, univerzitetskih lidera i tvoraca javne politike. Tim Projekta Balkanski klaster je razvio eduakativni program koji je prilagođen kontekstu prekograničnih ekonomija BG SRB , gde nekoliko velikih kompanija i mnoštvo malih i srednjih preduzeća dominiraju. Edukativni program Balkanski klaster je strukturiran oko sledećih oblasti:

Modeli EU treninga klastera pružaju osnovne veštine, alate i razumevanje potrebno da se pokrenu nove inicijative za razvoj klastera i da se poboljša eko sistem postojećih klastera. Namenjen je osoblju na odeljenjima ekonomskog razvoja u lokalnoj vlasti, klaster menadžerima / fasilitatori / agentima, poslovnim liderima, poslovnom članstvu, kao i predstavnicima univerziteta.

Radionica prekogranične saradnje klastera ima za poseban cilj razvoj mreže klaster menadžera, sa ambicijom da preuzme razvoj klastera na viši nivo - transnacionalna kluster saradnja. Radionica pruža profesionalne veštine umrežavanja, regrutovanje članstva, inovacije, internacionalizaciju i strateško upravljanje, dizajniranje i implementaciju efikasnih strategija za cross-klaster saradnju.

Modul politika zastupanja pomaže učesnicima da efikasno sarađuju sa predstavnicima, lokalnim administratorima, poslovnim liderima i širom javnosti o razvoju klastera. Sesija obuka pomoći ojačava veštine potrebne za efikasno lobiranje za široku podršku za strateški razvoj prekogranične saradnje BG SRB klastera u političkom kontekstu prekogranične saradnje ekonomija. Modul politika zastupanja je dimenzija, koja je relevantna za sve korake u procesu razvoja klastera.

Obrazovni model Balkanski klaster strukturiran je u kombinaciji za samostalno učenje, specijalno dizajniranim materijalima za obuku, i u regionalnom kontekstu prekogranične saradnje BG SRB, studije slučaja, vežbi i alata. Obrazovanje se vrši korišćenjem kombinacije balkanskih projekata klastera eksperata i međunarodnih trenera iz Italije, Makedonije, Bugarske i Srbije.

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The draft Strategy of cross-border cluster development between Bulgaria and Serbia is designed in accordance with survey results and the worshops for cluster actors realized in Nis and Sofia. The workshop, as a tool for strategic cluster development, is a master class specifically targeting cluster managers, with an ambition to take cluster development to the next level – transnational clustes collaboration. The workshop provided imrpovment of professional skills in networking, membership recruitment, innovation, internationalization and strategic management, designing and implementing effective strategies for cross-clusters cooperation. The results of the workshop in the area of strategic cooperation between clusters in the border region were:

Synergy of clusters in terms of supporting the initiatives concerning the protection of environment – presented clusters support a petition initiated by the Tourist Cluster “Banjac” from Niska Banja regarding remediation of illegal dumps in the surrounding of Spa.

Development of joint projects in the field of tourism, trade, agriculture, textiles, construction and architecture, design and manufacture of furniture.

Linking entrepreneurs from Bulgaria and Serbia through joint participation in the networking and promotional events such as trade fairs, exhibitions and study visits.

Organize joint networking and educational events such as conferences, seminars and training.

Direct connection of producers - B2B, B2C and C2C matchmaking, for example in the textile industry due to respond to customer requirements in terms of quantity or in construction for a joint appearance to tenders.

Direct connection of youth to encourage entrepreneurial spirit and starting their own business on both sides of the border.

Successful cluster initiatives need also to build the capacity of facilitators, business leaders, civil servants, university leaders and public policy makers. The Balkan Cluster project team has developed the eduactional program, which is customized to the context of the cross-border BG-SER economies, where a few large companies and a multitude of SMEs dominate the economy. The Balkan Cluster educational program is structured around the following areas:

The EU Cluster Models training session provides the basic skills, tools and understanding needed to initiate new cluster development initiatives and to improve eco system of the existing clusters. It is targeted staff at economic development departments in local government, cluster managers / facilitators / agents, business leaders, business membership organizations, and university representatives.

The CBC Cluster Network Development worshop is a master class specifically targeting cluster managers, with an ambition to take cluster development to the next level – transnational clustes collaboration. The workshop provides professional skills in networking, membership recruitment, innovation, internationalization and strategic management, designing and implementing effective strategies for cross-clusters cooperation.

The policy advocacy modul helps participants engage effectively with lawmakers, local administrators, business leaders and the wider public on cluster development. The training session help strengthen the skills needed to effectively lobby for broad support for strategic CBC BG-SER cluster development in the political context of CBC economies. The policy advocacy modul is a dimension, which is relevant to all steps in the cluster development process. The Balkan Cluster educational model is structured on a combination of pre-reading materials for self-study, specially designed training materials for the CBC BG-SER regional context, case studies, exercises and tools. The education is conducted using a combination of the Balkan Cluster project expets and international trainers from Italy, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Serbia.

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KLASTER – ALAT ZA OSTVARIVANJE ODRŽIVOG EKONOMSKOG RAZVOJA

Reč "klaster" dolazi iz engleskog jezika, i znači grupa, jato, gomila. "Klaster" je prihvaćen kao međunarodni termin i koristi se širom sveta. Klaster je "grupa kompanija koje blisko sarađuju kako bi postigle stratešku saradnju sa drugim kompanijama, javnim sektorom i obrazovanim institucijama, jer takav vid saradnje omogućava postizanje nekih konkurentskih prednosti koje nije moguće postići nezavisno kao pojedinačna kompanija"1. Klasteri predstavljaju važan alat u postizanju održivog ekonomskog razvoja u zemljama u razvoju, kao i alat za postizanje privrednog rasta u razvijenim zemljama. Zato klaster kao termin ima isto značenje širom sveta, ali se razvojni koncepti u zemljama u razvoju razlikuju od onih u razvijenim zemljama. U suštini, razvoj klastera je zasnovan na sistematskom i profesionalnom pristupu identifikovanja potencijala i potreba članova klastera i organizovanih aktivnosti u cilju postizanja sinergetski efektne saradnje u poslovnom okruženju (i druge kompanije, javni sektor i obrazovne institucije) i zadovoljava većinu potreba članova. Značaj koncepta primene razvoja klastera u ekonomiji jedne zemlje predstavljen je kroz stvaranje vrednosti, kao što su postizanje:

Povećane inovacije

Povećana zaposlenost

Povećan ekonomski razvoj

Povećane preduzetničke inicijative Istraživanja su pokazala da 71% kompanija koje su se pridružile klasteru su poboljšale svoju konkurentnost; povećana je specijalizacija klastera; povećana stopa zaposlenosti na regionalnom nivou; kompanije u klasteru su četiri puta više spremneda budu inovativne; kompanije u klasteru su četiri puta više spremne da se pridruže novim R & D projektima.

EKO-SISTEM KLASTERA

Klasteri su oblik spajanja kompanija kojima inicira inovacije, produktivnost i konkurentnost kroz saradnju između poslovnih zajednica, obrazovnih - istraživačkih institucija i javnog sektora. Klasteri, kako se smatra, utiču na povećanje produktivnosti jer kompanije mogu da se takmiče, na nacionalnom i globalnom nivou. Tri činioca igraju najvažniju ulogu u ekosistemu klastera:

1. Kompanije 2. Javni sektor 3. Obrazovni R&D sektor

Uspešan klaster je stvorio kompanije spremne da prihvate promenu, jak javni sektor koji razume značaj klastera, blisku saradnju između preduzeća, obrazovne R & D institucije i javne uprave, posvećene i motivisane ljude koji su spremni da rade zajedno i profesionalni klaster moderator. Dve zainteresovane strane igraju najvažniju ulogu u ekosistemu klastera:

1. Finansijske organizacije (banke, lizing kompanije, fondacije, donatori) 2. Mediji (TV-, radio, štampa, e-portali, profesionalni, poslovni i društvene mreže)

1 Source - “Cluster Learning Trip to Denmark” Presentation, September 20-22, 2011, REG X – The Danish Cluster Academy, Kolding, www.regx.dk

http://www.regx.dk/

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CLUSTER – A TOOL FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Word “cluster” comes from the English language, and it stands for a group, flock, pile. “Cluster” is accepted as an international term and is used worldwide. Cluster is “a group of companies closely cooperating in order to achieve strategic collaboration with other companies, public sector and educational R&D institutions, since that kind of cooperation enables achieving of some competitive advantages that cannot be achieved independently by individual companies”. 2 Clusters are said to represent an important tool in achieving sustainable economic development in developing countries, as well as tool for achieving economic growth in developed countries. That is why cluster as a term has the same meaning all over the world, whereas cluster development concepts in developing countries are different from the ones in the developed countries. Basically, cluster development is based on systematic and professional approach to identifying potentials and needs of cluster members, and organized activities in order to achieve synergetic effects of collaboration with business environment (other companies, public sector and educational R&D institutions) and satisfy the needs majority of members express. Importance of cluster development concept application in a country’s economy is demonstrated through creation of values such as achieving of:

Increased innovation,

Increased employment,

Increased economic development,

More entrepreneurial initiatives. Researchers have shown that 71% of companies that joined clusters have improved their competitiveness; increased specialization of clusters increases employment rate at the regional level; companies in clusters are four times more ready to be innovative; companies in clusters are four times more ready to join new R&D projects.

CLUSTER ECOSYSTEM

Clusters are the form of joining of companies that initiates innovations, productivity and competitiveness through cooperation between the business communities, educational – research institutions and the public sector. Clusters are considered to increase the productivity with which companies can compete, nationally and globally. Three actors play the most important role in the ecosystem of clusters:

1. Companies, 2. Public sector, and 3. Educational R&D sector.

A successful cluster is created by companies ready to embrace the change, strong public sector that understands the importance of cluster, close cooperation among companies, educational R&D institutions and public management, devoted and motivated people who are ready to work together and a professional cluster facilitator. Two stakeholders play the most important role in the ecosystem of clusters:

1. Financial organizations (banks, leasing companies, foundations, donors) 2. Media (TV; radio; press; e-portals; professional, business and social networks)

2 Source - “Cluster Learning Trip to Denmark” Presentation, September 20-22, 2011, REG X – The Danish Cluster Academy, Kolding,

www.regx.dk

http://www.regx.dk/

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GEOGRAFSKA OBLAST POKRIVENA PROJEKTOM BALKANSKI KLASTER

Projekat "Balkanski Klaster" je sufinansiran od strane EU kroz IPA Program Bugarska-Srbija prekogranične saradnje i pokriva teritoriju Republike Bugarske na području Sofije i Nišavskog, Pirotskog, Pčinjskog i Jablaničkog okruga Republike Srbije. Nišavski okrug (širi deo jugoistočne Srbije) ima populaciju od 372,404. Administrativni centar okruga je grad Niš. Okrug je podeljen u 6 opština i grad Niš koji je podeljen na 5 opština. Opštine okruga su:. Aleksinac, Svrljig, Merošina, Ražanj, Doljevac, Gadžin Han a Grad Niš je podeljen na opštine Medijana, Niška Banja, Palilula, Pantelej i Crveni Krst. Pirotski okrug se nalazi u jugoistočnom delu Srbije. On ima populaciju od 92,277 stanovnika. Njegovo sedište je u gradu Pirotu. Obuhvata opštine Bela Palanka, Pirot, Babušnica i Dimitrovgrad. Jablanički okrug se nalazi u jugoistočnom delu Srbije. Ima populaciju od 215,463 stanovnika. Administrativni centar okruga je Leskovac, najveće naselje na jugu Srbije. Distrikt obuhvata opštine Leskovac, Bojnik, Lebane, Medveđa, Vlasotince i Crna Trava. Pčinjski okrug pokriva južni deo Srbije, na granici sporne teritorije Kosova, Bugarske i Republike Makedonije. Njegovo sedište je u gradu Vranju. Ima populaciju od 159,081stanovnika, prema popisu iz 2011. godine. Vranjska Banja ima posebnu ulogu u ovom regionu, sa više lekovitih termalnih mineralnih voda. Obuhvata opštine Vladičin Han, Surdulica, Bosilegrad, Trgovište, Vranje, Bujanovac i Preševo. Sofija je glavni i najveći grad Bugarske. Ona ima populaciju od 1,299,155stanovnika. Sofija je jedina opština u gradu Sofiji i razlikuje seod Sofija pokrajine, koja okružuje, ali ne uključuje samu prestonicu. Pored samog grada, okrugu Sofije su 24 opštine - Bankia, Vitoša, Vrabnitsa, Vazrazhdane, Izgrev, Ilinden, Iskar, Krasna Poliana, Krasno selo, Kremikovtsi, Lozenec, Mladost, Mladost, Nadežda, Novi Iskar, Mladost, Oborishte, Pančarevo, Poduene, Serdika, Slatine, Studentski, Sredec, Triadica, obuhvata i tri druga grada i 34 sela.

OPŠTI SOCIO-EKONOMSKI KONTEKST GEOGRAFSKE OBLASTI

KONCEPT KLASTERA U TRANZICIONIM I POST-KONFLIKTNIM BALKANSKIM ZEMLJAMA U tranziciji i post-konfliktnoj situaciji balkanskih zemalja, ključnu ulogu u razvoju tržišne ekonomije igraju mala i srednja preduzeća (u daljem tekstu: MSP) sa samo nekoliko velikih uspešnih preduzeća, dok bivša velika preduzeća u društvenom vlasništvu polako nestaju. MSP se stoga smatraju činiocima u stvaranju novih radnih mesta i obezbeđivanju značajnih impulsa za privredu. Osim toga, mala i srednja preduzeća igraju važnu ulogu u integraciji smanjenja siromaštva i ugroženim grupama kao što su, izbeglice, interno raseljena lica i drugih socijalno ugroženih grupa ljudi. Proces tranzicije iz državne ekonomije na tržišnu ekonomiju u razvoju balkanskih zemalja je prekinut nasilnim etničkim sukobima koji su eskalirali devedesetih godina prošlog veka, nakon raspada Jugoslavije. Rezultati sukoba su devastirane infrastrukture i privatne imovine, kao i značajan broj izbeglica i interno raseljenih lica. Situacija u balkanskim post-konfliktnim zemljama se ogleda u visokoj stopi nezaposlenosti, nedostatku menadžerskih veština i ljudskih resursa, neadekvatnom pristupu fondovima i nedostatku institucionalne podrške razvoju sektora malih i srednjih preduzeća. MSP u ovim zemljama nailaze na brojne ozbiljne prepreke u svom razvoju, tako da mnoga tek osnovana MSP, u slučaju da prežive, ostaju u neformalnom sektoru, jer je za ulazak u formalni sektor potrebno više sredstava nego što su u stanju da obezbede.

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GEOGRAPHICAL AREA COVERED BY THE BALKAN CLUSTER PROJECT

„The Balkan Cluster“ project is co-funded by EU through the Bulgaria-Serbia IPA Cross-border Programme and covers the territory of Sofia City Province of the Republic of Bulgaria and Nisava, Pirot, Pcinja and Jablanica Districts of the Republic of Serbia. The Nisava District (expands in the south-eastern parts of Serbia. It has a population of 372,404. The administrative center of the district is the city of Niš. The district is divided into 6 municipalities and the city of Nis, which is divided into 5 municipalities. The municipalities of the district are: Aleksinac, Svrljig, Merosina, Ražanj, Doljevac, Gadzin Han. The City of Nis is divided into municipalities of Medijana, Niska Banja, Palilula, Pantelej and Crveni Krst. The Pirot District expands in the south eastern parts of Serbia. It has a population of 92,277. Its seat is in the city of Pirot. It encompasses the municipalities of Bela Palanka, Pirot, Babusnica and Dimitrovgrad. The Jablanica District expands in the south eastern parts of Serbia. It has a population of 215,463. The administrative centre of the district is Leskovac, the biggest settlement in south Serbia. The district encompasses the municipalities of Leskovac: Bojnik, Lebane, Medvedja, Vlasotince, Crna Trava. The Pcinja District covers the southern part of Serbia, bordering the disputed territory of Kosovo, Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia. Its seat is in the city of Vranje. It has a population of 159,081, according to the 2011 census. The Vranjska Banja spa plays a particular part in this region, with its multi-medicinal thermal mineral waters. It encompasses the municipalities of Vladicin Han, Surdulica, Bosilegrad, Trgovište, Vranje, Bujanovac and Presevo. Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It has a population of 1,299,155. Sofia Municipality is the only municipality in Sofia City Province, which is distinct from Sofia Province, which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. Besides the city proper, the 24 districts of Sofia Municipality – Bankya, Vitosha, Vrabnitsa, Vazrazhdane, Izgrev, Ilinden, Iskar, Krasna polyana, Krasno selo, Kremikovtsi, Lozenets, Lyulin, Mladost, Nadezhda, Novi Iskar, Ovcha kupel, Oborishte, Pancharevo, Poduene, Serdika, Slatina, Studentski, Sredets, Triaditsa, encompass three other towns and 34 villages.

THE GENERAL SOCIO-ECONONIC CONTEXT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA

THE CLUSTER CONCEPT IN TRANSITIONING AND POST-CONFLICTS BALKAN COUNTRIES In transitioning and post-conflict Balkan countries, small and medium size enterprises (further referred to as SME) play the essential role in the development of market economy with only a few big successful companies present, whereas former big socially-owned enterprises are slowly disappearing. SME are therefore considered the prime movers in creating new jobs and ensuring significant impulses for the economy. Additionally, SME play an important role in poverty reduction and vulnerable groups integration such as, refugees, internally displaced persons and other socially vulnerable groups of people. The transition process from the state economy to the market economy in the development of the post-conflict Balkan countries was disrupted in violent ethnic conflicts escalating in the nineties of the last century, after disintegration of Yugoslavia. The results of the conflict were devastated infrastructure and private properties, as well as a significant number of refugees and internally displaced persons. The situation in the post-conflict Balkan countries is reflected in a high unemployment rate, lack of managerial skills and human resources, an inadequate approach to accessing funds and institutional support to the SME sector development. SME in these countries encounter numerous serious obstacles in their development, so that many newly founded SME, in case they survive, remain in the informal sector because entering the formal sector requires more resources than they are able to provide.

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Proces tranzicije i brza promena od centralno planirane do slobodne tržišne ekonomije doveo je do visoke stope nezaposlenosti među većinom balkanskih zemalja, posebno onih post-konfliktnim, što dovodi do teške ekonomske i socijalne krize. Visoka nezaposlenost je najveći ekonomski i socijalni problem sa kojim se Srbija trenutno suočava. "Jedna četvrtina od ukupnog broja radne snage nije dobila posao. Ovaj podatak svrstava Srbiju u sam vrh na listi nezaposlenosti u Evropi, zajedno sa Bosnom i Hercegovinom, Makedonijom (BJRM) i Španijom. Ono što je još gore je njeno dugoročno prisustvo, jer dve petine nezaposlenih ne funkcionišu duže od pet godina, a samo jedna četvrtina radi u periodu kraćem od godinu dana. To znači da je nezaposlenost koja se odvija u Srbiji strukturna a ne ciklična što minimizira šanse za smanjenje nezaposlenosti“3. Neki od glavnih problema i prepreka u pravnom okruženju su razlikovani tokom procene:

• Zakoni, propisi, administrativne procedure i politika nisu dovoljni zbog birokratskog osnivanja, neadekvatne usluge i administrativnih pitanja, tako da je lakše da se primene novi propisi u razvoju malih i srednjih preduzeća

• Nesposobnost za dobijanje kredita i kapitala sprečava razvoj mikro i malih preduzeća • Preduzeća nemaju pristup relevantnim insitucijama za poslovni razvoj. To dovodi do

lošeg kvaliteta proizvoda i neefikasne proizvodnje što blokira preduzeća u postizanju regionalnog i međunarodnog tržišta

• Nedostatak saradnje između povezanih preduzeća sprečava izgradnju kapaciteta i saradnje između klastera na lokalnom nivou

Da bi prevazišli ove probleme, jedan od glavnih ciljeva državnih organa i međunarodnih donatorskih organizacija treba da bude razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća sektora kroz implementaciju koncepta razvoja industrijskih klastera. Jedan od postignutih rezultata u pet godina dugom procesu implementacije Danskog programa za lokalni ekonomski razvoj na Balkanu LEDIB u saradnji sa Nišavskim okrugom i Kućom klastera iz Niša je koncept modela za razvoj klastera u tranziciji i post- konfliktnim balkanskim zemljama koji sadrži praktične instrumente za uspostavljanje i razvoj klastera u specifičnom kontekstu privrede regiona Balkana. Model Kuće klastera predviđa realizaciju 6 ključnih koraka u uspostavljanju razvoja klastera stimulativnog okruženja, kao i promociju, umrežavanje i internacionalizaciju klastera.

SERBIJA & KLASTERI Srbija se nalazi na Balkanskom poluostrvu, na raskrsnici između centralne i južne Evrope i Panonske nizije. Klima Srbije je pod uticajima kopna Evroazije i Atlantskog okeana i Sredozemnog mora. Skoro sve reke Srbije se slivaju preko Dunava do Crnog mora. Dunav, druga po veličini evropska reka, prolazi kroz Srbiju sa 588 kilometara (21% svoje ukupne dužine) što čini zemlju s najvećim izvorima sveže vode. Sa 29,1% teritorije pod šumama, Srbija se smatra da je srednje pošumljena zemlja. Srbija je parlamentarna republika. Uredjenje u Srbiji je podeljeno na zakonodavnu, izvršnu i sudsku vlast. Prema popisu stanovništva 2011. godine, Srbija (bez Kosova) ima ukupnu populaciju od 7,186,862, a ukupna gustina naseljenosti je srednja sa 92,8 stanovnika po kvadratnom kilometru. Ustav Srbije definiše kao sekularnu državu sa garantovanim verskim slobodama. Srbija je jedna od verski različitih evropskih zemalja, pravoslavne većine, kao i katoličke i islamske manjine, i ostalih manjih konfesija. Službeni jezik je srpski, član južnoslovenske grupe jezika, kojim se služi do 88% stanovništva.

3 Vera, Dj. and Vesna, J.M. and Vladan, I. (2013) ‘Working contingent and economic activity of Serbian Population' in International Scientific Conference: Regional Development and Demografic Flows in the South Eastern European Countries, Faculty of Economics at the

University of Nis, Nis City, Serbia, pp. 395-408

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Transition process and fast change from centrally planned to free market economy brought about high unemployment among majority of the Balkan countries, especially post-conflict ones, resulting in grave economic and social crises. High unemployment is the greatest economic and social problem Serbia is facing presently. “One-fourth of the total number of labour force hasn’t got a job. This figure ranks Serbia at the very top position on the unemployment list in Europe, together with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia (FYROM) and Spain. What makes it worse is its long-term presence, because two-fifths of the unemployed don’t work for more than five years, whereas only one-fourth works for a period of a less than a year. It means that it is structural not a cyclic unemployment taking place in Serbia which minimizes chances for reducing unemployment”4. The major problems in the legal environment have been distinguished during the assessment:

Laws, regulations, administrative procedures and policy are inadequate so that it is easier not to apply new regulations in the SME development at all, due to the bureaucratic establishment, inadequate services and administrative issues;

Incapacity to access credits and capital prevents development of micro and small enterprises;

Enterprises have no access to relevant business development insitutions. It results in poor quality of products and inefficient production that block enterprises in reaching regional and international market;

Lack of cooperation between correlated and associated enterprises prevents capacity building and cooperation among clusters at a local level.

To overcome these issues, one of the main goals of the state authorities and international donor organizations should be SME sector development through implementation of the concept of development of the industrial clusters.

One of the achieved results in a five year long implementation of the Danish Program for Local Economic Development in the Balkans LEDIB in cooperation with the District of Nishava and Clusters House from Nis is the concept of the model for the cluster development in transitioning and post-conflict Balkan countries which contains practical instruments for the establishment and development of clusters in the specific context of economy of the Balkan region. The Cluster House model foresees implementation of 6 key steps in the establishment of the stimulative cluster development environment, as well as promotion, networking and cluster internationalization.

SERBIA & CLUSTERS Located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonia Plain. The climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Almost all of Serbia's rivers drain to the Black Sea, by way of the Danube River. The Danube, second largest European river, passes through Serbia with 588 kilometers (21% of its overall length) and represents country's largest source of fresh water. With 29.1% of its territory covered by forest, Serbia is considered to be a middle-forested country. Serbia is a parliamentary republic. Government in Serbia is divided into legislative, executive and judiciary branches. As of 2011 census, Serbia (excluding Kosovo) has a total population of 7,186,862 and the overall population density is medium as it stands at 92.8 inhabitants per square kilometer. The Constitution of Serbia defines it as a secular state with guaranteed religious freedom. Serbia is one of religiously diverse European countries, with an Eastern Orthodox majority, and a Catholic and Islamic minority, among other smaller confessions. The official language is Serbian, member of the South Slavic group of languages, and is native to 88% of the population.

4 Vera, Dj. and Vesna, J.M. and Vladan, I. (2013) ‘Working contingent and economic activity of Serbian Population' in International Scientific

Conference: Regional Development and Demografic Flows in the South Eastern European Countries, Faculty of Economics at the University

of Nis, Nis City, Serbia, pp. 395-408

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U radnom odnosu je 2.96 miliona gradjana, od kojih je 58,6% zaposleno u sektoru usluga, 21,9% je zaposleno u poljoprivredi i 19,5% zaposleno u industriji. Nezaposlenost je i dalje akutni problem, sa stopom od 20,1% od oktobra 2013. Srbija je članica UN, SE, OEBS-a, Partnerstva za mir, BSEC, i CEFTA. Takođe je zvanični kandidat za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji, u pregovorima je za pristupanje u STO i to je vojno neutralna država. Srbija ima visok HDI i daje univerzalni sistem zdravstvene zaštite i besplatno osnovno i srednje obrazovanje. U odnosu na region Srbija je ekonomija sa gornje-srednjim dohotkom (SB, MMF) u uslužnom sektoru, zatim u industrijskom sektoru i poljoprivredi . Poljoprivreda Srbija ima izuzetno povoljne prirodne uslove (zemljište i klima) za raznovrsne poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Ima 5,056,000 ha poljoprivrednog zemljišta (0,7 ha po stanovniku), od čega je 3.294.000 hektara obradivo zemljište (0,45 ha po stanovniku). U 2013. godini, Srbija je izvezla poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda u vrednosti 2,8 milijardi $, a pokrivenost uvoza izvozom je 180%. Poljoprivredni izvoz čini jednu petinu ukupne prodaje na svetskom tržištu. Srbija je jedna od najvećih provajdera smrznutog voća u EU (najviše na francuskom tržištu, a zatim na nemačkom tržištu). Poljoprivredna proizvodnja je najizraženija u Vojvodini na plodnoj Panonskoj ravnici. Ostale poljoprivredni regioni su Mačva, Pomoravlje, Tamnava, Rasinski okrug i Jablanica. U strukturi poljoprivredne proizvodnje 70% je ratarskih kultura, a 30% je iz stočarske proizvodnje. Srbija je drugi po veličini proizvođač šljiva na svetu (582,485 tona, druga je Kina), treća po količini malina (89,602 tona, posle Rusije i Poljske), takođe je značajan proizvođač kukuruza (6.48 miliona tona, rangirana na 32. Mesto u svetu) i pšenice (2,07 miliona tpns, rangirana na 35. Mesto na svetu). Drugi važni poljoprivredni proizvodi su: suncokret, šećerna repa, soja, krompir, jabuke, svinjsko meso, govedina, živinsko meso i mleko. U Srbiji postoji 56.000 hektara vinograda, proizvodnja je oko 230 miliona litara vina godišnje. Najpoznatiji vinogradarski regioni su oblast Vršca, Župe, Fruške gore i Topole. Industrija Industrija je privreda koja je najteže pogođena sankcijama i embargom UN i bombardovanjem NATO-a tokom 1990-ih i prelaskom na tržišnu ekonomiju tokom 2000-ih. Industrijska proizvodnja je dramatično smanjena: 2013. godine se očekuje da bude samo pola od onog u 1989. Glavni industrijski sektori obuhvataju: automobilsku industriju, rudarstvo, obojene metale, prehrambenu industriju, elektroniku, lekove, odeću. Automobilska industrija (sa Fiatom ) ima izvoz oko 2 milijarde $, i tu dominira klaster koji se nalazi u Kragujevcu i okolini. Serbija je po rudarstvu relativno jaka zemlja jer je na svetu 18. najveći proizvođač uglja (7 u Evropi) koji se izdvaja iz velikih depozita u Kolubari i basenu Kostolac; takođe je na svetu 23. proizvođač bakra (3 u Evropi) koji se vadi u RTB Bor, velikoj domaćoj rudarskoj kompaniji; značajno je razvijeno i vađenje zlata oko Majdanpeka. Prehrambena industrija je dobro poznata i regionalno i internacionalno i jedan je od aduta privrede. Neki od međunarodno potpuno potvrđenih kompanija imaju proizvodnju u Srbiji: PepsiCo i Nestle u sektoru prehrambene; COCA-COLA (Beograd), Hajneken (Novi Sad) i Carlsberg (Bačka Palanka) u industriji pića; Nordzucker u industriji šećera. Industrija odeće i tekstila ima porast u poslednjih nekoliko godina sa značajnim greenfeild investicijama stranih kompanija: Benneton u Nišu, Geok u Vranju, Calzedonia u Somboru, Falke u Leskovcu i drugima.

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Labor force is 2.96 million, of whom 58.6% are employed in services sector, 21.9% are employed in the agriculture and 19.5% are employed in industry. The unemployment remains an acute problem, with rate of 20.1% as of October 2013. Serbia is a member of the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC, and CEFTA. It is also an official candidate for membership in the European Union, which is negotiating EU membership terms, acceding country to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia has a high HDI and provides a universal health care system and free primary and secondary education. Among the region's highest-scored "free countries” Serbia is an upper-middle income economy (WB, IMF) with the service sector dominating the country's economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Agriculture Serbia has very favorable natural conditions (land and climate) for varied agricultural production. It has 5,056,000 ha of agricultural land (0.7 ha per capita), out of which 3,294,000 ha is arable land (0.45 ha per capita). In 2013, Serbia exported agricultural and food products worth $2.8 billion and the export-import ratio was 180%. Agricultural exports constitute one-fifth of all Serbia’s sales on the world market. Serbia is one of the largest provider of frozen fruit to the EU (largest to the French market, and 2nd largest to the German market). Agricultural production is most prominent in Vojvodina on the fertile Pannonia Plain. Other agricultural regions include Mačva, Pomoravlje, Tamnava, Rasina, and Jablanica. In the structure of the agricultural production 70% is from the crop field production, and 30% is from the livestock production. Serbia is world's second largest producer of plums (582,485 tons; second to China), third largest of raspberries (89,602 tons, third to Russia and Poland), it is also significant producer of maize (6.48 million tons, ranked 32nd in the world) and wheat (2.07 million tpns, ranked 35th in the world). Other important agricultural products are: sunflower, sugar beet, soya bean, potato, apple, pork meat, beef, poultry meat and dairy. There are 56,000 ha of vineyards in Serbia, producing about 230 million liters of wine annually. Most famous viticulture regions are: Vršac area, Župa, Fruška Gora, Topola area. Industry The industry is the economy sector which was hardest hit by the UN sanctions and trade embargo and NATO bombing during the 1990s and transition to market economy during the 2000s. The industrial output saw dramatic downsizing: in 2013 it is expected to be only a half of that of 1989. Main industrial sectors include: automotive, mining, non-ferrous metals, food-processing, electronics, pharmaceuticals, clothes. Automotive industry (with FIAT as a forbearer) is dominated by cluster located in Kragujevac and its vicinity, and contributes to country's exports with about $2 billion. Serbia's mining industry is comparatively strong: country is world's 18th largest producer of coal (7th in the Europe) extracted from large deposits in Kolubara and Kostolac basins; it is also world's 23rd largest (3rd in Europe) producer of copper which is extracted by RTB Bor, a large domestic copper mining company; significant gold extraction is developed around Majdanpek. Food industry is well known both regionally and internationally and is one of the strong points of the economy. Some of the international brand-names established production in Serbia: PepsiCo and Nestle in food-processing sector; Coca-Cola (Belgrade), Heineken (Novi Sad) and Carlsberg (Bačka Palanka) in beverage industry; Nordzucker in sugar industry. Clothing and textile industry has seen a surge in recent years with significant greenfeild investments by foreign companies: Benneton in Niš, Geox in Vranje, Calzedonia in Sombor, Falke in Leskovac and others.

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Srpska elektronska industrija je imala svoj vrhunac u ’80-im a danas je samo trećina onoga što je bilo tada, ali se beleži izvesni oporavak u poslednjoj deceniji sa ulaganjima kompanija kao što su Siemens (vetrogeneratori) u Subotici, Panasonic (uređaji za osvetljenje) u Svilajncu, i Gorenje (električni kućni aparati) u Valjevu. Farmaceutska industrija u Srbiji obuhvata 20 proizvođača generičkih lekova, od kojih Hemofarm u Vršcu i Galenike u Beogradu, čine 80% obima ukupne proizvodnje. Domaća proizvodnja zadovoljava preko 60% domaće tražnje. Energija Energetski sektor je jedan od najvećih i najznačajnijih sektora u ekonomiji zemlje. Srbija je neto izvoznik električne energije i uvoznik ključnih goriva (kao što su nafta i gas). Srbija ima obilje jednog prirodnog goriva (ugalj) i relativno značajan ali ne i dovoljno ostalih (nafta i gas). Srbija ima dokazane rezerve od 5,5 milijardi tona lignita i 4. Je po veličini u svetu (druga u Evropi, posle Nemačke). Ugalj se nalazi u dva velika depozita: Kolubari (4 milijarde tona rezervi) i Kostolcu (1,5 milijardi tona). Uprkos tome što su mali na svetskom nivou, u Srbiji resursi nafte i gasa (77.4 miliona tona ekvivalenta nafte i 48.1 milijardi kubnih metara, respektivno) imaju određeni regionalni značaj, jer su oni najveći u regionu bivše Jugoslavije, kao i Balkana (bez Rumunija). Skoro 90% od otkrivenih polja nafte i gasa mogu se naći u Banatu i po veličini su među najvećim u slivu Panonske nizije ali proseka na evropskom nivou. Proizvodnja električne energije u 2012. godini u Srbiji je 36,06 milijardi kilovat-sati (kVh), dok je finalna potrošnja električne energije iznosila 35,5 milijardi kilovat-časova (kVh). Najveći deo proizvedene električne energije dolazi iz termo-elektrana (72,7% ukupne električne energije) i, u manjoj meri od HE-elektrana (27,3%). Celokupna proizvodnja električne energije je koncentrisana u Elektroprivredi Srbije (EPS), javne elektro-komunalne energetske kompanije. Sadašnja proizvodnja nafte u Srbiji iznosi preko 1,1 miliona tona ekvivalenta nafte i zadovoljava oko 43% potreba zemlje , dok se ostatak uvozi. Nacionalna naftna kompanija, Naftna industrija Srbije (NIS) je stekla 2008. Godine partnera Gazprom Neft. Kompanija je uložila 700 miliona dolara u modernizaciju rafinerije u Pančevu (kapaciteta 4,8 miliona tona) i trenutno se nalazi u fazi pretvaranja rafinerije nafte u Novom Sadu u rafineriji maziva. Takođe, održava mrežu 334 benzinskih stanica u Srbiji (74% domaćeg tržišta) i dodatnih 36 stanica u Bosni i Hercegovini, 31 u Bugarskoj i 28 u Rumuniji. Postoji 155 kilometara cevovoda za sirovu naftu koji povezuju rafinerije u Pančevu i Novom Sadu u okviru trans-nacionalnog Adria naftovoda. Srbija je u velikoj meri zavisna od stranih izvora prirodnog gasa, sa samo 17% iz domaće proizvodnje (u ukupnom iznosu od 491 miliona kubnih metara u 2012), a ostatak se uvozi, uglavnom iz Rusije (gasovodom preko Ukrajine i Mađarske). Javno preduzeće Srbijagas upravlja transportnim sistemom prirodnog gasa koji obuhvataju 3.177 kilometara magistralnih i regionalnih gasovoda i 450 miliona kubnih metara podzemnih gasnih postrojenja za skladištenje u Banatskom Dvoru. Ukoliko se realizuje veliki evropski tranzit gasovoda, gasovod Južni tok će prolaziti kroz Srbiju u dužini od 422 kilometara i imaće kapacitet od 40,5 milijardi kubnih metara. Izgradnja srpskog dela gasovoda je počela 2013. godine i finansira se sa 2,6 milijardi $ od strane ruskog energetskog giganta Gazproma. Transport Srbija ima strateški važnu transportnu lokaciju, budući da dolina Morave predstavlja daleko najlakši put iz kontinentalne Evrope ka Maloj Aziji i Bliskom istoku. Srpska putna mreža nosi najveći deo prometa u zemlji. Ukupna dužina puteva je 40.845 km, od čega je 1.372 km klasa 1a-državnih puteva (tj. glavni magistralni, uključujući i 634 km autoputeva); 4,153 km su klasa 1b-državnih puteva ;11.540 km su klasa 2-državnih puteva (regionalni putevi) i 23.780 km su opštinski putevi (lokalni putevi). Putna mreža, osim za većinu klasa 1a puteva, su relativno nižeg kvaliteta u odnosu na zapadnoevropskim standardima zbog nedostatka finansijskih sredstava za njihovo održavanje u poslednjih 20 godina.

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Serbia's electronics industry had its peak in the 1980s and the industry today is only a third of what it was back then, but has witnessed a something of revival in last decade with investments of companies such as Siemens (wind turbines) in Subotica, Panasonic (lighting devices) in Svilajnac, and Gorenje (electrical home appliances) in Valjevo. The pharmaceutical industry in Serbia comprises 20 manufacturers of generic drugs, of which Hemofarm in Vršac and Galenika in Belgrade, account for 80% of production volume. Domestic production meets over 60% of the local demand. Energy Energy sector is one of the largest and most important sectors to the country's economy. Serbia is net exporter of electricity and importer of key fuels (such as oil and gas). Serbia has abundance of one natural fuel (coal) and relatively significant but not sufficient of the others (oil and gas). Serbia's proven reserves of 5.5 billion tons of coal lignite are 4th largest in the world (second in Europe, after Germany). Coal is found in two large deposits: Kolubara (4 billion tons of reserves) and Kostolac (1.5 billion tons). Despite being small on a world scale, Serbia's oil and gas resources (77.4 million tons of oil equivalent and 48.1 billion cubic meters, respectively) have a certain regional importance since they are largest in the region of former Yugoslavia as well as the Balkans (excluding Romania). Almost 90% of the discovered oil and gas are to be found in Banat and those oil and gas fields are by size among the largest in the Pannonia basin but the average on a European scale. The production of electricity in 2012 in Serbia was 36.06 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh), while the final electricity consumption amounted to 35.5 billion kilowatt-hours (KWh). Most of the electricity produced comes from thermal-power plants (72.7% of all electricity) and to a lesser degree from hydroelectric-power plants (27.3%). The entire production of electricity is concentrated in Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS), public electric-utility power company.The current oil production in Serbia amounts to over 1.1 million tons of oil equivalent and satisfies some 43% of country's needs while the rest is imported. National petrol company, Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), was acquired in 2008 by Gazprom Neft. The company has completed $700 million modernization of oil-refinery in Pančevo (capacity of 4.8 million tons) and is currently in the midst of converting oil refinery in Novi Sad into lubricants-only refinery. It also operates network of 334 filling stations in Serbia (74% of domestic market) and additional 36 stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 31 in Bulgaria, and 28 in Romania. There are 155 kilometers of crude oil pipelines connecting Pančevo and Novi Sad refineries as a part of trans-national Adria oil pipeline. Serbia is heavily dependent on foreign sources of natural gas, with only 17% coming from domestic production (totaling 491 million cubic meters in 2012) and the rest is imported, mainly from Russia (via gas pipelines that run through Ukraine and Hungary). Srbijagas, public gas company, operates the natural gas transportation system which comprise 3,177 kilometers of trunk and regional natural gas pipelines and a 450 million cubic meter underground gas storage facility at Banatski Dvor. Major European transit gas pipeline, South Stream pipeline, will pass through Serbia in length of 422 kilometers and will have capacity of 40.5 billion cubic meters. Construction of Serbian portion of the pipeline started in 2013 and is financed with $2.6 billion by the Russian energy giant Gazprom. Transport Serbia has a strategic transportation location since country's backbone, Morava valley, represents by far the easiest route of land travel from continental Europe to Asia Minor and the Near East. Serbian road network carries the bulk of traffic in the country. Total length of roads is 40,845 km, of which 1,372 km are "class 1a-state roads" (i.e. major national roads, including some 634 km of motorways); 4,153 km are "class 1b-state roads"; 11,540 km are "class 2-state roads" (regional roads) and 23,780 km are "municipal roads" (local roads). The road network, except for the most of class 1a roads, are of comparatively lower quality to the Western European standards because of lack of financial resources for their maintenance in the last 20 years.

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Putna mreža je veoma široka: skoro svako mesto u zemlji jepovezano autobusom, od najvećih gradova i sela; Pored toga, postoje međunarodne linije (uglavnom u zemlje Zapadne Evrope sa velikim obimom srpske dijaspore). Rute, kako domaće tako i međunarodne, služe više od 100 autoprevoznika, od kojih su najveći Lasta i Niš-ekspres. Srbija ima 3.819 kilometara pruge, od kojih 1.279 je električnih i 283 kilometara su dvostruko-železnički. Glavno čvorište je Beograd (i u manjoj meri Niš), dok se u najvažnije pruge uključuju: Beograd-Bar (Crna Gora), Beograd-Šid-Zagreb (Hrvatska) / Beograd-Niš-Sofija (Bugarska) (deo Pan Evropski Koridor Ks), Beograd-Subotica-Budimpešta (Mađarska) i Niš-Solun (Grčka). Iako je još uvek glavni teretni saobraćaj, železnica se suočava sa sve većim problemom sa održavanjem infrastrukture i snižavanja brzine. Svim železničkim uslugama upravlja javno železničko preduzeće Železnice Srbije. Postoje samo dva grada u Srbiji (bez Kosova) sa međunarodnim aerodromom sa redovnim putničkim saobraćajem: Beograd i Niš. Aerodrom Nikola Tesla Beograd uslužio je 3.54 miliona putnika u 2013., i predstavlja vodećeg avioprevoznika Srbije. Srbija ima razvijen vodeni saobraćaj jer ima 1.716 kilometara plovnih puteva (1.043 km plovnih reka i 673 km od plovnih kanala), skoro svi senalaze u severnoj trećini zemlje. U unutrašnjim plovnim putevima najvažniji je Dunav (deo Panevropskog koridora VII). Ostale plovne reke su Sava, Tisa, Begej i Tamiš, a sve povezuju Srbiju sa severnom i zapadnom Evropom kroz Rajna-Majna-Dunav i North Sea putem u istočnoj Evropi preko Tise, Begeja i Dunavom do Crnog mora i do južne Evrope preko reke Save. Više od 2,1 miliona tona tereta su transportovani na srpskim rekama i kanalima u 2011. Godini. Najveće rečne luke su: Beograd, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Smederevo, Prahovo i Šabac. Telekomunikacije Fiksnu telefoniju ima 89% domaćinstava u Srbiji, i sa oko 9,8 miliona korisnika broj mobilnih telefona prevazilazi broj ukupnog stanovništva same Srbije za 35%. Najveći provajder mobilnih telefona je Telekom Srbija sa 5,65 miliona pretplatnika, a zatim slede Telenor sa 3,1 miliona korisnika i Vip mobile sa nešto više od 1 milion. Računare ima 59,9% domaćinstava i 55,8% ima internet konekciju (43.4% ima širokopojasnu vezu). Oko 58% domaćinstava ima kablovsku televiziju, što je jedan od najviših stopa u Evropi. Digitalna televizija je postavljena do kraja 2014. godine. Turizam Srbija nije masovna turistička destinacija, ali ipak ima širok spektar turističkih proizvoda. U 2013. godini, ukupno 2,192,435 turista zabeleženo u smeštaju, od kojih je 921.768 bili stranci, dok je prosečna dužina turističkog boravka 3,6 dana (2,3 dana za strane turiste). Devizne zarade za istu godinu procenjene su na oko 1 milijardu $. Turizam je uglavnom fokusiran na planinama i banjama u zemlji, koje uglavnom posećuju domaći turisti, dok je Beograd omiljeni izbor stranih turista. Najpoznatija planinska mesta su Kopaonik, Stara planina i Zlatibor. Tu su i mnoge banje u Srbiji, od kojih je najveća Vrnjačka Banja, zatim Sokobanja, Niška banja i Banja Koviljača. Kongresni turizam je razvijen u Beogradu (koji je posetilo 517,401 stranih turista u 2013., više od polovine svih međunarodnih poseta zemlji) i, u manjoj meri Novi Sad. Drugi turistički proizvodi koje Srbija nudi su prirodne destinacije kao što su Đavolja varoš, hodočašće mnogim pravoslavnim manastirima širom zemlje i krstarenje Dunavom. Postoji nekoliko međunarodno popularnih muzičkih festivala kao što su Ekit (25-30,000 stranih posetilaca iz 60 različitih zemalja) i trubača u Guči. Obrazovanje i nauka Obrazovanje u Srbiji je regulisano od strane Ministarstva prosvjete i nauke. Obrazovanje počinje u predškolskim ustanovama i osnovnim školama. Deca se upisuju u osnovne škole od sedam godina. Obavezno obrazovanje sastoji se od osam razreda osnovne škole.

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Coach transport is very extensive: almost every place in the country is connected by bus, from largest cities to the villages; in addition there are international routes (mainly to countries of Western Europe with large Serb Diaspora). Routes, both domestic and international, are served by more than 100 bus companies, biggest of which are Lasta and Niš-Ekspres. Serbia has 3,819 kilometers of rail tracks, of which 1,279 are electrified and 283 kilometers are double-track railroad. The major rail hub is Belgrade (and to a lesser degree Niš), while the most important railroads include: Belgrade-Bar (Montenegro), Belgrade-Šid-Zagreb (Croatia)/Belgrade-Niš-Sofia (Bulgaria) (part of Pan-European Corridor X), Belgrade-Subotica-Budapest (Hungary) and Niš-Thessaloniki (Greece). Although still a major mode of freight transportation, railroads face increasing problems with the maintenance of the infrastructure and lowering speeds. All rail services are operated by public rail company, Serbian Railways. There are only two cities in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) served by international airports with regular passenger traffic: Belgrade and Niš. Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport served 3.54 million passengers in 2013, and is a hub of flagship carrier Air Serbia. Serbia has a developed inland water transport since there are 1,716 kilometers of navigable inland waterways (1,043 km of navigable rivers and 673 km of navigable canals), which are almost all located in northern third of the country. The most important inland waterway is the Danube (part of Pan-European Corridor VII). Other navigable rivers include Sava, Tisza, Begej and Timiş River, all of which connect Serbia with Northern and Western Europe through the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal and North Sea route, to Eastern Europe via the Tisza, Begej and Danube Black Sea routes, and to Southern Europe via the Sava River. More than 2.1 million tons of cargo were transported on Serbian rivers and canals in 2011 while the largest river ports are: Belgrade, Novi Sad, Pančevo, Smederevo, Prahovo and Šabac. Telecommunications Fixed telephone lines have 89% of households in Serbia, and with about 9.8 million users the number of cell phones surpasses the number of total population of Serbia itself by 35%. The largest cell phone provider is Telekom Srbija with 5.65 million subscribers, followed by Telenor with 3.1 million users and Vip mobile with just over 1 million. Computers have 59.9% of households and 55.8% have internet connection (43.4% have a broadband connection). Some 58% of households have cable TV, which is one of the highest rates in Europe. Digital television transition is set to be completed by the end of 2014. Tourism Serbia is not a mass-tourism destination but nevertheless has diverse range of touristic products. In 2013, total of 2,192,435 tourists were recorded in accommodations, of which 921,768 were foreign, while the average length of a tourist stay was 3.6 days (2.3 days for foreign tourists). Foreign exchange earnings for the same year were estimated at around $1 billion. Tourism is mainly focused on the mountains and spas of the country, which are mostly visited by domestic tourists, as well as Belgrade which is preferred choice of foreign tourists. The most famous mountain resorts are Kopaonik, Stara Planina, and Zlatibor. There are also many spas in Serbia, the biggest of which is Vrnjačka Banja, Soko Banja, Niška Banja and Banja Koviljača. City-break and conference tourism is developed in Belgrade (which was visited by 517,401 foreign tourists in 2013, more than a half of all international visits to the country) and to a lesser degree Novi Sad. Other touristic products that Serbia offer are natural wonders like Đavolja varoš, Christian pilgrimage to the many Orthodox monasteries across the country and the river cruising along the Danube. There are several internationally popular music festivals held in Serbia, such as EXIT (with 25–30,000 foreign visitors coming from 60 different countries) and the Guča trumpet festival. Education and science Education in Serbia is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science. Education starts in either preschools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools at the age of seven. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school.

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MAPA KLASTERA NA PODRUČJU JI SRBIJE / MAPPED CLUSTERS IN SE SERBIA

No. Klaster Cluster

1. MEDICAL START UP KLASTER, NIŠ MEDICAL START UP CLUSTER, NIS

2. GRAĐEVINSKI KLASTER “OPEKA-BRICK”, NIŠ CONSTRUCTION CLUSTER “OPEKA-BRICK”, NIS

3. GRADJEVINSKI KLASTER “DUNDJER”, NIŠ CONSTRUCTION CLUSTER “DUNDJER”, NIŠ

4. KLASTER UMETNICKIH I STARIH ZANATA "VILIN VEZ", NIŠ

CLUSTER OF ART AND OLD CRAFTS "VILIN VEZ", NIS

5. KLASTER DIZAJNERA I ŠTAMPARA "DIZAJN I ŠTAMPA" DIŠ NIŠ

CLUSTER “DESIGN AND PRINT – DIS NIS”, NIS

6. KLASTER ZELENE GRADNJE, NIŠ GREEN BUILDING CLUSTER, NIS

7. KLASTER RECIKLAŽA JUG, NIŠ RECYCLING CLUSTER “SOUTH”, NIS

8. KLASTER ŽENSKOG PREDUZETNISTVA "ZA”, GADŽIN HAN

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURHIP CLUSTER “ZA”, GADZIN HAN

9. KLASTER TRADICIONALNIH RUKOTVORINA „ETNO FORUM“, SVRLJIG

CLUSTER OF TRADITIONAL HANDY CRAFTS "ETNO FORUM”, SVRLJIG

10. KLASTER PREDUZETNIKA, ALEKSINAC CLUSTER OF ENTREPRENEURS, ALEKSINAC

11. KLASTER SIRA "JUG", NIŠ CLUSTER OF CHEESES “SOUTH”, NIS

12. KLASTERSKA INICIJATIVA MEDIJA NIŠ CLUSTER INITIATIVE OF MEDIA, NIS

13. KLASTERSKA INICIJATIVA KONSULTANATA I POSLOVNIH USLUGA JUŽNE SRBIJE, NIŠ

CLUSTER INITIATIVE OF CONSULTANTS AND BUSINESS SERVICES , NIS

14. KLASTERSKA INICIJATIVA EKO TURIZMA “BANJAC”, NIŠKA BANJA

CLUSTER INITIATIVE OF ECO TOURIST “BANJAC”, NIŠKA SPA

15. KLASTERSKA INICIJATIVA ENERGETSKE EFIKASNOSTI I OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA ENERGIJE JUŽNE SRBIJE, NIŠ

CLUSTER INITIATIVE OF ENERGY EFFICIANCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY OF THE SOUTH SERBIA, NIS

16. KLASTER PREDUZETNIKA, PIROT CLUSTER OF ENTREPRENEURS, PIROT

17. KLASTER PROIZVOĐAČA KOBASICA “PEGLANA KOBASICA”, PIROT

CLUSTER OF PRODUCERS OF SAUSAGES “PEGLANA SAUSAGE”, PIROT

18. REGIONALNI VOĆARSKI KLASTER JUŽNE SRBIJE, LESKOVAC

REGIONAL FRUIT PRODUCERS CLUSTER OF THE SOUTH SERBIA, LESKOVAC

19. TURISTIČKI KLASTER “RADAN”, LEBANE TOURIST CLUSTER “RADAN”, LEBANE

20. KLASTERSKA INICIJATIVA “UKUS JUGA”, LESKOVAC

CLUSTER INITIATIVE “TASTE OF THE SOUTH”, LESKOVAC

21. KLASTERSKA INICIJATIVA OMLADINSKOG PREDUZETNIŠTVA"AKTIVATOR", LESKOVAC

CLUSTER INITIATIVE OF YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP “ACTIVATOR”, LESKOVAC

22. KLASTERSKA INICIJATIVA “KREATIVNE EKONOMIJE”, LESKOVAC

CLUSTER INITIATIVE “CREATIVE ECONOMIES”, LESKOVAC

23. KLASTER PROIZVOĐAČA OBUĆE "KOŠTANA-SHOES", VRANJE

CLUSTER OF SHOES PRODUCERS “KOSTANA-SHOES”, VRANJE

24. SRPSKI KLASTER NAMEŠTAJA, VRANJE SERBIAN CLUSTER OF FURNITURE, VRANJE

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MAPA KLASTERA NA PODRUČJU GRADA SOFIJE / MAPPED CLUSTERS IN SOFIA CITY REGION

№ Cluster Sector/Thematic focus Klaster Sektor/Oblast rada

1 Automotive Cluster Bulgaria Automotive Automotive Cluster Bulgaria Automobilska industrija

2 Bul Trans Cars Transport and Spedition Services

Bul Trans Cars Transport i špedicija

3 Bulgarian Cluster Telecommunications

Telecommunications Bulgarian Cluster Telecommunications

Telekomunikacije

4 Bulgarian E-Cluster

ICT Bulgarian E-Cluster

IKT

5 Bulgarian Furniture Cluster Furniture Bulgarian Furniture Cluster Nameštaj

6 Bulgarian Outsourcing Association

Services Bulgarian Outsourcing Association

Usluge

7 Business Consulting Cluster Consultancy services

Business Consulting Cluster Konsalting usluge

8 Cluster for Accessible Tourism Tourism Cluster for Accessible Tourism

Turizam

9 Cluster for Development for Energy Efficiency and Alternative

Energy Sources Energy efficiency

Cluster for Development for Energy Efficiency and

Alternative Energy Sources Energetska efikasnost

10 Cluster for Health Tourism Tourism/ Healthcare Cluster for Health Tourism Turizam/Zdravlje

11 Cluster for Health Tourism Bulgaria

Tourism/ Healthcare Cluster for Health Tourism Bulgaria

Turizam/Zdravlje

12 Cluster for Horizontally Integrated Technologies &

Systems

ICT Cluster for Horizontally Integrated Technologies &

Systems

IKT

13 Cluster for Innovative and Environmental Technologies -

Green Construction and Renewable Energy Sources Design and construction

Cluster for Innovative and Environmental Technologies

- Green Construction and Renewable Energy Sources Projektovanje i izgradnja

14 Cluster for public-private partnership development in

Bulgaria

Consultancy services Cluster for public-private partnership development in

Bulgaria

Konsultantske usluge

15 Cluster for Support and Development of Bulgarian

Companies in the Energy Sector

Energy Cluster for Support and Development of Bulgarian Companies in the Energy

Sector

Energija

16 Cluster Information Society for Sustainable Development

Consultancy services Cluster Information Society for Sustainable Development

Konsultantske usluge

17 Cluster LaBioChimMach Production technology Cluster LaBioChimMach Proizvodna tehnologija

18 Cluster Mechatronics and Automation

Mechatronics Cluster Mechatronics and Automation

Mehatronika

19 Cluster of Green Freight Transport

Transport and Spedition Services

Cluster of Green Freight Transport

Transport i špedicija

20 Cluster of Health Regions Healthcare Cluster of Health Regions Zdravlje

21 Cluster Union of Insurance Brokers

Insurance Cluster Union of Insurance Brokers

Osiguranje

22 Clusters of Investors in Charging Infrastructure and Electric

Vehicles

Electro mobility Clusters of Investors in Charging Infrastructure and

Electric Vehicles

Elektro-mobilnost

23 Electric Vehicles Industrial Cluster

Electric mobility Electric Vehicles Industrial Cluster

Elektro-mobilnost

24 GEO Engineering Design and construction GEO Engineering Projektovanje i izgradnja

25 ICT Cloud Cluster ICT ICT Cloud Cluster IKT

26 ICT Cluster ICT ICT Cluster IKT

27 Media Cluster – Bulgaria Media Media Cluster – Bulgaria Mediji

28 National Courier Cluster Transport and Spedition Services

National Courier Cluster Transport i špedicija

29 National Tourism Cluster ‘Bulgarian Guide’

Tourism National Tourism Cluster ‘Bulgarian Guide’

Turizam

30 Software Engineers Cluster ICT Software Engineers Cluster IKT

http://info-society.com/?lang=enhttp://info-society.com/?lang=enhttp://info-society.com/?lang=enhttp://info-society.com/?lang=en

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Postoji preko 80 klastera i klasterskih inicijativa u Srbiji.

Na jugoistoku Srbije klasteri su u sledećim oblastima: poljoprivreda, građevinarstvo, urbanizam, tekstil, reciklaža, tehnologija, proizvodnja nameštaja, poslovne usluge, zanati, omladinsko preduzetništvo, energetska efikasnost, turizam i medicina

Na jugozapadu Srbije klasteri su u tekstilnoj industriji

U centralnoj Srbiji su klasteri u sledećim oblastima: automobilska industrija, poljoprivreda - hortikultura, IKT, žensko preduzetništvo, konstrukcija i proizvodnja nameštaja i turizma.

Vojvođanski klasteri su u sledećim oblastima: poljoprivreda, metalna industrija, IT-, kreativne industrije, stari zanati, pčelarstvo, turizam i medicina

Beogradski klasteri su u sledećim oblastima: automobilska industrija, stari zanati , tekstilna industrija, automobilska industrija, IT-, mašinstvo, zdravstveni turizam, drvna industrija, reciklaža, kinematografija, nekretnine, poljoprivreda - hortikultura i vazduhoplovna industrija.

70% klastera su, odozdo prema gore, organizovani na osnovu inicijative klaster fasilitatora i entuzijazma. 30% klastera su, od vrha ka bazi, organizovani na osnovu nacionalnih / međunarodnih poziva za predloge projekata. Finansijski model srpskih klastera se sastoji od 95% za finansiranje projekata, 3,5% konsultantskih usluga , 0,5% - naknada 0% članstvo i 1% - 1,5% drugo (donacije, sponzorstva, itd). Upravljanje klasterima se sastoji od skupština, upravnih odbora, upravnih odbora i klaster menadžera / facilitatora. Članovi klastera su predstavnici malih i srednjih preduzeća, institucija podrške i javne vlasti.

BUGARSKA & KLASTERI U prošlosti, glavni industrijski sektori u Bugarskoj su metalurgija, proizvodnja mašina, hemikalije i poljoprivreda. Nedavno, međutim, prioritet su preuzeli sektori energetike, turizma, transport, IT i telekomunikacije, hrana i piće, lekovi, tekstil i odeća. U poslednjih nekoliko godina, Vlada je preduzela mere za restrukturiranje energetskog sektora:

Ohrabrujući uslovi za liberalizaciju i takmičenje koje će dati potrošačima slobodu izbora i pristup;

Brzo i transparentno privatizovanje imovine u sektoru prenosa električne energije i Nacionalnog dispečerskog centra zadržavajući vlasništvo Vlade;

Sprovođenje regionalnih investicionih projekata uz maksimalno iskorišćavanje jedinstvene bugarske geo-strateške lokacije.

U 2002. godini, Bugarski parlament je odobrio strategiju za energetiku Republike Bugarske, proglašavajući kao svoj prioritet razvoj konkurentnog tržišta energije. Na početku 2008. godine, Vlada Bugarske i predstavnici Rusije potpisali su Opšti okvirni sporazum za podršku projektu Južni tok za tranzit prirodnog gasa iz Rusije u jugoistočnoj Evropi i Italiji. Još jedan prirodni projekat za transport gasa - Nabuko - Planirano je da prođe preko teritorije Bugarske. Projekat Nabuko predviđa tranzit prirodnog gasa iz Kaspijskog mora i Bliskog istoka u centralnoj i zapadnoj Evropi. Prioriteti politike Vlade u transportu uključuju:

Aktivna investiciona strategija za razvoj moderne infrastrukture kroz finansiranje iz budžeta Vlade, fondova EU i drugih izvora finansiranja;

Privatizacija velikih preduzeća i davanje koncesija za aerodrome, kao i luke na Dunavu i Crnom moru;

Stabilizacija finansiranja i modernizacija železničkog transporta i železničke infrastrukture preduzeća u državnom vlasništvu.

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There are over 80 clusters and cluster initiatives in Serbia. • South-East Serbian clusters are in the following fields: agriculture, construction, urban

planning, textile, recycling, IT, furniture production, business services, crafts, youth entrepreneurship, energy efficiency, tourism and medicine.

• South-West Serbian clusters are in textile industry. • Central Serbian clusters are in the following fields: automotive industry, agriculture –

horticulture, ICT, women entrepreneurship, construction and furniture production and tourism.

• Vojvodina clusters are in the following fields: agriculture, metal industry, IT, creative industries, old crafts, beekeeping, tourism and medicine.

• Belgrade clusters are in the following fields: automotive industry, old crafts, textile, car industry, IT, mechanical engineering industry, medical tourism, wood industry, recycling, cinematography, real-estate and agriculture – horticulture, and aeronautical industry.

70% clusters are bottom-up organized based on cluster facilitators’ initiative and enthusiasm. 30% clusters are top-down organized based on national/international calls for project proposals. Serbian cluster financial model consists of 95% project funding, 3.5% consulting services, 0.5 % - 0% membership fee and 1% - 1,5% other (donations, sponsorships, etc.). Cluster management consists of Assembly, Management board, Steering committee and cluster manager/facilitator. Cluster members are representatives of SMEs, supporting institutions and public authorities.

BULGARIA & CLUSTERS In the past, the main industry sectors of Bulgaria were metallurgy, machine manufacture, chemicals, and agriculture. Recently, however, the priority has shifted to sectors like energy, tourism, transportation, IT and telecommunications, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and textile and clothing. In the last few years, the Government undertook measures to restructure the energy sector. These measures aimed to:

Foster conditions for liberalization and competition that will give consumers the freedom of choice and access;

Fast track and transparently privatize assets in the sector while keeping Government ownership of electricity transmission and of the National Dispatching Center;

Implement regional investment projects to make maximum use of Bulgaria’s unique geo-strategic location.

In 2002, Bulgarian Parliament approved the Energy Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria, declaring as its priority the development of a competitive energy market. In the beginning of 2008, the Government of Bulgaria and representatives of Russia signed a general framework agreement in support of the South Stream project for transit of natural gas from Russia to Southeast Europe and Italy. Another natural gas transport project - Nabucco - is planned to pass through the territory of Bulgaria. The Nabucco project envisages transit of natural gas from the Caspian Sea and the Middle East to Central and Western Europe. Priorities of the Government’s policy in transportation include:

Active investment strategies for developing a modern infrastructure through financing from the Government, EU funds, and other funding sources;

Privatization of large transpiration companies and the granting of concessions for airports as well as the ports at the Danube River and the Black Sea;

Financing stabilization and modernization of the state-owned railway transportation and railway infrastructure companies.

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Liberalizacija i modernizacija su mere koje su preduzete u sektoru komunikacija i visokih tehnologija. Penetracija mobilne telefonije u zemlji brzo raste u poslednjih nekoliko godina i procenjena je na 117,4% u septembru 2007. godine, što je drugi najbolji rast u istočnoj Evropi, nakon Češke Republike 123%. Prema Evropskom opservatoriji informacionih tehnologija (EITO), IT tržište u Bugarskoj raste dvocifrenom stopom i nastaviće da raste u proseku 12,4% godišnje do 2009. godine. Nekretnine Bugarska se trenutno smatra jednim od najboljih svetskih imovinskih tržišta. Prema indeksu Knight Frank Globalno Kuća Cena K1 2008, Bugarska je imala najveći godišnji rast cena od 31,5%. Uprkos tome tržište nekretnina se približava tački zasićenja, cene stambenog zemljišta nastavljaju da rastu u Bugarskoj. Sofija, bugarski glavni grad, nudi odličan investicioni potencijal i, prema Ernst & Young izveštaju za 2008. godinu, poverenje investitora u Bugarskoj je dobro i nastaviće se u 2009. godini. • Bugarska ima najniže cene usluga i nekretnina nego u bilo kojoj zemlji EU; takođe ima potencijal da ih poveća dok se ne dostigne nivo

drugim zemljama EU. • Bugarska je politički stabilna država, sa jakim bankarskim sistemom koji može izdržati značajna finansijska ili ekonomska ljuljanja,

Sofija pruža mogućnosti za visok nivo strateških ulaganja. • Prema projekcijama Vorld Travel saveta za turizam, 16 miliona turista će posetiti Bugarsku godišnje do 2017. godine. • Značajna ulaganja su napravljena za potrebe razvoja infrastrukture u zemlji, uz podršku fondova EU. • Povoljan geografski položaj zemlje obezbeđuje savršene klimatske uslove za aktivnosti kao što su skijanje i snoubord tokom zime ,

sunčanje i ronjenje tokom leta,kao i velike mogućnosti za avanturistički turizam, spa i rekreaciju, kao i kulturne aktivnosti i kongresni turizam.

Ekonomija Politički stabilna, sa jakim bankarskim sistemom, Bugarska postaje sve popularniji autsorsing lokacija. Giganti kao što su Boing, BMV, General Motors, Siemens i Nortel sklapaju ugovore sa malim programskim firmama u Bugarskoj. Bugarska radna snaga je relativno jeftina i kvalifikovana, zajedno sa svojim niskim porezima i poslovnim rentama, pružaju velike koristi za poslovne investitore. Turizam Bugarska turistička privreda daje značajne mogućnosti za razvoj i rastuće tržište, zajedno sa razvojnim potencijalom za nove letnje i zimske centre, kao i tematski povezana odmarališta. Prema podacima Državne agencije za turizam (DAT), broj stranih turista koji su posetili Bugarsku u 2007. godini iznosila je više od 5 miliona. U decembru 2007. godine, Vlada je uvela novu strategiju za razvoj turizma do 2013. Strategija je izrađena u saradnji sa bugarskim privatnim biznisom i fokusira se na privlačenje bogatijih turista, kvalitetom usluga, očuvanjem prirodnih resursa i kulturnog nasleđa.5

SWOT CBC SER-BG STRATEGIJE RAZVOJA KLASTERA

SNAGE • Postojeći klasteri i klasterske inicijative • Razvoj postojeće mreže balkanskih klastera • Osnovni kapaciteti za planiranje i osnivanje na osnovu

stečenog iskustva, uglavnom iz EU i drugih donatorskih projekata

• Generalna svest prekograničnih klastera o mogućnosti cross border saradnje sa Kućom klastera

• Jaki poljoprivredni i turistički potencijali u regionu, zdrava životna sredina, podrška prekograničnoj regiji iz IPA fondova

SLABOSTI • Ograničena svest i znanje o mogućnostima

ekonomskog razvoja na bazi klastera • Ograničeni kapaciteti klastera i klaster inicijativa

(nedostatak ljudskih resursa, PCM i liderskih veština, itd)

• Nedostatak finansijskih resursa • Nedostatak lokalnih i nacionalnih razvojnih strategija

klastera • Limitirane sposobnosti za projektovanje, realizaciju

projekata i sl • Nedostatak ljudskih resursa, posebno u malim i

ruralnim sredinama • Nedovoljno znanj i veštine iz oblasti preduzetništva,

nedovoljno poznavanje stranih jezika od strane preduzetnika, IKT veštine i nedostatak informacija i razmena informacija.

ŠANSE • Sličan jezik i kultura • Balkansko- Crnomorska mreža klastera • Saradnja između klastera i klaster inicijativa i

relevantnih regionalnih, nacionalnih i međunarodnih institucija

• Povećana mogućnost prijavljivanja za sredstva • Razvoj kapaciteta klastera i klaster inicijativa

predstavnika kroz sticanje veština u okviru Evropske unije INTEREG IPA CBC BG-SER PROGRAM, COSME, HORISONT 2020, itd

PRETNJE • Nedostatak koordinacije između domaćih i

međunarodnih institucija i regionalnog nivoa • Slabo razumevanje uloge i loša saradnja sa klasterima i

klaster inicijativama regionalne populacije • Politička situacija u obe zemlje i nepovoljni

demografski trendovi (pražnjenje seoskih područja, posebno duž granice, u korist velikih gradova)

5 http://www.investbulgaria.eu/a/about-bulgaria/economy/leading-industries.html

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Liberalization and modernization measures were undertaken for the communications and high technologies sector. Mobile penetration in the country rose rapidly over the last few years and was estimated at 117.4% as of September 2007, which is the second best heist in Eastern Europe, following the Czech Republic’s 123%. According to the European Information Technology Observatory (EITO), the IT market in Bulgaria is growing at a two-digit rate and will continue to increase at an average of 12.4% per annum until 2009. Real Estate Bulgaria is currently considered to be one of the world’s best property hotspots. According to the Knight Frank Global House Price Index Q1 2008, Bulgaria had the greatest annualized price growth at 31.5%. Despite signs that the property market in same areas is approaching saturation point, residential property prices continue to rise in Bulgaria. Sofia, the Bulgarian capital, offers excellent investment potential and, according to Ernst & Young’s report for 2008, investor confidence in Bulgaria is set to continue well into 2009.

Bulgaria has the lowest prices of services and real estate of any country in the EU; it also has the potential to increase until it reaches the levels of other EU countries.

Bulgaria is a politically stable state, with a strong banking system that can withstand significant financial or economical setbacks.Ø Sofia provides opportunities for high return strategic investments.

According to projections of the World Travel Tourism Council, 16 million tourists will visit Bulgaria per year by 2017.

Significant investments have been made for the purposes of developing the country’s infrastructure, supported by EU funds.

The country’s favourable geographical location provides perfect climatic conditions for year-around activities like skiing and snowboarding during the winters, sunbathing and scuba diving during the summers, and great possibilities for adventure tourism, spa and recreation, and cultural and congressional tourism.

Economy Politically stable, with a strong banking system, Bulgaria is becoming an increasingly popular outsourcing location. Giants such as Boeing, BMW, General Motors, Siemens, and Nortel contract small programming firms in Bulgaria. Bulgaria’s relatively cheap and qualified labour force, along with its low taxes and office rents, provide great benefits for business investors. Tourism The Bulgarian tourist industry presents significant development opportunities and a growing package holyday market from Western Europe, along with development potential for new summer and winter resorts, as well as theme park-associated resorts. According to the State Tourism Agency (DAT), the number of foreign tourists who visited Bulgaria in 2007 equalled more than 5 million. In December 2007, the Government introduced a new strategy for developing tourism until 2013. The strate